“To visit & study the work of the Research Design & Standard

Organization under the ministry of railway, Manak Nagar,

Lucknow ”

Submitted To

Head of Department
Electronics &Communication
Radha Govind Engineering College, Meerut

Submitted By

Gaurav Suman
B. Tech. (EC), VII-SEM
Radha Govind Engineering College
Aniyogipuram, Meerut (UP)
 PREFACE

As our summer training started in June we ware informed about the labs and
sections of RDSO that we had to visit.

During the training period we observed and worked in the following four
sections:

1.​ Instrumentation Lab

2.​ Telecommunication & Signal Lab
3.​ Transducer and Microprocessor Lab
4.​ WILD (Wheel Impact Load Detection) Project

After visiting all the labs and observing the methods and procedure of
research and designing we got a deep insight about the working of RDSO.

On the basis of our observations we safely conclude that RDSO is a very

dependable and authentic center of research and design of the Indian Railways
and it always gives its best without compromise.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby take the opportunity to express my profound sense of great reverence,

awe and gratitude to all of them who have helped me in the success
completion of this desertion project.

First of all I am indebted to Research design & standard Organisation for

providing me an opportunity to undergo my summer training under the
department of Research. I can’t forget to call the name Mr. Arvind Kumar
who suggests me to come here. He is posted in RDSO (VCF Lab) and he has
taught me in my college before posting in RDSO.

Further I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Rahman

(E.D of research department), Mr. Pramod Srivastava (training
incharge), Mr. Balram, Mr. D. K. Pant, Mr. K.C. Meena and for their
support, guidance and mentorship without which the completion of my project
would have been highly difficult.

I would also like to thank to all friends who was doing summer training with
me specially Devesh, shravan, rishabh, shilesh and sonali for their help in
completion of my project.

Last but not the least I express my gratitude towards all those who have
directly or indirectly helped me gather important information and data
required to successfully complete my project.
 (Gaurav Suman)

CONTENTS

1.​ ABOUT THE RDSO…………………………………..

●​ INTRODUCTION
●​ ORGANIZATION
●​ ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

2.​ QUALITY POLICY……………………………………

3.​ FUNCTION……………………………………………..

4.​ GOVERNING CONCIL…...…………………………..

5.​ CENTRAL BOARD OF RESEARCH.……………….

6.​ INFRASTRUCTURE..…………………………………

7.​ IN INSTUMENTATION LAB………………………...

●​ 2600S BRUSH RECORDER

8.​ IN TELECOM LAB…………………………………..

●​ COMMUNICATION
●​ OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
●​ VDRPU

9.​ IN TRANSDUCER LAB…………………………………..

●​ TRANSDUCER
●​ OMS
●​

ABOUT THE RDSO

INTRODUCTION

​ Railways were introduced in India in 1853 and as their development

progressed through to the twentieth century, several companies managed and state-owned
railway systems grew up. To enforce standardization and co-ordination amongst various
railway systems, the Indian Railway Conference Association (IRCA) was set up in 1903,
followed by the Central Standards Office (CSO) in 1930, for preparation of designs,
standards and specifications. However, till independence, most of the designs and
manufacture of railway equipments was entrusted to foreign consultants. With
Independence and the resultant phenomenal increase in country’s industrial and economic
activity, which increased the demand of rail transportation - a new organization called
Railway Testing and Research Center (RTRC) was setup in 1952 at Lucknow, for testing
and conducting applied research for development of railway rolling stock, permanent
way etc.

​ Central Standards Office (CSO) and the Railway Testing and

Research Centre (RTRC) were integrated into a single unit named Research Designs and
Standards Organisation (RDSO) in 1957, under Ministry of Railways at Lucknow.

​ The status of RDSO has been changed from an ‘Attached Office’ to

‘Zonal Railway’ since 01.01.2003.

