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Rampart Nations
New Perspectives on Central and Eastern European Studies

Published in association with the Herder Institute for Historical Research on

East Central Europe, Marburg, Germany

Series Editors
Heidi Hein-Kircher, Head of Academic Forum
Eszter Gantner, Research Associate
Peter Haslinger, Director, and Professor for East Central European History at
Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen

Decades after the political changes that accompanied the fall of the Soviet
Union, the history and cultures of Eastern Europe remain very important for
understanding the challenges of today. With a special focus on the Baltic states,
Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, New Perspectives on Cen-
tral and Eastern European Studies investigates the historical and social forces
that have shaped the region, from ethnicity and religion to imperial legacies
and national conflicts. Each volume in the series explores these and many other
topics to contribute to a better understanding of contemporary Central and
Eastern Europe.

Volume 1
Rampart Nations: Bulwark Myths of East European Multiconfessional
Societies in the Age of Nationalism
Edited by Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi Hein-Kircher
Rampart Nations
Bulwark Myths of East European
Multiconfessional Societies
in the Age of Nationalism


Edited by
Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi Hein-Kircher

berghahn
NEW YORK • OXFORD
www.berghahnbooks.com
 First published in 2019 by
Berghahn Books
www.berghahnbooks.com

© 2019 Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi Hein-Kircher

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages

for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Berezhnaya, Liliya, editor. | Hein-Kircher, Heidi, 1969– editor.
Title: Rampart Nations: Bulwark Myths of East European Multiconfessional
Societies in the Age of Nationalism / edited by Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi
Hein-Kircher.
Description: New York: Berghahn Books, 2019. | Series: New Perspectives on
Central and Eastern European Studies; volume 1 | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018053684 (print) | LCCN 2018058014 (ebook) | ISBN
9781789201482 (ebook) | ISBN 9781789201475 (hardback: alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: National characteristics, East European. | Groupidentity—
Europe, Eastern. | Ethnicity—Europe, Eastern. | Religious pluralism—
Europe, Eastern. | Nationalism—Europe, Eastern. | National security—
Social aspects--Europe, Eastern.
Classification: LCC DJK26.5 (ebook) | LCC DJK26.5 .R36 2019 (print) |
DDC 947—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018053684

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78920-147-5 hardback

ISBN 978-1-78920-148-2 ebook
 Contents

List of Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments ix
A Note on Transliteration and Toponyms x

Part I. Background
Introduction Constructing a Rampart Nation: Conceptual
Framework 3
Liliya Berezhnaya and Heidi Hein-Kircher
Chapter 1 The Origins of Antemurale Christianitatis Myths:
Remarks on the Promotion of a Political Concept 31
Kerstin Weiand

Part II. (De-)Sacralizing and Nationalizing Borderlands

Chapter 2 Not a Bulwark, but a Part of the Larger Catholic
Community: The Romanian Greek Catholic Church in
Transylvania (1700–1850) 61
Ciprian Ghisa
Chapter 3 Securitizing the Polish Bulwark: The Mission of Lviv
in Polish Travel Guides during the Late Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Centuries 81
Heidi Hein-Kircher
Chapter 4 Ghetto as an “Inner Antemurale”? Debates on
Exclusion, Integration, and Identity in Galicia in the Nineteenth
and Early Twentieth Centuries 103
Jürgen Heyde
Chapter 5 Holy Ground and a Bulwark against “the Other”:
The (Re)Construction of an Orthodox Crimea in the
Nineteenth-Century Russian Empire 125
Kerstin S. Jobst
vi CONTENTS

Chapter 6 Bastions of Faith in the Oceans of Ambiguities:

Monasteries in the East European Borderlands (Late Nineteenth–
Beginning of the Twentieth Century) 146
Liliya Berezhnaya
Chapter 7 “The Turkish Wall”: Turkey as an Anti-Communist and
Anti-Russian Bulwark in the Twentieth Century 186
Zaur Gasimov

