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GOLF & TENNIS
GOLF & TENNIS

Edited by
The Editors of Salem Press

Special Consultant
Rafer Johnson

Salem Press
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
 Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson
Editorial Director: Christina J. Moose Photo Editor: Cynthia Breslin Beres
Managing Editor: R. Kent Rasmussen Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn
Manuscript Editor: Christopher Rager Page Design and Layout: James Hutson
Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Additional Layout: Frank Montaño and Mary Overell
Production Editor: Andrea Miller Editorial Assistant: Brett Weisberg

Cover photos: © Photogolfer/Dreamstime.com; Kevin Lamarque/Reuters/Landov

Copyright © 1992, 1994, 2002, 2010, by Salem Press

All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what-
soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, record-
ing, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews or in the copying of images
deemed to be freely licensed or in the public domain. For information, address the publisher, Salem Press,
P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115.
∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Pa-
per for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Great athletes / edited by The Editors of Salem Press ; special consultant Rafer Johnson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58765-473-2 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-480-0 (golf, tennis : alk. paper)
1. Athletes—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Johnson, Rafer, 1935- II. Salem Press.
GV697.A1G68 2009
796.0922—dc22
[B]
2009021905

First Printing

printed in the united states of america

Contents
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Greg Norman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Lorena Ochoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Ayako Okamoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Francis D. Ouimet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Se Ri Pak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Golf Arnold Palmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Willie Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Grace Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Tommy Armour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Willie Park, Sr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Seve Ballesteros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Henry Picard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Patty Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Gary Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Julius Boros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Sandra Post. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Pat Bradley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Nick Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Donna Caponi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Judy Rankin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
JoAnne Carner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Gene Sarazen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Billy Casper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Patty Sheehan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Fred Couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Charlie Sifford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Ben Crenshaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Vijay Singh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
John Daly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Marilynn Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Jimmy Demaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Sam Snead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Roberto De Vicenzo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Annika Sorenstam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Ernie Els . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Payne Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Nick Faldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Curtis Strange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Johnny Farrell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Marlene Streit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Ray Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Louise Suggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Jim Furyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Lee Trevino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Retief Goosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Harry Vardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Walter Hagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Glenna Collett Vare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Pádraig Harrington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Tom Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Hisako Higuchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Karrie Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Ben Hogan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Kathy Whitworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Juli Inkster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Michelle Wie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Hale Irwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Tiger Woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Tony Jacklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Mickey Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Bobby Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Babe Didrikson Zaharias . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Betsy King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Tom Kite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Bernhard Langer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Tennis
Lawson Little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Andre Agassi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Nancy Lopez. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Arthur Ashe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Davis Love III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Juliette Atkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Lloyd Mangrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Bunny Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Phil Mickelson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Tracy Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Byron Nelson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Boris Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Larry Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 James Blake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Jack Nicklaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Björn Borg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

v
 Great Athletes: Golf and Tennis

Jean Borotra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 John Newcombe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Don Budge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Yannick Noah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
María Bueno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Jana Novotná . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Jennifer Capriati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Alex Olmedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Michael Chang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Fred Perry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Kim Clijsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Mary Pierce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Henri Cochet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Bobby Riggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Maureen Connolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Andy Roddick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Jimmy Connors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Ken Rosewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Jim Courier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Gabriela Sabatini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Margaret Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Pete Sampras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Lindsay Davenport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario. . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Sven Davidson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Vic Seixas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Elena Dementieva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Monica Seles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Margaret Osborne duPont . . . . . . . . . . 263 Maria Sharapova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Françoise Durr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Pam Shriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Stefan Edberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Stan Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Roy Emerson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Bill Tilden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Chris Evert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Tony Trabert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Roger Federer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Guillermo Vilas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Althea Gibson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Virginia Wade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Pancho Gonzales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Hazel Wightman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Evonne Goolagong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Mats Wilander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Steffi Graf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Serena Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Justine Henin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Venus Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Martina Hingis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Lew Hoad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Ana Ivanovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Golf and Tennis Resources on the
Billie Jean King. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 World Wide Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Jack Kramer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
René Lacoste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Golfers Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Rod Laver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Tennis Players Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Ivan Lendl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 World Golf Hall of Fame . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Suzanne Lenglen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 International Tennis Hall of Fame . . . . . . 426
John McEnroe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Tennis Magazine’s Forty Greatest
Alice Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Tennis Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Helen Wills Moody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Carlos Moya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Name Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Rafael Nadal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Country Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Martina Navratilova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

