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RAISING FUTURE LEADERS: THE DYNAMIC INFLUENCE OF

PARENTAL STYLES ON ADOLESCENT IN KUALA SELANGOR
GHANI, A. A. M.1* – CHAN, A. N. F.1 – IDRIS, R.1 – ABU HUESSIN, A. N.1 – SALIM, A. S.1 –
ROSDIN, N. A. M.1 – ISMAIL, N. I. N.1
1
Department of Social Science, Universiti Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author
e-mail: crashidin7[at]unisel.edu.my
(Received 24th July 2024; revised 21st October 2024; accepted 29th October 2024)

Abstract. This study looks at how three parenting styles permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative
affect adolescent behavior. It focuses on how parental participation affects adolescent compliance,
aggression, social skills, and academic performance. The study highlights the benefits of authoritative
parenting, defined by warmth and direction and fosters desirable attributes including high self-esteem and
academic performance. On the other hand, strong regulations and authoritarian parenting promote greater
obedience but are also associated with higher levels of violence and worse social skills. Using a
quantitative method, the Parental Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) was utilized to classify
parenting styles, and an instrument designed by Steinberg was utilized to evaluate the behavior of
adolescents. 200 respondents were chosen through purposeful selection, and relationships between
adolescent behavior and parenting methods were investigated using data analysis using SPSS 27.
According to both descriptive and inferential analyses, the findings of this study demonstrates that
authoritative parenting greatly reduces the likelihood of peer bullying in addition to helping adolescents
develop better emotional regulation and social skills. The cross-sectional form of the study as well as the
dependence on self-reported data, which restricts generalizability and causal inferences, are among its
drawbacks. This study emphasizes the value of supportive, well-balanced parenting in promoting healthy
adolescent development. It also emphasizes the significance that emotional intelligence and effective
parenting techniques play in lowering harmful behaviors, which will ultimately benefit future generations.
Keywords: parental style, permissive, authoritarian, authoritative, adolescents' behavior

Introduction
The authoritative parent is stern but accommodating. This strategy can be described
as purposeful cultivation and propagative parenting when it is developed methodically.
Parenting in an authoritarian manner involves setting severe rules and using a lot of
punishment. The kid and family’s perspective and status are the main points of
emphasis, and parents enforce their rules with little to no explanation or feedback. A
permissive parenting style is defined as having low behavioral expectations for the child
and being non-directive, easy going, or libertarian. A parent who practices indulgent
parenting is one who spends a lot of time with their kids yet doesn’t put too many
restrictions or demands on them (Kalaiyarasi and Gopinath, 2019). It is well known that
parenting plays a significant role in influencing a child's behavior and development.
Parents have a hugely influential influence on how their children grow up. A study
underlined that a child's social skills are influenced by their parenting style. Parental
responsiveness, which expresses warmth, acknowledgment, and inclusion, and parental
demandingness, which depicts control, monitoring, and development demands, are the
two distinct elements of parenting style. Three parental prototypes were established
based on these dimensions to define modes of parental control and child socialization
that is permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative (Mehr-un-Nisa Idrees et al., 2021).

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The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood is known as adolescence.

