MANISH KALIA'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES 9878146388

DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation and Applications of Derivatives : d 1

4. x =
If y = f(x), then dx 2 x
dy f ( x + h ) − f (x ) d x
1. = lim 5. e = ex
dx h →0 h dx
 dy  f ( x ) − f (a ) d x
2.   = lim 6. a = a x log a
 dx  x =a x →a x − a dx
 dy  f (a + h ) − f (a ) d 1
3.   = lim 7. log x =
 dx  x =a x → h h dx x
If u = f(x), v = φ(x), then d 1
8. logax = logae
d dx x
1. (k) = 0
dx d
9. sin x = cos x
d du dx
2. (ku) = k
dx dx d
10. cos x = – sin x
d du dv dx
3. (u ± v) = ±
dx dx dx d
11. tan x = sec2x
d dv du dx
4. (uv) = u +v
dx dx dx d
12. cot x = – cosec2x
du dv dx
v −u
du  u  dx dx d
5.  = 13. sec x = sec x tan x
dx  v  v2 dx
dy dy dx d
6. If x = f(t), y = φ (t), then = 14. cosec x = – cosec x cot x
dx dt dt dx
dy d d 1
7. If y = f[φ(x)], then = f´[φ(x)]. [φ(x)] 15. sin–1x =
dx dx dx 1− x2
dw dy d 1
8. If w = f(y), then = f´(y) 16. cos–1x = –
dx dx dx 1− x2
dy dy dx
9. If y = f(x), z = φ(x), then = . d 1
dz dx dz 17. tan–1x =
dx 1+ x 2
dy dx dy 1
10. . = 1 or = d 1
dx dy dx dx / dy 18. cot–1x = –
dx 1+ x 2
d
1. (k) = 0 d 1
dx 19. sec–1x =
dx x x 2 −1
d n
2. x = nxn–1 d 1
dx 20. cosec–1x = –
dx x x 2 −1
d 1 n
3. n
= – n +1
dx x x

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MANISH KALIA'S MATHEMATICS CLASSES 9878146388
Suitable substitutions : The functions any also be d2y
reduced to simplar forms by the substitutions as = yn = fn(x)
follows. dx n
dn
1. If the function involve the term (a 2 − x 2 ) , then 2. (ax + b)n = n ! an
dx n
put x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ.
dn
2. If the function involve the term 2 2
(a + x ) , then 3. (ax + b) m = m(m – 1)
dx n
put x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ. .... (m – n + 1) an(ax + b) m–n
3. If the function involve the term (x 2 − a 2 ) , then dn
4. emx = mne mx
put x = a sec θ or x = a cosec θ. dx n
a−x dn
4. If the function involve the term , then put 5. amx = mna mx (log a)n
a+x dx n

x = a cos θ or x = a cos 2θ dn ( −1) n −1 a n (n − 1) !

All the above substitutions are also true, if a = 1 6. log(ax + b) =
dx n (ax + b ) n
Differentiation by taking logarithm :
Differentiation of the functions of the following types dn  nπ 
7. sin (ax + b) = an sin  ax + b + 
are obtained by taking logarithm. dx n
 2 
1. When the functions consists of the product and
quotient of a number of functions. dn  nπ 
8. cos (ax + b) = an cos  ax + b + 
n
2. When a function of x is raised to a power which is dx  2 
itself a function of x. Leibnitz's theorem : If u and v are any two
For example, let y = [f(x)] φ(x) functions of x such that their desired differential
coefficients exist, then the nth differential coefficient
Taking logarithm of both sides, log y = φ(x) log f(x) of uv is given by
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 'x', Dn(uv) = (Dnu)v + nC1(Dn–1u)(Dv)
1 dy f ´(x ) + nC2(Dn–2u)(D2v) +...... + u(Dnv)
= φ´(x) log f(x) + φ(x).
y dx f ( x)
= [f(x)] φ(x) logf(x).φ´(x) + φ(x) . [f(x) φ(x) – 1.f´(x)
dy
= Differential of y treading f(x) as constant +
dx
Differential of y treating φ(x) as constant.
It is an important formula.
Differentiation of implicit functions :
1. If f(x, y) = 0 is a implicit function, then
dy ∂f / ∂x
=–
dx ∂f / ∂y
Diff . of f w.r.t. x keeping y constant
=–
Diff. of f w.r.t. y keeping x constant
For example, consider f(x, y) = x2 + 3xy + y2 = 0,
then
dy ∂f / ∂x 2x + 3y
=– =–
dx ∂f / ∂y 3x + 2 y
1. If y = f(x), then
dy d2 y
= y1 = f´(x), = y2 = f´´(x), .....
dx dx 2

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