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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS
n Motion : An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time.
n Rest : An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time.
n Rest & motion are relative terms : An object which is at rest can also be in motion simultaneously. For
example, the passengers of a moving bus are at rest with respect to each other but they are in motion with
respect to a stationary objects like electric pole, trees, a person standing on the road side etc.
n Rectilinear motion : If a particle moves in a straight line, its motion is called rectilinear motion or one dimensional
motion.
n Rotational motion (Rotatory motion) : Motion of a body turning about an axis is called rotational motion. In
other words, ‘a motion in which an object spins about a fixed axis is called rotational motion’. E.g., the Earth’s
spin on its axis, motion of a fan or motor etc.
n Two dimensional motion : The motion of a particle in a plane is called two dimensional motion.
Examples: Motion of a particle on a circular path, motion of a particle on a parabolic path (projectile motion).
n Three dimensional motion : The motion of a particle in space is called three dimensional motion.
Examples: Motion of a flying bird, motion of a foot ball swinging in air.

n Distance : The length of the actual path between initial and final positions of a particle is called distance
covered by the particle. (Path 1 in figure shown represents distance).
l Distance is a scalar quantity. Path 1
l Distance depends on the path.
l It never decreases with time. Path 2
l Distance is always taken positive.

l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter (cm) ; S.I. system - metre (m).

l Odometer of the vehicle measures the distance.
n Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial position and the final
position of the particle is called displacement. It is the change in the position of the particle. (Path 2 in figure
shown represents displacement).
Displacement = x f – xi Where, xf = final position ; xi = initial position. +
l Displacement is a vector quantity, its direction is always taken from initial
position to final position. –

+
l Displacement depends only on initial position and final position, does not
–

depend on path.
Sign convention
l Displacement of a particle in motion can be positive, negative or even zero. for displacement

l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter (cm) ; S.I. system - metre (m).

n Distance is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of displacement.
l Whenever a particle changes its direction or follows a curved path, distance is always greater than the
magnitude of displacement.
l Distance is exactly equal to displacement (i) when it follows a straight path without changing its direction (ii)
when its is in uniform motion.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS
n Speed : The distance travelled by a particle per unit time is called speed.

Distance
Speed =
time

5
l Speed is a scalar quantity. l Speed depends on the path. l 1 km / h = m/s
18

l Speed gives no idea about the direction of motion of the object.

l Speed can never be negative ; in motion, it is taken positive ; at rest, it is zero.
l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter/second (cm/s) ; S.I. system - metre/second (m/s).
l Uniform speed : An object is said to be moving with a uniform speed, if it covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time. That is, magnitude of speed is constant.
l Non uniform speed : An object is said to be moving with a variable speed if it covers unequal distances in
equal intervals of time. That is, magnitude of speed is variable.
l Average Speed : When an object is moving with a variable speed, then the average speed of the object is
thought to be that constant speed with which the object covers the same distance in a given time interval as
it does while moving with variable speed during the same time interval.
l Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken.

Total distance travelled

Average speed =
Total time taken
l Instantaneous speed : The speed of the body at any instant of time is +
called instantaneous speed.
l Speedometer of the vehicle measures its instantaneous speed.
– +
l In uniform motion of a particle, the instantaneous speed is equal to
its average speed. –
n Velocity : The rate of change of displacement is called velocity. Sign convention
for velocity
l Velocity is a vector quantity.
l Velocity can be negative, positive or zero.
l The direction of average velocity is same as that of the total displacement.
l If average velocity for a journey is positive, it may have a negative instantaneous velocity at some point of
time during the journey and vice-versa.
l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter/second (cm/s) ; S.I. system - metre/second (m/s).
l Instantaneous Velocity : It is the velocity at some particular instant of time.
l Average Velocity : It is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken.
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken
l Uniform Velocity : A particle is said to have uniform velocity, if the magnitude as well as the direction of
its velocity remains constant. It is possible only when the particles moves in straight line without changing its
direction.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS
l Non-uniform Velocity : A particle is said to have non-uniform velocity, if either of magnitude or direction
of its velocity changes (or both changes).

