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Globalizing Civic Engagement
Globalizing Civic Engagement

Civil Society and

Transnational Action

Edited by
John D Clark

Earthscan Publications Ltd

London • Sterling, VA
First published in the UK and USA in 2003 by
Earthscan Publications Ltd

Copyright © Centre for Civil Society

All rights reserved

ISBN: 1-85383-989-2 (paperback)

1-85383-988-4 (hardback)

Typesetting by Denis Dalinnik, Minsk, Belarus

Printed and bound by
Cover design by Danny Gillespie

For a full list of publications please contact:

Earthscan Publications Ltd

120 Pentonville Road
London, N1 9JN, UK
Tel: +44 (0)20 7278 0433
Fax: +44 (0)20 7278 1142
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.earthscan.co.uk

22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Globalizing civic engagement : civil society and transnational action / edited by John D.
Clark.- 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-85383-989-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) - ISBN 1-85383-988-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Social movements-International cooperation. 2. Protest movements-International
cooperation. I. Clark, John, 1950-

HM881.G559 2003
303.48'4-dc21
2003007492

Earthscan is an editorially independent subsidiary of Kogan Page Ltd and publishes in associ-
ation with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development

This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper

 Contents

List of Tables, Figures and Boxes vi

Preface vii
List of Contributors ix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xi

1 Introduction: Civil Society and Transnational Action John Clark 1

2 Consumers Unite Internationally Tasneem Mowjee 29

3 Trade Unions in a Changing World: Challenges and Opportunities

of Transnationalization Diego Muro and Nuno Themudo 45

4 Campaign to Increase Access to HIV/AIDS Drugs Tasneem Mowjee 66

5 Jubilee 2000: Laying the Foundations for a Social Movement

Paola Grenier 86

6 The Age of Protest: Internet-Based ‘Dot Causes’ and

the ‘Anti-Globalization’ Movement John Clark and Nuno Themudo 109

7 World Social Forum: Making Another World Possible?

Günther Schönleitner 127

8 Campaign for a ‘Robin Hood Tax’ for Foreign Exchange Markets

Diego Muro 150

9 Conclusions: Globalizing Civic Engagement John Clark 164

References and Interviews 176

Index 188
 List of Tables, Figures and Boxes

TABLES
1.1 Characteristics of different transnational civil society forms 5
2.1 Key dates in the development of IOCU/Consumers International 35
5.1 Evolving status of Jubilee 2000 groups 103
7.1 Numbers participating in World Social Forums 129
7.2 Regional distribution of participation in World Social Forums 136
7.3 Types of participant organizations in WSF 2001 138

FIGURES
1.1 The organizational forms of selected CSOs and CSO networks 7
3.1 UK trade union membership as a percentage of total work force
(1985–1999) 46
3.2 Strike action in the UK (1965–1999) 47
5.1 Jubilee 2000 – evolution timeline 87
5.2 Points of influence of Jubilee 2000 106

BOXES
1.1 Chronology of major inter-faith initiatives 14
1.2 The Philippines code of NGO ethics 18
1.3 Amnesty International and its mandate dilemma 21
3.1 The international union movement 49
3.2 First International: workers of the world unite! 50
 Preface

Much has been written about how the era of globalization is impacting on the
worlds of business, economics and politics. Many in civil society have sought to
challenge or reform the management of global change, and a variety of social
movements and campaigns has come together to form a global protest movement
that is storming the institutions and principles of global governance. But little has
been written about how the technological and political opportunities of globaliza-
tion affect civil society itself – hence the motivation for this book.
It is clear that a wide array of civil society organizations – ranging from environ-
mental pressure groups and development charities to trade unions and churches –
are increasingly emphasizing international advocacy work and networking with
others. The benefits and the opportunities are clear; but there are many obstacles,
challenges and dilemmas along the path. In particular, there are issues of organiza-
tional structure and governance that crop up frequently, and challenges regarding
the culture and focus of networks as their memberships diversify. Moreover, new
communications technology is allowing new ways of working and new organiza-
tional forms to arise – in particular, the web-based campaigns (or ‘dot causes’).
Just as the ‘network age’ is transforming management theory in the private sector,
so, too, it creates imperatives in civil society to work in different ways and with
non-traditional partnerships.
This book surveys these issues. It is the result of a research project of the
Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economics and Political Science
(LSE). The project started with a review of the issues through discussion with
leaders of a wide range of civil society organizations and consultation of the liter-
ature (published and internal) on those organizations’ strategic thinking. We next
held an international seminar at LSE bringing together practitioners from different
types of organization – North and South – and academics studying civil society.
This provided new insights, as well as better ideas as to where knowledge gaps lie.
Chapter 1 covers this preparatory stage. We then undertook a series of case studies,
investigating the experience of a number of transnational civil society endeavours
(Chapters 2 to 8). These studies used the same approach as the initial review and
probed the issues that it had brought to the surface. The final chapter summarizes
the projects’ main findings and offers some conclusions that are intended to be
of use to civil society practitioners, policy-makers and academics.
This project has been made possible by a generous grant from the Ford
Foundation, to whom go our sincere thanks. We also thank Helmut Anheier,
David Lewis, Lisa Carlson, Jane Schiemann and other staff at the Centre for
viii Globalizing Civic Engagement

