OOPs Infeepedia By: Infee Tripathi

Oops Assignment - #1

1. What is an object in C++? 8. How many types of constructors are there in C++?
A) A function of a class A) 1
B) An instance of the class B) 2
C) A data type of the class C) 3
D) More than one of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above E) None of the above

2. Where is memory allocated for objects in C++? 9. How many types of polymorphism exist in C++?
A) RAM A) 1
B) ROM B) 2
C) Cache C) 3
D) More than one of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above E) None of the above
3. What determines when a variable comes into existence
10. Under which pillar of OOPS does the base class and
in memory?
derived class relationship come?
A) Data type
A) Polymorphism
B) Storage class
B) Inheritance
C) Scope
C) Encapsulation
D) More than one of the above
D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
E) None of the above
4. Which of the following shows the correct syntax for a
constructor? 11. Virtual functions in C++ should be declared as:
A) ()class_name A) Public
B) -class_name B) Private
C) class_name() C) Protected
D) More than one of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above E) None of the above

5. To access data members of a class, which of the 12. Where should virtual functions be defined?
following is used? A) Derived class
A) Dot operator B) Base class
B) Arrow operator C) Both base and derived class
C) Dot or arrow operator, as required D) More than one of the above
D) More than one of the above E) None of the above
E) None of the above
13. How many catch blocks can be used with a single try
6. How many access specifiers are there in C++? block?
A) 1 A) 1
B) 2 B) 2
C) 3 C) As many as required
D) More than one of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above E) None of the above
7. How many instances of an abstract class can be created?
A) 0 14. Identify the scope resolution operator in C++:
B) 1 A) :
C) 4 B) ::
D) More than one of the above C) ?:
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
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15. What is cout in C++? 22. Which of the following is NOT an OOP concept?
A) Operator A) Inheritance
B) Object B) Compilation
C) Function C) Polymorphism
D) More than one of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above E) None of the above

16. What is the implicit return type of a constructor in C++? 23. Which type of inheritance is demonstrated by a class
A) No return type inheriting from two or more base classes?
B) A class object in which it is defined A) Single inheritance
C) void B) Multilevel inheritance
D) More than one of the above C) Hybrid inheritance
E) None of the above D) Multiple inheritance
E) None of the above
17. How many parameters does a default constructor take?
A) 0 24. Who is credited with developing Object-Oriented
B) 1 Programming (OOP)?
C) 2 A) Dennis Ritchie
D) More than one of the above B) Charles Babbage
E) None of the above C) Alan Kay
D) More than one of the above
18. What type of inheritance does single-level inheritance E) None of the above
support?
A) Compile-time inheritance 25. What is the primary purpose of a virtual function in C++?
B) Runtime inheritance A) Achieve function code polymorphism
C) Multiple inheritances B) Achieve compile-time polymorphism
D) More than one of the above C) Achieve runtime polymorphism
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
19. When is an object created using the new keyword?
A) At runtime 26. Why is reusability considered a key feature of Object-
B) At compile time Oriented Programming?
C) Depends on the code A) Reduces compilation time
D) More than one of the above B) Decreases testing time
E) None of the above C) Lowers maintenance cost
D) More than one of the above
20. Which of the following functions cannot be inherited E) None of the above
from a base class?
A) Constructor 27. Can a constructor function be declared as const in C++?
B) Destructor A) True
C) Static functions B) False
D) More than one of the above C) Depends on implementation
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
21. Which of the following is NOT a type of inheritance?
A) Multiple inheritance 28. What is another name for a generic class in C++?
B) Multilevel inheritance A) Template class
C) Distributed inheritance B) Final class
D) More than one of the above C) Abstract class
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above

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29. By default, the fields in a structure in C++ are: 36. Which of the following is used to free memory allocated
A) Public for an object in C++?
B) Private A) free()
C) Protected B) delete
D) More than one of the above C) unallocate()
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
30. Which of the following is NOT a valid type of
constructor in C++? 37. Which of the following is used to implement late
A) Copy constructor binding?
B) Friend constructor A) Friend function
C) Parameterized constructor B) Static function
D) More than one of the above C) Virtual function
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
31. For which type of class can an instance not be created?
A) Anonymous class 38. Which operator can be overloaded using a friend
B) Parent class function?
C) Abstract class A) +
D) More than one of the above B) *
E) None of the above C) =
D) More than one of the above
32. Which operator can be overloaded to demonstrate E) None of the above
polymorphism?
A) || 39. Can an object be passed as a function?
B) << A) Yes
C) && B) No
D) More than one of the above C) Depends on the implementation
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
33. Which of the following describes the overloading of
functions? 40. What is another name for function overloading?
A) Ad-hoc polymorphism A) Ad-hoc polymorphism
B) Runtime polymorphism B) Transient polymorphism
C) Compile-time polymorphism C) Virtual polymorphism
D) More than one of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above E) None of the above

