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This book is a companion volume to the Royal Economic Society edition of
The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, edited by Piero Sraffa with the
collaboration of Maurice Dobb. It completes the record on Ricardian value
theory by showing Ricardo's reaction to Malthus's pamphlet The Measure of
Value Stated and Illustrated of 1823. Ricardo's Notes are, in Sraffa's words, 'the
only considerable item' not appearing in the Royal Economic Society edition of
his works. In addition, the recent publication by Cambridge of the variorum
edition of Malthus's Principles of Political Economy, edited by J. M. Pullen, makes
it possible to understand Malthus's pamphlet as an intermediate step between
the 1820 and 1836 editions of the Principles.
In his introduction Pier Luigi Porta highlights the place of these Notes in the
development of Ricardo's thinking. When taken with Ricardo's paper on
'Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value', these Notes provide the essentials of
Ricardian value theory. The style of the present edition conforms throughout
with Volume II (Notes on Malthus) of the Sraffa edition of Ricardo's Works.
 David Ricardo:
Notes on Malthus's
'Measure of Value'
 David Ricardo:
Notes on Malthus's
'Measure of Value'

Edited by
PIER LUIGI P O R T A

The right of the

University of Cambridge
to print and sell
all manner of books
was granted by
Henry VIII in 1534.
The University has printed
and published continuously
since 1584.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE
NEW YORK PORT CHESTER
MELBOURNE SYDNEY
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521112536

© Cambridge University Press 1992

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1992

This digitally printed version 2009

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-521-40298-9 hardback

ISBN 978-0-521-11253-6 paperback
 Contents

Introduction page ix

The Measure of Value Stated and Illustrated', with

Ricardo's Notes on the text 1

Appendix: a letter of J. Mill to J. R. McCulloch 57

Index 60

vn
 Introduction

The origin of Ricardo's Notes

The Measure of Value Stated and Illustrated With an Application of It to the
Alterations in the Value of the English Currency Since 1790 by Thomas Robert
Malthus appeared in print in April 1823.1 Soon after its publication, Ricardo
recorded a critical reaction in a letter to Malthus of 29 April: 'After the most
attentive consideration which I can give to your book, I cannot agree with
you in considering labour, in the sense in which you use it, as a good measure
of value.' Malthus's sense is the quantity of labour commodities will
command as opposed to the quantity of labour which is employed upon
them.2 With this statement Ricardo's correspondence reverted to the
discussion of value after over two years' interval, the measure of value
becoming the dominant issue in his letters during the summer of 1823, the
last months of his life.3 Reading Malthus's pamphlet, therefore, marked the
beginning of a new train of reflection on a problem which had preoccupied
Ricardo in particular during the latter half of 1820, while he was revising his
own Principles for the third edition published in the spring of 1821, and

1
London: John Murray. Advertised as 'Published this day' in the Morning Chronicle, 24 April
1823; no indication of price. Priced at 3s. 6d. in the Monthly Literary Advertiser, 10 May 1823.
2
Ricardo's letter 523 in The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, eleven volumes, edited
by Piero Sraffa with. the collaboration of M. H. Dobb, Cambridge University Press
(henceforth quoted as Works), vol. IX, p. 280. For Malthus's sense, cp. also Malthus's Measure
of Value, pp. v, 13-16; below, pp. 6, 16-17.
3
Ricardo died on 11 September 1823 and his last letter (to Mill) was of 5 September. Before
April 1823 the last letter in which Ricardo dealt extensively with value was to McCulloch, 29
January 1821 (letter 418, Works, vol. VIII, pp. 342-5).

ix
 Introduction

while, at the same time, he was also compiling his extensive commentary on
Malthus's Principles.4
The significance of Ricardo's final reflections on value could not be fully
appreciated before the appearance of Piero Sraffa's edition of Ricardo's
works. In particular, the discovery, in 1943, of the 'Mill-Ricardo Papers'
brought to light Ricardo's very last paper which - according to Sraffa - 'has
importance since it develops an idea which existed previously in Ricardo's
writings only in occasional hints and allusions: namely, the notion of a real
or absolute value underlying and contrasted with exchangeable or relative
value'.5 Among the same set of papers a further item was found, namely a
series of seventeen rough Notes on Malthus's pamphlet on the Measure of
Value. Curiously, however, these Notes were not included in the Sraffa
edition, where they are described as 'the only considerable item' left behind.
They were first published in Padua by a leading economic journal in Italy.6

Some account of the discovery of the 'Mill-Ricardo Papers' appears in the

General Preface to the Works of Ricardo (vol. I, p. ix), and their contents are
described in volume X of Ricardo's Works (pp. 391-2). Besides containing
the whole series of Ricardo's letters to James Mill, long believed to have
been lost, the 'Mill-Ricardo Papers' include 'a number of manuscripts
which appear to have been sent to James Mill at Ricardo's death, no doubt
with a view to his deciding which were suitable for publication'.7 The editor
of Ricardo's Works, in his note on Ricardo's last writings on value (vol. IV,
pp. 358-9), further observes that a hint of the existence of these writings,
in McCulloch's Life and Writings of David Ricardo, had been completely