vi
Publisher’s Note
Great Athletes: Golf and Tennis is part of Salem Press’s golf section in this volume also includes the leg-
greatly expanded and redesigned Great Athletes se- endary Babe Didrikson Zaharias, who was also a
ries, which also includes self-contained volumes on standout in basketball, softball, and track and field.
baseball, basketball, boxing and soccer, football, In selecting new names to add to Great Athletes:
Olympic sports, and racing and individual sports. Golf and Tennis, first consideration was given to ath-
The full 13-volume series presents articles on the letes whose extraordinary achievements have made
lives, sports careers, and unique achievements of their names household words in North America.
1,470 outstanding competitors and champions in These names include such established undeniable
the world of sports. These athletes—many of whom golfing stars as Ernie Els, Phil Mickelson, and Vijay
have achieved world renown—represent more Singh and such famous tennis players as Roger
than 75 different nations and territories and more Federer and Pam Shriver. Consideration was next
than 80 different sports. Their stories are told in given to athletes who during the early twenty-first
succinct, 1,000-word-long profiles accessible in tone century appeared destined for future greatness,
and style to readers in grades 7 and up. such as golfers Pádraig Harrington, Lorena Ochoa,
The 13 Great Athletes volumes, which include a and Michelle Wie and tennis players Ana Ivanovic,
cumulative index volume, are built on the work of Rafael Nadal, and Maria Sharapova.
three earlier Salem Press publications designed
for middle and high school readers—the 20 slen- Organization
der volumes of The Twentieth Century: Great Athletes Each article covers the life and career of a single
(1992), their 3-volume supplement (1994), and the golfer or tennis player. Articles are arranged alpha-
8 stouter volumes of Great Athletes, Revised (2002). betically within separate sections on golf and ten-
This new 13-volume edition retains articles on ev- nis. Every article is accompanied by at least one
ery athlete covered in those earlier editions and boxed table, summarizing the career statistics, hon-
adds more than 415 entirely new articles—a 40 per- ors and awards, records, and other milestones that
cent increase—to bring the overall total to 1,470 set apart each great player. Most articles are also ac-
articles. companied by photographs of their subjects. Every
The present volume increases the numbers of article also lists up-to-date bibliographical notes
articles on golfers from 47 to 73 and those on ten- under the heading “Additional Sources.” These
nis players from 57 to 73, for a combined increase sections list from three to five readily available
of nearly 40 percent. The content of other articles books and articles containing information perti-
has been reviewed and updated as necessary, with nent to the athlete and sport covered in the article.
many articles substantially revised, expanded, or Appendixes at the end of the volume contain addi-
replaced, and the bibliographical citations for vir- tional sources in published books and Web sites.
tually all articles have been undated. Information Averaging three pages in length, each article is
in every article is current up to at least the begin- written in clear language and presented in a uni-
ning of Spring, 2009. form, easily readable format. All articles are di-
vided into four subheaded sections that cover the
Criteria for Inclusion athlete’s life and achievements chronologically.
Within the pages of Great Athletes: Golf and Ten-
nis, readers will see articles on virtually all the leg- • Early Life presents such basic biographical in-
ends they expect to find: from Willie Anderson formation as vital dates, parentage, siblings,
and Tommy Armour to Tiger Woods and Mickey and early education. It also sketches the social
Wright in golf and from Andre Agassi and Arthur milieu in which the athlete grew up and dis-
Ashe to Serena and Venus Williams in tennis. The cusses other formative experiences.