41. By default, are the data members and member functions

34. Which of the following is not a member of the class?
of a class private?
A) Friend function
A) True
B) Static function
B) False
C) Virtual function
C) Depends on the code
D) More than one of the above
D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
E) None of the above
35. What feature does function overriding demonstrate? 42. Which of the following can be used for dynamic memory
A) Abstraction allocation?
B) Encapsulation A) calloc()
C) Polymorphism B) malloc()
D) More than one of the above C) Both A and B
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
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43. How do encapsulation and abstraction differ? 50. Which of the following cannot be used with the term
A) Hiding and Binding "virtual"?
B) Binding and Hiding A) Constructor
C) Hiding and Hiding B) Destructor
D) More than one of the above C) Member function
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
44. Identify the abstract data type from the following.
A) double 51. Which of the following is not a property of an object?
B) int A) Name
C) class B) Attributes
D) More than one of the above C) Identity
E) None of the above D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above
45. Which feature allows one object to interact with
another object? 52. Which two features of object-oriented programming are
A) Message passing the same?
B) Message reading A. Abstraction and Polymorphism features are the same
C) Data binding B. Inheritance and Encapsulation features are the same
D) More than one of the above C. Encapsulation and Abstraction features are the same
E) None of the above D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above
46. Which feature can be implemented using
encapsulation? 53. Which header file is required by the C++ programming
A) Abstraction language to use the OOPS concept?
B) Polymorphism A. stdio.h
C) Inheritance B. iostream.h
D) More than one of the above C. stdlib.h
E) None of the above D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above
47. Which feature reduces the need for nested classes?
A) Encapsulation 54. Which of the following definition is incorrect for
B) Inheritance polymorphism?
C) Abstraction A. Polymorphism helps in redefining the same
D) More than one of the above functionality
E) None of the above B. Polymorphism concept is the feature of object-
oriented programming (OOP)
48. Which of the following is not a valid constructor type? C. It always increases the overhead of function
A) Friend constructor definition
B) Default constructor D. Ease in the readability of the program
C) Parameterized constructor E. None of the above
D) More than one of the above
E) None of the above 55. Which among the following cannot be used for the
concept of polymorphism?
49. Which operator cannot be overloaded? A. Static member function
A) ?: B. Constructor Overloading
B) . (dot operator) C. Member function overloading
C) >> D. More than one of the above
D) More than one of the above E. None of the above
E) None of the above

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56. Which function best describes the concept of 62. Which among the following is not a member of the
polymorphism in programming languages? class?
A. Class member function A. Virtual function
B. Virtual function B. const function
C. Inline function C. Static function
D. More than one of the above D. Friend function
E. None of the above E. None of the above

57. Which member function is assumed to call first when 63. Which operator overloads using the friend function?
there is a case of using function overloading or abstract A. *
class? B. ( )
A. Global function C. ->
B. Local function D. More than one of the above
C. Function that best matches the call signature E. None of the above
D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above 64. Which of the following OOP concept binds the code and
data together and keeps them secure from the outside
58. Which of the following language uses the classes but world?
not the polymorphism concept? A. Polymorphism
A. Procedure Oriented Language B. Encapsulation
B. Object-Based Language C. Abstraction
C. Class-Based Language D. More than one of the above
D. More than one of the above E. None of the above
E. None of the above
65. Which member of the superclass is never accessible to
59. Which of the following OOP concept is not true for the the subclass?
C++ programming language? A. Public member
A. A class must have member functions B. Protected member
B. C++ Program can be easily written without the use C. Private member
of classes D. More than one of the above
C. At least one instance should be declared within the E. None of the above
C++ program
D. More than one of the above 66. What is the size of a class?
E. None of the above A. Sum of the size of all inherited variables along with
the variables of the same class
60. What is the extra feature in classes which was not in B. The size of the class is the largest size of the variable
the structures? of the same class
A. Member functions C. Classes in the programming languages do not have
B. Data members any size
C. Public access specifier D. More than one of the above
D. More than one of the above E. None of the above
E. None of the above
67. Which class cannot create its instance?
61. Which of the following feature is also known as run- A. Parent class
time binding or late binding? B. Nested class
A. Dynamic typing C. Anonymous class
B. Dynamic loading D. More than one of the above
C. Dynamic binding E. None of the above
D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above

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68. Which of the following variable violates the definition 74. Which of the following feature may be broken if the user
of encapsulation? does not use the classes in the code?
A. Array variables A. Object must be used violated
B. Local variables B. Only the encapsulation concept is violated
C. Global variables C. Inheritance cannot be implemented
D. More than one of the above D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above E. None of the above

69. Encapsulation is_____? 75. Which of the following feature interacts one object with
A. A technique of combining more than one another object?
member function into a single unit A. Message reading
B. A mechanism of combining more than one data B. Message passing
member into a single unit C. Data transfer
C. A mechanism of combining more than one data D. Data binding
member and member functions that E. None of the above
implement on those data members into a single
unit 76. Which definition best defines the concept of
D. More than one of the above abstraction?
E. None of the above A. Hides the important data
B. Hides the implementation
70. Which of the following statement of a program is not C. Shows the important data
right? D. More than one of the above
A. class teacher { }; teacher s[5]; E. None of the above
B. class teacher { } s;
C. class teacher { }; teacher s; 77. The combination of abstraction of the data and code is
D. class teacher { } s[]; viewed in________.
E. None of the above A. Object
B. Class
71. Which of the following syntax is incorrect for the class C. Interfaces
definition? D. More than one of the above
A. student class { }; E. None of the above
B. class student { student(int a) {} };
C. class teacher { public: teacher(int a) { } }; 78. The principle of abstraction___________.
D. More than one of the above A. Is used to achieve OOPS
E. None of the above B. Is used to avoid duplication
C. Use abstraction at its minimum
72. The object cannot be________? D. More than one of the above
A. Passed by copy E. None of the above
B. Passed as function
C. Passed by value 79. Which among the following concept is correct if a user
D. More than one of the above uses the concept of encapsulation in a code?
E. None of the above A. The modification of the code can be additional overhead
B. Member functions can be used for modifying the data
73. Which among the following feature does not come type of data members
under the concept of OOPS? C. The data type of the data member can be easily modified
A. Data binding without modifying any other code
B. Data hiding D. More than one of the above
C. Platform independent E. None of the above
D. Message passing
E. None of the above

