Most Important Topics

from each Chapter

On the basis of analysis of last 3 Years' Board Examination Papers, we have identified
ImportantTopics from each chapter.

ChapterName important Topics Weightage in Last 3 Years' Boards

2024 2023 2020

1M,2M,4M(2Q),
Relations and Functions 1M,4M 1M,2M,5M,6M
Relations & Functions 6M(2Q)

Inverse Trigonometric InverseTrigonometric Functions 1M,2M 1M,2M 1M(2Q)2M,4M

Functions
1M(3Q),2M,5M(3Q) 1M(2Q),6M
Matrix and Operations on Matrices 1M(3Q)

Matrices
Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric IM 1M
and Skew Symmetric Matrix
1M,3M 1M{2Q),6M
Expansion of Determinants IM

Determinants
1M,4M,5M -1M(2Q),6M
Adjoint and inverse of a Matrix 5M{2Q)

IM IM
Continuity and Continuity 2M

Differentiability Differentiability 1 M(2Q),2M,3M(3Q) 1 M,2M,3M(3Q),4M 1 M(2Q),2M(2Q),4M

Rate Measure, Increasing/Decreasing 1M,2M 1M,2M,5M 1M(2Q),2M(2Q),6M

Functions
Application of Derivatives
Maxima & Minima Value 1M,4M 1M,4M 1M,6M

1M,3M{2Q) 1M(3Q),2M
Indefinite Integrals 1M,2M(2Q),3M
Integrals 1M{4Q),4M(2Q),6M
Definite Integrals 1M,3M 1M,2M,3M(3Q)

Application of Integrals Application of Integrals 1M,5M 5M 6M

Order & Degree of Differential Equations IM IM IM

Differential Equations Solution of Different Types of 3M(2Q) 1M(2Q),3M 1M,4M(2Q)

DifferentialEquations
1M,2M(2Q) IM
Algebra of Vectors IM

Vector Algebra 1M(2Q),2M,4M,6M

Product of Two Vectors 1M,3M 1M(2Q)

Three Dimensional Three Dimensional 1M(2Q),2M,3M

1M(2Q),2M,5M(2Q) 1M(3Q),2M,6M(2Q)
Geometry (3Q),5M,6M{5Q)
Geometry
1M{2Q),3M 1M,4M
Linear Programing Linear Programing 5M

Conditional Probability and Independent IM 1M,3M 1M(3Q),2M(2Q)

Events
Probability
Baye's Theorem and Probability 3M,4M 3M,4M,6M 4M
Distribution
 ' ● i-'l'iif^iiTr'fi'-TplT' T'lir*' -ifTlr'-l"^|●T^T^ Jri iniir>’i-|i’i1i i nn

Mastering
*:jc^

CBSE Board Exams I.'

RakstiaGopal .1-

Tips and Strategies From Top Scorers!

I
Class 12 Topper

Students put their heart, soul, and sweat into their board exam
preparation. In a bid to score the best they can, aspirants often look to yg Hansika Shukla
K Class 12 Topper
f
r
previous toppers to draw inspiration from them.
Here we have covered some tips & strategies shared by few former ►
toppers - Raksha Gopal, Hansika Shukla, and Karishma Arora. So, what
makes them special? Did they study for 24 hours a day? Did they burn the Karishma Arora
midnight oil days before the exam? Or even lock themselves up inside a Class 12 Topper

room to avoid distractions? No, they did none of these things.

How to handle the exam pressure? Is it true 'Neat and clean answer sheets have more

Raksha: The best way to handle pressure is to not overthink.

chances of getting good marks than untidy ones'.
Treat the board exams as a stepping stone in your life and do not Raksha: Yes, of course! An examiner should be able to read your
let them define your entire life. It is helpful to keep a calm mind answers easily. Good handwriting or not, you should present your
and if you can meditate for some time, nothing like it. answers in a neat manner.

Hansika: One should have a healthy conversation with parents in Hansika: Whether neat and clean papers would get more marks
this situation and reach out for help. Studying excessively won't depends on the examiner. In most cases, having neat and clear
help and it will blur your mind. handwriting does help.
Karishma: It is important to keep aside some time for relaxation. Karishma: When the examiner checks an answer sheet and it has
Pursuing your hobby even while preparing for the exams act as a good handwriting and neat and clean work, he or she will
stress reliever. assume that the student is well-prepared. Often there is a chance
that the examiner might even miss your careless mistakes.
46 Top time management skills while writing the exams
Should student should review the paper again after
Raksha: Try to answer the questions according to the marks
completing it, to check if any mistakes have been
allocated to them. Do not spend too much time on one question committed
neglecting other questions. And always keep some buffer time to
review your answers. Raksha: You should keep the last 5-10 minutes to review your
answers again and check for any mistakes. But once you are out
Hansika: Time management is important, especially for
of the exam hall, no point going through the paper again to
language papers, as one cannot predict how long a paper will be. check for mistakes.
For instance, students can always divide the papers into different
sections such as section A, section B, and so on.They must aim to Hansika: I firmly believe that one should review the paper
finish a section within a certain time limit thoroughly after the exam. This way, any errors committed during
the exam can be rectified.
Karishma: While writing the exam, keep in mind that the length
of your answers should be according to the weightage of marks Karishma: Revising the answers before submitting your sheet is
allotted for it. important to check for any last-minute mistakes.