vii
 Great Athletes: Golf and Tennis

• The Road to Excellence picks up where the ath- • All-Time Great Players includes lists of mem-
lete’s earliest serious involvement in sports bers in the World Golf Hall of Fame and the
began. This section describes experiences and International Tennis Hall of Fame and Tennis
influences that shaped the subject’s athletic magazine’s list of the 40 greatest players.
prowess and propelled the athlete toward
greatness in golf or tennis. These sections The Cumulative Indexes volume, which accompa-
also often discuss obstacles—such as poverty, nies the full Great Athletes series, includes every ap-
discrimination, and physical disabilities—that pendix found in this and other volumes on specific
many great athletes have had to overcome. sports, plus additional appendixes containing in-
formation that pertains to all sports. These appen-
• The Emerging Champion traces the subject’s ad- dixes include a general bibliography, a compre-
vance from the threshold of golf or tennis hensive Web site list, a Time Line integrating the
stardom to higher levels of achievement. This names of all 1,470 athletes in Great Athletes, 2 lists of
section explains the characteristics and cir- the greatest athletes of the twentieth century, 3
cumstances that combined to make the ath- multisport halls of fame, and 10 different athlete-
lete among the best in the world in his or her of-the-year awards.
sport.
Indexes
• Continuing the Story tracks the athlete’s subse- Following the Appendixes in Great Athletes: Golf
quent career, examining how the athlete may and Tennis, readers will find indexes listing athletes
have set new goals and had achievements that by their names and countries. Because some ath-
inspired others. This section also offers in- letes have competed in more than one sport, read-
sights into the athlete’s life away from sports. ers may wish also to consult the Cumulative Indexes
Readers will also learn about the innovations volume. Its sport, country, and name indexes list all
and contributions that athletes have made to the athletes covered in the full Great Athletes series.
their sports and, in many cases, to society at
large. Acknowledgments
Once again, Salem Press takes great pleasure in
• Summary recapitulates the subject’s story, pay- thanking the 383 scholars and experts who wrote
ing special attention to honors that the subject and updated the articles making Great Athletes pos-
has won and to the human qualities that have sible. Their names can be found at the ends of the
made the athlete special in the world of sports. articles they have written and in the list of contribu-
tors that follows the “Introduction.” We also take
Appendixes immense pleasure in again thanking our special
At the back of this volume, readers will find 8 ap- consultant, Rafer Johnson, for bringing his unique
pendixes, most of which are entirely new to this edi- insights to this project. As an Olympic champion
tion. The appendixes are arranged under these and world record-holder in track and field’s de-
two headings: manding decathlon, he has experienced an ex-
traordinarily broad range of physical and mental
• Resources includes a bibliography of recently challenges at the highest levels of competition.
published books on golf and tennis, a de- Moreover, he has a lifetime of experience working
tailed, categorized listing of sites on the World with, and closely observing, athletes at every level—
Wide Web that provide golf and tennis infor- from five-year-old soccer players to Olympic and
mation, a Glossary defining most of the spe- professional champions. He truly understands what
cialized terms used in essays and 2 Time Lines constitutes athletic greatness and what is required
that list all golfers and tennis players covered to achieve it. For this reason, readers will not want
in essays in order of their birth dates. to overlook his “Introduction.”

viii
 Publisher’s Note

Acronyms Used in Articles ATP Association of Tennis Professionals

Salem’s general practice is to use acronyms only ESPN Entertainment and Sports Programming
after they have been explained within each essay. Network
Because of the frequency with which many terms LPGA Ladies Professional Golf Association
appear in Great Athletes: Golf and Tennis, that prac- PGA Professional Golfers’ Association
tice is partly suspended for the acronyms listed WTA Women’s Tennis Association
here:

ix
Introduction
Five decades after reaching my own pinnacle of ous events in track and field. Men and women—
success in sports, I still get a thrill watching other such as Usain Bolt and Florence Griffith-Joyner—
athletes perform. I have competed with and against who capture its world records are considered the
some of the greatest athletes in the world, watched fastest humans on earth. In a race that lasts only a
others up close and from a distance, and read few seconds, speed is everything, and there is no
about still others. I admire the accomplishments of room for mistakes.
all of them, for I know something of what it takes to Appropriately, speed is the first of the three stan-
achieve greatness in sports, and I especially admire dards of athletic excellence expressed in the Olym-
those who inspire others. pic motto, Citius, altius, fortius (faster, higher, stron-
This revised edition of Great Athletes provides a ger). Its importance in racing sports such as cycling,
wonderful opportunity for young readers to learn rowing, running, speed skating, swimming, and
about the finest athletes of the modern era of the triathlon is obvious: Athletes who reach the fin-
sports. Reading the stories of the men and women ish line soonest win; those who arrive later lose.
in these pages carries me back to my own youth, Speed is also important in every sport that requires
when I first began playing games and became inter- moving around a lot, such as baseball, basketball,
ested in sports heroes. Almost all sports interested boxing, football, handball, soccer, tennis, volley-
me, but I gravitated to baseball, basketball, foot- ball, water polo, and virtually all the events of track
ball, and track and field. Eventually, I dedicated and field. The best athletes in these sports are usu-
most of my young adult years to track and field’s de- ally fast.
cathlon, which I loved because its ten events al- Athletes who lack speed generally make up for it
lowed me to use many different skills. in other kinds of quickness. For example, while
Throughout those years, one thing remained running speed has helped make some football
constant: I wanted to win. To do that meant being quarterbacks—such as Vince Young—great, some
the best that I could be. I wondered what I could quarterbacks who are slow afoot have achieved
learn from the lives of great athletes. From an early greatness with other forms of quickness. Joe Na-
age I enjoyed reading about sports champions math is an example. Although he was embarrass-
and wondered how they did as well as they did. ingly slow on his feet, he read opposing teams’ de-
What traits and talents did the greatest of them fenses so fast that he could make lightning-quick
have? I gradually came to understand that the decisions and release his passes faster than almost
essence of greatness in sports lies in competition. any other quarterback who played the game.
In fact, the very word athlete itself goes back to a As important as speed is, there are a few sports in
Greek word for “competitor.” Being competitive is which it means little. Billiards, bowling, and golf,
the single most important attribute any athlete can for example, all permit competitors to take consid-
have, but other traits are important, too. Readers erable time responding to opponents’ moves. Even
may gain insights into the athletes covered in these so, speed can be important where one may least ex-
volumes by considering the ten events of the de- pect it. For example, major chess competitions are
cathlon as symbols of ten traits that contribute to clocked, and making moves too slowly can cost
athletic greatness. All champions have at least a players games.
few of these traits; truly great champions have most
of them. Courage
The decathlon’s second event, the long jump,
Speed and Quickness represents one of the purest contests in sports:
Decathlon events are spread over two days, with Competitors simply run up to a mark and jump as
five events staged on each day. The first event is al- far as they can. Each jumper gets several tries, and
ways the 100-meter dash—one of the most glamor- only the best marks matter. While it sounds simple,

xi
 Great Athletes: Golf and Tennis

it involves critical little things that can go wrong first African American player in the modern major
and ruin one’s chance of winning. When the great leagues, Jackie faced criticism, verbal harassment,
Jesse Owens jumped in the 1936 Olympics in Ber- and even physical abuse almost everywhere he
lin, for example, he missed his takeoff mark so played. He not only persevered but also had a ca-
many times that he risked disqualification. What reer that would have been regarded as exceptional
saved him was the encouragement of a rival Ger- even if his color had never been an issue.
man jumper, who advised him to start his jump
from well behind the regular takeoff mark. It takes Strength
courage to overcome the fear of making mistakes The shot put, the decathlon’s third event, re-
and concentrate on jumping. It also takes courage quires many special traits, but the most obvious is
to overcome the fear of injury. strength. The metal ball male shot putters heave
A great athlete may have abundant courage but weighs 16 pounds—more than an average bowling
rarely need to call upon it. However, most truly ball. Agility, balance, and speed are all important to
great athletes eventually face moments when they the event, but together they can accomplish noth-
would fail if their courage abandoned them. In ing without great strength. Strength is also the
fact, courage is often what separates being good third standard expressed in the Olympic motto,
from being great. True courage should not be con- Citius, altius, fortius.
fused with the absence of fear, for it is the ability to Strength is especially valuable in sports that put
overcome fear, including the very natural fears of competitors in direct physical contact with each
injury and pain. A wonderful example is gymnast other—sports such as basketball, boxing, football,
Kerri Strug’s amazing spirit in the 1996 Olympics. and wrestling. Whenever athletes push and pull
Ignoring the pain of torn ligaments and a serious against each other, the stronger generally prevail.
ankle sprain, she helped the U.S. women win a Strength is also crucial in sports requiring lifting,
team gold medal by performing her final vault at pulling, pushing, paddling, or propelling objects,
great personal risk. or controlling vehicles or animals. Such sports in-
Some sports challenge athletes with real and clude auto racing, baseball and softball, bodybuild-
persistent threats of serious injuries and even death. ing and weightlifting, canoeing and kayaking, golf,
Among the most dangerous are alpine skiing, auto horse racing, rowing, and all track and field throw-
racing, boxing, football, horse racing, mountaineer- ing events.
ing, and rodeo—all of which have killed and dis- One sport in which the role of strength has
abled many fine athletes. No one can achieve great- never been underestimated is wrestling. One of the
ness in such sports without exceptional courage. most impressive demonstrations of strength in the
Consider also the courage required to step up to sport occurred at the 2000 Olympic Games at Syd-
bat against a baseball pitcher who throws hardballs ney when Rulon Gardner, in a performance of a
mere inches away from your head at speeds of lifetime, defeated former Olympic champion Alek-
more than ninety miles an hour. Or, imagine pre- sandr Karelin in the super-heavyweight class of
paring to dive from atop a 10-meter platform, rest- Greco-Roman wrestling.
ing only on your toes, with your heels projecting
over the edge, knowing that your head will pass Visualization
within inches of the rock-hard edge of the plat- Visualization is the ability to see what one needs
form. Greg Louganis once cut his head open on to do before actually doing it. Perhaps no sport
such a dive. After he had his scalp stitched up, he better exemplifies its importance than the high
returned to continue diving into a pool of water jump—the decathlon’s fourth event. In contrast to
colored pink by his own blood. He won the compe- the long jump and throwing events—in which com-
tition. petitors strive to maximize distance in every effort,
Another kind of courage is needed to perform the high jump (like the pole vault) sets a bar at a
in the face of adversity that may have nothing to do fixed height that competitors must clear. Before
with sport itself. The best known example of that jumping, they take time to study the bar and visual-
kind of courage is the immortal Jackie Robinson, ize what they must do to clear it. If the bar is set at 7
who broke the color line in baseball in 1947. As the feet, a jump of 6 feet 113⁄4 inches fails; a jump of 8