l In uniform motion of a particle, the instantaneous velocity is equal to its average velocity.
n Average speed is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of average velocity.
l Whenever a particle changes its direction or follows a curved path, average speed is always greater than the
magnitude of average velocity.
l Average speed is exactly equal to average velocity when it follows a straight path without changing its
direction.
n If body covers distances x1 , x2, x3,----- with speeds v1 , v2, v3,----- respectively in same direction then average
speed/average velocity of body is given by,
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + - - -
v average =
x1 x2 x3
+ + +---
v1 v 2 v 3
l Case of half journey : If body covers equal distances with different speeds i.e, x1 = x2 = x (let),

x+x 2x 2 2v 1v 2
v average = = = =
æx x ö æ1 1 ö æ v 2 + v 1 ö v1 + v 2
ç + ÷ xç + ÷ ç ÷
v
è 1 v 2 ø è v1 v 2 ø è v1 v 2 ø

n If a body travels with speeds v1,v2,v3 ,---- during time intervals t1,t 2,t 3, ---- respectively then the average speed of
the body is given by,
v 1 t1 + v 2 t 2 + v 3 t 3 + - - -
v average =
t1 + t 2 + t 3 + - - -
l Case of half time : If the two given time intervals are same i.e., t 1 = t2, then,

v1 t + v 2 t (v1 + v 2 )t v + v2
v average = = = 1
t+t 2t 2

n Uniform motion : If the velocity (NOT the speed) of a particle in motion is constant, then its motion is said to be
uniform motion.
l In uniform motion, the magnitude of velocity is constant and its direction is also constant.
l In uniform motion, a particle covers equal distances in equal interval of time in a particular direction.
l Uniform motion always takes place in straight line.
l Only one equation of motion is used in uniform motion which is, v = s/t
n Non-uniform motion : If the velocity of a particle in motion is not constant, then its motion is said to be uniform
motion.
l A non-uniform motion occurs when either the magnitude of velocity changes or its direction changes or both
changes.
l Motion of a particle along a curved path is always a non-uniform motion.
l If particle changes its direction during the journey, its motion is always non-uniform.
n Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS

l It is a vector quantity. Its direction is same as that of change in velocity and NOT of the velocity.
l It is NOT the rate of change of speed. For example, when a body moving +
with constant speed along a circular path, there is no change in its speed
but there is a change in velocity as its direction is changing continuously at
every point. Thus, there must be some acceleration of the body. –

+
l A change in velocity occurs when (i) only its direction changes, e.g.
uniform circular motion. (ii) only its magnitude changes. e.g. a ball dropped
–

from a certain height under gravity (iii) both magnitude as well as direction Sign convention
for acceleration
changes, e.g. a projectile motion. In all these cases, there MUST be some
acceleration present in the motion.
l Whenever velocity and acceleration are in same direction, the velocity of a
particle increases. Such motion is called accelerated motion. Such an
acceleration for numericals is usually taken ‘positive acceleration’.
l Whenever velocity and acceleration are in opposite direction, the velocity of a particle decreases. Such
motion is called retarded motion. Such an acceleration for numericals is usually taken ‘negative acceleration’
and also called ‘retardation’ or ‘deceleration’.

v–u
l Acceleration, a =
t
Unit of acceleration : C.G.S.system - centimetre/(second)2 (cm/s 2) ; S.I. system - metre/(second)2 (m/s2).
n Non-uniform motion with constant acceleration (uniformly accelerated motion) : It is a motion in which
acceleration is constant in both magnitude as well as direction.
l It is a non-uniform motion. Equations of motion for a uniformly accelerated motion are :

1 2 æv +uö v+u
(i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + at (iii) v2 = u2 + 2as (iv) s = ç ÷ t (v) v average = 2
2 è 2 ø
Where, u = initial velocity ; v = final velocity ; s = distance travelled ; t = time taken.
1
l Distance travelled in nth second (i.e., in a particular second) is given by, s nth = u + a(2n – 1)
2
n Free fall (motion under gravity) :
l Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of gravity. An object is in free fall as soon as
it is dropped from rest, thrown downward or thrown upward.
l Acceleration due to gravity : The constant acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration
due to gravity. Its magnitude is denoted with the letter g. The value of g on the surface of Earth is
nearly 9.8 m/s2.
l Earth’s gravity always pulls downward, so the acceleration (g) of an object in free fall is always downward and
constant in magnitude, regardless of whether the object is moving up, down, or is at rest, and independent
of its speed.
l If the object is moving downward, the downward acceleration makes it speed up; if it is moving upward, the
downward acceleration makes it slow down.
n Equations of motion of freely falling body :
There are two main assumptions in free fall :
(1) Acceleration due to gravity (g) is constant throughout the motion and it acts vertically downwards.
(2) Air resistance is negligible.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS
l For numericals, we can assume acceleration due to gravity as + g for downward while –g for upward motion.
l Case 1 : An object thrown vertically upward and it returns after some time. Equations of motion are :