Civil Society for their help and valuable suggestions, and we thank LSE itself for
being an accommodating host for this project. Thanks, also, go to many practi-
tioners and scholars who have contributed their valuable ideas and experience,
especially: Dave Brown, Ernst Ligteringen, Julie Fisher, John Foster, Petr Hlobil,
Lisa Jordan, Richard Langhorne, Alan Leather, Jan Aart Scholte, Salil Shetty,
David Stark, Rajesh Tandon, Sid Tarrow, Aurelio Vianna and Dennis Young. We
would also like to thank the participants at the LSE seminar of June 2001 for
their treasure chest of ideas, which we have ruthlessly plundered, and the many
people who generously gave their time to be interviewed or to give advice.
Finally, we would like to thank Jonathan Sinclair Wilson and his colleagues at
Earthscan – both for having faith in this project and for being flexible with slip-
ping deadlines for delivery of the final manuscript.

John Clark (editor), on behalf of all the contributors

Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics
March 2003
 List of Contributors

John Clark is currently Project Director for the High-Level Panel on United
Nations–Civil Society Relations, established by the secretary-general and chaired
by Fernando Henrique Cardoso (former president of Brazil). He worked for the
World Bank from 1992 to 2000 as manager of the NGO and Civil Society Unit
and lead social development specialist for East Asia. He then moved to the UK,
where he has served on a task force advising the UK prime minister on Africa and
wrote a book on globalization, Worlds Apart: Civil Society and the Battle for Ethical
Globalization (Earthscan, UK, and Kumarian, US, 2003). He was also visiting
fellow at the Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political
Science (LSE), where he manages the research project on which this book is
based. Prior to joining the World Bank he worked in non-governmental organi-
zations (NGOs) for 18 years, mostly in Oxfam GB. He is the author of three
other books, including Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Agencies
(Earthscan, UK, and Kumarian, US, 1991).

Paola Grenier is a Lord Dahrendorf scholar in the Centre for Civil Society, LSE,
researching social entrepreneurship in the UK. Prior to that she worked in Hun-
gary for two years on supporting the development of Roma communities, and
organizing the first European-wide conference on homelessness. Her background
in the UK voluntary sector is within the fields of homelessness, social housing and
regeneration, where she has been involved in management, fund raising, research
and policy development. Her research interests include leadership in voluntary
organizations and NGOs, organizational development, social entrepreneurship
and social capital.

Tasneem Mowjee has worked for WomenAid International, a small UK NGO

specializing in humanitarian assistance to the former Yugoslavia and the Caucasus.
This led to a PhD on NGO–Donor Funding Relationships: UK Government and
European Community Funding for the Humanitarian Aid Activities of UK NGOs
from 1990–1997 at the Centre for Civil Society, LSE. Since completing the PhD,
she has been working as a freelance researcher, mainly on humanitarian-aid fund-
ing issues and the European Commission’s humanitarian policy.

Diego Muro is currently editor of the journal Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
and is a doctoral student in the Department of Government, LSE. His research
focuses on civil society, nationalism and political violence.
x Globalizing Civic Engagement

Günther Schönleitner is a PhD student and Lord Dahrendorf scholar at the Centre
for Civil Society, LSE, researching civil society participation and local governance
in Brazil. He holds a first degree in law from the University of Salzburg (Austria)
and an MSc in development studies from the LSE. Prior to his doctoral studies,
he worked for eight years with an Austrian development NGO, first as a project
officer in Brazil and later as a country programme manager based in Vienna.