xii
 Introduction

feet succeeds, but counts only for 7 feet. To con- all in advance and called every move—something
serve strength for later jumps, jumpers must care- he became famous for later, when he taunted op-
fully calculate how much effort to exert at each ponents by predicting the rounds in which he
height, and to do this, they must be able to visu- would knock them out.
alize.
Great baseball and softball batters also visualize Determination and Resilience
well. Before pitches even reach the plate, batters The final event of the first day of decathlon com-
see the balls coming and visualize their bats hitting petition is the 400-meter run. Almost exactly a
them. Likewise, great golfers see their balls landing quarter mile, this race stands at the point that di-
on the greens before they even swing. Soccer play- vides sprints from middle-distances. Should run-
ers, such as Ronaldo, see the balls going into the ners go all out, as in a sprint, or pace themselves, as
goal before they even kick them. Billiard players, middle-distance runners do? Coming as it does, as
such as Jeanette Lee, see all the balls moving on the the last event of the exhausting first day of decath-
table before they even touch the cue balls. Bowlers, lon competition, the 400-meter race tests the met-
like Lisa Wagner, see the pins tumbling down be- tle of decathletes by extracting one last great effort
fore they release their balls. from them before they can rest up for the next
Visualization is especially important to shooters, day’s grueling events. How they choose to run the
such as Lones Wigger, and archers, such as Denise race has to do with how determined they are to win
Parker and Jay Barrs, who know exactly what their the entire decathlon.
targets look like, as well as the spots from where Every great athlete who wants to be a champion
they will fire, before they even take aim. In contrast must have the determination to do whatever it
to most other sports, they can practice in condi- takes to achieve that goal. Even so, determination
tions almost identical to those in which they com- alone is not enough. This was proven dramatically
pete. However, the athletes against whom they when basketball’s Michael Jordan—whom journal-
compete have the same advantage, so the edge usu- ists later voted the greatest athlete of the twentieth
ally goes to those who visualize better. century—quit basketball in 1994 to fulfill his life-
Players in games such as basketball, hockey, soc- long dream to play professional baseball. Despite
cer, and water polo fire upon fixed targets from working hard, he spent a frustrating season and a
constantly changing positions—often in the face of half in the minor leagues and merely proved two
opponents doing everything they can to make them things: that determination alone cannot guarantee
miss. Nevertheless, visualization is important to success, and that baseball is a more difficult sport
them as well. In basketball, players are said to be in than many people had realized.
a “groove,” or a “zone,” when they visualize shots so Resilience, an extension of determination, is
well they seem unable to miss. Kobe Bryant and the ability to overcome adversity, or apparently
Lisa Leslie are among the greatest visualizers in hopeless situations, and to bounce back from out-
their sport, just as Babe Ruth, Hank Aaron, and Al- right defeat. Some might argue that no one can be
bert Pujols have been great at visualizing home greater than an athlete who never loses; however,
runs in baseball. In tennis, I always admired Arthur athletes who continually win are never required to
Ashe’s knack for planning matches in his mind, change what they do or do any soul searching. By
then systematically dismantling his opponents. contrast, athletes who lose must examine them-
At another level, boxer Muhammad Ali was great selves closely and consider making changes. I have
at visualizing his entire future. Big, strong, and always felt that true greatness in sports is exempli-
quick and able to move with the best of them, he fied by the ability to come back from defeat, as
had it all. I had the great pleasure of touring col- heavyweight boxer Floyd Patterson did after losing
lege campuses with him after we both won gold his world title to Ingemar Johansson in a humiliat-
medals at the Rome Olympics in 1960. Muhammad ing 3-round knockout in 1959. Only those athletes
(then known as Cassius Clay) had visualized his who face adversity and defeat can prove they have
Olympic victory before it happened, and when I resilience.
first knew him he was already reciting poetry and Among athletes who have impressed me the
predicting what the future held for him. He saw it most with their determination and resilience is