Physical, hormonal, and psychological changes are indicative of this shift. If these
changes are not properly treated and maintained, abnormalities may result. Teens are the
focus of attention since this is a time of vulnerability for them. A decline in moral
principles and religious belief may be exacerbated by modernization. Numerous
adolescent experiences lead to alterations in their attitudes and behaviors. Adolescent
have negative experiences, such as being the victim of a crime and having extramarital
affairs. Juvenile delinquency can be caused by a variety of causes, including broken
families, poverty, insufficient parenting, etc. Teens frequently struggle to keep up their
relationship with their parents. That's because adolescents are more susceptible to the
social development effects of their pals. Adolescent go through bodily changes related
to growth and sexuality as well. Teens who experience emotional changes tend to be
very self-assured, which makes it challenging for them to take parental advice (Furqani,
2020). Numerous studies have demonstrated that, the method by which parents exhibit
their new born kid warmth, love, and care is known as parenting style. The tie or
attachment a child feels to his or her parents is the result of the parent-child relationship.
A child's attachment style to their primary carer figure is referred to as their "attachment
style." Because the child relates to people in the framework of prior personal
interactions as a youngster, this will have a huge impact on his life as an adult.
According to a study on attachment types, parents provide a safe and secure foundation
for their children. Attachment is defined as a persistent, passionate tie that a person
makes with a caregiver (Mehr-un-Nisa Idrees et al., 2021).
Aggression is defined as negative behavior that include physical, verbal, or
psychological assault or coercing someone with physical or psychological power
inequality to give up voluntarily and knowingly in an effort to instill fear or anxiety in
the victim. Peer bullying is one of the common teenage behaviors that falls under this
category. Our nation's school violence rate is rising, and the solutions implemented are
limited to enforcing discipline. But the extent of violence in many forms in recent times
has reached a point where, in addition to parents and educators, nearly everyone in
society will be concerned (Çalık, 2020). Problem behavior in adolescents is defined as
behavior that does not conform to the norms and expectations of society during
adolescence. It is typically employed as a negative social behavior to gauge the
physical, mental, and social function development of adolescents. Adolescent problem
behavior can take many distinct forms, such as poor interpersonal interactions, poor
lifestyle choices, and an unsuitable approach towards learning. According to pertinent
research, and this has a big impact on adult drinking, violence, and even criminal
activity (Jiang et al., 2022). A parenting style a psychological construct that embodies
the typical methods parents employ to raise their children. It's possible that a parent's
level of caregiving is more important than how much time they spend with their child.
For example, even though a parent spends the whole afternoon with their child, the
parent can be distracted by something else and not showing the youngster sufficient
affection. Parenting styles are a reflection of how parents interact with and discipline
their kids (Gaja Lakshmi, 2020).

Literature review
Parenting styles refer to the methods and techniques that parents employ when
raising their kids. Since psychologist Diana Baumrind initially proposed the idea of
parenting styles in the 1960s, it has grown to be a fundamental idea in developmental

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psychology. Three main parenting philosophies were distinguished by Baumrind:

permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian. Each has unique traits and effects on the
growth of the kid. Comprehending these types and their consequences is essential to
understanding how early family circumstances mold children's personalities, behaviors,
and future results.

Authoritarian parenting
High demands and poor response are traits of authoritarian parenting. This type of
parenting involves having clear guidelines and expectations, enforcing compliance, and
frequently using harsh punishment to manage behavior. Studies have indicated that
although children of authoritarian parents may demonstrate high levels of compliance
and competence in structured settings, they frequently have challenges related to social
skills, self-worth, and may manifest elevated levels of anger and anxiety (Baumrind,
1971).

Authoritative parenting
Strong attentiveness and strong demands are hallmarks of authoritative parenting.
These parents are friendly, supportive, and encourage open communication in addition
to laying out firm guidelines and expectations. Research continuously demonstrates that
authoritative parenting is linked to the best results for kids, such as improved social
skills, increased psychological well-being, and improved academic achievement.
According to Baumrind (1971), children who grow up with authoritarian parents
typically have greater self-esteem and are more capable and self-reliant.

Permissive parenting
High responsiveness and minimal demands are traits of permissive parenting. In
addition to being forgiving and not demanding adult conduct, permissive parents
frequently behave more like friends than as guardians. Permissive parents' kids may
have strong self-esteem and positive social skills, but they also frequently perform
poorly in school and have behavioral issues including impulsivity and a lack of self-
control (Baumrind, 1971).

Impact on adolescent development

Parenting practices continue long into adolescence, impacting adolescent social
skills, academic performance, emotional control, and risk-taking tendencies, among
other areas of their lives. According to Steinberg and Monahan (2007), permissive
parenting has been connected to higher levels of adolescent substance misuse and
criminality, whereas authoritative parenting has been linked to lower levels of these
behaviors.