How to approach the exams - attempt the easy and Some miscellaneous exam writing tips for Students.
known answers first and then try to solve the difficult Raksha: Always underline the important points of your answer. It
ones or take on each question chronologically? helps in scoring. And try to mark your answers neatly.
Raksha: Try to attempt the questions chronologically as it is Hansika: Students should remain calm and tackle one question
easier for the examiner to check.
at a time. In case they come across a question which they find
Hansika: it depends on the student. Solving the questions difficult, they should try to write what would be the most
chronologically may help. However, a preferred method would be relevant and appropriate answer.
tackling the easy answers first before moving to the difficult ones. Karishma: Make sure that you know the distribution of marks for
Karishma: Usually, I try to answer the questions in chronological all the topics in that subject. This way you can plan the length of
order. your answers accordingly.

Please Note that all the information is collected from different websites.
Contents
CBSE Chapterwise Question Bank
2024-2011

1* Relations and Functions 1-18

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 19-27

3. Matrices 28-50

Matrix and Operations on Matrices

Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

4. Determinants 51-87

Expansion of Determinants
Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix

5. Continuity and Differentiability 88-141

Continuity
Differentiability

6. Application of Derivatives 142-188

Rate Measure, Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Maxima and Minima Value

7. Integrals 189-247

Indefinite Integrals
Definite Integrals

8. Application of Integrals 248-256

9. Differential Equations 257-303

Order and Degree of Differential Equations

Solution of Different Types of Differential Equations

10. Vector Algebra 304-340

Algebra of Vectors
Prod uct of Two Vectors

11 ● Three Dimensional Geometry 341-367

12. Linear Programming 368-383

13. Probability 384-412

Conditional Probability and Independent Events

Baye's Theorem and Probability Distribution

* 3 Sample Question Papers 413-424

 Latest Syllabus
ClassXII (2024-25)

Time:3Hrs Max. Marks: 80

Unit No. of Periods Marks

I Relations and Functions 30 08

Algebra 50 10

Calculus 80 35

IV 30 14
Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
V 20 05
Linear Programming
VI Probability 30 08

Total 240 80

Internal Assessment 20

UNIT I Relations and Functions Chapter 4 : Determinants 25 Periods

Determinant of a square matrix (upto 3x3

Chapter 1 Relations and Functions IS Periods
matrices), minors, co-factors and applications
Types of relations—reflexive, symmetric, of determinants in finding the area of a
transitive and equivalence relations. triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a .square
One-one and onto functions.
matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 15 Periods number of solutions of system of linear
equations by examples, solving system of
Definition, range, domain, principal value
linear equations in two or three variables
branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions. (having unique solution) using inverse
of a matrix.

UNIT II Algebra UNIT 111 Calculus

Chapters : Matrices 25 Periods Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability 20 Periods

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of Continuity and differentiability, chain rule,
matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric like sin”V, cos'^x and tan'V, derivative of
matrices.Operationon Matrices:Addition, implicit functions. Concept of exponential
multiplication and multiplication with a and logarithmic functions.
scalar, Simple properties of addition,
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non
functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
commutativity of multiplication of matrices derivative of functions expressed in
and existence of non-zero matrices whose
parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and Chapter 6 Applications of Derivatives 10 Periods

proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; Applications of derivatives: rate of change of

(Here all matrices will have real entries).
 quantities, increasing/decreasing functions, UNIT IV Vectors and Three-Dimensional
maxima and minima (first derivative test
motivated geometrically and second
Geometry
derivative test given as a provable tool). Chapter 10 : Vectors 15 Periods
Simple problems (that illustrate basic Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction
principles and understanding of the subject of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
as well as real life situations).
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit,
zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position
Chapter? : Integrals 20 Periods
vector of a point, negative of a vector,
Integration as inverse process of
components of a vector, addition of vectors,
differentiation. Integration of a variety of
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
functions by substitution, by partial fractions
vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
and by parts, simple integrals of the following
given ratio. Definition, Geometrical,
type to be evaluated.
Interpretation, Properties and application of
dx dx dx
scalar (dot) product of vectors. Vector (cross)
X ±a x^±a ' ax'+bx + c
product of vectors.
dx px*q
dx,j dx,
Chapter 11 : Three-Dimensional Geometry is Periods
'^ax'^ + bx + c ax^+bx + c 'iax^+bx + c
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line
J-^a^tx^dx, S^x^~a^dx, f'iax^+bx + cdx. joining two points. Cartesian and vector
equations of a line, coplanar and skew-lines,
Fundamental theorem of calculus (without
shortest distance between two lines. Angle
proof). Basic properties of definite integrals between (i) two lines.
and evaluation of definite integrals.