ORGANISATION
​ RDSO is headed by a Director General. The Director General is
assisted by Additional Director General, Sr. Executive Directors and Executive Directors,
heading different directorates. RDSO has various directorates for smooth functioning:

Structures hnical

search
oco nication
wer Supply
elopment
Accounts ines & Monitoring
cal Engineering tallation
urance
al & Chemical
wer
All the directorates of RDSO except Defence Research are located at Lucknow. Cells for
Railway Production Units and industries, which look after liaison, inspection and
development work, are located at Bangalore, Bharatpur, Bhopal, Mumbai, Burnpur,
Kolkata, Chittaranjan, Kapurthala, Jhansi, Chennai, Sahibabad, Bhilai and New Delhi.

al

or General

alloo Singh tava

e. Dir/B&S earch

K.Agarwal tia
Dir/Carriage Signal

P.C.Gupta ngh
e. Dir/VDG gnal II

C.Sharma m
Dir/ Elect. Loco ecom

ari Narayan h
ir/ Elect. Loco-I sting
.

l
r/Elect. Loco-II r/TI
 K.Kathpal gh
Dir/Engine Dev. HE-I

azia Azam hi a
Dir/Finance HE-II e

lok Kumar ain

Dir/Geo Tech rack

P.S.Verma rma
e. Dir/M&C Machine

S.K.Sinha tt
r/Motive Power Traffic

A.K.Gupta l
Dir/PS & EMU affic

be
agon

akoti
n Design

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
QUALITY POLICY

To develop safe, modern and cost effective Railway technology complying with Statutory
and Regulatory requirements, through excellence in Research, Designs and Standards and
Continual improvements in Quality Management System to cater to growing demand of
passenger and freight traffic on the railways.

QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR THE YEAR 2005-06

Safety: Development of crashworthy design of coaches for enhanced safety of

passengers. Development of 1,25,000 km of track to be recorded by TRC’s in the year
2005-06 for providing basic feed back for maintenance of Track on Indian Railways.
Development of anti-vandal PSC sleeper & Elastic Rail clip so as to delay the removal
time of rail from the track by one hour. Development of High Speed Self Propelled
Accident Relief Train for faster travel to accident site. Design and development of
indigenous Electronic interlocking system using 2 out of 3 architecture with object
controller. Fire-retardant coaches. Development of computerized psychological test
package for railways. Provision of Train Actuated Warning Device (TAWD). To develop
Earth Quake codes and rehabilitation guidelines.

Traffic growth: Development of 3-phase high staring torque traction motor for
WAG-9/WAP-7 locomotives. Design of BCNH wagon with shorter length as compared to
BCNA for increasing rake throughput for covered wagons.

Environment: Use of eco-friendly refrigerant on under-slung AC coaches.

Commissioning of dedicated Exhaust Emission measurement facility on the test beds as
per International standards. Modification in Toilet Discharge System in Coaches to
prevent rail corrosion.

Cost Cutting: Design of cost-effective Aluminium wagon-BOBRAL Reduction of

maintenance time of Oscillograph recorders and Signal conditioners by 2%.

Export/import substitution: Indigenisation of electrics of GM EMD locomotives.

Development of Indigenous technology for Digital axle counter.

Asset Reliability: Reduction in average repair time of Oscillation Monitoring System

(OMS) by 5% with respect to previous year. Quality Audit of Railway Workshops and
other Units as per the schedule given by Railway Board. Radial and Self-Steering Bogie.
To develop continuous health monitoring system using optical fiber technology for
bridges.

Passenger comfort/ Faster travel: Development of Microprocessor control for better

working of air conditioning system of AC coaches. Development of air spring for
existing bogies. Tight Lock CBC couplers with Anti-Climbing features in coaches.
Improved High Speed Turnouts.

Infrastructure development: Commissioning of two Nos. high-speed self propelled

Ultrasonic Rail testing cars and Brake Dynamometer for Brake Dynamometer
Laboratory. Construction of dedicated test track for RDSO.
Energy efficiency: Development of energy efficient dual voltage 3-phase EMU in
Mumbai Area – (a) BHEL project (b) GP –194 project.

