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 Hazardous
Materials Chemistry
for
Emergency
Responders
Second Edition
 Hazardous
Materials Chemistry
for
Emergency
Responders
Second Edition

Robert Burke

LEWIS PUBLISHERS
A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
L1580 FMFrame Page 4 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Burke, Robert
Hazardous materials chemistry for emergency responders / Robert Burke.--2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-580-0
1. Hazardous substance. I. Title.

T55.3.H3 B87 2002

604.7--dc21 2002073195

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for
creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC
for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 1-56670-580-0
Library of Congress Card Number 2002073195
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
L1580 FMFrame Page 5 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Preface
There has been much discussion about the validity of emergency response personnel
studying chemistry. Obviously, from the title of this book, the author’s opinion is
clear; however, the chemistry presented here is more “street chemistry” than college
chemistry. I have tried to make the chemistry subject matter appropriate for response
personnel and to express the information in understandable terms.
The book is organized into the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) nine
hazard classes, with which emergency response personnel should be intimately
familiar. Each hazard class will be covered in its own chapter.
Almost every hazardous material presents more than one hazard; the DOT’s
placarding and labeling system only identifies the most severe hazards. Along with
the hazard classes, the typical information is provided about each hazard class.
Individual chemicals are discussed, along with their hazards and their physical and
chemical characteristics, both as distinct chemicals and within chemical families.
Furthermore, the multiple dangers of hazardous materials, including “hidden” dan-
gers, are studied throughout the book.
Common industrial chemicals, along with other hazardous materials, are pre-
sented throughout the book. Learning about these chemicals will provide responders
with an overview of the varying dangers presented by hazardous materials, and will
show the similarities and differences among chemical family members, as well as
other hazardous materials. Selected reports of various incidents involving hazardous
materials are presented to emphasize the effects that chemical and physical charac-
teristics can have on an incident outcome. Responders should become familiar with
the chemical terminology that they will encounter when researching reference
sources, including books, computer databases, material safety data sheets (MSDS),
and shipping papers. Basic chemistry provides emergency responders with a back-
ground that will help them not only to understand chemical terminology, but also
to talk intelligently with CHEMTREC (Chemical Transportation Emergency Center),
shippers, and industry representatives about chemicals involved in hazardous mate-
rials incidents.

Robert Burke, BA, CFPS

Hazardous Materials
Specialist/Instructor
L1580 FMFrame Page 6 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM
L1580 FMFrame Page 7 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Dedication
This book is affectionately dedicated to my daughter Ashley.
L1580 FMFrame Page 10 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM
L1580 FMFrame Page 11 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

The Author
Robert A. Burke, born in Nebraska and raised in
Illinois, earned an A.A. in Fire Protection Technol-
ogy from Catonsville Community College and a
B.S. in Fire Science from the University of Mary-
land. He has also completed graduate work at the
University of Baltimore in Public Administration.
Mr. Burke has over 25 years experience in the
emergency services as a career and volunteer fire-
fighter, and has served as an assistant fire chief for
the Verdigris Fire Protection District in Claremore,
Oklahoma; deputy state fire marshal in the state of
Nebraska; a private fire protection and hazardous
materials consultant; an exercise and training officer for the Chemical Stockpile
Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) for the Maryland Emergency Manage-
ment Agency; and is currently the fire marshal for the University of Maryland,
Baltimore. He has served on several volunteer fire companies, including West
Dundee, Illinois; Carpentersville, Illinois; Ord, Nebraska; and Earleigh Heights
Volunteer Fire Company in Severna Park, Maryland, which is a part of the Anne
Arundel County, Maryland, Fire Department.
He is an adjunct instructor at the National Fire Academy in Emmitsburg, Mary-
land, and the Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville Campus. Mr.
Burke is also a contributing editor for Firehouse Magazine, with a bimonthly column
titled “Hazmat Studies,” and he has also had numerous articles published in Fire-
house, Fire Chief, and Fire Engineering magazines. He writes a monthly column
for the Firehouse.com Web site titled “The Street Chemist.”
Mr. Burke has developed several CD-ROM-based training programs, including
the Emergency Response Guide Book, Hazardous Materials and Terrorism Aware-
ness for Dispatchers and 911 Operators, Hazardous Materials and Terrorism Aware-
ness for Law Enforcement, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Course, and Chem-
istry of Hazardous Materials Refresher. He has also published a second book titled
Counterterrorism for Emergency Responders. He can be reached on the Internet at
[email protected].
L1580 FMFrame Page 9 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Acknowledgments
This book would not have been possible if not for the hundreds of emergency
response personnel and fellow instructors from various organizations whom I have
had the distinct pleasure to know, teach with, and learn from during classes at the
National Fire Academy and across the country. It was their inspiration, friendship,
and support that gave me the desire and dedication to put together a book of this
type. Many of the ideas for material presented here have come from the input of
these responders, students, and instructors; for them, and the many lasting friendships
that have developed over the years, I am grateful.
L1580 FMFrame Page 13 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction
Hazardous Materials Statistics ..................................................................................3
DOT/UN Hazard Classes of Hazardous Materials ...................................................6
NFPA 704 Marking System ......................................................................................9
Health ..................................................................................................................10
Flammability .......................................................................................................10
Reactivity (Stability)...........................................................................................11
Chemical Characteristic Listings and Incidents......................................................12
Chemical and Physical Characteristics Training Competencies.............................13
OSHA 1910.120..................................................................................................13
Operations Level ............................................................................................14
Technician ......................................................................................................14
Specialist ........................................................................................................14
Awareness............................................................................................................15
Operations ...........................................................................................................15
Technician ...........................................................................................................16
Incident Commander...........................................................................................18
Review Questions for Chapter 1 .............................................................................18