Cultural and socioeconomic factors

Parenting approaches vary depending on the cultural, financial, and family
circumstances of each child. Parenting styles might vary depending on the values that
are prioritized in various cultures. Collectivist cultures, for instance, might place a
higher importance on deference to authority and obedience than individualist cultures,
which might place a higher value on freedom and self-expression (Wang et al., 2021).

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Parental style research

According to Gaja Lakshmi (2020), parenting style is a psychological construct that
embodies the typical techniques parents use to raise their children. Parenting styles are a
reflection of how parents interact with and discipline their kids. The article addresses
parenting approaches, contrasting the approaches of working and non-working moms; it
finds variations in responsiveness but not in autonomy granting or demandingness, and
it comes to the conclusion that a mother's and a child's relationship never changes,
independent of external circumstances. The goal of the current study is to determine
how working and non-working moms raise their children. Three distinct institutions in
Coimbatore city provided 100 randomly chosen college students for this study. The
sample's mean age is 22.35 years, with an age range of 18 to 23. The parenting scale
inventor was used to collect information regarding parental style, and demographic
profile forms were employed to obtain personal facts such as family type and whether
the person was living in an urban or rural area. Three subscales comprise the parenting
scale inventory: demandingness, autonomy granting, and responsiveness. The mean,
standard deviation, and "t" test were utilized in the statistical analysis of the gathered
data. The analysis's findings indicated that while there is no significant difference
between working and non-working mothers' parenting styles in terms of autonomy
granting and demandingness, there is a significant difference in the responsiveness
dimension. Additionally, there is no discernible difference between moms from nuclear
or combined families in terms of their parenting approaches.
Other than that, according to Paler et al. (2019), parenting style describes the
methods parents use to raise their kids. The effects of parenting styles on students' task
performance are the main focus of this study. The study examines the impact between
parenting philosophies and academic success of senior high school students in Jagobiao
National High School for School from 2018 till 2019 to emphasize the variations in
parental support among authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parents. All grade
11 and 12 students at Jagobiao National High School are required to complete the
questionnaires in rating scale form in order for the study to be conducted. The findings
show an impact between students' academic success and parenting practices. It may be
deduced that authoritarian parents provide their kids with equitable parental support,
focusing solely on project assistance and neglecting to assist them with academics and
extracurricular activities at school. Conversely, there has been a convergence of
permissive and authoritative parenting styles. It has been discovered that both of these
parenting philosophies solely assist their kids academically, failing to provide any
support for their schoolwork or extracurricular activities. Future research should
consider the recommendations made in this study, which include providing training and
seminars for parents. Furthermore, according to Zvara et al. (2020), Insecure parental
attachment styles and disorderly households are linked to poorer parenting practices.
The study examines the impact between disorganizesed household chaos and insecure
parental attachment styles and the parenting behaviors of fathers and mothers. It finds
that disorganized household chaos and attachment insecurity are predictive of lower-
quality parenting behaviors, especially for women who have dismissive attachment
styles. There is, however, a dearth of data on the parenting styles of fathers, and no
research has looked at whether chaotic homes have an impact on the association
between attachment type and parenting style.