Quality management system improvement: To Issue Final Inspection Certificate within

7 working days of inspection of products. Reduction in customer complaints closure time
by 10%.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Hitherto, the quality assurance function in respect of vendor approval and purchase
inspection of these items including publication of vendor directories was being looked
after by individual technical directorates of RDSO along with their normal functions of
research, development and standardization. To impart greater thrust to quality assurance,
Railway Board has approved the creation of a separate Quality Assurance
Organisation at RDSO in Sept.’ 2002 for Technical disciplines i.e. Mechanical Engg.
Including M&C, Civil Engg., S&T & Electrical Engg. Each headed by Executive
Director under the overall charge of an HAG officer. With the creation of this Quality
Assurance Organisation, focussed attention and close monitoring of vendor approval and
purchase inspection activities is being given.

FUNCTIONS

​ RDSO is the sole R&D organisation of Indian Railways and functions

as the technical advisor to Railway Board, Zonal Railways and Production Units
and performs the following important functions :

 Development of new and improved designs.

 Development, adoption, absorption of new technology for use on Indian
Railways.
 Development of standards for materials and products specially needed by Indian
Railways.
 Technical investigation, statutory clearances, testing and providing consultancy
services.
 Inspection of critical and safety items of rolling stock, locomotives, signalling &
telecommunication equipment and track components.
​ RDSO’s multifarious activities have also attracted attention of railway
and non-railway organisations in India and abroad.

GOVERNING COUNCIL

​ Governing Council comprises of Chairman, Railway Board as

Chairman; and Financial Commissioner, Member Engineering, Member Mechanical,
Member Staff, Member Electrical, Member Traffic, Addl. Member (Plg)/ Railway Board
and Director General, RDSO as its members. The functions of Governing Council
are:

 To identify and approve the R&D projects for technology development on Indian
Railways.
 To review the progress of projects.
 To determine the quantum of direct investment in technology development within
the overall allocation of funds under the plan head 'Railway Research'.
 To give direction for improving the working of RDSO.

CENTRAL BOARD OF RAILWAY RESEARCH

​ Central Board of Railway Research (CBRR) consist of DG/RDSO as

Chairman, Addl. Member (Civil Engg.), Addl. Member (Mechanical Engg), Addl.
Member (Elect.), Addl. Member (Sig), Addl. Member (traffic), Advisor(Finance),
Executive Director (E&R), Executive Director (Plg.)/Railway Board as members and
Addl. Director General/RDSO as member secretary. Non- Railways members of CBRR
consist of eminent scientists, technologists, engineers and senior executives of other
research organisations, academic institutions and industrial units related to railway
technology and materials. Functions of CBRR are:

 To consider and recommend the program of research on Indian Railways.

 To review the research program from time to time.
 To ensure coordination and assistance from other research laboratories.
 To review the ongoing projects from the technical angle.

INFRASTRUCTURE
​ RDSO has a number of laboratories which are well equipped with
research and testing facilities for development, testing and design evaluation of various
railway related equipments and materials. Some of these are:

Air Brake Laboratory is equipped with facilities for simulating operation of air brakes
on freight trains up to 192 wagons and 3 locomotives as also for simulation of passenger
trains up to 30 coaches.

Brake Dynamometer Laboratory has facilities to develop and test brake friction
materials for locomotives, coaches and wagons. A unique facility in India, this
laboratory has also been used by R&D organisations of Ministry of Defence like DMRL,
DRDL and HAL for indigenisation of brake pads for defence aircraft.

B&S Laboratory has a 6mx14m heavy/testing floor on which full scale models of beam
(spans up to 10 m, slabs, columns, towers, shells and other components made of concrete,
steel, brick etc can be tested under static, dynamic or pulsating loads. A high frequency
ranging 250-700 cycles/min pulsator for the application of a pulsating loads varying from
2 to 20 tonnes and a maximum static load of 40 tonnnes on heavy duty testing floor. The
Laboratory is equipped with analogue strain indicator, multi channel dynamic strain
recording system, switching & balancing units, acoustic emission equipment, data
acquisition system etc. for recording various parameters.

Diesel Engine Development Laboratory has four test beds capable of testing diesel
engines from 100 to 6000 HP with fully computerised systems for recording of over 128
test parameters at a time. This facility has already enabled RDSO to develop technologies
for improving fuel efficiency, reliability and availability of diesel engines as well as to
extract higher output from existing diesel engines.

