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PALGRAVE HISTORICAL STUDIES IN WITCHCRAFT AND MAGIC
Premodern Beliefs
and Witch Trials in
a Swedish Province,
1669–1672
Göran Malmstedt
Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic
Series Editors
Jonathan Barry
Department of History
University of Exeter
Exeter, UK
Willem de Blécourt
Meertens Institute
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Owen Davies
School of Humanities
University of Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire, UK
The history of European witchcraft and magic continues to fascinate and
challenge students and scholars. There is certainly no shortage of books
on the subject. Several general surveys of the witch trials and numerous
regional and micro studies have been published for an English-speaking
readership. While the quality of publications on witchcraft has been high,
some regions and topics have received less attention over the years. The
aim of this series is to help illuminate these lesser known or little studied
aspects of the history of witchcraft and magic. It will also encourage the
development of a broader corpus of work in other related areas of magic
and the supernatural, such as angels, devils, spirits, ghosts, folk healing
and divination. To help further our understanding and interest in this
wider history of beliefs and practices, the series will include research that
looks beyond the usual focus on Western Europe and that also explores
their relevance and influence from the medieval to the modern period.
‘A valuable series.’ - Magic, Ritual and Witchcraft
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
1th edition: © Nordic Academic Press 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or here-
after developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgements
This book was first published in Swedish in 2018. With the exception of
some clarifications and additions to the footnotes and bibliography, no
changes have been made to the text.
One advantage of the publication of an English translation is that it
allows me once again to thank all those who have in some way contributed
to my work. I owe a debt of gratitude to the Faculty of Humanities at the
University of Gothenburg for being able to devote time to research and to
the staff at Gothenburg University Library, the National Archives of
Sweden, and the Regional State Archives in Vadstena for their efficiency in
dealing with my many requests. I would also like to thank Richard Potter,
who managed to turn my hand-drawn sketches into a comprehensible
image of the spread of witchcraft in Bohuslän, and Fugazi form that pro-
duced the final map.
I am indebted to all colleagues who have read and commented on the
manuscript at various stages. In particular, I thank Lennart K. Persson,
Christer Ahlberger, Linda Oja, Fredrik Skott, and Terese Zachrisson for
their wise advice. Any remaining shortcomings and errors are my own.
I am deeply grateful to Charlotte Merton for the precision and stylistic
elegance of the English translation. The many archaic Swedish expressions
in the quotes from my source material were particularly challenging and
her comments as the work progressed were much appreciated.
The translation would not have been possible without financial support
from various funding bodies. My thanks are due to Konung Gustav VI
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1 Introduction 1
The Enchanted World 3
Interpretative Frameworks 4
The Role of Magic 6
Witch Trials in Europe 7
Where and When 8
Shifting Causes 10
Witch Trials in Sweden, 1668–1676 11
Trials in the North 12
The Purpose and Organisation of the Book 14
Previous Research 15
The Court Record 17
Voices from the Past 19
References 21
vii
viii Contents
Interlude 35
Culmination 37
The Göta Court of Appeal 39
References 42
4 Lost at Sea 57
Börta’s Confessions 58
Embroidering on a Story 61
Rounding Off the Story 66
The Story Deconstructed 72
References 75
6 Shape-Shifting 97
Birds 98
Cats, Dogs, and Goats 101
Belief in Shape-Shifting 103
Layers of Reality 106
References 108
Contents ix
7 Powerful Emotions113
Witchcraft and Emotions 114
Fear 116
Anger 121
Strength of Emotion 126
References 129
9 Charged Matter155
Dancing Milk Pails 156
The Weather-Pipe 157
Charm Bags 159
Indoors and Out 162
In the Depths 163
Enchanted Things 164
References 165
10 God’s Children169
The Stern Judge 170
An Omniscient and Merciful God 172
Divine Intervention 174
God in the Court Records 176
References 177
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