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Women Archaeologists
under Communism,
1917–1989

Breaking the Glass Ceiling

Florin Curta
Iurie Stamati
 Women Archaeologists under Communism,
1917–1989

“Incisively and with erudition, Women Archaeologists under Communism examines

the lives of a group of pioneering scholars whose achievements have been largely
overlooked. The role of five women in establishing medieval archaeology as a dis-
cipline in Eastern Europe after 1945 is critically explored, along with their ambi-
tions, careers, and struggles. The authors offer stimulating new perspectives on
how women working within Communist regimes helped shape understanding of
the human past.”
—Helena Hamerow, Professor, Early Medieval Archaeology,
University of Oxford, UK

“The basic idea of this book is simply wonderful: a close systematic look at a num-
ber of individual women archaeologists of the Soviet period, embedded in a dis-
cussion of modern feminist and gender perspectives. The result is a fascinating
interweaving of disciplinary history, personal experiences and political context,
with illuminating details of the lives and careers of women professionals in
Communist Eastern Europe. At the same time and going well beyond the geo-
graphical and chronological parameters of the case studies, the volume helps us to
understand the formation and workings of “disciplinary culture” in archaeological
disciplines, located as they are on the borderline of humanities and sciences.”
—Heinrich Härke, Professor, Archaeology, Higher School of Economics
University, Moscow, Russia

“An exciting, unique and fundamentally innovative examination of the archaeol-

ogy of the Middle Ages as seen through the biographies of five pioneering women
archaeologists. The authors reveal the profound impact of the political context of
Communist regimes on their careers, and indeed how the very discipline of medi-
eval archaeology in Eastern European countries originated and developed in this
context.”
—Alejandra Chavarria Arnau, Professor, Medieval Archaeology,
University of Padova, Italy
 Florin Curta • Iurie Stamati

Women Archaeologists
under Communism,
1917–1989
Breaking the Glass Ceiling
Florin Curta Iurie Stamati
University of Florida Laurentian University
Gainesville, FL, USA Sudbury, ON, Canada

ISBN 978-3-030-87519-0    ISBN 978-3-030-87520-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87520-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For Daniela and Lucia
 Acknowledgments

For those holding this book in their hands, these words are at the begin-
ning. For the authors, they come at the end: the final words written after
a long and exhausting attempt, lasting six years. During all that time, we
strove to bring to life an idea that first emerged in discussions in a chalet
at Saint-Donat on the shore of Lake La Clef (Québec province of Canada),
the key to our friendship and cooperation. There are many debts, and not
enough ways to say thank you. Our journey led us across many boundar-
ies, of nation-states and academic disciplines. During the initial phase of
the project, one of the authors benefitted from a two-year fellowship of
the Fonds de recherche Société et culture, Québec. The other author
would like to thank the participants in the annual workshop of the
Department of History at the University of Florida, for their insightful
comments on an earlier draft of the book. Invaluable observations and
critical remarks on various chapters came from our respective spouses—
Daniela Moisa (an anthropologist) and Lucia Curta (a historian). We are
also indebted to Alexandra Comşa, Igor Gavritukhin, Rumiana Koleva,
Ágnes Ritoók, and Bartłomiej Szymon Szmoniewski, without whom we
would never have come across some of the most interesting materials for
this book, including precious photographs. At different stages of this
book, Hajnalka Herold, Evgenia Komatarova-Balinova, Daniela Marcu-­
Istrate, Andrei Soficaru, and Daniela Tănase read and offered feedback.
Any mistakes in the text are entirely our own.

vii
 Contents

Introduction  1

Chapter 1: Women in Eastern Europe, 1917–1989 11

Summary  15

Chapter 2: Archaeology Under Communism 21

Summary  26

Chapter 3: A Woman’s Place Is in Slavic Archaeology:

Irina Rusanova 37
Summary  47


Chapter 4: Under the Glass Ceiling: Zhivka Văzharova and
Maria Comşa 59
Summary  70

Chapter 5: Reaching Through the Glass Ceiling:

Ágnes Cs. Sós and Helena Zoll-­Adamikowa 83
Summary  92

ix
x Contents

Chapter 6: Research Topics, Gender and Marxism105

Research Topics 105
Relations with Male Archaeologists 108
Marxism and Gender 110
Summary 116