Fatigue Testing Laboratory for testing prototype locomotive and rolling stock bogies,
springs and other railway equipments subjected to stress and fatigue so as to ascertain
their expected life in service.
Geo-technical Engineering Laboratory is equipped with facilities for determining
strength parameters of soil in lab and field condition. The State-of-art Sub-surface
Interface Radar (SIR) system, Laser based soil particle analyser, and computerised
consolidation test apparatus have been installed in the lab. The lab also has computerised
Static Triaxial Shear apparatus for determining the strength of soil as well as the design
of embankment.

Metallurgical & Chemical Laboratory is capable of destructive and non-destructive

testing of metals, polymers, composites, petroleum products and paints for providing
information to be used in design and also for monitoring performance of materials in
service.

​ The M&C laboratory include Scanning Electron Microscope, Direct

reading spectrometer, Ultrasonic Flaw Detector and other non destructive examination
equipment, polymer and composite evaluation facilities, thermal analyser, corrosion
engineering evaluation facilities including weatherometer, static 760 hour AR test rig for
grease testing. V2F dynamic test rig for grease testing, lube oil filter evaluation rig
Cetane rating machine & 50t machine for rubber deflection characteristics.

Psycho-Technical Laboratory for assessment of critical psycho-physical attributes of

operational staff such as drivers, switchmen and station masters for efficient operation.
The ergonomic laboratory of psycho-technical Dte is also equipped with bio-feedback
system for assessment of EMG, GSR (Galvanic Skin Resistance) temperature, pulse and
respiration rate & is used for stress management exercises.

Signal Testing Laboratory for testing of all types of signalling equipments such as
safety signalling relays, block instruments, power supply equipments, point machines,
signalling cables, electro-mechanical signalling equipments/ components etc. There is an
exclusive environmental testing section equipped with environmental testing facilities as
per ISO:9000. These include, programmable heat, humidity & cold chambers, mould
growth, dust, rain chambers. Signalling Equipment Development Centre has been set up
in the Signalling Lab. In this Centre, working signaling equipment & systems have been
set up. The working systems include SSI, universal axle counter, VLSI axle counter,
AFTCs, block instruments etc. In addition, equipment developed by RDSO, such as
signalling relays, poly-carbonate lenses, LED signal lamps, triple pole double filament
lamps, power supply equipment etc., have also been displayed. This centre will be used
for testing minor improvements in designs of SSI, axle counters etc., as well as for
imparting training to newly inducted Inspectors.

Track Laboratory for testing full scale track panel under dynamic load patterns similar
to those encountered in service. Stresses at the various locations of track components
under simulated load conditions are measured and recorded for analysis. This has helped
in rationalising and optimising design of track structures for Indian conditions. The
facility of fatigue testing of welded rail joints is also available.

​ In connection with joint research project of UIC on rail defect

management, RDSO has been entrusted with lab testing of rail samples from various
world railways under simulated loading conditions. Special rail tensioning system for
application of longitudinal forces on rail samples to simulate the thermal forces of the
field has indigenously been developed, installed and commissioned in track lab. This
system, with capacity of up to 150 tonne in static condition, is being used to conduct
testing of different rail samples.

Mobile Test Facilities for recording of track parameters, locomotive power and
conducting oscillograph trials for evaluating vehicle-track interaction as also for
monitoring track conditions.
​ ​ For condition monitoring of OHE under live line and to
facilitate directed maintenance of electrification, a Network of testing and recording
apparatus (NETRA) car, first of its kind , developed by RDSO is actively in service for
scanning OHE in Railway.

Vehicle Characterisation Laboratory for conducting vehicle characterisation tests on

railway vehicles to study the behaviour of suspension systems and to determine natural
frequencies.

Centre for Advanced Maintenance Technology at Gwalior for upgrading maintenance

technologies, and methodologies. Also to achieve improvements in productivity and
performance of all railway assets and manpower. This covers reliability, availability,
utilization and efficiency.

LIBRARY

​ Considerable efforts and resources were devoted on the development of an

outstanding Library collection to meet the expanding needs of Research and
Development. The Library has more than 1.70 lakh volumes which includes books,
reports, specifications, and translations on Science, Engineering, Technology,
Management and Railways. About 100 technical journals and magazines both Indian and
foreign origin are received in the Library regularly.

