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Bilal Abu-Salih
Pornpit Wongthongtham · Dengya Zhu
Kit Yan Chan · Amit Rudra

Social Big
Data Analytics
Practices, Techniques, and Applications
Social Big Data Analytics
Bilal Abu-Salih • Pornpit Wongthongtham
Dengya Zhu • Kit Yan Chan • Amit Rudra

Social Big Data Analytics

Practices, Techniques, and Applications
Bilal Abu-Salih Pornpit Wongthongtham
Department of Computer Science, King Computer Science and Software Engineering
Abdullah II School of Department
Information Technology The University of Western Australia
The University of Jordan Perth, WA, Australia
Amman, Jordan
Kit Yan Chan
Dengya Zhu Curtin University
Curtin University Bentley, WA, Australia
Bentley, WA, Australia

Amit Rudra
School of Management
Curtin University
Bentley, WA, Australia

ISBN 978-981-33-6651-0 ISBN 978-981-33-6652-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6652-7

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

Over the past few decades, people have been able to exchange knowledge and
experiences at high speed, overcoming the constraints of time and space. This has
naturally led to the dissolution of cultural differences between groups and individ-
uals. These new information and communication technologies have opened new
horizons and brought profound changes to various aspects of human, cultural,
intellectual and social life. These technologies have been leveraged by the extensive
use and the prevalence of the Internet, which have not only produced enormous
technical, economic, educational, and social benefits for humanity, but have also
contributed to the emergence of new forms of media which consist of different
norms, orientations and means. Social media is one of the most significant outcomes
of the communication revolution.
Social media has established various means by which people can exchange
knowledge, thoughts, expertise, interests and visions. Social media has also enabled
people to generate and actively engage with online published contents. The online
social services have expanded and produced explosive propagation of social data
that led to coining the term "Social Big Data". This new notion, which has
manifested a combination of two terms “social media” and “big data”, established
new research arenas and produced new dissimilar aspects to comprehend the social
impact of such digital environments. Therefore, the applications of Social Big Data
span a wide variety of domains and motivate researchers to design effective solutions
that are capable of mining enormous amounts of social data. Simultaneously,
companies incorporate advanced social data analytics to extract high-quality, rele-
vant and meaningful information that offers a plethora of benefits to enhance the
decision-making process.
In this context, social data analysis is an evolving task which joins various
disciplines such as social credibility, semantic discovery, sentiment analysis, affec-
tive design and big data computing. As an example, it is essential to measure social
credibility in numerous domains since Social Big Data is derived from a variety of
sources. Another important reflection is the semantics of extracted social textual data
from which meaningful information can be derived. Also, the era of Social Big Data

v
vi Preface

has exposed several fertile resources from which a large scale of big affective data
can be discovered and collected. Last but not least, development of opinion mining
and sentiment analysis techniques to extract and summarise sentiment data effec-
tively can assist to hear voice of the customer and voice of the market obtained from
social media.
This book is aimed to provide academics, professional and technical practitioners
with a review of the current state-of-the-art approaches for Social Big Data analytics,
as well as to present dissimilar methods to infer value from social data. This book
first presents an overview of the notion of Social Big Data and the big data
ecosystem including a discussion on big data characteristics and the latest technol-
ogy stacks. The book further examines several areas of research that benefits from
the propagation of social data. In particular, the book presents a correlated array of
substantial applications and technical data analytics that are effective to handle big
data features, to filter out unsolicited data, to measure the quality of the inferred data
and to transform the amended data for further data analysis. Moreover, this book
reports solutions to derive knowledge and sentiments from Social Big Data, and to
provide social data classification and prediction. These technical solutions improve
the overall comprehension of the processed textual datasets and deliver knowledge
in the form of unambiguous results. These approaches incorporate several technol-
ogies such as semantic discovery, sentiment analysis, affective computing and
machine learning that will be thoroughly discussed in chapters of this book.

