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DOI: 10.4172/2090-4908.1000162
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Research Article
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International
How to Formulate an Exact Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis?
Fayez Fok Al Adeh*
The Syrian Cosmological Society, Damascus, Syria
Introduction integrals can be expressed as a double integral to carry out the integral,
i consider the region of integration as the union of three subregions.
My proof of the celebrated Riemann hypothesis is simple and This results in a bounded integral form. In the second part of the
direct. The history of the Riemann zeta function goes back to Euler. proof, i employ variational calculus as it is applied in field quantization
∞
1
Euler noted that for any real number S>1 the serie ζ ( s ) = ∑ is [6]. The variation of the integral due to a variation of the integrand is
1 ns estimated. In general, the functional derivative tells how the value of
convergent and in fact, for every S>1 it is uniformly convergent on the
half line extending from S to infinity. Thus it defines a function for S the functional changes, if the function is changed at a given point. For
between one and infinity which is continuous and differentiable. This example, if the functional carries an additional dependence on an index
function is called the zeta function. Euler formulated a product which (i.e., parameter and therefore has a parametric dependence) then the
expresses the unique factorization of integers as product of primes. This derivative with respect to the function simply gives the integral kernel.
product is the link between the zeta function and the prime numbers Through a sequence of equations i treat (a) as a fixed exponent and
with the same idea used in his proof of the existence of infinitely verify that a=0.5. From this result onward i consider (a) as a parameter
many primes, Euler proved also that the sum of the inverses of prime (a<0.5) (a parametric dependence) and use variational calculus and
numbers is divergent. Riemann went beyond Euler by defining the zeta simple methods of integration to arrive at a contradiction. At the end
function for complex numbers s having real parts greater than one. The of the proof and employing the assumption that (a) is a parameter, i
Euler product formula still holds for every complex s with Re(s)>1. verify again that a=0.5. At last i consider the case a>0.5. This case is
Formally speaking, following Riemann, the Riemann zeta function is also rejected, since according to the functional equation, if the Riemann
the function of the complex variable s =+ a bi (i =−1) , defined in zeta function has a root with a>0.5, then it must have another root with
the half plane a>1 by an absolute convergent series and in the whole another value of a<0.5 [1]. But this last case with a<0.5 has already been
complex plane by analytic continuation. The Riemann zeta function is rejected. All in all, what we are left with is the only possible value of
every where holomorphic except at s=1, where it has a simple pole with which is a=0.5. Therefore a=0.5 and the Riemann hypothesis is proved.
residue 1. The Riemann zeta function has zeros at the negative even References
integers -2, -4, so on. These zeros are known as the trivial zeros. The 1. Edwards HM (1974) Riemann’s zeta function, New York: Academic press Inc.
Riemann hypothesis states that the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta
2. Koblits N (1984) P- adic numbers, P-adic analysis and zeta-functions. Springer-
function have real part equal to 0.5 [1,2]. I assume that any such zero is Verlag, pp: 109-128.
of the form s=a+ bi, that is because it is well known that the nontrivial
3. Apostol TM (1976) Introduction to analytic number theory. Springer-Verlag, pp:
zeros of the Riemann zeta function are all complex and their real
249-273.
parts lie between zero and one [3]. I use the integral definition of the
Riemann zeta function as the starting point of my proof [4,5]. I carry 4. Titchmarsh EC (1999) The theory of the Riemann zeta-function. Oxford
university press, pp: 13-14.
out the integral through many steps by resorting to many rules and
techniques: e.g. separating the real and imaginary parts, applying the 5. Apostol TM (1974) Mathematical Analysis. 2nd Edition, Reading, Mass: Addison-
wesley.
functional equation and using the rules of double integral. For instance,
if the limits of integration do not involve variables, the product of 6. Geiner W, Reinhardt J (1996) Field quantization. Springer-Verlag, pp: 37-39.
*Corresponding author: Fayez Fok Al Adeh, President of The Syrian Cosmological
Society, Damascus, Syria, Tel: 00963112776729; E-mail:
[email protected] Received June 03, 2017; Accepted July 08, 2017; Published July 14, 2017
Citation: Al Adeh FF (2017) How to Formulate an Exact Proof of the Riemann
Hypothesis? Int J Swarm Intel Evol Comput 6: 162. doi: 10.4172/2090-
4908.1000162
Copyright: © 2017 Al Adeh FF. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Int J Swarm Intel Evol Comput, an open access journal
ISSN: 2090-4908 Volume 6 • Issue 2 • 1000162