Chapters : Applications of Integrals IS Periods

UNITV Linear Programming
Applications in finding the area under simple Chapter 12 : Linear Programming IS Periods
curves, especially lines, circles/parabolas/
Introduction, related terminology such as
ellipses (in standard form only).
constraints, objective function, optimisation,
graphical method of solution for problems in
Chapter 9 : Differential Equations 15 Periods
two variables, feasible and infeasible regions
Definition, order and degree, general and (bounded and unbounded), feasible and
particular solutions of a differential equation. infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions
Solution of differential equations by method
(upto three non-trivial constraints).
of separation of variables, homogeneous
differential equations of first order and first
degree. Solutions of linear differential UNIT VI Probability
equation of the type
Chapter 13 : Probability 15 Periods
dy
dx
+ py = q, where p and q are functions Conditional probability, multiplication
ofx or constants. theorem on probability, independent events,
total probability, Baye's theorem. Random
dy
dx
+ px = q, where p and q are functions variable and its probability distribution, mean
of random variable.
ofy or constants.
 Relations and Functions
TREND ^ YEARS Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS
Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

1 Mark 1 1 1

TOPIC 01 Relations and Functions 2 Marks 1 1

3 Marks

4 Marks 1 2

5 Marks 1

6 Marks 1 2

Relation 3. Reflexive Relation A relation R defined on a set A is

said to be reflexive, if
A relation R from a set A to a set Y is defined as a subset of
the cartesian product X xY i.e. R qX xY. (x, ;r) G VX G ^ or xRx, Vxg ^
4. Symmetric Relation A relation R defined on a set A
Domain and Range of a Relation is said to be symmetric, if
The set of first elements of all ordered pairs in R {x,y)eR => (j;,x)g^, Vx, yG.4
i.e. {x : (x, y) g i?} is called the domain of relation R and the or xRy => yRx, x,ye A
set of second elements of all ordered pairs in R. 5. Transitive Relation A relation R defined on a set A is
i.e. {y:(x, y)eR} is called the range of relation R. said to be transitive, if (x, y)eR and (y, z)eR
NOTE If n(4) =p and n(8) =q. then n(Ax B) =pq and number of relations =j> (x, z)ER,y X, y, ze A
from set 4 to set 8=2^. or xRy and yRz => xRz x, y, ze A
6. Equivalence Relation A relation R defined on a set A
Types of Relation is said to be an equivalence relation, ifi? is reflexive,
1. Empty (or Void) Relation A relation 7? in a set X is symmetric and transitive.
called an empty relation, if no element of X is related 7. Equivalence Classes Let R be an equivalence relation
to any element of X in a set A and let aE A. Then, the set of all those
I.e. R =(j)cA X A elements of A which are related to a under the relation
2. Universal Relation A relation/? in a set Ais called R, is called the equivalence class determined by a
universal relation, if each element ofX is related to and it is denoted by [a].
every element of X So,[a] = {;7G^: aRb}
I.e. R=XxX NOTE (i) Two equivalence classes are either disjoint or identical,
(ii) The union of all equivalence classes gives the whole set.
Both the empty relation and the universal relation are
some times called trivial relations.
(iii) Identity relation is always reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
 2 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Function Thus, / is one-one iff /(j^j) = /(^2 )

X, = X2 for all X,, X2 e X
Let X and Y be two non-empty sets. A function or or / is one-one iffxj 9^X2
mapping f from X into Y written as / : A" ^ T is a rule by
which each element x g X is associated to a unique element for all X|,X2 € X.
y^Y. A function which is not one-one, is known as
Domain, Codomain and Range of Function many-one function.
The elements of X are called the domain of / and the 2. Onto (or Surjective) and Into Function A function
elements of Y are called the codomain of /. The images of / : ^ T is said to be an onto function, if every
the elements of X is called the range off which is a subset element of Y is image of some element of set X under
ofT. / i.e. for every ye T, there exists an elementx in X
such that / (x) = y.
NOTE Every function is a relation but avery relation is not a function.
In other words, a function is called an onto function, if
Types of Function its range is equal to codomain. A function / : ^ > 7 is
said to be into function, if there exists atleast one
1. One-One (or Injective) and Many-One Function
element in 7, which do not have any pre-image in X.
A function / T is said to be a one-one function,
if the images of distinct elements of X under / are 3. Bijective Function A function /: X —> 7 is said to be
distinct. a bijective function, if it is both one-one and onto.