1 2 g
(i) v = u – gt (ii) h = ut – gt (iii) v2 = u2 – 2gh
2
} Time taken to reach maximum height :

u H
t=
g
} Total time of journey :

2u h
T=
g
u
} Maximum height achieved by the object :
u2
H=
2g

æ u 2 ö u2
} The total distance covered, s = 2H = 2 ç ÷ = while, the total displacement is zero.
è 2g ø g
l Case 2 : An object is thrown vertically downward from a certain height H. ///////////
/ u g
y /
/
Equations of motion are : /
/
/
1 2 H /
(i) v = u + gt (ii) y = ut + gt (iii) v2 = u2 + 2gy /
/
2 /
/
} Velocity at ground : v = u2 + 2gH /
/
/
1 2
} Time taken to reach the ground : H = ut + gt . This is a quadratic equation that can be solved by
2
factorisation or using quadratic formula.
l If an object is dropped from certain height, its initial velocity is taken zero i.e., u = 0. In such case the
eqs.(i),(ii),(iii) will reduce to,
1 2
v = gt ; y = gt ; v2 = 2gy
2

} Velocity at ground : v = 2gH

2H
} Time taken to reach the ground : t= .
g
l Case 3 : An object thrown up from a certain height H or dropped from a rising balloon/helicopter. The
initial velocity of a body dropped from a moving object is equal to the velocity of the moving object.
Equation of motion are :
(i) v = u – gt
If v comes positive, it means that object is moving upwards. If v comes negative, it means that object is
moving downwards.
1 2
(ii) y = ut – gt
2

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS
If y comes positive, it means that object is above the initial point. If y comes negative, it means that
object is below the initial point.
(iii) v2 = u2 – 2gy

h h
u u

/////////// g g
/
y / y Rising
/ balloon
/
/
/
H / H
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

} Velocity at ground :

v = u 2 + 2gH
1 2
} Time taken to reach the ground : H = –ut + gt . This is a quadratic equation that can be solved by
2
factorisation or using quadratic formula. g

l Let three balls 1, 2, and 3 are allowed to fall under gravity from the
u 2 u=0
same height. Ball 1 is thrown vertically upward with speed u and it reaches
/////////// 1 u 3
the ground in time t1. Ball 2 is thrown vertically downward with the same /
/
speed u and it reaches the ground in time t2. Ball 3 is dropped (i.e., u = 0) /
/
from the same height and it reaches ground in time t 3. Then, the relationship H /
/
between t1, t2 and t 3 is given by, /
/
/
t 3 = t1t 2 /

l An object is dropped in a well of depth ‘d’ and the sound of splash in water is heard after a certain time T.

2d
} Downward motion of object : t1 =
g
d
d
} Upward motion of sound : t 2 =
v
2d d
T = t1 + t2 = +
g v
n Graphs in motion : Usually distance-time, displacement-time, speed-time, velocity-time, acceleration-time
graphs are used in understanding motion.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS
l Distance-time graph : Here, distance is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.

s s s
s = constant
sµt
s µ t2

t t t
A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly
(s = constant) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = 0) (s = v × t) 1 2
( s = ut + at )
2
} Distance-time graph is always positive, it is always increasing NEVER decreasing.
l Displacement-time graph : Here, displacement is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Displacement-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing.

s
s = constant
sµt
sµt
2

s s
t t t

A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly

(s = constant) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = 0) (s = v × t) 1 2
( s = ut + at )
2

l Speed-time graph : Here, speed is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Speed-time graph is always positive, it can be increasing or decreasing.

v v v
v = constant
vµ t

t t t
A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly
(v = 0) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = constant) (v = u + at)
l Velocity-time graph : Here, velocity is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Velocity-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS

v v v
v = constant
vµt

t t t

A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly

(v = 0) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = constant) (v = u + at)

l Acceleration-time graph : Here, acceleration is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Acceleration-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing.

a a a
a = constant

t t t

A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly

(a = 0) uniform motion accelerated motion
(a = 0) (a = constant)

n Significance of graphs in motion :

perpendicular p y
l Slope of a graph = tan q = = (see adjoining graph)
base b p
q
l More the value of q, more will be the value of slope.
b
l Slope of a graph can be zero (q = 0°), positive (0° < q < 90°), negative q
(90° < q < 180°) or even infinite (q = 90°). x

l Slope of distance-time graph gives speed. Slope of displacement-time graph gives velocity.
l In the adjoining s-t graph, slope of A is more than slope of B, thus, vA > vB. A
s B
l From the s-t graph shown below, we can find the value of v.