4
Notes on Malthus's Principles of Political Economy, in Works, vol. II. On Ricardo's concern with
value, see Works, vol. I, Introduction, pp. xxx and ff.
5
Works, vol. IV, p. 359. Ricardo's last paper is published in Works, vol. IV, pp. 361—97 (rough
draft) and 398-412 (later version), with two minor additions on pp. 396—7 and 399, fn.),
under the title of'Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value'. The significance of the concept
of 'absolute value' is also emphasized by the Sraffa edition in Works, vol. I, pp. xliii and
xlv-xlvii.
6
See Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali-lnternational Review of Economics
and Business, vol. XXVI (1979), pp. 7-35.
The proper place for Ricardo's Notes should have been in Works, vol. IV, first published
in 1951, among the 'Notes from Ricardo's Manuscripts 1818—23', immediately after the
Notes on Blake and before 'Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value'. They are, in fact, only
described in vol. X, app. B, containing the final survey of Ricardo's manuscripts, which
appeared four years later, in 1955 (see in particular ibid., p. 392). It is curious that James Mill -
almost certainly independently of Ricardo - left a series of notes on Malthus's 1823 value
pamphlet. The MS of Mill's Notes belongs to the 'Mill-Taylor Collection', vol. LIX, fol. 14
at the London School of Economics. A reference to this MS is made in D. Winch (ed.),
Selected Economic Writings of James Mill (Edinburgh, 1966), p. 191, fn.
7
Works, vol. X, p. 391.
 Introduction

overlooked. The result of Ricardo's reconsideration on value, Sraffa adds,

'must have been sent to Mill after Ricardo's death, together with the Plan for
the National Bank; but unlike the latter it was apparently regarded by Mill as
not suitable for publication'.
A few pieces of information can now be added to this story. In particular,
we are now able to confirm the above conjectures as a result of a newly
published letter from Mill to McCulloch of 10 January 1824 which is
appended to the present volume.8
I have been to Brighton to see Mrs. Ricardo - Mill writes - and
have seen all the MSS they had there. The plan for the Bank seems
to have received his last hand; and as Mr. Moses [David's brother],
to whom all the papers are confided, is anxious for its publication,
and I see no reason against it, this will soon appear. You already
know pretty well what it is. There is a good deal written on the
subject of value, but rather in scraps, and as thoughts put down as
they were excogitated, than in a form for the public.
Besides hinting at the existence of writings on value, this letter indicates that
Mill was advising Moses Ricardo on how to deal with David's literary
remains. While the plan for the Bank was, in fact, soon to appear in print,9
Ricardo's MSS on value must have subsequently been passed on to James
Mill. He evidently regarded them as unsuitable for publication:
I do not find any thing new - he went on in his letter to McCulloch
- any thing different from the ideas we have heard him throw out. I
think it is possible that in some of his letters to you, or to Malthus,
his thoughts may be put in a better form, than in the papers I have
seen. If so, they ought to be made use of, at least in detailed account
of his life.10
A few particulars can also be added to Sraffa's own account of the
discovery of the 'Mill-Ricardo Papers' (Works, vol. I, p. ix and vol. X,
p. 391) through the courtesy of the Royal Economic Society, which has
8
MS in the University of London Library, AL 187/25. This letter also confirms Sraffa's
conjecture about the authorship of the anonymous 'Memoir of Ricardo [by one of his
brothers]', the earliest biographical sketch of David Ricardo. Cp. Works, vol. X, pp. 14-15.
9
Plan for the Establishment of a National Bank, by (the late) David Ricardo, Esq., MP, 1824. Cp.
Works, vol. IV, pp. 276-97.
10
Mill's opinion was probably responsible for McCulloch's change of emphasis on those
papers through successive versions of his Life and Writings of David Ricardo. Sraffa, in
particular, notes that McCulloch drops the mention of Ricardo's inquiry on absolute and
exchangeable value (Works, vol. IV, p. 358, text and note 2). On the other hand Mill's idea
of making use of the correspondence was almost entirely ignored by McCulloch in his
edition of Ricardo's Works published in 1846. It is perhaps curious that Mill does not
mention the Notes on Malthus of 1820 in this letter. It may be conjectured that they had been
seen by Mill before Ricardo's death, so that there was no longer any question at that stage
about their publication. See also Works, vol. II, pp. xi—xii, xiv, xvi.