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 4. A relation R in set A = (1,2,3} is defined as

Multiple Choice Questions R = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,3)}. Which of the following
ordered pair in R shall be removed to make it an
1. A function f :R^ R defined as/(x)=x^ - 4x + 5 is equivalence relation in A7 CBSE 2022 (Term \)
CBSE 2024
(a)(l,l) (b)(l,2) (c) (2, 2) (d) (3,3)
(a) injective but not surjective,
5. Let the relation in the set ^ = {x g Z: 0 < x < 12},
(b) surjective but not injective,
(c) both injective and surjective, given hy R = {{a, b):\a - b\is a multiple of 4}. Then
(d) neither injective nor surjective. [1], the equivalence class contaiiling 1, is
CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
2. Select the correct option out of the four given options (a) {1,5, 9} (b) {0,1,2,5}
Let be a relation in the set N given by (C)(1) (d)^
R = {{a, b)\a = b-2,b>6) CBSE 2023
6. The function f:R —> R defined as /(x) = x^ is
Then, CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
(a) (8, 1)^R (b) (6,8)eR (a) one-one but not onto
(c) (3,8)€/? (d) (2,4)g.I? (b) not one-one but onto
3. Let A = {3,5}. Then, number of reflexive relations on A (c) neither one-one nor onto
IS CBSE 2023
(d) both one-one and onto

(a) 2 (b)4 7. Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {4,5,6,7} and let

(c)0 (d)8 / = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6)} be a function from A to B.
Based on the given information / is best defined as
gg Q3JC0NCEPT CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
If in a set A -x, then the number of reflexive (a) surjective function (b) injective function
relations on 4 is 2' (c) bijective function (d) None of the above
Relations and Functions 3

Assertion-Reason 19. If^ = {l,2,3},5 = {4,5,6,7}and

8. Assertion (A) The relation f = {(1, 4), (2,5), (3,6)} is a function from A to B. State
/ : {1, 2, 3, 4} —> {x, y, z, p} defined by whether/is one-one or not. All India 2011

/ = {(1, A'), (2, _v), (3, 2)} is a bijective Ainction.

Reason (R) The function / : (1,2,3} —> {x, y, z, p) such 2 Marks Questions
that / = {(1, x), (2, y), (3, z)} is one-one. 20. A function f:A^B defined as / (x) = 2x is both
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct one-one and onto. If A = {1,2,3,4), then find the set 5.
explanationof A. CBSB 2023

(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct

QUCONCEPT
explanation of A.
(c) A is true and R is false, Find the range of the given function, by using the role
f(x) = 2x.
(d) A is false, but R is true. C6SE Sample Paper 2023

Very Short Answer Questions 21. Prove that the function / is surjective, where
9. How many reflexive relations are possible in a set A /://—> Af such that
whose n(A) = 3? CBSE Sample Paper 2021 » + l
if « is odd
2 ’
10. Check whether the function f:R^R defined as /{«) = ● n
if «is even
/(x) = x^ is one-one or not. CBSE Sample Paper 2021 2’

11. A relation ^ is 5 = {1,2,3} is defined as Is the function injective? Justify your answer.
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
R = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,3)}. Which element(s) of
relation R be removed to make R an equivalence 22. How many equivalence relations on the set {1,2,3}
relation? CBSE Sample Poper 2021
containing (1,2) and (2,1) arc there in all? Justify your
12. An equivalence relation in 4 divides it into answer. CBSE Sample Paper 2017
equivalence classes Aj,A2, A^. What is the value of
Ai UA2 u Aj and Ai n ^^2 A^? 3 Marks Question
CBSE Sample Paper 2021
23. Check whether the relation R in the set Z of integers
13. A relation R in the set of real numbers R defined as
defined as /? = {(a, b)\a + his “divisible by 2’’} is
R = {{a, b):-Ja = 6} is a function or not. Justify. reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Write the
CBSE Sample Paper 2021 equivalence class containing 0 i.e. [0].
CBSE Sample Paper 2021
14. A relation in a set A is called .. relation, if each
element of A is related to itself All India 2020
I3§aCONCEPT
15. Let A = {1,2,3,4} and R be the equivalence relation on Find the set of all those elements of z which are related to
0 i.e.[0] = {b 6Z = (0,b) € R]
Ax A defined by (a, b) R (c, d)'\ffa+d = b + c. Find
the equivalence class [(1, 3)]. CBSE Sample Paper 2018

16. If = {(a, a ^): a is a prime number less than 5} be a 4 Marks Questions

relation, then find the range of R. Foreign 2014 24. Check if the relation R in the set R of real numbers
defined as /? = {{a,b):a <b} is
17. Let R is the equivalence relation in the set (i) symmetric, (ii) transitive All India 2020
A = {0,1,2,3, 4,5} given hy R = {(a, b) : 2 divides
(a - b)}. Write the equivalence class [0]. Delhi 2014C 25. Check if the relation R on the set ^ = (1,2,3, 4,5,6}
defined as R = {(x, y): y is divisible by x} is
18. If /? = {(x, y): X + 2y = 8} is a relation on N, then write
(i) symmetric (ii) transitive Delhi 2020
the range of R. All India 2014
 4 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

26. Check whether the relation R defined on the set 5 Marks Questions
.4 = {1,2,3, 4,5,6} as ^ = {{a, ^): Zj = a +1} is reflexive,
37. A relation R is defined on a set of real numbers R as
symmetric or transitive. AW India 2019

R = {(x, y):x ● is an irrational number}.