x2
t
s x2–x1
q
x1 p x2 – x1
t2–t1 v= =
b t2 – t1

t1 t2
t

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS

l In the following graphs, graph 1 represents accelerated motion i.e., v (i.e. slope) increasing with time. Graph
2 represents retarded motion i.e., v decreasing with time.

s s

t t
Graph 1 Graph 2
( v increasing with time) ( v decreasing with time)
accelerated motion retarded motion

l Slope of speed-time graph or velocity-time graph gives acceleration. 1

v 2
l In the adjoining v-t graph, slope of 1 is more than slope of 2, thus, a1 > a2.
l From the v-t graph shown below, we can find the value of a.

t
v2

v v2–v1
q
v1 p v 2 – v1
t2–t1 a= =
b t2 – t1

t1 t2
t A1
v
l Total area under the speed-time graph or velocity-time graph always
A2
gives total distance travelled by the body during a given time interval.
We can also find displacement using a velocity-time graph which is as
t
shown below : Distance travelled = A1 + A2

A3 Distance travelled = A 1 + A 2 + A3
A1
v
A2 t Displacement = A 1 – A2 + A3

l The area under the acceleration-time graph gives change in velocity during a given time interval.

n Graphs of motion under gravity : Upward motion of an object is a retarded motion, while downward motion
is an accelerated motion.

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MOTION HIGHSCHOOL
REVISION PHYSICS

s 2H d v
ar
wnw o n u
o ti
D mo
H

ion rd
Up oti o

ot a
d

m nw
ar

m
wa n
pw tion

w
rd

Do
U o
m
O t 2t O t 2t
t t
(a) Distance-time graph (b) Speed-time graph

u
v a

s
U p o ti o
m
wa n
rd

H
D O O
ow t 2t t 2t
rd m nw t t
wa on ot ar
Up oti io d
n
Do mot

m
wn ion

O t 2t
wa

t
rd

–u –g

(c) Displacment-time graph (d) Velocity-time graph (e) Acceleration-time graph

v
n Circular motion : When a particle moves along a circular path, its v
motion is called circular motion.
l A circular motion is always a non-uniform motion i.e., accelerated motion O r
because the direction of velocity changes continuously.
v
l Velocity of a particle in circular motion is always tangential to the circular
v
path i.e., velocity and radius are always ^ to each other.

l Angular displacement (q) : The angle described by particle B

moving along a circular path is called angular displacement. q

A
} S.I. unit of angular displacement is radian. w

p radian = 180°, 1 radian = 180 °/p = 57.3°

R D
} You can use a formula to find radian from degrees or vice-versa which is given by, =
p 180
Where, R is angle in radian, D is angle in degrees.

l Angular velocity (w) : The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular velocity.

q
} w= } S.I. unit of w : radian per second or rad s–1.
t

} Relation between angular velocity and linear speed : v = rw (r = radius of circular path)

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l Angular acceleration (a) : The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.

w2 – w1
} a=
t
} S.I. unit of a : radian/(second)2 or rad s–2.

} Relation between angular acceleration & linear (tangential) acceleration : a t = ra

l Uniform circular motion : Motion of a particle along the circumference of a circle with a constant speed
is called uniform circular motion.
} In uniform circular motion, linear speed, v = constant ; angular velocity, w = constant ;
angular acceleration, a = 0.

2pr
} Here, linear speed can also be found by formula, v = (T = time period of 1 revolution)
T

2p
} Also, angular velocity w can be found using formula, w =
T

2 pN
} If a particle is making N revolutions per minute (denoted as rpm), angular speed, w =
60
l Uniform circular motion is always an accelerated motion. It has a radially inward acceleration called
centripetal acceleration.

v2
} Formula for centripetal acceleration : a c = = rw2
r
} Centripetal acceleration (ac ) and velocity (v) are always perpendicular to each other.

l Centripetal force : It is the radially inward force that is required to move an object along a circular
path.

mv 2
} Formula for centripetal force : F = ma c = = mrw2
r
} Centripetal force is always supplied by a real force, the nature of which depends on the situation. While
turning a motorcycle on a horizontal circular path, friction provides the necessary centripetal force. The
electron moves in a circle around nucleus due to centripetal force provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between positive nucleus and negative electron. While whirling a stone tied with a string, the
tension in the string provides the centripetal force. Earth revolves round the Sun due to the centripetal
force provided by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun.

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