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The current study examined the individual and combined effects of self-reported
adult attachment style and two domains of household chaos on observed maternal and
paternal parenting behaviors during structured play with their 58-month-old child
(49.6% female). The data came from both mothers and fathers of 742 children (40.5%
African American) living in rural, low-resource communities. Even after adjusting for
confounding variables, multivariate models showed that attachment insecurity was a
predictor of poorer parenting practices in both fathers and mothers. Besides that, the
chaotic realm of the home, which is associated with high levels of noise, clutter, and
disorder, was found to predict less forgiving and more controlling parenting styles in
both mothers and fathers. Lastly, it seemed that high degrees of disorganization made
caregiving more challenging for moms with dismissive attachment styles; this
moderating link was not apparent for fathers. According to these results, women'
insecure inclinations may be expressed more when they are under stress from a
continuously chaotic home, which could lead to more intrusive and less sympathetic
parenting styles. Then, according to Mehr-un-Nisa Idrees et al. (2021), parents have a
hugely influential influence on how their children grow up. A study underlined that a
child's social skills are influenced by their parenting style. The study examines how
children who live with both parents and single parents perceive parenting styles and
attachment styles. It finds that children who live with both parents have greater
communication and trust, while single parent children see their parents as authoritarian
and more alienated. Between September 2017 and March 2018, a correlational study
was carried out at the Lahore Garrison University in Lahore, Pakistan.
The study included an equal number of children from families with a single parent
and those with two parents. The parental authority questionnaire and the measure of
peer and parental attachment in Urdu were used to gather data. SPSS 21 was utilized for
data analysis. Out of the 200 kids, 100 (or 50%) were split into the two groups, with
each group consisting of 50 (or 50%) males and girls. The sample's mean age was
14.56±3.03 years, with a range of 11-18 years. Lastly, according to Kaniušonytė and
Laursen (2021), it is often known that parental psychological control has harmful
effects. This behavioral technique is usually excluded from parenting style classification
schemes, which place more emphasis on responsiveness and demandingness. In addition
to identifying four parenting style categories and demonstrating how they affect
children's adjustment, the study revisits parenting styles by providing a person-oriented
approach that includes psychological control. Throughout high school, teenagers from
Lithuania (239 girls and 215 males; mean age=15.14) answered questionnaires every
year detailing parental behavioral control, support, and psychological control. Four
parenting style types were identified using longitudinal multidimensional latent class
growth analysis (LCGA). There were two traditional groupings that surfaced: indulgent
(high support, low behavioral control, lowest psychological control) and authoritative
(highest behavioral control and support, lowest psychological control). Rather than an
authoritarian category, two other categories emerged: affectively controlling (highest
psychological control, lowest behavioral control and support) and entangled (high
behavioral control and psychological control, intermediate support). On a wide range of
measures, such as behavior issues, school involvement, character, self-esteem, and
interpersonal caring and connection, children of authoritative parents reported favorable
adjustment; on the other hand, children of affectively controlling parents reported the
worst adjustment across the board.

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Adolescents behavior research

Cuadrado-Gordillo et al. (2020) mention about domestic violence is a complex,
cross-cultural issue that has alarmingly spread to adolescence in the past ten years. The
effects are so severe and long-lasting that they have detrimental effects on families,
society, education, psychology, and education. Predictive indicators and the effects that
these victimization and aggression processes have can provide valuable guidance for the
development of prevention and intervention protocols that help lower the incidence of
cases, make them easier to identify, and provide faster, more effective responses. Their
study places a strong emphasis on adolescents' moral growth as a critical indication,
particularly on the degree of moral disengagement that they exhibit. The objectives are
to Assess adolescents' moral disengagement level and the means by which they justify
and accept violent acts; and determine which moral disengagement mechanisms are
predictive of certain types of aggressiveness in romantic relationships. 2029 adolescents
(55.4% female) between the ages of 14 and 18 (M=16.2; SD=1.2) make up the sample.
The findings show that adolescents have a moderate level of moral disengagement
(M=2,562; SD=0.4362), and that the dispersion and relocation of blame for the harm
produced are the most often employed disengagement mechanisms.
Adolescents utilize a variety of techniques to justify and endorse aggressive
behaviors, both committed and suffering, as their level of detachment rises. Ultimately,
it is discovered that the application of strategies like dehumanization and euphemism
language are potent indicators of certain victimization patterns. Certain types of
victimization in romantic relationships are strongly predicted by the employment of
strategies like dehumanization and euphemism language. Subsequently, according to
Jiang et al. (2022). Adolescent problem behavior is a detrimental societal issue that not
only decreases people's development of social skills and physical and mental health, but
also undermines social harmony and stability. Their studies look at topics like self-
control, parent-child conflict, and subjective well-being in order to primarily examine
how academic pressure affects problem behavior in teenagers and the possible
correlation between these and academic pressure. The information was gathered from
the China Family Panel Studies' fifth wave, which ran from 2017 to 2018. The
LISREL8.8 programmer was used to examine the data of 2,465 teens between the ages
of 10 and 15.
According to Furqani (2020), their social ties can be developed by emotional
intelligence. Their review elucidates the significance of emotional intelligence in
adolescent development and plays a crucial role in many developmental stages by
presenting precise study findings in the complicated literature on adolescents.
Reviewing national and international articles from 2004 to 2018 is done through 15
journals. Adolescent boys exhibit lower levels of emotional intelligence than adolescent
girls, based on gender differences. Additionally, Çalık (2020) designed a study to
investigate the variables influencing exposure to peer bullying while taking into account
the gender, age, and class of adolescents. The research's study area included Sakarya
province's Sapanca Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School pupils in grades 9
and 10. Ten students participated in his study, which aimed to investigate the variables
influencing adolescents' exposure to bullying by their peers. The interview form was
used to evaluate the students' responses. Despite historical differences, adolescent issues
have persisted in all communities up to this point. At last, according Refanthira and
Hasanah (2020), during the development stage, peer support, the school environment,
and parental support are essential. A child enters a developmental stage when they start

