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The Craft of Research Third Edition Chicago Guides to
Writing Editing and Publishing Wayne C. Booth Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams
ISBN(s): 9780226065663, 0226065669
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 3.01 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
The Craft of Research
On Writing, Editing, and Publishing The Chicago Guide to Collaborative
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about Art as Intellectual Property
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Numbers
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editors Mapping It Out
mark monmonier
The Craft of Research
wayne c. booth, gregory g. colomb, The Chicago Guide to Communicating
and joseph m. williams Science
scott l. montgomery
Glossary of Typesetting Terms
richard eckersley, richard angstadt, Indexing Books
charles m. ellerston, richard nancy c. mulvany
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The Craft of Research
third edition

WAYNE C. BOOTH

GREGORY G. COLOMB

JOSEPH M. WILLIAMS

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

Chicago & London

way ne c . booth was the George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor
Emeritus at the University of Chicago. His many books include The Rhetoric of Fiction,
For the Love of It: Amateuring and Its Rivals, and The Essential Wayne Booth, each
published by the University of Chicago Press. Professor Booth died in 2005.

gregory g. c o lom b is professor of English at the University of Virginia. He is the

author of Designs on Truth: The Poetics of the Augustan Mock-Epic.

joseph m. willi am s was professor emeritus in the Department of English

Language and Literature at the University of Chicago. His books include Style: Toward
Clarity and Grace, currently in its ninth edition. Professor Williams died in 2008.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637

The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 1995, 2003, 2008 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 2008
Printed in the United States of America

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-06565-6 (cloth)

ISBN-10: 0-226-06565-0 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-06566-3 (paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-06566-9 (paper)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Booth, Wayne C.
The craft of research / Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams. —
3rd ed.
p. cm. — (Chicago guides to writing, editing, and publishing)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-06565-6 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-06565-0 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-06566-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-06566-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Research—Methodology. 2. Technical
writing. I. Colomb, Gregory G. II. Williams, Joseph M. III. Title.
Q180.55.M4B66 2008
001.4'2—dc22
2007042761

o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Contents

Preface: The Aims of This Edition xi

Our Debts xv

I RESEARCH, RESEARCHERS, AND READERS 1

PROLOGUE: BECOMING A RESEARCHER 3

1 Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private 9

1.1 What Is Research? 10
1.2 Why Write It Up? 11
1.3 Why a Formal Report? 13
1.4 Writing Is Thinking 14

2 Connecting with Your Reader: (Re-)Creating Yourself

and Your Readers 16
2.1 Creating Roles for Yourself and Your Readers 16
2.2 Understanding Your Role 18
2.3 Imagining Your Reader’s Role 20
✩ Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers 26

II ASKING QUESTIONS, FINDING ANSWERS 29

PROLOGUE: PLANNING YOUR PROJECT—AN OVERVIEW 31
✩ Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group 34

3 From Topics to Questions 35

3.1 From an Interest to a Topic 36

v
vi contents

3.2 From a Broad Topic to a Focused One 39

3.3 From a Focused Topic to Questions 40
3.4 From a Question to Its Significance 45
✩ Quick Tip: Finding Topics 49

4 From Questions to a Problem 51

4.1 Distinguishing Practical and Research Problems 52
4.2 Understanding the Common Structure of Problems 54
4.3 Finding a Good Research Problem 62
4.4 Learning to Work with Problems 64
✩ Quick Tip: Manage the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience 66

5 From Problems to Sources 68

5.1 Knowing How to Use Three Kinds of Sources 68
5.2 Locating Sources through a Library 70
5.3 Locating Sources on the Internet 75
5.4 Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability 76
5.5 Following Bibliographical Trails 80
5.6 Looking beyond Predictable Sources 81
5.7 Using People as Primary Sources 81
✩ Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data 83

6 Engaging Sources 84
6.1 Knowing What Kind of Evidence to Look For 85
6.2 Record Complete Bibliographical Data 85
6.3 Engaging Sources Actively 87
6.4 Using Secondary Sources to Find a Problem 88
6.5 Using Secondary Sources to Plan Your Argument 92
6.6 Recording What You Find 95
✩ Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety 101

III MAKING A CLAIM AND SUPPORTING IT 103

PROLOGUE: ASSEMBLING A RESEARCH ARGUMENT 105

7 Making Good Arguments: An Overview 108

7.1 Argument as a Conversation with Readers 108
7.2 Supporting Your Claim 110
 Contents vii

7.3 Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions

and Objections 112
7.4 Warranting the Relevance of Your Reasons 114
7.5 Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones 116
7.6 Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argument 117
✩ Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on
What You Know 119

8 Making Claims 120

8.1 Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make 120
8.2 Evaluating Your Claim 122
✩ Quick Tip: Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility 127

9 Assembling Reasons and Evidence 130

9.1 Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument 130
9.2 Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons 131
9.3 Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It 133
9.4 Evaluating Your Evidence 135

10 Acknowledgments and Responses 139

10.1 Questioning Your Argument as Your Readers Will 140
10.2 Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument 142
10.3 Deciding What to Acknowledge 143
10.4 Framing Your Responses as Subordinate Arguments 145
10.5 The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response 146
✩ Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements 150

11 Warrants 152
11.1 Warrants in Everyday Reasoning 153
11.2 Warrants in Academic Arguments 154
11.3 Understanding the Logic of Warrants 155
11.4 Testing Whether a Warrant Is Reliable 156
11.5 Knowing When to State a Warrant 162
11.6 Challenging Others’ Warrants 164
✩ Quick Tip: Two Kinds of Arguments 169
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 Philosophy - Teaching Resources
Second 2022 - Academy

Prepared by: Researcher Garcia

Date: August 12, 2025

Exercise 1: Ethical considerations and implications

Learning Objective 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 2: Research findings and conclusions
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 12: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 18: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 20: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 28: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 30: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 32: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 39: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Lesson 5: Practical applications and examples
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 6: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 50: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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