xiii
 Great Athletes: Golf and Tennis

speed skater Eric Heiden, who was not only the first pened to decathlete Dan O’Brien in the 1992 U.S.
American to win world speed-skating champion- Olympic Trials. Although Dan was the world’s top
ships, but the first speed skater ever to win all five decathlete at that time, his failure to clear a height
events in the Winter Olympics. Another amazingly in the pole vault kept him off the Olympic team.
determined athlete is Jim Abbott, who refused to (To his credit, he came back to win a gold medal in
allow the fact that he was born with only one hand 1996.)
stop him from becoming a Major League Baseball Figure skating and gymnastics are other sports
pitcher—one who even pitched a no-hit game. that measure execution with a microscope. In gym-
Who could not admire Bo Jackson? An all-star in nastics, the standard of perfection is a score of
both professional football and Major League Base- ten—which was first achieved in the Olympics by
ball, he suffered what appeared to be a career- Nadia Coma neci in 1976. However, scores in those
ending football injury. After undergoing hip-joint sports are not based on objective measures but on
replacement surgery, he defied all logic by return- the evaluations of judges, whose own standards can
ing to play several more seasons of baseball. Cyclist and do change. By contrast, archery, shooting, and
Lance Armstrong also falls into this category. He bowling are unusual in being sports that offer ob-
won multiple Tour de France championships after jective standards of perfection. In bowling, that
recovering from cancer. standard is the 300 points awarded to players who
bowl all strikes.
Execution Among all athletes noted for their execution,
Day two of the decathlon opens with the techni- one in particular stands out in my estimation: golf’s
cally challenging 110-meter high hurdles. A bru- Tiger Woods. After Tiger had played professionally
tally demanding event, it requires speed, leaping for only a few years, he established himself as one of
ability, and perfect timing. In short, it is an event the greatest golfers ever. He has beaten the best
that requires careful execution—the ability to per- that golf has had to offer by record margins in ma-
form precisely when it matters. Sports differ greatly jor competitions, and wherever he plays, he is the
in the precision of execution they demand. Getting favorite to win. Most impressive is his seeming abil-
off great throws in the discus, shot put, and javelin, ity to do whatever he needs to win, regardless of the
for example, requires superb execution, but the di- situation. Few athletes in any sport, or in any era,
rection in which the objects go is not critical. By have come close to matching Tiger’s versatile and
contrast, archers, shooters, and golfers must hit consistent execution.
precise targets. Some sports not only demand that
execution be precise but also that it be repeated. A Focus
baseball pitcher who throws two perfect strikes fails After the high hurdles, the decathlon’s discus
if the opposing batter hits the third pitch over the event is a comparative relief. Nevertheless, it pre-
fence. Likewise, a quarterback who leads his team sents its own special demands, one of which is
down the field with five consecutive perfect passes focus—the ability to maintain uninterrupted con-
fails if his next pass is intercepted. centration. Like shot putters, discus throwers work
Consider the differences between the kind of within a tiny circle, within which they must concen-
execution demanded by diving and pole vaulting. trate all their attention and all their energy into
Divers lose points if their toes are not straight the throwing the heavy disk as far as they can.
moment they enter the water. By contrast, pole Not surprisingly, one of the greatest discus throw-
vaulters can land any way they want, so long as they ers in history, Al Oerter, was also one of the greatest
clear the bar. Moreover, a diver gets only one chance examples of focus in sports. His four gold medals
on each dive, while pole vaulters get three chances between 1956 and 1968 made him the first track
at each height they attempt—and they can even and field athlete in Olympic history to win any
skip certain heights to save energy for later jumps event four times in a row. In addition to beating out
at greater heights. On the other hand, a diver who the best discus throwers in the world four consecu-
executes a dive badly will merely get a poor score, tive times, he improved his own performance at
while a pole vaulter who misses too many jumps each Olympiad and even won with a serious rib in-
will get no score at all—which is exactly what hap- jury in 1964. Eight years after retiring from compe-