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80. Using the concept of encapsulation, security of the 84. Which of the following definition best describes the
data is ___________. concept of polymorphism?
A. Ensured to some extent A. It is the ability to process many messages and data
B. Purely ensured in one way
C. Not ensured B. It is the ability to process undefined messages or
D. More than one of the above data in at least one way
E. None of the above C. It is the ability to process the message or data in
more than one form
81. Consider the following program and select the right D. More than one of the above
option from the given options: E. None of the above
class marksofstudent {
int subjectmarks; 85. Which class or set of classes can describe the concept of
public : int* fun() { polymorphism in the following code?
return &subjectmarks; class student_details
} { public: int marksofstudent;
}; virtual int calculate_grade() = 0;
int main() { };
marksofstudent s; class topper : public student_details
int *ptr = s.fun(); { public: int calculate_grade()
return 0; { return 15; }
} };
A. The above program violates the feature of class average : public student_details
encapsulation { public: int calculate_grade()
B. The above program may result in undesirable { return 30; }
conditions };
C. The above program will generate an error
D. The above program is good to go A. Only the student_details class can show the concept
E. None of the above of polymorphism
B. The class failed should also inherit class
82. The name of the default access specifier for the student_details for this code to work for
member functions or data members in the C++ polymorphism
programming language is_________. C. The student_details, topper, and average classes
A. Private access specifier together can show the concept of polymorphism
B. Public access specifier D. More than one of the above
C. Protected access specifier E. None of the above
D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above 86. Inline functions are useful when:
A. Function is large with many nested loops.
83. Which of the following option best illustrates a friend B. Function has many static variables.
class? C. Function is small and we want to avoid function call
A. This class can access and manipulate all the private overhead.
members of that class which connects to a friend D. More than one of the above.
B. Friend class can only access and manipulate the E. None of the above.
protected data members of that class that connects
to a friend
C. Friend class can't access any data member of
another class but can use its methods
D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above

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87. What is the output of the following code? 90. What is the output of the following code?
#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int x = 1; int x[100];
void fun() int main()
{ {
int x = 2; cout << x[99] << endl;
{ }
int x = 3; A. Unpredictable.
cout << ::x << endl; B. Runtime error.
}} C. 0.
int main() D. More than one of the above.
{ E. None of the above.
fun();
return 0; 91. A member function can always access the data in
} __________.
A. 1 A. The class of which it is a member.
B. 2 B. The object of which it is a member.
C. 3 C. The public part of its class.
D. More than one of the above. D. More than one of the above.
E. None of the above. E. None of the above.

88. How can we make a C++ class such that objects of it can 92. Which of the following is not correct for a virtual
only be created using the new operator? function in C++?
A. Not possible. A. Must be declared in the public section of the class.
B. By making the destructor private. B. Virtual function can be static.
C. By making the constructor private. C. Virtual function should be accessed using pointers.
D. More than one of the above. D. More than one of the above.
E. None of the above. E. None of the above.

93. In C++, polymorphism requires:

89. Would the destructor be called in the following
A. Inheritance only.
program?
B. Virtual functions only.
#include <iostream>
C. References only.
#include <vector>
D. More than one of the above.
using namespace std;
E. None of the above.
class a {
public:
94. Method overriding can be prevented by using final as a
~a() { cout << "destroy"; }
modifier at ______.
};
A. The start of the class.
int main() {
B. The start of the method declaration.
vector<a*> *v1 = new vector<a*>;
C. The start of the derived class.
vector<a> *v2 = new vector<a>;
D. More than one of the above.
return 0;
E. None of the above.
}
A. v1 95. Which of the following in Object-Oriented Programming
B. v2 is supported by Function Overloading and Default
C. Both v1 and v2. Arguments features of C++?
D. More than one of the above. A. Inheritance
E. None of the above. B. Polymorphism
C. Encapsulation
D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above
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96.Which of the following overloaded functions are NOT 98. Predict the output of the following C++ program:
allowed in C++? #include <iostream>
1. Function declarations that differ only in the return using namespace std;
type. class Test {
int fun(int x, int y); protected:
void fun(int x, int y); int x;
2. Functions that differ only by the static keyword in public:
the return type. Test(int i) : x(i) {}
int fun(int x, int y); void fun() const { cout << "fun() const " << endl; }
static int fun(int x, int y); void fun() { cout << "fun() " << endl; }
3. Parameter declarations that differ only in a pointer };
* versus an array []. int main() {
int fun(int *ptr, int n); Test t1(10);
int fun(int ptr[], int n); const Test t2(20);
4. Two parameter declarations that differ only in their t1.fun();
default arguments. t2.fun();
int fun(int x, int y); return 0;
int fun(int x, int y = 10); }
A. All of the above A. Compiler Error
B. All except 2 B. fun() fun() const
C. All except 2 and 4 C. fun() const fun() const
D. More than one of the above D. fun() fun()
E. None of the above E. None of the above

97. What is the output of the following program? 100. Which of the following is NOT correct for virtual
#include <iostream> functions in C++?
using namespace std; A. Must be declared in the public section of the class.
int fun(int = 0, int = 0); B. Virtual functions can be static.
int main() { C. Virtual functions should be accessed using pointers.
cout << fun(5); D. Virtual functions are defined in the base class.
return 0; E. None of the above
}
int fun(int x, int y) { return (x + y); }
A. Compiler Error
B. 5
C. 0
D. More than one of the above
E. None of the above

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Answer With Explanation
1. Answer: B) An instance of the class
Explanation: An object in C++ is a runtime entity that represents an instance of a class. It is created based on the
blueprint defined by the class and holds specific data and methods associated with that class. Objects allow the program
to interact with the class's attributes and functions. While the class defines the structure, the object is the tangible entity
that uses this structure.