Chapter 2 Basics of Chemistry

The Periodic Table...................................................................................................22
The Elements ...........................................................................................................23
Atomic Number .......................................................................................................24
Atomic Weight .........................................................................................................25
The Hazmat Elements .............................................................................................28
Hydrogen.............................................................................................................28
History ............................................................................................................28
Sources ...........................................................................................................28
Important Compounds....................................................................................29
Uses ................................................................................................................29
Isotopes...........................................................................................................29
Lithium................................................................................................................30
History ............................................................................................................30
Sources ...........................................................................................................30
Uses ................................................................................................................30
Sodium ................................................................................................................31
History ............................................................................................................31
Sources ...........................................................................................................31
Compounds.....................................................................................................31
Properties........................................................................................................31
Uses ................................................................................................................32
L1580 FMFrame Page 14 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Potassium ............................................................................................................32
History ............................................................................................................32
Sources ...........................................................................................................32
Production ......................................................................................................32
Uses ................................................................................................................32
Properties........................................................................................................33
Isotopes...........................................................................................................33
Beryllium ............................................................................................................33
History ............................................................................................................33
Sources ...........................................................................................................33
Properties........................................................................................................34
Uses ................................................................................................................34
Magnesium..........................................................................................................34
History ............................................................................................................34
Sources ...........................................................................................................35
Properties........................................................................................................35
Uses ................................................................................................................35
Compounds.....................................................................................................35
Calcium ...............................................................................................................35
History ............................................................................................................35
Sources ...........................................................................................................36
Properties........................................................................................................36
Uses ................................................................................................................36
Compounds.....................................................................................................36
Barium.................................................................................................................36
History ............................................................................................................36
Sources ...........................................................................................................37
Properties........................................................................................................37
Compounds.....................................................................................................37
Uses ................................................................................................................37
Titanium ..............................................................................................................37
History ............................................................................................................37
Sources ...........................................................................................................38
Properties........................................................................................................38
Uses ................................................................................................................38
Chromium ...........................................................................................................38
History ............................................................................................................38
Sources ...........................................................................................................39
Uses ................................................................................................................39
Compounds.....................................................................................................39
Manganese...........................................................................................................39
History ............................................................................................................39
Sources ...........................................................................................................40
Properties........................................................................................................40
Uses ................................................................................................................40
L1580 FMFrame Page 15 Monday, October 7, 2002 9:39 PM

Iron ......................................................................................................................41
History ............................................................................................................41
Sources ...........................................................................................................41
Uses ................................................................................................................41
Properties........................................................................................................41
Cobalt ..................................................................................................................42
History ............................................................................................................42
Sources ...........................................................................................................42
Properties........................................................................................................42
Uses ................................................................................................................43
Copper .................................................................................................................43
History ............................................................................................................43
Properties........................................................................................................43
Sources ...........................................................................................................43
Uses ................................................................................................................44
Silver ...................................................................................................................44
History ............................................................................................................44
Sources ...........................................................................................................44
Properties........................................................................................................44
Uses ................................................................................................................45
Gold.....................................................................................................................45
History ............................................................................................................45
Sources ...........................................................................................................45
Properties........................................................................................................46
Uses ................................................................................................................46
Zinc .....................................................................................................................46
History ............................................................................................................46
Sources ...........................................................................................................47
Properties........................................................................................................47
Uses ................................................................................................................47
Mercury ...............................................................................................................48
History ............................................................................................................48
Uses ................................................................................................................49
Boron...................................................................................................................49
History ............................................................................................................49
Sources ...........................................................................................................49
Properties........................................................................................................50
Uses ................................................................................................................50
Aluminum ...........................................................................................................50
History ............................................................................................................50
Sources ...........................................................................................................51
Properties........................................................................................................51
Uses ................................................................................................................51
Compounds.....................................................................................................52
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