INSTRUMENTATION LAB

2600S Brush recorder

Theory of operation

GENERAL

The 2600S series Recorder is a modular constructed mainframe. Expect for the number of
channels and methods of recording channel traces (ink or thermal) all models of have
common circuit boards.

Mainframe (System Description)

The mainframe contains the following circuit boards discussed in the following theory of
operation.

a.​ Drive Amp Board (886220) – receives an input signal from signal input jack on
rear recorder to derive and control pen-motors for each analog recording channel each
channel is electrically identical.

b.​ Process board (896073)- contains a processing system for micro stepping along
with the majority of the control electronics.

c.​ Switch amplifier board (893618)- contains the pulse width modulated power
amplifier which drives the stepper motor.

d.​ Control/timer board- contains event market circuits, fuses and event market
timer.

e.​ Power supply board (896449)- contains system power supply voltage, battery
charger, low battery voltage cutoff .

f.​ Encoder board (894133)- optical sensor to verify chart motion.

g.​ Speed select board- contains speed switches, remote interface.

h.​ Variable speed control- contains the potentiometer/switch for adjusting variable
speeds.

Analog Recording channels:

a.​ General

Each Analog Recording channel consists of a power transformer, pen drive amplifier, and
pen motor. The channels are isolated from one another by using separate transformer
power supplies and optical couplers. Figure shows a block diagram of an analog channel.

b.​ Signal Limiter

The input signal enters the signal limiter and is summed with the pen zero signal. The
summed signal is fed to a diode bridge circuit. Output from the bridge is limited to +2.6
to –2.6 volts.

c.​ Frequency Compensation Network

Output from the signal limiter is fed to a Frequency Compensation Network. Here the
signal’s frequency response is adjusted to flat within 2% from DC to 65 Hz for full scale
division pen deflection compensated signal is then fed to summing network where it is
combined with error and velocity signals.

d. Oscilloscope and Demodulator

Position feedback is obtained from a 20 KHz Wain Bridge Oscillator. A demodulator

attenuates the 20 KHz carriers. Output from the demodulator is the position feedback
signals.

a.​ Servo Control Amplifier

The compensated input signal, position feedback, and velocity are summed at the input of
the servo amplifier. Which drives the pen to the proper position of the chart.

Chart drive Control (Micro stepping)

Chart Drive is implemented using a stepper motor as the motion of producer. The stepper
motors is run in the micro stepping mode rather than in the classical full or half stepping
mode.
Micro stepping is a method of achieving much smaller steps electrically. No gear trains
are needed. The concept of micro stepping is not new; however the advent of
microprocessors, inexpensive memory, and sophisticated analog integrated circuits have
only recently made it practical and viable alternative.

Input
Signal

Pen
Motor
Signal
Timer
Frequency
Compensation network
Class b
Amplifier
Servo
Control
Amplifier

Pen
Zero
Velocity
Feedback
20KHz
Oscillator
Metrisite
Demodulator
hkjfffffffjkj
 Analog channel block diagram

Processor board:

The micro stepping process system consist of the microprocessor chip itself, the scratch
pad RAM, EPROM and address decoding section of the semi-custom gate array chip. The
semi-custom gate array decodes address for the RAM, EPROM and I/O ports.

a. Step Clock System:

The step Clock is used to synchronize the chart speeds. The clock runs at the maximum
stepping frequency (approx 16 KHz). Counting step clocks generates all speeds.

b. Step Clock Period Counter:

The Step clock period counter allows the counter allows the processor to measure the step
clock period using the 4 MHz crystals as a reference. Then, if the period is incorrect due
to the time or temperature drift, the processor can adjust it can DAC.
At each transition of the step clock phase 2 signals, the processor U6 determines whether
or not to take a step.

c. Speed Selector:

The chart speed select codes come from the switchboard and appear on U5 pins
13,14,22,24. k 101 U5 pin 13, determines if divide by chart speed is enabled, SW2 U26
allow the processor to distinguish which divided by the selected divided by 60, divided
by 100 or divided by 1000.
d. Motor Drive Output:

The Motor derive outputs come from DACs which the processor uses to generate the
SINE and COS signals for switching amplifier. The SINE and COS signals are full wave
rectified. The two gate signals and direct the SINE and COS to the proper motor coil. All
four signals come from the look-up table in the EPROM.

e. Chart Motion:

This section consists of U5 pin 18 and U12. An optical detector is set up to give eight
pulses per motor revolution. These pulses are synchronized to the step clock by U5. U12
is a triggerable 1-shot with a time constant of approximately 150 msec. As long as
recorder pulses arrive at a sufficient rate to keep the timer triggered, the output on U12
pin 10 will be high.

f. Watch Dog Timer:

This circuit is intented to provide a failsafe reset if the processor should operate
erroneously or stop operating. Address $7000, the address for the EPROM, is monitored
for operation, if no activity has been sensed on this address for approximately 125 sec,
the processor will begin execution of its program.

Switching Amplifier Board

The switching Amplifier Board delivers the analog sine waves to the motor to make it
move. This is the unipolar pulse width modulated amplifier with four sections – the saw
tooth generator, the error amplifier, the pulse width modulator, and power section.

Control Timer Board

The Control Timer Board is a mounted in the card cage in the rear of the recorder. It
consists branch fuses start/stop Relay K701, +5 VDC and +28 VDC power supplies and
event market timers.

Power Supply Board

The Power Supply generates the voltages the voltages used by the chart drive and
annotation system. The voltage and maximum currents supplied are:
Regulator chip no.

a.​ +22 V unregulated @ 1.8 A --

b.​ +5 V regulated @600 mA U3
c.​ –5 V regulated @20 mA U5
d.​ +10.8 V regulated @3.0 A U4
e.​ +15 V regulated @70 mA U1
f.​ –15 V regulated @80 mA U2

TELECOM LAB

Communication:

Communication is the process of sending and receiving information or data in form of

some signals. Thus communication is the process of establishing link between two or
more than two places.

There are many types of communication techniques administrated in normal day to day
life, for example telephones, mobile phones, satellite channels of television, etc. but, all
of them are classified in three major categories.

1.​ Wire communication

2.​ Wireless communication
3.​ Optical fiber communication

These three groups are the made on the basis of the mode of the propagation. For
example, wireless communication takes place through atmospheric layer and optical fiber
communication takes place through optical fiber.

The most conventional types of communication are wire communication. Whereas the
optical fiber communication system is recently developed one. Although each of them
has its own advantage and drawbacks, but all of three are utilized in Indian railways.
Generally optical fiber communication is used to provide communication through the
process of total internal reflection taking place at the interference of the two walls of
fiber.

The newly developed OFC has certainly created a new era in the communication field,
due to it various advantages over the others. But much more the initial cost it is not much
popular as it should be which is its main drawback.

But GOV. is now taking initiative and they are laying these OFC, now in place of
conventional ones in fact, RDSO along with a company has developed a new OFC is now
more chip and strong.

Railways Std. Specification for Optical Fiber Communication

Indian railways uses loose tube cable (optical fiber)

The diameter is 20 mm or less.
It consists of 6 tubes each consisting 4 fibers: 4*6=24 fibers.

(a) Joint enclosures: -

The joints box shall be provided for keeping spoiled fiber in safe condition, free from
water mgress & termite effect, as the joint boxes will be buried in trencher. These joint
boxes can be classified in two types of application.

1.​ St joint closure for through n/w.

2.​ Branching joint closure for spur solute. The design of closure
must insure mechanical, optical & environmental of splice.

3.​ Joint enclosure shall be lightweight. Its weight shall not be more than 2.75 kg.
4.​ The joint closure housing shall be of robust material so as to supply work even in
very adverse curative condition.
5.​ End cap and splice tray should be of ABS material.
6.​ Rail fixer, for holding inner jacket and FRP, shall be mode of stainless steel.
7.​ Outer jacket shall be made of HDPE, doped with anti terminate compound.
8.​ Screws & nuts, for fixing the end cap, shall be either of brass material or of
stainless steel.

b.​ Optical Fiber Cable termination box: -

Cater the general function of terminating universal type of optical fiber i.e. loose tube,
central tube and slotted core type cable coming from the line and connecting the pigtails
to it by splicing . the other end of pigtails is to be terminated of fiber distribution frame in
the fiber network . it also permits the branching & re-routing of optical fiber cable.