2. Answer: A) RAM
Explanation: Memory for objects in C++ is allocated in RAM. This memory allocation can happen on the stack or heap,
depending on how the object is created. Objects created using the new keyword are allocated on the heap, while local
objects are stored in the stack. RAM provides the working memory necessary for executing programs and storing
runtime data.

3. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: The existence of a variable in memory depends on multiple factors:
• Data type: Determines the size and type of data the variable can store.
• Storage class: Specifies the variable's lifetime and visibility (e.g., auto, static, extern).
• Scope: Defines the region in the code where the variable is accessible.
Together, these factors govern the variable's lifecycle, allocation, and accessibility.

4. Answer: C) class_name()
Explanation: A constructor in C++ is a special member function with the same name as the class. It is automatically
invoked when an object of the class is created. The correct syntax for a constructor is class_name(). Constructors do not
have a return type, and they are used to initialize the object’s data members.

5. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: The dot operator (.) is used to access members of an object directly. The arrow operator (->) is used to
access members through a pointer to an object.
Both operators are necessary in different contexts, making "More than one of the above" the correct answer.

6. Answer: C) 3
Explanation: C++ provides three access specifiers:
Private: Members are accessible only within the class.
Protected: Members are accessible within the class and its derived classes.
Public: Members are accessible from anywhere in the program.
These specifiers control the visibility and accessibility of class members.

7. Answer: A) 0
Explanation: An abstract class cannot be instantiated directly. It serves as a blueprint for other classes and may contain
pure virtual functions. Derived classes must implement these functions to create concrete objects. Abstract classes are
used to define common interfaces.

8. Answer: C) 3
Explanation:There are three types of constructors in C++:
Default constructor: Takes no parameters and initializes objects with default values.
Parameterized constructor: Takes arguments to initialize objects with specific values.
Copy constructor: Initializes an object by copying data from another object.

9. Answer: B) 2
Explanation: C++ supports two types of polymorphism:
Compile-time polymorphism: Achieved using function overloading and operator overloading.
Runtime polymorphism: Achieved using virtual functions and inheritance.
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Polymorphism allows a single interface to represent different underlying forms (data types or functions).

10. Answer: B) Inheritance

Explanation: Inheritance allows a derived class to inherit properties and behaviors from a base class. This promotes code
reuse and establishes a parent-child relationship between classes. It is a fundamental pillar of Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP).

11. Answer: A) Public

Explanation: Virtual functions are usually declared as public in the base class to ensure they are accessible and can be
overridden in derived classes. Declaring a virtual function enables runtime polymorphism, allowing the appropriate
function to be called based on the object's type during runtime.

12. Answer: B) Base class

Explanation: Virtual functions are declared in the base class to allow overriding in derived classes. The base class
provides a default implementation, but derived classes can override it to provide specific functionality. If not defined in
the base class, the function cannot be virtual.

13. Answer: C) As many as required

Explanation: C++ allows multiple catch blocks for a single try block to handle different types of exceptions. Each catch
block can handle a specific exception type, enabling fine-grained error handling. This flexibility ensures robust exception
management.

14. Answer: B) ::
Explanation: The scope resolution operator (::) is used in C++ to access a global variable when a local variable has the
same name, or to define a function outside its class. It is also used to access static members of a class and to specify
namespaces.

15. Answer: B) Object

Explanation: cout is an object of the ostream class in C++ and is used to output data to the standard output (usually the
console). It is part of the iostream library and is often used in conjunction with the insertion operator (<<) to display
information.

16. Answer: A) No return type

Explanation: Constructors in C++ do not have a return type, not even void. They are special member functions
automatically called to initialize objects of a class. They cannot return values, and their primary purpose is to set up the
initial state of an object.

17. Answer: A) 0
Explanation:A default constructor does not take any parameters. It initializes class members with default values. If no
constructor is explicitly defined, the compiler provides a default constructor automatically.

18. Answer: B) Runtime inheritance

Explanation: Single-level inheritance allows a derived class to inherit from a single base class. The inheritance
relationship is established during runtime, enabling the derived class to use and override the base class's members.

19. Answer: A) At runtime

Explanation: Objects created using the new keyword are dynamically allocated on the heap at runtime. This allows the
programmer to control the object's lifetime and memory usage. Such objects must be explicitly deleted to avoid memory
leaks.

20. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: Constructors: Not inherited because they are specific to the class being instantiated.
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Destructors: Not inherited but are called in reverse order of construction during object destruction.
Static functions: Not inherited but can be accessed using the class name.
These functions are not directly inherited as they do not fit the inheritance model.

21. Answer: C) Distributed inheritance

Explanation: C++ supports five types of inheritance: single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical, and hybrid. Distributed
inheritance is not a valid type in C++. It might be a concept in distributed systems but does not apply to C++ inheritance.

