International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018, pp. 2942~2950

ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2942-2950  2942

Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch

Antenna for Millimeter Wave Applications

A. Zaidi, A. Baghdad, A. Ballouk, A. Badri

Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics and Data Processing (EEA&TI), Hassan II University,
Fst Mohammedia-Casablanca, B.P. 146 Mohammedia 20650, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper presents an enhanced Quadri-band microstrip patch antenna,
using defective slots in the ground plane, designed to operate in the
Received Dec 12, 2017 millimeter wave band, formulated using cavity model and simulated by an
Revised Jan 15, 2018 EM-simulator, based on finite element method: HFSSv15 (High Frequency
Accepted Aug 20, 2018 Structure Simulator). The proposed antenna incorporates two symmetric
patterns of “U” shaped slots with an “I” shaped slot engraved in the middle
of the ground plane. The resulting antenna has four frequency bands; the first
Keyword: resonant frequency is located in the Ka band, at about 27Ghz, the second at
nearly 35Ghz, the third at 41Ghz and the last one at 51GHz. Those resonant
Circular patch antenna frequencies could be shifted by tuning the slots dimensions introduced if the
DGS structure ground plane of the proposed antenna
Millimeter wave
Multiband antenna
Wideband antenna Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Abir Zaidi,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics and Data Processing (EEA&TI), Hassan II University,
Fst Mohammedia-Casablanca (B.P. 146 Mohammedia 20650 Morocco).
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Moving away from encumbered areas of the spectrum to millimeter wave bands is the new approach
used by antenna researchers and designers to manage the congestion of the spectrum in the traditional bands.
For its important features such as large bandwidth availability thus: higher transfer rate, very low profile
antennas for a given gain, or higher gain for fixed dimensions [1]. Patch antennas are increasingly being
employed in the less congested bands, and using optimization techniques, they are capable to stand against
the encountered problems in these areas, such as the high atmospheric attenuation, rain fade and free-space
path loss, which reduces antenna gain [2].
Microstrip patch antennas are used in many applications and fields due to its various advantages
such as low weight and profile [3], mechanical robustness and fluency of manufacture [4]. However, the
radiation characteristics of the antenna degrades when we rise frequency up to the millimeter wave band [5],
commonly called Extremely High Frequency band (EHF). Extensive research has yielded to experience new
techniques to improve patch antennas and make them able to achieve multiple frequency bands. Several
works were carried out into this topic; yet, the large majority of the proposed designs are dedicated for VHF
(Very High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) applications, such as WIFI (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) [6],
GPS (1.575 GHz) [7], WLAN [8], WIMAX [9] etc. Therefore, in order to improve spectrum usage in the
millimeter wave band (from 30 to 300 GHz), EHF multiband patch antennas are a natural requirement.
Among the most common techniques used to improve the intrinsic antenna performance, there is
DGS technique (Defected Ground Structure), widely used nowadays for its propitious advantages of
upgrading gain, widening the bandwidth and improving antenna matching [10] [11]. This technique, as its
name indicates, refers to geometric patterns engraved as a single or multiple defects in the ground plane of

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Int J Elec& Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  2943

the antenna [12]. The insertion of those defects improves antenna performance by suppressing the harmonics
of higher modes and enhancing radiation characteristics by extending antenna gain directivity and bandwidth
[13]. The DGS method is employed as well in designing multiband antennas dedicated for different
applications simultaneously, by subtracting several shapes from antenna ground plane [14] [15].
The present work aims to provide a new quadri band circular microstrip patch antenna dedicated to
operate in the millimeter wave band, based on a conventional patch antenna, presented in a recent paper. The
proposed model is improved using DGS technique in order to reach multiple frequency bands. A parametric
study for the slots dimensions and position are carried out in this paper. Also, a comparison between another
research and our proposed model is presented.

2. ANTENNA DESIGN
Circular microstrip patch antennas are investigated using cavity model: treated as a dielectric cavity,
limited by electric conductors from top and bottom and by magnetic boundaries along the perimeter of the
antenna [16]. Considering fringing fields, the radius of the circular microstrip patch antenna is computed
using the following equation [17]:

2ℎ 𝜋𝑟
𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟�1 + �𝑙𝑛 � � + 1.7726� (1)
𝜋𝑟𝜀𝑟 2ℎ

In order to achieve useful multiband patch antennas, we started from a basic circular microstrip
antenna, enhanced using a single DGS placed in the ground plane center. The related work is dedicated to
operate in the millimeter wave band, more specifically at 30GHz, made with duroid (tm) substrate [18].
Table 1 presents physical dimensions of the conventional circular microstrip patch antenna of reference
work:

Table 1. Physical dimensions of the Regular Patch Antenna

Parameters Value
Frequency of operation 30 GHz
Relative dielectric constant 2.2
Radius of the patch in mm 1.97
Width of the feed line in mm 0.6
Geometry of the notch in mm (𝑑 × 𝑔) 0.6 × 1.2
Substrate dimensions in mm 10 × 10
Substrate thickness 0.31 mil

In the related work, a single DGS defect is engraved in the center of the ground plane as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Geometry of the single unit cell DGS

The related work is extended in the present paper, by adding more slots in the ground plane in order
to achieve more useful multibands, characterized by wide bandwidths, improved return loss and greater gain,
suitable for millimeter wave frequencies. To do so, double “U” shapes are being cut beside the rectangular
slot from antenna ground plane. Figure 2 presents an illustration of the proposed model (a) and the geometry
of the etched out shapes (b).

Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave… (Abir Zaidi)
2944  ISSN: 2088-8708

Figure 2. (a) Schematization of the proposed antenna (b) Geometry of the DGS slots

We will maintain the same size and position of the rectangular slot mentioned in the previous work,
then we will introduce and vary the position and the dimensions of the double “U” shaped slots, the resulting
antenna resonates considerably on different frequencies. A parametric study for the “U” shaped slot
dimensions and position is carried out in the following section. Fractional bandwidth of an antenna is
computed by the following equation [19]:

𝑓2 −𝑓1
𝐹𝐵𝑊 = (2)
𝑓𝑐

Where 𝑓2 is the upper frequency, 𝑓1 is the lower frequency and 𝑓𝑐 is the center frequency. Fractional
bandwidth of wideband antennas is mainly 20% or more.

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

All simulation results are carried out using ANSOFT software, HFSSv15 “High Frequency
Structure Simulator”.

3.1. Related Work

Simulation results of the related work before and after optimization are summarized in Table 2

Table 2. Comparison of Antenna Parameters of the Related Work Before and After Optimization
Parameter before DGS After DGS
Resonating Frequency 30 GHz 29.3Ghz
Return loss -31.24 dB -44.73 dB
Bandwidth 2 GHz 2 Ghz
Gain 7.77 dB 9.57 dB
VSWR 1.08 1.1

3.2. Proposed Work

Distance between the rectangular slot and “U” shapes is investigated firstly (refer to Figure 2 (a)
parameter “m”).
a. Variation of position “m”
Table 3 summarizes the effect of the variation of the “U” slots position, along the x-axis, on the
electromagnetic field.

Table 3. E-Field values for different values of m

Value of “m” E-field value
𝑚 = 0.2mm 1,8034 × 104
𝑚 = 0.3mm 1,6767 × 104
𝑚 = 0.4mm 1,4026 × 104
𝑚 = 0.5mm 1,3375 × 104
𝑚 = 0.6mm 0,574 × 104
𝑚 = 0.7mm 1,04 × 104
𝑚 = 0.8mm 1,42 × 104

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Int J Elec& Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  2945

From the obtained results, “U” slots should be placed in the position where the E-filed is
less intense [20] which means that “m” should be taken equal to 0,6mm. The E-field for the value (𝑚 =
0,6𝑚𝑚) is shown in the Figure 4:

Figure 4. E-field for m=0,6mm

b. Variation of parameter “b”:

We will consider changing the length of the “U” slot as shown Figure 2 (b). The following figure
present the 𝑆11 plot for different values of “b”. Table 4 summarizes simulation results obtained from return
loss plot from 1mm to 1.5mm:

Figure 5. Return loss plot of different values of "b"

Table 4. Simulation Results of Tuning the Parameter “b”

Value of Operation 𝑆11 Value of Operation
Bandwidth 𝑆11 Bandwidth
“b” Frequencies “b” Frequencies
28Ghz -16,5dB 1,63Ghz 32,8Ghz -41,3dB 0,85Ghz
1 mm 37Ghz -21,25dB 0,8Ghz 1.3mm 37,5Ghz -12dB 0,74Ghz
52Ghz -33,4dB 13,11Ghz 53,1Ghz -17dB 10,27Ghz
27,64Ghz -12dB 1,03Ghz
31,9Ghz -22,5dB 0,82Ghz
34,85Ghz -44dB 0,83Ghz
1.1 mm 1.4 mm 35,9Ghz -10,15dB _
41,7Ghz -27,5dB 1.84Ghz
53,1Ghz -25,4dB 9,42Ghz
53,5Ghz -23dB 10,4Ghz
27,4Ghz -12,4dB 1.01Ghz
34,3Ghz -38,4dB 0,78Ghz 31,17Ghz -15,4dB 0,72Ghz
1.2 mm 1.5mm
39Ghz -15dB 0,95Ghz 53Ghz -21dB 10,5Ghz
51,6Ghz -26,3dB 10Ghz

From the classified results, we can deduce that the antenna resonates at multiples frequencies, and
the variation of the length of the “U” slots affects considerably the operation frequency, the return loss and
bandwidth of our proposed antenna. The choice of the value of “b” depends mainly on the frequencies of the
desired applications.

Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave… (Abir Zaidi)
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c. Variation of parameter “a”:

We will consider the value (b=1.1mm) and we will change the value of the parameter “a” (width of
the “U” slot). Figure 6 presents the 𝑆11 plot for different values of “a”. From obtained results presented in
Table 5, we can notice that tuning the width of the “U” slots affects considerably return loss; however, it does
not have much influence on operation frequency of our antenna. We can also observe that in all cases the
antenna presents a high gain in all frequencies especially when we set “a” at 0.14mm. The obtained gain
results for frequencies 27.48 𝐺𝐻𝑧, 34.88 𝐺𝐻𝑧, 41𝐺𝐻𝑧, 51.4𝐺𝐻𝑧 are respectively
10.46 𝑑𝐵, 13, 27 𝑑𝐵, 11,07 𝑑𝐵 and 7.65 𝑑𝐵 as shown in Figure 8. Also, our proposed antenna is
characterized by a large bandwidth located in the V-band (>40 GHz), the calculation of the FBW for different
values of “a” and “b” gives a result greater than 20%, which proves that our proposed antenna is a wideband
antenna as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 6. Return loss plot of different values of "a"

Table 5. Simulation Results of Tuning the Parameter “b”

Value of Operation
𝑆11 BW Gain Value of “a” Operation Fq 𝑆11 BW Gain
“a” Frequencies
in dB in Ghz In dB (b=1.1mm) In GHz in dB in Ghz In dB
(b=1.1mm) In GHz
27,76 -13.27 1.57 10.15 27,44 -11,8 0.97 9.29
35.44 -33.36 0.80 9.7 34,6 -38,4 0,83 9.86
0.09mm 0.13 mm
41.88 -22.75 1.69 10.45 40,9 -46,3 1,72 10.98
52 -19.77 10.92 9.47 52,2 -23 10,33 8.44
27,64 -12 1,03 10.24 27,48 -13,1 1,18 10.46
35 -44 0,83 9.32 34,88 -50,78 0,81 13.27
0.1 mm 0.14 mm
41,7 -27,5 1.84 10.52 41 -28,15 1,75 11.07
53,5 -23 10,4 8.55 51,4 -26,4 10,23 7.65
-
27.6 -11.3 0.83 7.95 27,32 11,20d 0,76 9.65
34.83 -38.3 0.84 9.77 34,3 B 0,83 9.75
0.11mm 0.15 mm
41.2 -29 1.9 11.13 40,24 -39 1,61 10.33
52.28 -18.76 10.89 8.38 53 -29,17 10,81 7.70
-21,8
27,5 -12,3dB 1,06 8.70 27.39 -12.47 1.06 9.33
35 -37,2dB 0,82 9.61 34.42 -27.15 0.92 10.03
0.12 mm 0.16mm
40,7 -50,8dB 1,75 10.85 40.11 -23.24 1.41 10.22
52,4 -24,8dB 10,66 7.72 51.08 -31.6 10.78 8.90

Int J Elec& Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018: 2942-2950

Int J Elec& Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  2947

Figure 7. Return loss plot for a=0.14mm

Figure 8. (a)3D gain polar plot at f=27.48 GHz; (b)3D gain polar plot at f=34.88 GHz;
(c) 3D gain polar plot at f=41GHz; (d) 3D gain plot at 51.4 GHz

Figure 9 presents input impedance plot for obtained frequencies when (b=1.1mm and a=0.14mm)
(a) and VSWR values of proposed antenna when (b=1.1mm and a=0.14mm) (b).

Figure 9. (a) Input impedance of resulting antenna; (b) VSWR plot of resulting antenna

Input impedance and VSWR values of our proposed antenna when we set “b” at 1.1mm end “a” at
0.14mm are listed in Table 6.

Table 6. Input Impedance Results Corresponding to the Dimensions (a=0.11mm and b=1.1mm)
Frequency Input impedance values (re) VSWR
27,48Ghz 75,75 Ω 1.57
34,88Ghz 50,19 Ω 1.006
41 Ghz 51,9 Ω 1.08
51,4Ghz 46,75 Ω 1.101

Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave… (Abir Zaidi)
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From input impedance values, we can observe that the proposed antenna is well matched in three
frequencies in the EHF band, although poorly matched in the frequency around the Ka band. On other hand,
VSWR values proves that antenna is matched to the transmission line and more power is delivered to the
antenna.