Nuno Themudo is part-time lecturer at the Centre for Civil Society, LSE, where
he teaches on the Masters course NGO Management, Policy and Administration.
He is completing his PhD thesis titled Managing the Paradox: NGOs, Resource
Dependence and Political Independence. His research interests include NGO and
non-profit management, information and communications technology and civil
society, and sustainable development.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ABONG Brazilian Association of Non-Governmental Organizations

ACTSA Action for Southern Africa (UK)
AGM annual general meeting
AI Amnesty International
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ALOP Latin American Association of Popular Organizations
ALP AIDS Law Project (South Africa)
ANC African National Congress
ARV antiretroviral (treatment for HIV/AIDS)
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations
ATTAC (-I)
Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid
of Citizens (-International)
BC Brazilian Council (World Social Forum)
CA Consumers Association (UK)
CAP Consumers Association of Penang
CBJP Brazilian Commission for Justice and Peace
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
CEO chief executive officer
CETIM Centre Europe–Tiers Monde
CI Consumers’ International
CIVES Brazilian Association of Entrepreneurs for Citizenship
CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation
CJG Centre for Global Justice (Brazil)
CNBB National Conference of the Bishops of Brazil
CODE-NGO Caucus of Development NGOs (The Philippines)
COICA Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon
Basin
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
CPT Consumer Project on Technology (US)
CS civil society
CSO civil society organization
CSR corporate social responsibility
CU Consumers Union (US)
CUT Central Única dos Trabalhadores (Brazilian Union Federation)
CUTS Consumer Unity and Trust Society (India)
DCN Debt Crisis Network
xii Globalizing Civic Engagement

DISHA Development Initiative for Social and Humanitarian Action

EC Executive Committee (World Social Forum)
EMH efficient markets hypothesis
EPZ export processing zone
ETA Basque separatist movement
ETUC European Trade Union Confederation
EU European Union
EURODAD European Network on Debt and Development
EZLN Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatistas National Lib-
eration Army, Mexico)
FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionárias de Colombia
FOE, FOE-I Friends of the Earth, FOE-International
FPA Fundação Perseu Abramo
FSM Fórum Social Mundial (World Social Forum)
FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas
G7, G8 the group of the seven largest economies (G8 = plus Russia)
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP gross domestic product
GMO genetically modified organism
GSK GlaxoSmithKline
GUF Global Union Federation
HAI Health Action International
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poorer Countries Initiative (IMF/World Bank
debt-relief programme for poor countries)
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HRW Human Rights Watch
IBASE Brazilian Institute of Social and Economic Analysis
IBFAN International Baby Foods Action Network
IC International Council (World Social Forum)
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICEM International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General
Workers’ Unions
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICM International Council Meeting
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICRT International Consumer Research and Testing
ICT information and communications technology
IFBWW International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
IFI international financial institution
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
INGO international NGO
IOCU International Organization of Consumers Unions (precursor of CI)
IP intellectual property
 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii

IRA Irish Republican Army

ISO International Standards Organization
ISTR International Society for Third Sector Research
ITS International Trade Secretariat (precursor of GUF)
JDC Jubilee Debt Campaign
JMI Jubilee Movement International
LSE London School of Economics and Political Science
MC Mobilization Committee (World Social Forum)
MCC Medicines Control Programme (South Africa)
MEP Member of the European Parliament
MG Minas Gerais (Brazil)
MR Millennium Review (ICFTU)
MSF Médecins Sans Frontières
MST Brazilian Landless Peasants Movement
NAFTA North American Free Trade Association
NGO non-governmental organization
NOP-FPA Núcleo de Opinião Pública – Fundação Perseu Abramo (Brazil)
OC Organizing Committee (World Social Forum)
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OI Oxfam International
PAIC programme of support for community initiatives
PGA People’s Global Action
PMA Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association (South Africa)
PRIA Society for Participatory Research in Asia
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSI Public Service International
PT Partido dos Trabalhadores (Brazilian Workers’ Party)
R&D research and development
ROAP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (CI)
SAP structural adjustment programme
SM social movement
TAC Treatment Action Campaign (South Africa)
TCSN transnational civil society network
TNAN transnational advocacy network
TNC transnational corporation
TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement
TSM transnational social movement
TU trade union
TUAC Trade Union Advisory Committee (OECD)
TWN Third World Network
UERJ University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
UFMG Federal University of Minas Gerais (Brazil)
UFRGS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Federal University
of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
UMWA United Mine Workers of America
xiv Globalizing Civic Engagement

UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNCHR United Nations Commission on Human Rights
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UN-GA United Nations General Assembly
UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
UNI Union Network International
USP University of São Paulo
USTR US Trade Representative
VSO Voluntary Service Overseas
WCC World Council of Churches
WCL World Confederation of Labour
WDM World Development Movement (UK)
WEF World Economic Forum
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO World Health Organization
WSF World Social Forum
WTO World Trade Organization
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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