22. Answer: B) Compilation

Explanation: Compilation is a process of converting source code into machine code and is not related to Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP). OOP concepts include inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.

23. Answer: D) Multiple inheritance

Explanation: In multiple inheritance, a derived class inherits from two or more base classes. This allows the derived class
to combine features from all the base classes. While powerful, multiple inheritance can lead to ambiguity, especially
when two base classes have members with the same name.

24. Answer: C) Alan Kay

Explanation: Alan Kay is considered one of the pioneers of Object-Oriented Programming. He developed the concept
while working on the Smalltalk programming language. His work laid the foundation for modern OOP languages like C++,
Java, and Python.

25. Answer: C) Achieve runtime polymorphism

Explanation: Virtual functions enable runtime polymorphism by allowing the program to decide at runtime which
function to call based on the object's type. This is achieved through the use of a virtual table (vtable). It allows dynamic
binding of functions.

26. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: Reusability in OOP, achieved through inheritance and modular design, reduces development time,
decreases testing time, and lowers maintenance costs. It allows code to be reused across different projects or modules,
improving efficiency and reliability.

27. Answer: B) False

Explanation: Constructors cannot be declared as const in C++ because they are meant to initialize objects, which
inherently involves modifying the object's state. Declaring them as const would contradict their purpose.

28. Answer: A) Template class

Explanation: A generic class in C++ is called a template class. Templates allow the creation of classes and functions that
work with any data type, promoting code reusability and flexibility. They are widely used in the Standard Template
Library (STL).

29. Answer: A) Public

Explanation: In C++, the members of a struct are public by default, unlike a class, where members are private by default.
This default access level allows straightforward access to structure members unless explicitly modified.

30. Answer: B) Friend constructor

Explanation: There is no such thing as a "friend constructor" in C++. The valid types of constructors are default
constructors, parameterized constructors, and copy constructors. The friend keyword is used to grant access to private
members, not to define constructors.

31. Answer: C) Abstract class

Explanation: An abstract class cannot be instantiated because it contains at least one pure virtual function. It acts as a
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template for other classes and enforces derived classes to implement the pure virtual functions. For example, if a class
Shape is abstract, you cannot create Shape obj; but must use derived classes like Circle or Rectangle to instantiate
objects. Anonymous and parent classes can have instances, but abstract classes are designed to provide a base structure
for inheritance.

32. Answer: B) <<

Explanation:
The << operator is widely overloaded in C++ for polymorphic behavior, especially in input/output operations. For
example, std::cout << "Hello"; uses the overloaded << operator. Logical operators like || and && cannot be overloaded
in C++. Overloading << allows developers to define custom behaviors for their classes when interacting with streams,
making it a key example of polymorphism in operator overloading.

33. Answer: A) Ad-hoc polymorphism

Explanation: Function overloading is a form of ad-hoc polymorphism where multiple functions with the same name exist
in a class but differ in their parameter lists. This is resolved at compile time. For example, in C++, you can define void
display(int) and void display(double) in the same class. While runtime polymorphism involves virtual functions, ad-hoc
polymorphism specifically refers to overloading.

34. Answer: A) Friend function

Explanation: A friend function is not a member of the class but has access to its private and protected members. Static
and virtual functions, on the other hand, are members of the class. A friend function is declared using the friend
keyword and can operate on the class's internal data without being a member. It is often used to provide external
functions special access to a class's data.

35. Answer: C) Polymorphism

Explanation: Function overriding is an example of runtime polymorphism. It allows a derived class to provide a specific
implementation of a function that is already defined in its base class. The base class function must be marked as virtual
to enable overriding. This mechanism enables dynamic method dispatch, where the function that gets called is
determined at runtime based on the object's type.

36. Answer: B) delete

Explanation: In C++, the delete operator is used to free memory allocated for objects created with the new keyword. For
example, if int* ptr = new int;, then delete ptr; releases the memory. The free() function is used in C for memory
allocated with malloc() or calloc() but is not used for objects in C++. There is no function named unallocate() in C++.
37. Answer: C) Virtual function
Explanation: Late binding refers to the process where the function to be called is determined at runtime. Virtual
functions in C++ enable late binding. When a base class declares a function as virtual, derived classes can override it. The
function call is resolved based on the type of object being pointed to, not the type of pointer, enabling polymorphism.

38. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: Operators like +, *, and = can be overloaded using friend functions. A friend function has special privileges
to access private and protected members of a class, which is useful when overloading operators. For example,
overloading the + operator for a Complex class allows adding two complex numbers using Complex c3 = c1 + c2;.

39. Answer: A) No
Explanation: Objects can be passed as arguments to functions in C++ but not as a function. you can pass an object of the
class to a function. Objects can be passed by value, by reference, or by pointer.

40. Answer: A) Ad-hoc polymorphism

Explanation: Function overloading is also known as ad-hoc polymorphism because it allows multiple functions with the
same name to coexist, differentiated by their parameter types or number of parameters. This is resolved during compile
time, making it a form of compile-time polymorphism.
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41. Answer: A) True

Explanation: In C++, the default access specifier for data members and member functions of a class is private. This means
they are not accessible directly from outside the class. For example:
class Example {
int x; // x is private by default
};
To make members public or protected, the corresponding access specifiers must be explicitly declared.

42. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: In C, dynamic memory allocation is done using malloc() and calloc(). While malloc() allocates memory
without initializing it, calloc() allocates memory and initializes it to zero. Both functions are available in C++ as well,
though new and delete are preferred for object-oriented programming.

