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Imagining Ireland Abroad 1904 1945 Conceiving The Nation Identity and Borders in Central Europe 1st Edition Lili Zách No Waiting Time

Study resource: Imagining Ireland Abroad 1904 1945 Conceiving the Nation Identity and Borders in Central Europe 1st Edition Lili ZáchGet it instantly. Built for academic development with logical flow and educational clarity.

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Imagining Ireland
Abroad, 1904–1945
Conceiving the Nation,
Identity, and Borders
in Central Europe
Lili Zách
Imagining Ireland Abroad, 1904–1945
Lili Zách

Imagining Ireland
Abroad, 1904–1945
Conceiving the Nation, Identity, and Borders
in Central Europe
Lili Zách
Arts and Humanities Institute
National University of Ireland, Maynooth
Maynooth, Ireland

ISBN 978-3-030-77812-5    ISBN 978-3-030-77813-2 (eBook)


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77813-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
­institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Szüleimnek
Notes on Nomenclature

The constitutional terms “Ireland” and “Irish” are used interchangeably


with “Irish Free State” and the “Twenty-Six Counties” following the Irish
Free State Constitution Act (1922 and 1937), as well as with Éire
(1937–1948) after the 1937 Constitution of Ireland.
In the context of the present book, the term Central Europe is used
interchangeably with Habsburg Central Europe, the Dual Monarchy,
Austria-Hungary and the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the
Compromise/Ausgleich/Kiegyezés of 1867 until the monarchy’s dissolu-
tion in October 1918. For the period after 1919, the term covers the
“small successor states.” Although these are not the only successors, for
the purpose of this book, these terms cover Austria, Hungary and
Czechoslovakia, unless stated otherwise. Central European geographical
terms, place names or regions follow English usage, and are also provided
in the concerned languages, where needed or applicable. For instance,
modern-day Bratislava (Slovak) is described as Pressburg (German) and
Pozsony (Hungarian) in the pre-1918 era due to the historical uses by the
German/Hungarian communities, respectively. Similarly, Upper Region/
Upper Hungary is provided in Hungarian as well (Felvidék) since it was
inseparable from the historical/geographical use of the term in this par-
ticular context, which was not covered with the political use of
“Czechoslovakia.” Moreover, after the partition of the Tyrol after the
Great War, the southern part of the region that came under Italian rule
under the name “Alto Adige” is referred to as “the South Tyrol” in the
present book.

vii
viii NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE

As far as parties and political associations are concerned, they are pro-
vided in English as well as the relevant native language, where needed.
Communist, fascist and socialist are not capitalised when referring to ide-
ologies, movements and people, only when applied to parties and govern-
ments (the Christian Social Government; the Communist Party of
Ireland).
Acknowledgements

Above all, I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my PhD supervisor,


Dr Mary N. Harris (Department of History, National University of Ireland
(NUI) Galway), for her invaluable insights, guidance and patience
throughout the doctoral programme that resulted in this book. I am
indebted to the Department of History at NUI Galway, both the aca-
demic and administrative staff, and particularly to former members of my
Graduate Research Committee, more specifically, Dr Enrico Dal Lago, Dr
Róisín Healy, Professor Dáibhí Ó Crónín, Professor Steven Ellis, Dr Alison
Forrestal and Dr Gearóid Barry, who provided a supportive environment
during my doctoral studies. I am also grateful to my former fellow research-
ers, Dr James T. O’Donnell and Dr Mark Phelan, for their helpful com-
ments and for sharing their research experience with me, including
providing access to their then unpublished dissertations. Moreover, I
would like to acknowledge the assistance of the archivists and librarians at
the James Hardiman Library (NUI Galway), the National Archives of
Ireland, the National Library of Ireland and the University College Dublin
Archives.
I also wish to thank my fellow historians who offered advice through-
out various stages of this project. I owe the most to my family and amaz-
ing friends all over Europe for their support and encouragement both
during and after my PhD. Most importantly, I dedicate this book to my
parents, Anna and Attila, as without their love and faith in me this book
would not have been completed.

ix
Contents

1 Introduction  1
Bibliography  18

2 Irish Interest in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1904–1918 23


“Mosaic without a Pattern”: Loyalties in Habsburg Central
Europe  24
“The Rights of Small Nations”  39
“Central European Ulsters”  55
Bibliography  73

3 Irish Perceptions of Independent Austria, Hungary and


Czechoslovakia, 1918–1922 81
Small States in Irish Political Discourse  82
Irish Images of Central European Independence  87
“Continental Ulster Questions”: The Settlement of Borders  96
Religion as a Marker of Identity 104
Bibliography 126

4 Irish Links with Inter-War Central Europe, 1923–1937135


Irish Contact with Small States in the League of Nations 137
Central European Representation in Ireland 140
Keepers of the “Gate of Western Civilisation” 152
The “Patchwork of Race and Religion” in the Borderlands 165
Bibliography 210

xi
xii Contents

5 Irish Images of Central Europe, 1938–1945221


Irish Neutrality and the Central European Connection 222
“The Passing of Austria” 225
The Break-up of Czechoslovakia 232
Hungarian Border Revisions 241
Central European “Aliens” in Ireland 245
“A Testing Time”: Small States Within the Context of the Second
World War 257
Bibliography 285

6 Conclusion293
Bibliography 300

Index303
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