xiv
 Introduction

tition, he returned at age forty to throw the discus his offensive game together, he was also one of the
farther than ever and earn a spot as an alternate on greatest defensive players in the game. Moreover,
the 1980 U.S. Olympic team. his mere presence brought balance to his entire
Important in all sports, focus is especially impor- team.
tant in those in which a single lapse in concentra-
tion may result in instant defeat. In boxing, a Preparation
knockout can suddenly end a bout. Focus may be The ninth event of the decathlon is the javelin—
even more crucial in wrestling. Wrestlers grapple a throwing event that goes back to ancient times. A
each other continuously, probing for openings that more difficult event than it may appear to be, it re-
will allow them to pin their opponents. Few sports quires more than its share of special preparation.
match wrestling in nonstop intensity; a single split- This may be why we rarely see athletes who com-
second lapse on the part of a wrestler can spell di- pete in both the javelin and other events, though
saster. Great wrestlers, such as Cael Sanderson and the versatile Babe Didrikson Zaharias was an excep-
Aleksandr Karelin, must therefore rank among the tion.
most focused athletes in history. Along with determination—to which it is closely
allied—preparation is a vital trait of great athletes,
Balance and Coordination especially in modern competition. It is no longer
Of all the decathlon events, the most difficult to possible for even the greatest natural athletes to
perform is the pole vault. Think of what it entails: win against top competition without extensive prep-
Holding long skinny poles, vaulters run at full aration, which means practice, training for strength
speed down a narrow path toward a pit; then, with- and stamina, proper diet and rest, and studying op-
out breaking stride, push the tips of their poles into ponents diligently. Football players, especially quar-
a tiny slot, propel their bodies upward, and use the terbacks and defensive backs, spend hours before
poles to flip themselves over bars more than two or every game studying films of opponents.
three times their height above the ground, finally I was fortunate to grow up with an athlete who
to drop down on the opposite side. Success in the exemplifies preparation: my younger brother,
pole vault demands many traits, but the most im- Jimmy Johnson, who would become defensive back
portant are balance and coordination. Vaulters use for the San Francisco 49ers for seventeen years and
their hands, feet, and bodies, all at the same time, later be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
and do everything at breakneck speed, with almost Every week, Jimmy had to face a completely differ-
no margin for error. There are no uncoordinated ent set of pass receivers, but he was always ready be-
champion pole vaulters. cause he studied their moves and trained himself
Despite its difficulty, pole vaulting is an event in to run backward fast enough to keep offenses in
which some decathletes have performed especially front of him so he could see every move they made.
well—perhaps because they, as a group, have versa- Coach Tom Landry of the Dallas Cowboys once
tile skills. I have long taken pride in the fact that my told me that he always had the Cowboys attack on
close friend, college teammate, and Olympic rival, the side opposite from Jimmy.
C. K. Yang, once set a world record in the pole vault Another exceptionally well prepared athlete was
during a decathlon. C. K.’s record was all the more Magic Johnson, the great Lakers basketball guard,
impressive because he achieved it midway through who played every position on the floor in more
the second day of an intense competition. Imagine than one game. During his rookie season he had
what balance and coordination he must have had one of the greatest performances in playoff history
to propel his body over the record-breaking height during the NBA Finals. When a health problem
after having subjected it to the wear and tear of prevented the Lakers’ great center, Kareem Abdul-
seven other events. Jabbar, from playing in the sixth game against Phil-
I cannot think of any athlete, in any sport, who adelphia, Magic stunned everyone by filling in for
demonstrated more versatility in coordination and him at center and scoring 44 points. He went on to
balance than Michael Jordan, who could seemingly become one of the great point guards in basketball
score from any spot on the floor, at any time, and history because he always knew where every player
under any conditions. Not only did he always have on the court should be at every moment.

xv
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