43. Answer: B) Binding and Hiding

Explanation: Encapsulation focuses on binding data and functions together into a single unit (class), while abstraction is
about hiding the implementation details and exposing only the essential features. For instance, a car's steering wheel
provides abstraction, while encapsulation is the mechanism that binds the steering wheel and the car's internal
mechanics.

44. Answer: C) class

Explanation: A class is considered an abstract data type (ADT) because it provides a way to define and manipulate data
in a user-defined manner. Primitive types like int and double are not ADTs as they are predefined and lack user-defined
operations or encapsulation.

45. Answer: A) Message passing

Explanation: Message passing enables objects to communicate with each other by invoking methods. For example, in
object-oriented programming, calling object1.method(object2) is a form of message passing where object1 interacts
with object2. This interaction forms the basis of object-oriented design.

46. Answer: A) Abstraction

Explanation: Encapsulation is the mechanism of bundling data and methods together. It provides the foundation for
abstraction by hiding implementation details and exposing only the necessary functionality to the user. For example,
getters and setters in a class encapsulate data while providing an abstract interface.

47. Answer: B) Inheritance

Explanation: Inheritance allows a class to reuse properties and methods of another class, reducing the need for complex
nested class structures. For example, instead of nesting a class Engine inside a class Car, you can create an Engine class
and have Car inherit its properties.

48. Answer: A) Friend constructor

Explanation: There is no such thing as a "friend constructor" in C++. Constructors cannot be declared as friend because
they are specific to the class they belong to. Valid constructor types include default, parameterized, and copy
constructors.

49. Answer: D) More than one of the above

Explanation: Operators like ?: (ternary operator) and . (dot operator) cannot be overloaded in C++. These operators are
fundamental to the language and are handled directly by the compiler. Other operators like >> can be overloaded, for
example, for input/output operations.

50. Answer: A) Constructor

Explanation: Constructors cannot be declared as virtual because they are called only once when an object is created.
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However, destructors, member functions, and even classes can be declared as virtual to enable polymorphism and
dynamic behavior in inheritance hierarchies.

51. Answer: A) Name

Explanation: An object has properties such as attributes (data members), identity (unique instance in memory), and
behavior (methods). However, the name of an object is not its property but rather a reference or identifier used in the
code. The properties are intrinsic to the object itself.

52. Answer: D. Encapsulation and Abstraction

Explanation: Encapsulation and abstraction are closely related OOP concepts.
Encapsulation hides the internal details of an object and binds its data and functions together within a class.
Abstraction simplifies complexity by showing only the necessary details and hiding the implementation.
Both aim to simplify program structure and enhance security, making them appear conceptually similar.

53. Answer: E. None of the above

Explanation: There is no specific header file required to implement OOP in C++.
 The headers like <iostream> are used for input/output operations, not OOP concepts.
 OOP features like classes and objects are built into the language itself, so you can use them without any specific
header file.

54. Answer: C. It always increases the overhead of function definition

Explanation: Polymorphism, a core feature of OOP, does not inherently increase function definition overhead.
 Compile-time polymorphism (e.g., function overloading) enhances efficiency by resolving calls at compile time.
 Runtime polymorphism (e.g., virtual functions) can introduce slight overhead due to dynamic binding but offers
flexibility.
Thus, saying it "always increases overhead" is incorrect.

55. Answer: A. Static member function

Explanation: Static member functions are not bound to object instances; they belong to the class.
 Polymorphism, which relies on dynamic behavior, cannot apply to static member functions since they cannot be
overridden or overloaded in the same way.

56. Answer: B. Virtual function

Explanation: Virtual functions in C++ allow achieving runtime polymorphism.
 They enable dynamic dispatch, where the function that gets called is determined by the type of the object at
runtime rather than compile time.
 This behavior contrasts with regular or inline functions, which are resolved statically.

57. Answer: D. Function that best matches the call signature

Explanation: When multiple functions are overloaded or abstract classes are used, the compiler matches the most
specific function call based on arguments.
 This is known as function resolution or function matching during compile time.
 The function that best matches the call signature (highest priority) is invoked first.

58. Answer: B. Object-Based Language

Explanation: Object-based languages, such as JavaScript (in earlier versions), support the use of classes and objects but
lack core OOP features like polymorphism and inheritance.
These languages focus on encapsulation and modular programming without full-fledged OOP support.

59. Answer: D. More than one of the above

Explanation: A class in C++ does not need to have member functions. A C++ program can be written without using

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classes, as procedural programming is also supported. Therefore, both options 1 and 3 are incorrect, making "More than
one of the above" the correct choice.

60. Answer: A. Member functions

Explanation: In C++, structures can have access specifiers and data members, just like classes.
 However, classes provide the additional ability to define member functions, which encapsulate behaviors along
with data.
 This makes classes more versatile than structures.

61. Answer: C. Dynamic binding

Explanation: Dynamic binding refers to the process where a function call is resolved at runtime.
 It allows programs to determine the appropriate method to execute based on the object type.
 This is achieved using virtual functions in C++.

62. Answer: D. Friend function

Explanation: A friend function is not a member of the class, but it has special access to private and protected members of
the class.
 Unlike virtual, const, or static functions, it operates outside the class scope.

63. Answer: A. *
Explanation: Operators like * can be overloaded using friend functions since they do not require an object instance.
Operators like -> and ( ) cannot be overloaded using friend functions because they require access to the class's internal
structure.