Amman, Jordan Bilal Abu-Salih

Perth, WA, Australia Pornpit Wongthongtham
Bentley, WA, Australia Dengya Zhu
Bentley, WA, Australia Kit Yan Chan
Bentley, WA, Australia Amit Rudra
Contents

1 Social Big Data: An Overview and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 SBD: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Definition of SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Types of Social Data Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 SBD Applications and Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Credibility of SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Domain of Interest in SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3 SBD Predictive Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.4 Affective Design in the Era of SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.5 Social Sentimental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Introduction to Big Data Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 History of Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Characteristics of Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1 Introduction to Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.2 Cloud Computing Service Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.3 Cloud Computing Deployment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 Brief Introduction to Amazon AWS, Microsoft
Azure, and Google Cloud Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 Could Data Lakes – Snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6 Enterprise Data Center/Cloud – Cloudera Data Platform . . . . . . . 32
2.6.1 Overview of Cloudera Data Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6.2 Hadoop HDFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6.3 Apache Hadoop YARN (Yet Another Resource
Negotiator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

vii
viii Contents

2.7 Apache Spark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.7.1 What Is Apache Spark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7.2 Main Spark Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.8 Apache HBase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.8.1 Concepts in HBase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.8.2 Apache HBase Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.8.3 Choosing a Row Key for a HBase Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.8.4 Basic Operations on HBase Table from HBase Shell . . . . 47
2.8.5 Comparison of HBase with RDMBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.9 Apache Solr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.9.1 What Is Solr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.9.2 Features of Solr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.9.3 How Solr Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.9.4 SolrCloud Setup – A Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.10 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 Credibility Analysis in Social Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 An Overview of Credibility in SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3 Credibility Approaches in SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.1 Generic-Based Trustworthiness Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.2 Domain-Based/Topic-Specific Trustworthiness
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.3 Assessment of Approaches Incorporating Trust in SBD . . . 69
3.4 Case Study on Social Credibility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4.1 Tweets Acquisition and Pre-Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4.2 Domain Classification & Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4.3 Features Extraction and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4 Semantic Data Discovery from Social Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2 Semantic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.1 Ontology: Origin and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.2 Social Media Services Incorporating Semantic Analysis . . . 91
4.3 Domain Knowledge Modelling, Inference and Storage . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.1 Annotation and Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.2 Interlinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.3 Semantic Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.4 Politics Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.4 Semantic Analysis Tools and APIs for SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4.1 IBM® Watson™ Cognitive Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Contents ix

4.4.2 Lexalytics Intelligence Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4.4.3 Cogito Discover™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.5 Knowledge Graphs for SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.5.1 Knowledge Graph – An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.5.2 SBD Applications Using KGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.6 A Case Study on Semantic Analysis of Social Politics Data . . . . . 103
4.7 Conclusion and Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5 Predictive Analytics Using Social Big Data and Machine Learning . . . 113
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.2 Predictive Modelling Framework for Social Big Data . . . . . . . . . 114
5.3 Machine Learning Algorithms for SBD Predictive Analytics . . . . 118
5.3.1 Logistic Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.2 Generalized Linear Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.3 Naïve Bayes (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3.4 Decision Tree Based Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3.5 Random Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.3.6 Gradient Boosted Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.3.7 Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.4 Predictive Analytics Applications, Tools and APIs for SBD . . . . . 122
5.4.1 Applications on Incorporating Predictive Analytics
for SBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.4.2 Predictive Analytics Tools and APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.5 Case Study on Social Politics Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.5.1 Data Generation and Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.5.2 Dataset Pre-Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.5.3 Feature Engineering and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.5.4 System Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.6 Conclusion and Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6 Affective Design Using Social Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2 Affective Design Using Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3 Analysis Affective Big Data Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3.1 Development of Affective Model Using Big Data . . . . . . 149
6.3.2 Associate Rules Between Affective Customer Needs
and Perceptual Design Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.3.3 Determination of Design Attribute Settings
for Affective Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.4 Conclusion and Further Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7 Sentiment Analysis on Big News Media Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2 Background Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
x Contents

7.2.1 Text Document Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

7.2.2 Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.2.3 Deep Neural Architecture – Recurrent Neural
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.2.4 Long Short-Term Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.3 Word Embedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3.1 Word2vec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.3.2 Global Vectors (GloVe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.4 Deep Learning for Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.4.1 DNN for NLP Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.4.2 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for Sentiment
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.4.3 PMI for Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.4.4 Sentiment Analysis with Stanford CoreNLP . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.4.5 Sentiment Analysis with Variant Word Embeddings . . . . . 202
7.5 Sentiment Analysis Example – Property Market Sentiment
of Australian News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.5.1 Hadoop Cluster at Big Data Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.5.2 Nutch as a Web Crawler to Collect Data from
the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.5.3 Use Apache Solr as Search Engine to Index
Data Crawled from the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.5.4 Data Set Collected for Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.5.5 Stanford CoreNLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.5.6 Sentiment Analysis Using Stanford CoreNLP . . . . . . . . . 210
7.6 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.6.1 Sentiment of all Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.6.2 Sentiment of Major Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
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