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to transition from childhood to a more adult stage. Psychologists have expounded on a

number of hypotheses regarding the significance of teenage development. Teens must
go through specific phases in order to mature. Physical, cognitive, linguistic, and
emotionalize changes are hallmarks of adolescent growth. Biology, environment, and
experience generate principles from the embryonic stage.

Materials and Methods

The study employs a quantitative research approach in order to gain a thorough
understanding of how parental styles impact teenage behaviour. The use of statistical
techniques to find patterns and possible causal correlations between variables is made
possible by quantitative methods. This method aids in assessing the importance of the
findings and examining the degree and direction of the relationship between various
parenting philosophies and teenage conduct. Google Forms was used to conduct online
questionnaires for the research, providing an organised and effective means of gathering
data. The poll asked questions about demographics, parenting styles, and teenage
behaviour. In order to choose participants who have certain attributes relevant to the
research question, purposeful sampling was used. The sample comprised teenagers from
a range of age groups, genders, and household structures in order to provide a thorough
portrayal of various parenting philosophies and their effects. To gather information,
standardised questionnaires were employed. These included the Parental Authority
Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR), which evaluate several aspects
of teenage behaviour (internalising and externalising issues) as well as various parenting
philosophies (permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative).
The study's protocols were arranged in a methodical manner. In order to compile
background data and crucial information on the study question, a literature review was
first carried out. The next step was to draft a study proposal outlining the objectives,
approach, and expected outcomes. Subsequently, the idea was presented for ethical
approval in order to guarantee adherence to ethical standards. After receiving ethical
permission, study participants were enlisted. The intended survey was used to gather
data, which was then examined to produce important results. A thorough research report
comprising all of the findings was created, and slides and rehearsals were used to
prepare the findings for presentation. Ultimately, the finished study and report were
turned in. Pilot studies were conducted to ensure the reliability and validity of the
instruments used, following the guidelines by Van Teijlingen and Hundley (2002). Data
reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha as suggested by Tavakol and Dennick
(2011), while the psychometric properties were reviewed according to Nunnally and
Bernstein (1994) standards.

Results and Discussion

The introduction phase of the analysis describes the respondents' demographic
details. Following that, it provides descriptive data for important characteristics
including parenting style and adolescent behaviour. Regression analysis and ANOVA
are two particular forms of inferential statistics that are used to examine the impact of
parental style on adolescent behaviour. Table 1 displays the age distribution of
teenagers in the area. 54.5% of the population, or those between 18 and 20, had a
frequency of 109. With a frequency of 69, consisting of 34.5%, is between the ages of

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21 and 23. Those 24 years of age and older was representing 11%, with a frequency of
22. This suggests that most teenagers in Kuala Selangor are between the ages of 18 and
20. Table 2 presents the gender The gender distribution of teenagers in the area is shown
in Table 2. The table shows that, alongside a frequency of 163, females represent
81.5% and males 18.5%, with a frequency of 37. This suggests that Kuala Selangor has
a notably higher proportion of female adolescent responders compared with male
adolescent responders.