64. Answer: B. Encapsulation

Explanation: Encapsulation combines data and functions into a single unit (class).
It restricts direct access to data by using access specifiers like private, protecting the internal state of an object from
external interference.

65. Answer: C. Private member

Explanation: Private members of a class are not accessible directly by derived classes.
 Only public and protected members are inherited.
 Protected members can be accessed within the derived class but are not accessible outside the class hierarchy.
66. Answer: C. Classes in the programming languages do not have any size
Explanation: A class itself does not occupy memory.
 Memory is allocated only when an object of the class is created.
 The size of an object depends on the size of its non-static data members, as static members are shared across all
objects.
67. Answer: E. Abstract class
Explanation: Abstract classes are designed to provide a base for other classes and cannot be instantiated directly.
 They often contain pure virtual functions that must be implemented by derived classes.
 This design enforces a common interface for all derived classes.

68. Answer: C. Global variables

Explanation: Encapsulation requires restricting access to data to ensure control and security.
 Global variables are accessible from anywhere in the program, violating the principle of encapsulation.
 This unrestricted access can lead to unintended modifications and bugs.

69. Answer: C. A mechanism of combining more than one data member and member functions that implement on those
data members into a single unit
Explanation: Encapsulation integrates data and methods into a single unit, typically a class.
 This ensures controlled access and better modularity in the program design.

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70. Answer: D. class teacher { } s[];

Explanation: Arrays must have a defined size at the time of declaration.
 The statement class teacher { } s[]; is invalid as it does not specify the size of the array.

71. Answer: A. student class { };

Explanation: The syntax is incorrect because the class keyword must precede the class name.
 The correct syntax would be class student { };.

72. Answer: B. Passed as function

Explanation: Objects can be passed to functions by value, reference, or copy.
 However, an object itself cannot act as a function, as it represents an instance of a class.
 Functions are defined within a class or as global entities, while objects are specific instances created from a class.

73. Answer: C. Platform independent

Explanation:
 Platform independence is not an inherent feature of OOPS; it depends on the programming language.
 For example, Java is platform-independent due to its JVM, but C++ is not.
 Features like data binding, data hiding, and message passing are fundamental to OOPS.

74. Answer: D. More than one of the above

Explanation: If classes are not used, features like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism cannot be implemented.
 OOPS relies on the concept of classes to organize data and behavior.
 Without classes, the program loses the structure provided by OOPS principles.

75. Answer: B. Message passing

Explanation: Message passing is the process by which objects communicate with each other in OOPS.
 It allows objects to send and receive information, facilitating interaction.
 This concept supports modularity and reusability in object-oriented design.

76. Answer: D. More than one of the above

Explanation: Abstraction in OOPS focuses on hiding the complex implementation details while exposing only the
essential features or functionalities to the user. This helps reduce complexity and enhances code usability. For example,
a car's dashboard provides an interface for the driver, hiding the underlying engine mechanism. This concept allows
developers to design clean interfaces and modular systems, improving maintainability and reducing dependencies.
Abstraction is achieved using abstract classes and interfaces in programming.

77. Answer: B. Object

Explanation: An object in OOPS is a combination of data and methods (code) that operate on the data. It is an
abstraction that represents real-world entities in programming. Objects encapsulate data members (attributes) and
member functions (methods) into a single unit, ensuring data security and efficient management. This concept allows
programmers to create reusable and modular components, making the software more robust. Objects are instances of
classes, and their behavior is defined by the class they belong to.

78. Answer: B. Is used to avoid duplication

Explanation: Abstraction helps avoid code duplication by creating a clear separation between what a system does and
how it does it. By defining abstract interfaces, developers can reuse functionality without rewriting code. For instance, a
single abstract class can provide a blueprint for multiple implementations, reducing redundancy. This principle improves
code maintainability, scalability, and readability. It also simplifies debugging and testing by focusing on interfaces rather
than internal implementations.

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79. Answer: C. The data type of the data member can be easily modified without modifying any other code
Explanation: Encapsulation ensures that data members of a class are accessed and modified only through member
functions, providing a controlled interface. This allows developers to change the internal data type or structure without
affecting external code. For example, changing an integer to a float in a private data member will not impact the code
that interacts with it via getters and setters. This promotes flexibility, modularity, and security in software design.

80. Answer: A. Ensured to some extent

Explanation: Encapsulation enhances data security by restricting direct access to the internal state of an object. It allows
data to be accessed and modified only through well-defined interfaces, such as getters and setters. However, it does not
provide absolute security, as data may still be exposed or manipulated if the access methods are poorly designed.
Encapsulation works best when combined with other security measures, such as input validation and access control.

81. Answer: A. The above program violates the feature of encapsulation

Explanation: The program violates encapsulation by exposing the internal state (subjectmarks) of the marksofstudent
class through a public method. Encapsulation requires that internal details of a class remain hidden from the outside
world. Allowing direct access to private members, even indirectly, undermines the principle of data security and
controlled access. This can lead to unintended modifications and bugs.

82. Answer: A. Private access specifier

Explanation: In C++, if no access specifier is explicitly mentioned, the default access level for class members is private.
This ensures that data members and member functions are not accessible outside the class unless explicitly allowed. The
private specifier promotes data hiding and enhances security, aligning with the principles of encapsulation. This default
behavior does not apply to structs, where members are public by default.