27. Show that the relation R on IR defined as
Check whether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
R ~ {(a, b) : (a < b)}, is reflexive and transitive but or not. CBSE 2023
not symmetric. Delhi 2019
38. Show that a function f :R^ R defined as
28. If 7? is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers
... 5^-3
A as follows: /w=— is both one-one and onto.
CBSE 2023

R = {(x, y) N, ye N and 2;c + = 24}, then find 4

the domain and range of the relation R . Also, find -^—^R be a function defined as
whether R is an equivalence relation or not. Delhi 2014C 39. Let/:i?-j--
4x
29. If .4 = - {3} and 5 = i? - {1}. Consider the function f(x) = . Show that / is a one-one function.
3x + 4
X -2
/ :A^B defined by/(x) = , for all X e y4. Then, Also, check whether / is an onto funciton or not.
x-3 CBSE 2023

show that / is bijective. Delhi 2014C; Delhi 2012

40. A function /:[-4,4]-» [0,4] is given by
30. If .4 = {1,2,3,..., 9} and R is the relation in .4 x .4 /(x) = Vlb-x^. Show that / is an onto function but
defined by {a , b) R (Cyd), if a + d = b +c for (a, b), not a one-one function. Further, find all possible
{c, d)m A.y A . Prove that R is an equivalence values of a for which /(a) = 4l. CBSE 2023
relation. Also, obtain the equivalence class [(2, 5)].
Delhi 2014 41. If A denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be
the relation on A x A defined by (a, b) R (c, d), if
31. If /4 = i? - {2}, 5 = ^ - {1} and / : .4 5 is a function ad{b -H c) = bc{a -I- d). Show that R is an equivalence
x-1
relation. CBSE 2023; Delhi 2015
defined by /(x) = then show that / is one-one
x-2’
and onto. Delhi 2013C 42. Given, a non-empty set X, define the relation R in
P(X) as follows
32. Show that the function / in For A,B€P{X), {A,B)eR iffA (zB. Prove thati? is
f2l 4x-h3 reflexive, transitive and not symmetric.
.4 = i? - ■ - ■ defined as / (x) - is one-one and
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
6x-4
onto. Delhi 2013 43. Let A be the set of all natural numbers andbe a
relation on A x A defined by {a, b)R{c, d)<e^ad- be
33. Show that / : A —> A, given by for all (a, b), (c, d)eN xN. Show that R is an
X -I-1, if X is odd
f(x) = equivalence relation on A x A. Also, find the
X - 1, if X is even
equivalence class of (2, 6) i.e. [(2, 6)].
is bijective (both one-one and onto). All India 2012
Or

34. Iff :R^ R isthe function defined by /(x) = 4x^ -i- 7, Show that the function / :7?—>{xg7?:-1<x<1}
then show that / is a bijection. X
Delhi 2011C defined by / (x) = , X G i? is one-one and onto
l+|x
35. Show that the relation S defined on set A x A by function. CBSE Sample Paper 2023
(a,b)S (c,d)^a + d = b + c\s an equivalence
relation. All India 2010
6 Marks Questions
44. Show that the function / : R —> R defined by
36. Iff :X —> y is a function. Define a relation 7? on X
given by - {(a, b): f (a) = f (6)}. Show that 72 is an f(x) = -^
x^ -1-1
, is neither one-one nor onto.
equivalence relation on X. All India 201OC CBSE 2023; Delhi 2020, 18
Relations and Functions 5

45. Prove that the relation R on Z, defined by 47. Show that the relation R on the set Z of all integers
y? = y): (x - y) is divisible by 5} is an equivalence defined by (x, y)€R (x - y) is divisible by 3 is an
relation. Delhi 2020, 2010
equivalence relation. CBSE 2018C

46. Let ^ = {xeZ:0<x< 12}. Show that

48. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1,2,3,4,5}
S = {(a, b):a,beA,\a-b\ is divisible by 4} is an
equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements given byR = {(a, b):\a-b is divisible by 2}, is an
related to 1. Also, write the equivalence class [2]. eq,uivalence relation. Write all the equivalence classes
ofR. All India 2015C
CBSf 2078; All India 2010

[Explanations]
1. (i;0 Given function, / : 7? ^ 7? defined as When 6 = 8, then a = 8 - 2 = 6
So, (5,7)efiand (6,8)gR
/(x)=x" -4x + 5
3. (6) Here, rt(^) =2
Let us consider two points x, and X2 on 7?, such that
The number of reflexive relations
/(^l)=/(^2>
= 2 , where n is the number of elements in the set.
xf - 4xj + 5 = Xj - 4X2 + 5 22-2 4-2
= 2 =2 = 2^ =4
Xj “ 4xj —X‘2 4x2
4. (6) We have, ^ = {1,2,3}
X] —X2 = 4X] -“4x2
7? = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,3)}
(x, -X2)(Xi +X2) = 4(X| -X2) R is an equivalence relation in A, if (1,2) is removed
(Xi -JT2)[^1 +^2 “4] = 0 from R.