Conclusion139

Bibliography169

Index221
 List of Figures

Chapter 1: Women in Eastern Europe, 1917–1989

Fig. 1 The landscape and political map of (post-Communist) Eastern
Europe: 1—Belarus (within the Soviet Union before 1991);
2—Bulgaria; 3—Hungary; 4—Moldova (within the Soviet Union
before 1991); 5—Poland; 6—Romania; 7—Russia (within the
Soviet Union before 1991); 8—Ukraine (within the Soviet Union
before 1991) 14


Chapter 3: A Woman’s Place Is in Slavic Archaeology: Irina
Rusanova
Fig. 1 Principal sites mentioned in the text 38
Fig. 2 Irina Rusanova and the two granddaughters of Boris Timoshchuk
sorting out and marking the ceramic material resulting excavations
of the Subcarpathian expedition in Zbruch (near Chernivtsi, now
in Ukraine), 1988. Photo by Tat’iana Timoshchuk, courtesy of
Igor Gavritukhin 40
Fig. 3 Irina Rusanova and Boris Timoschuk, on the day of their marriage
ceremony in Moscow, November 3, 1981. Photo by Tat’iana
Timoshchuk, courtesy of Igor Gavritukhin 45
Fig. 4 Irina Rusanova (sitting, on the right), next to Boris Timoshchuk,
and surrounded by participants in the Subcarpathian
archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology in
Moscow at Zbruch (1987). Standing, from left to right: Vasilii
Kuza, Iurii Boliavskii, Valeriia Tumanova, Marina Iagodinskaia,
and Igor Gavritukhin. Photo from the archive of Iurii
V. Boliavskii, courtesy of Igor Gavritukhin 46

xi
xii List of Figures


Chapter 4: Under the Glass Ceiling: Zhivka Văzharova
and Maria Comşa
Fig. 1 Maria Comşa, shortly after her doctoral studies in Moscow
(1957). (Source: “Colect ̦ia bibliografică Eugen şi Maria Comşa”
(https://comsa.cimec.ro/, visit of January 7, 2020)) 60
Fig. 2 Principal sites mentioned in the text 61
Fig. 3 Maria Comşa in 1957 visiting the newly discovered rock-cut
church at Murfatlar (near Constant ̦a, Romania), together with a
group of archaeologists. From left to right: Emil Condurachi,
Maria Comşa, Radu Florescu, Ion Barnea, unknown, Constantin
Nicolăescu-Plopşor. (Source: “Colecti̦ a bibliografică Eugen şi
Maria Comşa” (https://comsa.cimec.ro/, visit of January 7, 2020)) 68
Fig. 4 Zhivka Văzharova at the central railroad station in Sofia, to meet
the Soviet delegates to the 1976 Soviet-Bulgarian archaeological
meeting. Photo taken by Valerii Flerov. Courtesy of Evgeniia
Komatarova-Balinova69


Chapter 5: Reaching Through the Glass Ceiling: Ágnes Cs. Sós
and Helena Zoll-­Adamikowa
Fig. 1 Ágnes Cs. Sós among Hungarian archaeologists in Brno-Líšeň,
Czechoslovakia, October 31, 1955. From left to right: László
Barkóczi, Mária Alföldi, Ágnes Cs. Sós, Edit Thomas, Ida Kutzián,
unknown, Ilona Kovrig, László Vertes. The original photograph was
owned by Éva Garam and is now in the archive of the Hungarian
National Museum in Budapest. Courtesy of Ágnes Ritoók 85
Fig. 2 Principal sites mentioned in the text 86
Fig. 3 Helena Zoll-Adamikowa (in the middle) surrounded by her
colleagues in Igołomia, near Cracow (late 1960s), in front of the
Pracownia Archeologiczne of the Institute of the History of
Material Culture in Cracow. From left to right: Anna
Dzieduszycka-Machnikowa, Stanisław Koziel, Kazimierz
Godłowski, Jan Gurba (with glasses), Jan Machnik, Helena
Zoll-Adamikowa, two unknown persons, Władysław Morawski,
unknown person, Grażyna Zakrzewska, and Anna Kulczucka-
Leciejewiczowa. Photograph from the archive of the Institute of
Archaeology in Cracow. (Courtesy of Bartłomiej Szymon
Szmoniewski)90

Chapter 6: Research Topics, Gender and Marxism

Fig. 1 Principal sites mentioned in the text 106
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