(c) Fiber Distribution Frame: -

Cater for the general function of organizing the optical fibers, pigtails & patch words at
the distribution nodes in the fiber network.
If connection optical line termination box on the one side & optical line terminal
equipment on the other side fiber distribution frame also permits optical test equipment to
be connected to the fiber cable in order to check the transmission lines & terminal
equipments.

VDRPU

Voice Data Recorder & Processing Unit [VDRPU] is compact & self-contained digital
voice logger, which records & provides secure storage for over 1400 house of calls. The
unit is for four channels, however using [LAN] & VDRPU software the system can be
configured for more channels depending upon network & computer capabilities the
different wave signal interface & record trigger mode are available for easy adaptation to
unique type of audio signals like telephone, radio, receivers etc. the signal and recorded
along with the data time stamping & DTMF tone data, so that different calls can be easily
searched. the four line LCD display & PS-2 keyboard is available for searching the calls.
The calls can also can be also be searched from PC based software with used friendly
GUI. For Intel communication the voice cords can be duplicated in local storage media
i.e. hard disk & also in network computer.
Cascading multiple VRDPUs: -

For multi channel voice recording configuration, the comp is used for annual mapping &
comprehensive voice record search.
Computer
VDRPU
Scanner
VDRPU
Ethernet Hub
VDRPU

TRANSDUCER LAB

TRANSDUCERS:

●​ Transducer is a device that receives energy from a measured and responds to that
energy by converting it into same usable form a measurand and responds to that energy
by converting it into some usable form for the measuring system.

●​ A transducer is a device which when actuated by energy in one transmitting

system, supplies energy in the same form or in another form to a second transmission
system.

●​ Transducer is a device, which relate one physical quantity to another physical

quantity.

●​ It converts one from of the energy to another form of energy.

DISCRIPTION:

●​ Measurand
●​ Transducer principle
●​ Sensing element
●​ Measuring range
●​ Special feature or Provisions

MEASURAND:

There are six form of energy that can be converted into an electrical signal with a
transducer. These are mechanical, thermal, nuclear, radiation, magnetic and chemical
energy.

THE TRANSDUCER FUNCTION:

Transducer
Physical quantity
Physical quantity

A transducer’s behavior can be explained with a transfer function, which is simply

mathematical quantity. In general this relation is,
Y= f (x)

An input transducer is one in which “x” is a non electrical quantity. A familiar example of
an input transducer is microphone, where “X” is the pressure on the microphone
diaphragm and “y” is resistance or voltage, electrical quantity depending upon the type of
microphone.

In output transducer is one in which “X” quantity is electrical and Y is non-electrical. A

simple example of an output transducer is light bulb or speaker etc.

The electrical and mechanical quantities are (or input & output of the transducers )
mathematically related to each other. If one of those quantities change other will be also
change.
Sensing elements:

Following sensing elements are generally in use: -

4.​ Capacitive
5.​ Electromagnetic
6.​ Inductive
7.​ Photoconductive
8.​ Photovoltaic
9.​ Piezo electric (Active Transducer)
10.​ Potentio metric
11.​ Reluctance Transducer
12.​ Resistance Element (strain Gage)
13.​ Vibration wire
14.​ Thermister

Types of Transducers:

Transducers
Electrical
Mechanical

Active
Passive

Types of Transducers

1.​ Mechanical Transducer

2.​ Electrical Transducer

Oscillation Monitoring System

Introduction:
 Portable Oscillation Monitoring System OMS 2000 is microprocessor based system for
track monitoring by measurement of the following parameters:

15.​ Speed
16.​ Vertical and lateral acceleration on the loco /coach floor
17.​ Sperling Ride Index

The above tree parameters are monitored in the real time and result are prodused in the
form of print out on the numeric printer. Whenever any of the above parameters exceeds
a preset limit, an exception report of the exceedence is the printed out. Besides this, data
collected during the run is stored in the battery-backed memory and may be transferred to
an IBM PC compatible computer at the end of the run. OMSLINK software package for
transferring and analyzing the data is available as an option.