X, +X2 -4 = 0 5. (a) ^ = {0,1,2,3,....12}

So, Xi 5^X2 R = ((a, 6): 1 cf - 6 [ is multiple of 4}
The given function is not one-one. The equivalence class containing 1 is {1, 5, 9}.
Now, Let y = x^ -4x + 5
( ^^Concept The equivalence class containing \
x^-4x + 5-y = 0 / 1 Enhancer 1 is given by[1] = {b e A: (X b) e R} /
Now, discriminant D = 4^ - 4(5 - y) > 0 for all real 6. ((7) We have,/(x) = x^
value ofx. [vD = b^ -4^2c] For one-one, /(x,) = /(x2)
16-20 + 4y>0 Xj =X2

4y-4>0 Let X] ,X2 € R

=> y-l>0
Ai — ^2
3
Hence, the range £ [1, o®) Xj’ -X2 =0
Since, Co-domain Range => (x, -X2>(x? +X1X2 +X2)=0
So, function is not onto. 2
=> X[ =X2 andX| +X]X2 +X2
.-. /(x) is neither injective (one-one) nor surjective
(onto).
/(x) is one-one function.
Range of /(x) = (-««, 00)
2. (6) Given, 7? = {(a,6);a = 6-2,6>6}
Range = Codomain
Since, 6>6
.'. / (x) is also onto function.
When 6 = 7, then a = 7 - 2 = 5
Hence, /(x) is both one-one and onto.
 6 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

7. {b) We have, A = {1,2,3}, B = {4,5,6,7} 13. Since, ^^a is not defined for a e ( ,0). —oo

Function/-{(1,4),(2,5),(3,6)} R - {{a, b):4a =b}\s not a function. (i)

Clearly, / is injective function. 14. If R be any relation on set A and for all aeA,
Now, range of / = {4,5,6} {a, a) e R, then R is known as reflexive relation. (1)

Codomain = {4,5,6,7} 15. Here, A = {1,2,3,4}, then

Here, Range ^ Codomain [(\,3)] = {{x,y)€AxA-.(x,y)Ri\,3)]
/ is not surjective function. = {(x,y)e /I X ^ :x+3 = y + l}

8. {d) Given relation, / : {1,2,3, 4} ^ {x, y, z, p] -{(x,y)e^ x^ :y-x-l-2}

= {(●^» y)sAx A: y-x=2}
and /-{(U),(2,y),(3,z)} ■
-{(1,3), (2,4)}
Since, 4 has no image under f, so relation / is not a
function. 16. Given, R = {(a,a^):a. is a prime number less than 5}
Assertion is false. We know that 2 and 3 are the prime numbers less than
5. So, a can take values 2 and 3.
Now, / : {1,2,3} {x, y, z, p]
Thus, S = {(2,2^), (3,3^)}= {(2,8), (3,27)}
and / - {(1, x), (2, y), (3, z)}
Hence, the range of R is {8,27}. (I)
Since, every element {1, 2, 3} has different image in
[x, y, z, p} under /, so the given relation / is one-one. Concept The set of all second elements of ^
Reason is true.
IEnhancer the ordered pairs in R is called }
( Range of the relation. (
9.11*
. 1. ^1
a '^nts. then number of reflexive
relation in the set is 2”^” 17. Given, R = {(a,b):2 divides(u-6)}
Required number of reflexive relations that are ^-{0,1,2,3, 4,5}
possible in the set A [V n{A) = 3] Cicurly, [0] = {6 e /I: (0, b) e R}
3x2 = {b&A:2 divides (0 - Z))}
= 2 =2^=64 (1)
= {Z)G ^ :2divides (-^t)} ={0,2,4}
10. We have,/(x)-x^
Hence, the equivalence class of [0] = {0,2,4}. (1)
Let Xj, ^2 eR such that 18. Given, the relation R is defined on the set of natural
numbers i.e. N as

y3
●^1 _ 3 7? = {(x,y):x+2y = 8}

=> X| = X2
To find the range of R, x + 2y = 8 can be rewritten as
8 -X
.'. /(x) is one-one function. (1) y =
2
11. We have, S - {1,2,3} 8-2
On putting x = 2, we get y = —- = 3
and y?-{(1,1), (1,2),(2,2), (3,3)}
Since, (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) gR, so it is reflexive. 8-4
Now, (l,2)G/?but (2, l)iR. (1/2)
On putting x = 4, we get y = = 2
.2
So, if we remove (1,2), then R become symmetric. 8-6
On putting x -6, we get y— — = 1
R is already transitive.
So, if we remove (1,2) then R becomes equivalence As, x, yeN, therefore R = {(2,3), (4,2), (6,1)}.
relation. (1/2)
Hence, the range of relation R is {3,2,1}. (1)
12. As we know that an equivalence relation R defined on a
NOTE For x = 1,3,5,7,8, 9,we do not get y as natural number.
set A partitions the set A into pairwise disjoint subsets
and collection of all equivalence classes form set A.
yfj u ^^2 -^3 = ^ 3i^d A^ r\ A2 r\ A'^ (1) a Common
Mistake Do notbecause0
(8,0), consider theeN ordered pair
Relations and Functions 7