Table 1. Frequency of age among adolescents in Kuala Selangor.

Score Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
10-13 years old 109 54.5
14-16 years old 69 34.5
17-19 years old 22 11

Table 2. Frequency of gender among adolescent in Kuala Selangor.

Score Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
Male 37 18.5
Female 163 81.5

Table 3 presents the ethnic distribution among adolescents in Kuala Selangor. Malay
people represent the majority (86%), with a frequency of 172. In contrast, the remaining
ethnic groupings consist of much more adolescents, which is 3% of Chinese adolescents
have a frequency of 6, 4% of Indian adolescents have a frequency of 8, Sabahan
adolescents have a frequency of 8, and Sarawakian adolescents have a frequency of 6.
This suggests that the majority of Kuala Selangor's adolescent proportion is Malay, with
minorities comprising the remaining population. In table 4 shows the p-value of 0.000
in the ANOVA results indicates a significant difference between the groups. This shows
that there is a considerable difference in variance across the groups compared to within
the groups, suggesting that the group means are not all the same. This statistical
significance suggests that the outcome variable varies significantly amongst the various
study groups. Table 5 shows the regression analysis to examine the impact of parental
style on adolescence behavior. The model of R show the value of .082 and R2 (square)
are .007 with adjusted R square of .086. The standard error of the estimate was .0744.
The R square value .007 indicates that approximately 7.0% of the variance in
adolescence behavior can be explained by parental style. This significant impact suggest
that parental style suggest of adolescence behavior to rebuild the characteristic and
personality among respondent.

Table 3. Frequency of ethinicity among adolescents in Kuala Selangor.

Score Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
Malay 172 86
Chinese 6 3
Indian 8 4
Sabahan 8 4
Sarawakian 6 3

Table 4. Analysis of ANOVA.

Category Sum of square df Mean square F Sig.
Between group 16.244 35 0.464 2.214 0.000

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Table 5. Linear regression analysis of parental style toward adolescence behavior among
respondent in Kuala Selangor.
Model R R square Adjusted R square Std Error of the estimare
1 .082 .007 .086 .0744

Our research examined the ways that authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive
parenting philosophies affect the conduct of teenagers. The results show that every
parenting strategy produces different results. More specifically, teens with better social
skills and emotional control are linked to authoritative parenting, which strikes a
balance between warmth and punishment. Authoritarian parenting, on the other hand, is
associated with increased stress levels and a decreased ability to interact with others. It
is characterized by strictness and low warmth. These results are consistent with previous
studies, highlighting the important influence parental approaches have on the
development of adolescents. One noteworthy finding from our investigation is the
discrepancy between the regression and ANOVA results. Regression analysis revealed a
large and significant influence of parenting style on teenage behavior, despite the
ANOVA results suggesting no significant overall effect. Comparing this divergence to
other research of a similar nature, such Çalık (2020), is especially noticeable. Similar
inferential techniques were employed in Çalık's research, which discovered a strong
relationship between teenage conduct and parental approaches. Çalık's research is
noteworthy as it shows that authoritative parenting has a considerable positive impact
on reducing peer bullying among teenagers. Our regression results support this finding.
The enormous influence of parenting methods on the behavior and development of
adolescents is constantly confirmed by research. For example, research has shown that
adolescents who experience authoritative parenting had lower levels of social anxiety
and higher self-esteem (Choong, 2023; Jinan et al., 2022). Authoritarian and careless
parenting, on the other hand, has been linked to behavioral issues and decreased self-
esteem (Jinan et al., 2022; Zhang and Wang, 2022). Additionally, research has
highlighted the function that parental rejection-especially that of fathers-plays in
exacerbating externalizing and internalizing issues, with teenage self-control frequently
serving as a mediator in this relationship (Zhang and Wang, 2022).
Differences in gender and culture also have a major influence on how parenting
practices affect the development of adolescents. These variables may alter how
parenting approaches impact teenagers, according to study by Salotra (2023) and others
(Jinan et al., 2022). This emphasizes the significance of taking cultural context into
account in parenting studies. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that thoughtful
parenting, which is marked by warmth and support, helps adolescents develop resilience
(Salotra, 2023). For treatments to be developed that support healthy parent-adolescent
interactions and positive adolescent development, a thorough understanding of these
dynamics is essential. Our research adds to the ongoing discussion by demonstrating the
diverse effects of various parenting philosophies and highlighting the necessity of
customized parenting approaches that take into account the unique needs of teenagers as
well as the larger cultural setting.