xi
 Introduction

now given access to the relevant documents preserved among the 'Keynes
Papers'. The Mill-Ricardo Papers were found at the beginning ofJuly 1943
in Ireland through the good offices of Professor Hayek, who was then
working on the biography of John Stuart Mill. The discovery occurred in
the house of Mr F. E. Cairnes, the son ofJohn Elliot, the economist and close
friend of John Stuart Mill. The find was described in a letter of Mr C. K.
Mill from Dublin of 2 July 1943. This stated that an 'old box' had just been
discovered with 'a number of letters which may be of interest to you. They
have not yet been sorted out, but from a first inspection they appear to
contain a beautifully written manuscript by Ricardo, a few letters between
him and James Mill . . . When these are sorted out I shall pass them on to
Professor O'Brien.'11 The letter was addressed to 'Professor F. A. Hayek,
The London School of Economics and Political Science, The Hostel,
Peterhouse, Cambridge'.12 Piero Sraffa immediately prepared a copy of this
letter and sent it to Keynes in London. 'My dear Maynard', he wrote on 5
July, 'this is the most sensational news there has ever been about Ricardo.
His letters to Mill have been found! And a MS by Ricardo in addition.'13 Both
Professor George O'Brien and Lord Keynes compared this find with the
famous discovery of James Boswell's MSS diaries, which had occurred in
Ireland in the inter-war years, and had aroused an immense stir.14

The main items on value which came to light among the papers are the
following: (1) a draft of the paper on 'Absolute Value and Exchangeable
Value', (2) an unfinished later version of the same paper, (3) a series of rough

11
Letter of Mr C. K. Mill, a son-in-law of Mr F. E. Cairnes, to Professor Hayek. Copy in
'Keynes Papers' 1, (quoted in Opere di David Ricardo (Turin: Utet, 1983), p. 84.
12
The London School had moved to Cambridge during the war.
13
MS in 'Keynes Papers' (quoted in Opere di David Ricardo): 'The enclosed copy — Sraffa adds —
of a letter received today by Hayek from C. K. Mill, of Dublin, tells its own story . . . [T]his
letter of Mill is in reply to one of Hayek in which he told him that I was editing Ricardo for
the R.E.S. and was anxious to find these letters, and enquired on my behalf Hayek's letter
has not been found. However, the originals of the new materials may not have reached
Piero Sraffa until after the war. A hint of this is given also by Professor Hayek, who, in a
private letter of 29 June 1979, from Obergurgl, Tyrol, writes to the present editor: 'All I
clearly remember is that when later, almost certainly when I gave the Finlay Lecture at
the University of Dublin in December 1945, Sraffa asked me to bring some papers kept
there for him and which he did not wish to entrust to the post.'
14
Keynes had written to O'Brien at Sraffa's suggestion: 'It would be tactful to write, at the
same time, to O'Brien, who has made the discovery and been helpful to Hayek: so as to
avoid the impression that we are stealing a march on him, and the danger of a competitive
situation arising, as it happened with Hollander.' Letter of 5 July 1943 (quoted in Opere di
David Ricardo); cp. also P. L. Porta, 'How Piero Sraffa Took up the Editorship of David
Ricardo's Works and Correspondence', The History of Economics Society Bulletin, VIII (1986),
p. 35, n. 1.

xii
 Introduction

Notes on Malthus's Measure of Value. All these MSS are now in the
possession of the University Library at Cambridge.
The Notes were evidently drafted by Ricardo on reading and studying
Malthus's new pamphlet and the MS consists of fourteen pages in Ricardo's
hand; it can be dated from the fact that two pages are written on the back of
two letters addressed to Ricardo, postmarked 7 April and 7 May 1823. Some
of the Notes are echoed by Ricardo's letter to Malthus of 29 April 1823.

The Notes and the debate on value between

Malthus and Ricardo
Ricardo's Notes on Malthus's 'Measure of Value' contain a remarkable
statement of one aspect of Ricardo's thinking on value. Together with the
better-known paper on 'Absolute Value and Exchangeable Value', they can
be considered as providing the essentials of the debate on value from the
Ricardian standpoint. A brief survey of Ricardo's discussions with Malthus
on value, particularly after the publication of Malthus's Principles in 1820, is a
necessary preliminary to any understanding of the place which the present
Notes occupy within the last stage of Ricardo's thinking.
Malthus himself effectively summarized the general terms of his differ-
ence with Ricardo in a Quarterly Review article of January 1824:
The new school [i.e. the Ricardians] suppose that the mass of
commodities obtained by the same quantity of labour remains
always substantially of the same value, and that the variations of
profits are determined by the variations in the value of this same
quantity of labour: while Adam Smith and Mr. Malthus suppose
that the value of the same quantity of labour remains substantially
the same, and that the variations of profits are determined by the
variations in the value of the commodities produced by this same
quantity of labour. In the one case, the varying value of labour is
considered as the great moving principle in the progress of wealth;
in the other, the varying value of the produce of labour.16
In chapter 2 of his Principles ('On the Nature and Measures of Value')
Malthus devoted two sections (IV and V) to a detailed criticism of Ricardo's
labour-embodied measure of value.17 In a further section (VI) he went on to
15
UL Catalogue: MSS Add. 7510. I.
16
The Quarterly Review, vol. XXX, no. LX, January 1824, p. 332; cp. also Pullen's Intro-
duction to the variorum edition of Malthus's Principles (see below, fn. 17), vol. I, p. xlviii,
fn. 16.
17
Principles of Political Economy Considered With a View to Their Practical Application, variorum
edition, edited by John M. Pullen, Cambridge University Press, two vols., 1989. The first
edition, here referred to, was originally published by John Murray in 1820, while the second
edition appeared posthumously in 1836.

xiii
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