19. Given, Z = {1,2,3}, 5 = {4,5,6, 7} {a,a)sR

and / : ^ S is defined as / = {(I, 4), (2,5), (3,6)} Thus, (a, a)eR for all a 6 Z
i.e./(l) = 4,/(2 ) = 5and/(3) = 6. So, R is reflexive. (1)

It can be seen that the images of distinct elements of A Symmetry

under/are distinct. So, / is one-one. (1)
Let (a, b) g R. Then, {a, b)^R
20. Given,/:Z-^ 5 ^ {a-\-b) is divisible by 2.
Such that f{x) = 2x is both one-one and onto {b + a) is divisible by 2.
and Z = {1,2,3,4} {b,a)&R
/(l) = 2xl=2 So, R is symmetric. (1)
/{2)=2x2 = 4 Transitivity
/(3) = 2x3=6 Let {a, b).ER and {b,c)&R , Then, {a,b)^R and
and /(4) = 2x4 = 8 {b,c)<aR.
Since, /(a:) is onto. => (a + 6) is divisible by 2 and {b + c) is divisible by 2.
Codomain of / = Range of / a-^b = 2X

S = {2,4,6,8} and b + c = 2\y. ...(ii)

21. Consider a natural number n in codomain N. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Case I When n is odd u +2b + c = 2 (X +|J.)
Therefore, « = 2r-hl for some N. a +c-2(k + ]x- h)
Then, there exists 4/* +16 such that a +c = 2ky
4r +1 +1 where k = X-\-\3i-b
/(4r + l) = = 2r + l
2 a + cis divisible by 2.
Therefore, / is onto. (1) {a,c)&R
Case II When n is even So, R is transitive.
Therefore, n=2r for some r.e N Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so R is
4r equivalence relation.
Then, there exists 4re N such that /(4r) = — =2r
Equivalence class of 0
Hence, / is surjective. Let beZ such that (0, b)eR
Now, it can be observed that =j> 0 + 6 is divisible by 2.
.●.^i = {...-6,-4,-2,0,2,4,6....'}
? = land/(2) = ^ = l
(1)
fQ) = -
24. Given, R = Set of real numbers and R = {(a, b)\a<b)
Here,/(l) = /(2) but 1^2 Symmetric Let {a,b)eR=^a<b, then b<a
Hence, / is not injective. (1) =^{b,a)e R.
22. Equivalence relations on the set {1,2,3} containing (1,2) e.g. 4<5 but5 < 4
and (2,1) could be the following So, R is not symmetric. (2)
{(1, I), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)1 and {(1, 1), (2, 2), Transitive Let {a, b), {b, c) g R, then
(3, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
{a,b)eR ^ a <b ...(i)
So, only two equivalence relations. (2)
{b,c)eR=^b<c ...(ii)
. 23. We have, R - {{a,b)-.a +/iis “divisible by 2”}
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Reflexivity
a <c=> (a,c)ER
For any a g Z, we have
So, R is transitive. (2)
a + a~2a, which is divisible by 2.
 8 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

25. (i) For symmetry We observe that 6 is divisible by and range of 7? = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22}
2 . This means that (2,6) e 7? but (6,2) g R. So, R is
andT? = {(1,22),(2,20),(3,18),(4,16),(5,14),
not symmetric, (2)
(6,12), (7,10), (8,8), (9,6), (10,4), (11,2)} (1)
(ii) For transitivity Let (a:, y) e R and (y, z) e R, then
Reflexive Since, for 1 g domain of R, (1,1) S R.
z is divisible by a: i.e. {x, z)eR
e.g. 2 is divisible by 1,4 is divisible by 2. So, R is not reflexive.
So, 4 is divisible by 1. So, R is transitive. (2) Symmetric We observe that (1, 22) g 7? but
26. The relation R on set A = {1,2,3, 4,5,6} is defined as
(22, 1) g 7?. So, 7? is not symmetric.
(a, 6) G 7? ifffe = +1. Transitive We observe that (7, 10)G7?and
(10, 4) g7? but (7, 4) g R. So, 7? is not transitive. (1)
Therefore, R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3, 4), (4,5), (5,6)} (1)
Thus, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor
Clearly, (a, a)€ R for any aeA. So, R is not reflexive transitive.
on^.