Part III. Promoting Antemurale Discourses

Chapter 8 Why Didn’t the Antemurale Historical Mythology
Develop in Early Nineteenth-Century Ukraine? 207
Volodymyr Kravchenko
Chapter 9 Translating the Border(s) in a Multilingual and
Multiethnic Society: Antemurale Myths in Polish and Ukrainian
Schoolbooks of the Habsburg Monarchy 241
Philipp Hofeneder
Chapter 10 Mediating the Antemurale Myth in East Central
Europe: Religion and Politics in Modern Geographers’ Entangled
Lives and Maps 262
Steven Seegel
Chapter 11 Bulwarks of Anti-Bolshevism: Russophobic Polemic
of the Christian Right in Poland and Hungary in the Interwar Years
and Their Roots in the Nineteenth Century 293
Paul Srodecki
Chapter 12 Defenders of the Russian Land: Viktor Vasnetsov’s
Warriors and Russia’s Bulwark Myth 319
Stephen M. Norris

Part IV. Reflections on the Bulwark Myths Today

Chapter 13 Antemurale Thinking as Historical Myth and Ethnic
Boundary Mechanism 347
Pål Kolstø
Chapter 14 Concluding Thoughts on Central and Eastern European
Bulwark Rhetoric in the Twenty-First Century 374
Paul Srodecki

Index 396
 Illustrations

Figures

Figure 6.1. Cartoon, “Galician Pilgrims Travelling Abroad,”

Zerkalo 15, no. 27 (May 1882): 4. Photo by Liliya Berezhnaya. 158
Figure 6.2. Iulian Butsmaniuk, mural in the Church of the Sacred
Heart of Jesus in Zhovkva, featuring Bohdan Khmelnytskyi,
Ivan Vishenskyi, Ivan Mazepa, Halshka Hulevichyvna, 1932–1939.
Wikimedia Commons, public domain. 164
Figure 6.3. Iulian Butsmaniuk, mural in the Church of the Sacred
Heart of Jesus in Zhovkva, featuring the Brest Union and the
heroes of the Cossack Times, 1932–1939. Wikimedia Commons,
public domain. 165
Figure 11.1. Polish recruitment poster dated 1920. The text
reads: “To Arms! Save the Fatherland! Remember well our fate.”
Wikimedia Commons, public domain. 300
Figure 12.1. Viktor Vasnetsov, Bogatyri, 1898. Photograph
by anagoria. Wikimedia Commons, public domain. 322
Figure 12.2. Viktor Vasnetsov, Kreshcheniie Rusi, 1896.
Special stamp to commemorate the 1,025th anniversary of the
Christianization of Rus by the Russian Post, Publishing and
Trade Centre “Marka,” 2013. Design of the souvenir sheet by
A. Moscovets. Scanned by Dmitry Ivanov. Wikimedia Commons,
public domain. 328

Maps

Map 10.1. Map of Poland during the reign of King Jan Sobieski,
published on the 200th anniversary of the Defense of Vienna, 1883.
Map by J. Szpetkowski. Wikimedia Commons, public domain. 263
viii ILLUSTRATIONS

Map 10.2. Geological and special map of the Kingdom of Saxony,

1878. Map by Albrecht Penck. Reprinted from Albrecht Penck,
Geologische Spezialkarte des Königreich Sachsen (Leipzig: Giesecke
& Devrient, 1878). 267
Map 10.3. German ethnic and cultural lands, 1925. Map by
Albrecht Penck. Courtesy Cornell University, PJ Mode Collection
of Persuasive Cartography. 269
Map 10.4. Military-political map of Poland, 1916. Map by
Eugeniusz Romer. Courtesy Library of Congress. Retrieved 14 June
2018 from https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/files/2017/01/Figure-1.jpeg. 271
Map 10.5. The Ukrainian territory in Europe, 1914. Map by Stepan
Rudnytskyi. Reprinted from Stepan Rudnyts’kyi, Ukraina und die
Ukrainer (Berlin, 1915). 275
Map 10.6. Ukraine in its ethnographic borders, 1920. Map by
Stepan Rudnytskyi and Heorg von Hasenko. Courtesy Harvard
Map Collection, Harvard Library. 277
Map 10.7. Ethnographical map of Hungary, based on population
density, 1919. Map by Count Pál Teleki. Reprinted from Count Pál
Teleki, Magyarország néprajzi térképe a népsűrűség alapján
(Budapest: Magyar Földrajzi Intézet, 1919). 281
 Acknowledgments

The idea of this book is the result of the cooperation between the Cluster of
Excellence “Religion and Politics in Pre-Modern and Modern Cultures” at
the University of Münster and the Herder Institute for Historical Research
on East Central Europe—Institute of the Leibniz Association in Marburg.
It was cofinanced by the SFB/TRR 138 “Dynamics of Security.”
We would like to thank these institutions for their financial and organi-
zational support.
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