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Conclusion
The data analysis indicates that there are significant associations between adolescent
conduct in Kuala Selangor and parental styles. Better emotional control, more self-
esteem, and enhanced social skills are all positively correlated with authoritative
parenting. On the other hand, a higher stress level, more hostility, and a worse degree of
social skills are associated with authoritarian parenting. These results emphasize the
need for treatments and educational initiatives to encourage good parenting practices
and highlight the vital role that supportive, balanced parenting plays in promoting
healthy adolescent development. The study comes to the conclusion that parenting
styles have a big impact on adolescent behavior. Authoritarian parenting is linked to
lower social competence and higher stress levels, while authoritative parenting is linked
to positive outcomes like better emotional control and social skills. Despite these
insightful discoveries, the study was beset by a number of limitations, such as limited
funding, a sample demographic restricted to adolescents in Selangor, and a confined
theoretical framework that failed to take other relevant variables into account. The
findings' ability to be applied generally is limited by these constraints. To improve the
robustness and relevance of the findings, future research should address these
limitations by broadening the theoretical framework, incorporating multiple
geographical areas, diversifying the sample, and increasing the scope. In this way,
research in the future will be able to offer a more thorough comprehension of the
intricate connections between parental practices and adolescent behavior in many
settings and demographics.
Many suggestions for further research are provided in light of the study's limitations
and results. Firstly, in order to give a more thorough grasp of the elements influencing
adolescent behavior, future research ought to think about improving the theoretical
framework by adding more variables. For example, adding variables like peer impact,
educational environment, and socioeconomic position could provide more detailed
understanding of how these elements work in concert with parenting techniques to
influence adolescent outcomes. This kind of theoretical framework expansion would
solve the shortcoming of the current study, which concentrated only on particular
parenting philosophies without taking other possible influencing factors into
consideration. Secondly, it is the goal of researchers to incorporate a more
representative and diverse sample. Including participants from other backgrounds and
areas will broaden the demographic coverage of the study beyond adolescents in
Selangor, improving the data' generalizability and making them more applicable to a
larger community. The limitation of the current study's small sample demographic is
addressed by this method. Furthermore, utilizing a mixed-method approach that
incorporates both quantitative and qualitative techniques may offer a deeper and more
comprehensive examination of the data. In addition to complementing the quantitative
data, qualitative techniques like focus groups and interviews may provide deeper
insights into the individual experiences and perceptions of teenagers, facilitating a better
understanding of the intricate dynamics at work. Future research can build on the results
of this study and contribute to a more comprehensive knowledge of the links between
parenting styles and behavior among adolescents across various situations and
demographics by addressing these recommendations.

QUANTUM JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 5(6): 93-104.

eISSN: 2716-6481
https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v5i6.478
 Ghani et al.: Raising future leaders: The dynamic influence of parental styles on adolescent in Kuala Selangor.
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Acknowledgement
We are deeply grateful for the support and welcoming research environment
provided by Universiti Selangor (UNISEL). We also sincerely thank the staff members
and associates whose steadfast cooperation and insightful advice made this endeavor
feasible.

Conflict of interest
The authors confirm that no conflict of interest is involved with any parties in this
research.

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