83. Answer: A. This class can access and manipulate all the private members of the class, of which it is a friend
Explanation: A friend class in C++ has access to all private and protected members of the class that declares it as a friend.
This feature allows specific classes to share implementation details without breaking encapsulation for other classes.
However, it should be used sparingly, as it can increase coupling and reduce modularity. Friend classes are declared
using the friend keyword.

84. Answer: C. It is the ability to process the message or data in more than one form
Explanation: Polymorphism allows objects to take on multiple forms, enabling a single interface to represent different
types of behavior. It is implemented through method overloading (compile-time polymorphism) and method overriding
(runtime polymorphism). For example, a function calculate() may perform differently based on the type of object
invoking it. Polymorphism enhances flexibility and reusability in OOPS.

85. Answer: C. The student_details, topper, and average classes together can show the concept of polymorphism
Explanation: Polymorphism is demonstrated when a base class (student_details) provides a common interface, and
derived classes (topper and average) implement the interface differently. In this example, the calculate_grade() method
is overridden in each derived class, showing different behaviors for the same method. This is runtime polymorphism,
achieved through method overriding.

86. Answer: C. Function is small and we want to avoid function call overhead.
Explanation: Inline functions are primarily used to reduce function call overhead for small functions. They are
substituted directly into the calling code at compile time. For large functions, inlining increases the code size, leading to
potential cache inefficiency. Similarly, functions with static variables are not ideal for inlining due to their state
retention. Inline functions are a better alternative to macros because they provide type checking and avoid macro
pitfalls like multiple evaluations of expressions.

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87. Answer: A. 1
Explanation: The :: operator is the scope resolution operator, which refers to the global variable x in this case. Even
though there are local variables with the same name (x) inside the function and block, the scope resolution operator
ensures the global x is accessed, which has a value of 1.

88. Answer: D (B and C)

Explanation: To ensure objects can only be created using the new operator, both the constructor and destructor must be
private. This prevents stack allocation and ensures controlled destruction. A friend function can be used to handle the
destruction process. For example:
class Test {
private:
~Test() {}
Test() {}
friend void destructTest(Test*);
};
void destructTest(Test* ptr) { delete ptr; }

89. Answer: E. None of the above.

Explanation: In this program, no destructor is called because v1 and v2 are dynamically allocated (new) and never
explicitly deleted. The destructor of a is not invoked for v1 because it contains pointers, not objects. Similarly, the
destructor of v2 is not called because the program ends without deallocating v2.

90. Answer: C. 0
Explanation: In C++, all uninitialized global variables (including arrays) are automatically initialized to 0. The array x is
global, so all its elements, including x[99], are initialized to 0.

91. Answer: A. The class of which it is a member.

Explanation: A member function can access all data members of its class, regardless of their access specifier (private,
protected, or public). This is because it operates in the context of the class and has full access to its members.

92. Answer: D (A and B)

Explanation: Virtual functions do not need to be in the public section; they can be private or protected. Virtual functions
cannot be static because static functions are resolved at compile time, while virtual functions rely on runtime
polymorphism. Virtual functions are typically accessed using pointers or references to achieve polymorphism.

93. Answer: D (A, B, and C)

Explanation: Polymorphism in C++ requires inheritance (to establish a class hierarchy), virtual functions (to enable
runtime polymorphism), and references or pointers (to achieve dynamic binding). Without any of these components,
polymorphism cannot be implemented effectively.

94. Answer: B. The start of the method declaration.

Explanation: In C++, the final keyword can be used at the start of a method declaration to prevent it from being
overridden in derived classes. For example:
class Base {
virtual void display() final;
};

95. Answer: B. Polymorphism

Explanation: Function overloading and default arguments in C++ allow a single function name to operate differently
based on parameters. This supports compile-time (static) polymorphism, where the function to execute is determined at
compile time.

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Inheritance is not directly supported by these features. Encapsulation deals with hiding internal details, which is
unrelated to function overloading or default arguments.
Polymorphism is about having multiple forms, which is achieved here by allowing functions with the same name but
different parameter lists.
Thus, the correct answer is Polymorphism.

96. Answer: D. All except 2 and 4

Explanation: Overloading based on return type alone is not allowed because the compiler cannot distinguish functions
based solely on return type during a function call.
Overloading functions based on the static keyword in the return type is also not allowed, as static applies to the linkage
and not the signature.
A pointer and an array are treated the same by the compiler, so this does not count as valid overloading.
Functions differing only in default arguments are not allowed because the compiler cannot resolve which version to call.
Hence, the correct answer is D. All except 2 and 4.

97. Answer: B. 5
Explanation: The function fun is declared with default arguments int fun(int = 0, int = 0). This means if no values are
provided for the parameters, they default to 0.
In the main function, fun(5) is called. Here, x is assigned the value 5, while y takes its default value of 0. The function
returns x + y, which is 5 + 0 = 5.

99. Answer: B. fun() fun() const

Explanation: The class Test has two overloaded fun methods. One is marked const, and the other is not. The const
version is called when invoked on a const object, while the non-const version is called for non-const objects. For t1, the
non-const method fun() is called. For t2, the const method fun() const is called.

100. Answer: B. Virtual functions can be static

Explanation: Virtual functions cannot be declared as static. Static functions are not associated with any object, while
virtual functions rely on runtime polymorphism, which requires an object.
Virtual functions can be declared in any section (public, private, or protected) of a class.
Virtual functions should ideally be accessed using pointers to achieve runtime polymorphism.
A virtual function must be defined in the base class, although it can be overridden in derived classes.

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