The speed of the train is measured using the tachometer, which is driven by a flexible
shaft connected to the wheel. Tachometer generates pulses, which are fed to OMS-2000.
the gear ratio of the driving arrangement of the tachometer and the internal tacho slotted
plate (normally 6 slots) should be such that one pulse is generated every 0.34 meters.

The vertical and lateral acceleration levels on the coach floor are monitored using two
accelerometers mounted in a transducer assembly. There is a built in instrumentation
amplifier in OMS 2000 to condition the accelerometer signals. The same acceleration
signals are used to detect large acceleration peak data for ride index calculations. The ride
index is also calculated according to the sperling formula implemented as per RDSO
(Lucknow) method.

In case of tachometer is connected, the precise location of the exceedence in terms of the
KM and the distance in the meters from the last KM post is printed in the exceedence
report. In case it is not possible to connect a tachometer, the KM and the distance in the
meters from the last KM post is printed in the exceedence report. In the case it is not
possible to connect a tachometer, the KM and the Telegraph Post from the last KM post is
printed in the exceedence report. The time of occurrence of the each peak (in seconds, up
to two decimal places) is also printed. This helps in precisely locating the faults on the
ground. There is switch assembly with KM and TP switches for the interring the KM post
and the TP information in OMS-2000
during the run.
To the correlate the acceleration peaks with special ground features OMS-2000 allows
marketing of the ground features (points and crossings bridges and level crossings) on the
print out.

The equipment is portable and is supplied in the plastic molded case an stainless steel box
for case of transportation. Any existing loco or coaches can be use for the monitoring
purpose. The entire equipment runs on a 12 volts recharge battery.

OMS-2000 system is the latest “state of the art” development. The equipment has been
approved by the RDSO Lucknow and will be replace the import Japanese accelerometers,
which are mechanical system of vintage design. It will be replace the analog recording
system which consume large amount of power, he lots of moving parts and suffer from
tedious manual analyses which is of limited use. OMS-2000 is fully solid state. Screens
the monitored parameters in the real time and produces concise reports. The collected
data may be transferred to a computer database for long-term use.

SAILENT FEATURES

1.​ Portable total weight less than 18 Kg including battery and transducer assembly.

2.​ Battery operated, rechargeable battery is supplied along with a suitable charger, On
a fully charged battery the system can operate continuously more than 12 hours,
OMS-2000 can be operated on this this 12 V battery or 24 V D.C coach battery directly.
A multi input power supplied is supplied with the package to optionally.open the system
on 110 V D.C. available in some coaches. 110 V A.C. Rajdhani Express supply or 220 V
A.C. where generator is available.

3.​ Imported TML Japan accelerometers are used which are RDSO approve for
accuracy and total reliability.

4.​ Built in instrumentation amplifier for the transducers. No messy connections be

made during the run.

5.​ Built in battery backed Real Time Clock. Prints date and time at the start each run
to ease record keeping.
6.​ In case tachometer is connected KM and distance in meters from the last KM post
is given on the print out. In case tachometer is not connected. KM telegraph post number
from the last KM post and the time of the occurrence of each peak (in second, up to 2
decimal digits) is printed out for easily locating bad stretches of track. From the time of
successive peaks it is also possible to calculate the frequency of oscillations built up the
coach.

7.​ Facility to print ground features (point the crossings, Bridges and level crossings
on the print out.

8.​ Accurate results, Sperling Ride Index formula implemented exactly.

9.​ Complete report is generated during the run itself. No tedious calculation to be
done later on. Facility for printing AEN/PWI wise summary reports at the end of run
using data stored in battery backed RAM.

10.​ Stores data during the run in the battery backed CMOS RAM which can be
transferred to an IBM PC compatible computer at the end of the run. OMSLINK software
is available to analyze the data and produce reports and graphs.

11.​ Simple operation. Can be operated by semi-skilled staff also.

12.​ Built in diagnostic and function routines for transducer calibration and other
operations.

13.​ Rugged. Does not required air conditioning.

14.​ Latest 16-bit microprocessor technology.

15.​ Immediate. Indigenous availability with full after sales service support.