3.3. Comparison with Another Work

Table 7 presents a comparison between our proposed model and the antenna presented in another
research [21]:

Table 7. Comparaison between the Proposed Antenna and Another Work

Ref Operating Frequency Return loss Gain VSWR
42 -19 dB 5.79 dB ~2
Other
51.5 -24dB 3.98 dB ~1.1
work [21]
60 -19.5dB 5.29 dB ~1.95
27,48 -13,1 10.46 1.57
Proposed 34,88 -50,78 13.27 1.006
work 41 -28,15 11.07 1.08
51,4 -26,4 7.65 1.101
NB: VSWR values of reference work [21] are estimated from VSWR vs Frequency plot presented

From summarized results listed in Table 7, we can observe that our antenna supports more
frequencies comparing to the other work, including a wideband at 51.4 GHz, also a better return loss and
VSWR values. Furthermore, we reached an important gain in all frequencies especially at 34.88 GHz with a
value of 13.27 dB.

4. CONCLUSION
The presented paper extends an existing work dedicated for applications in the millimeter wave
band. The regular antenna presented in the related work resonates in a single band around 30Ghz. Our paper
based on the same regular shaped antenna elaborates the design of multiband microstrip patch antenna that
operates mainly around the frequencies 27 GHz, 35 GHz, 41 GHz and 51 GHz. The parameters such as gain,
return loss, operation frequency, VSWR, input impedance and bandwidth are tuned by changing the position
and dimensions of the DGS slots incorporated in the ground plane of the antenna.
The proposed model is well matched, characterized by a wide bandwidth (more than 10 GHz), an
enhanced return loss, and a strong gain (more 13dB around 34 GHz). Comparing the presented quadri-band
antenna with another existing research dedicated for millimeter wave frequencies, we observed that our
antenna presents stronger performance in terms of gain, return loss and VSWR, making this proposed
prototype an excellent candidate for future applications in the millimeter wave band.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Abir Zaidi born in Fez, Morocco in July 23, 1991. In 2012 She had got her licence degree in
Electronics, Telecommunications and Computer Systems at Fez University of Sciences and
Technology, then she had got a Master's degree in Microelectronics, Telecommunication and
Industrial Data processing at the same University. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the
Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics and Data Processing (EEA&TI) Hassan II
University, Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco. Her works studies and interests are focused on
the design and the optimization of the performance of single and multiband microstrip patch
antennas to operate in the millimeter wave band, under the supervision of Pr. A. Baghdad,
Professor in Electrical engineering department at the same University

Abdennaceur Baghdad is a holder of a doctorate in Electronics in 1992 at the University of

Lille-France. He is University Professor (PES) at the University Hassan II Mohammedia
Casablanca- Morocco (FSTM) where he teaches the electronics, Hyperfrequencies, antenna and
telecommunication. He is a member of the laboratory EEA&TI (Electonics, Energy, Automatic
and information Processing). The research works of A. Baghdad concerns the communication
and Information Technology (Electronics Systems and Telecommunication). He supervises
doctoral theses and he is a coauthor of several national and international publications. He was a
member of steering committees of three international congresses in the same domain of research.

Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave… (Abir Zaidi)
2950  ISSN: 2088-8708

Abdelhakim Ballouk is a University Professor at the Faculty of Science and Technology

Mohammedia - Hassan II University of Casablanca. Member of the Laboratory of Electronics,
Energy, Automatics & Information Processing. He obtained his Doctorate from the University of
Bordeaux France in 1992, in the field of Automatics. The fields of research are Automatic
notably robust controls, predictive commands etc. He is also specialized in Telecommunications
notably antenna engineering.

Abdelmajid Badri is a holder of a doctoratein Electronics and Image Processing in 1992at the
University of Poitiers - France. In 1996, he obtained the diploma of the authorizationto Manage
Researches (Habilitation à Dirigerdes Recherches: HDR) to the University of Poitiers - France,
on the image processing. He is University Professor (PES-C) at the University Hassan II
Mohammedia-Casablanca Morocco (FSTM) where he teaches the electronics, the signal
processing, image processing and telecommunication. He is a member of the laboratory
EEA&TI (Electonics, Energy, Automatic and information Processing) which he managed since
1996. The research works of A. Badri concerns the communication and Information Technology
(Electronics Systems, Signal/Image Processing and Telecommunication). He is qualified by
CNU-France in 61th section: informatics engineering, automatic and signal processing. He
managed several doctoral theses. He is a co-author of several national and international
publications. He is responsible for several research projects financed by the ministry or by the
industrialists. He was member of several committees of programs of international conferences
and president of three international congresses in the same domain. He is a member and
responsible in several scientific associations in touch with his domain of research.

Int J Elec& Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2018: 2942-2950