We observe that (1,2 )€R but (2,1)g 7?. So, R is not an equivalence relation. 0)

So, R is not symmetric. iVA) 29. Given, a function / :A-^B, where = 7? - {3} and
X -2
We also observe that {1,2 ) g 7? and (2,3) g 7? but 5 =7? - {1}, defined by /(x) =
x-3
(1,3) g R. So, R is not transitive. (I'/O
One-One function
27. Given, a relation R = {{a, 7»): a < Z?) on IR
(the set of real numbers). Let X], X2 e such that /(xj) = /(x2)
Reflexivity ^1 -2 X.-2
Then,
Since, a < a is true for all value of a g IR X[-3 X2-3
(a,a)G7?VaGlR (X,-2)(x2-3) = (x2-2)(X|-3)
Hence, the given relation is reflexive. (I) X|X2 -3x, -2X2 + 6 = X^X2 -3X2 “2-^1
Transitivity -3x[ -2x2 -“3x2 “3-^1
Let (a, b)eR and (b, c) g 7? be any arbitrary elements. => -3(x, -X2)+2(Xi -X2) = 0
Then, we have a<b and b<c => -(x, -X2)=0
a<b<c^ a<c => (a,c)g7? X] -X2 =0
Hence, the given relation is transitive. (I'/O X| =X2

Symmetricity Thus,/(xi) = /(x2)

Note that (2,3) g 7? as 2 < 3 Xj =X2, VX],X2 g.4
but (3, 2) g 7? as 3 < 2. So, /(x) is a one-one function. (2)

Hence, the given relation is not symmetric. Onto function Let yg 5 =7? - {1} be any arbitrary
Hence proved. (I'/O element.

28. Given, 7? = {(a:, y):A: G yG 77 and2x + y = 24] Then, fi^) = y

x-2
y = 24-2x = V
x-3
Now,a: = I y = 22;
x=2=> y = 20; x-2 = xy-3y
AT = 3=>y = 18;A: = 4=>y = 16; x-xy = 2-3y
A: = 5=^y = 14;A: = 6=>y = 12; x(l-y)=2-3y

;c = 7=>y = 10;x = 8=>y = 8; 2-3y

x =
1-y
;c = 9=^*y = 6;x = 10=>y = 4;
and X = 11 => y = 2 (1) 3y-2
or X = ...(i)
So, domain of 7? = {1,2,3, ...,11} y-1
Relations and Functions 9

3j-2 Clearly, (2,5) (1, 4) as 4-1 =3

Clearly, ;c = is a real number for all y I.
y-1 (2,5)R(Z5) as 5-2 = 3

v^ = 3 (2,5)i?(3,6) as 6-3 = 3
y-1 (2,5);? (4, 7) as 7-4 = 3
3y-2
Also, ;>i3 => 3y-2=3y-3
y-1 (2,5);? (5,8) as 8-5 = 3
=>2=3 which is absurd. and (2,5)7? (6,9) as 9-6 = 3
Hence, equivalence class [(2,5)]
3y-2 = {(1, 4), (2,5 ), (3,6), (4, 7), (5,8), (6,9)}. (1)
Thus, for each yeB, there exists x = e A such
31.
y-1 Do same as Q. No. 29.

3y-2 y-I )
32.
Given, / (x) =
4x + 3
where, xe^=i? — ?- /?!
6x-4 3
that/(x)=/
y-1 2
y-\ One-One function Let x^,X2^A=R- -f such that
l3j
3y-2-2y+2
= y f(xO = /M
3y-2-3y + 3
4xj + 3 4x2 + ^
Then,
Hence, / (x) is an onto function. 6xj - 4 6x2 - 4
Therefore, /(x) is a bijective function. (2)
30.
(4xj + 3 ) (6x2 - 4) = (4x2 + 3) (6-^1 “
Given, a relation R in Ax A, where ^ = {1,2,3,..., 9), => 24xjX2 -16xj +18x2 “12 = 24xiX2 -16x3
defined as (a, b) R (c, d),if a + d = b +a + 18x.1 -12
Reflexive Let (a, b) be any arbitrary element of Ax A. -34x| =-34x2
i.e. {a, b)sAxA, where a, be A.
Xi =X2
Now, as a + b = b + a [v addition is commutative] So, / is one-one function. (I)
(a, b)R {a, b)
Onto function Lety be an arbitrary element of A
So, R is reflexive. (1/2) (codomain).
Symmetric Let (a, b), (c, d)eAxA, such that Then, /W = T
{a, h)R{c, d). Then, a + d-b + c 4x + 3
= T
=> b + c = a +d 6x-4

=> c+ b= d + a => 4x-f-3 = 6.xy-4y

[●.' addition is commutative] 4x - 6^y = —4y — 3
=^ {c,d}R{a,b) => x(4-6y) = -(4y + 3)
So, R is symmetric. -(4y + 3)
(1/2) x =

4 —6y
Transitive Let (a, b), {c,d ),(e,f)eAxA such that
4y + 3
(a, b)R (c, d)ar\d(c,d )R(e,f). X =

Then, a+ d~b + cand c + f = d + e 6y- 4

4y + 3 4 2
On adding the above equations, we get Clearly, x = IS a real number for all —
a+d+c+f=b+c+d+e 6y —4 ■^6 3
(T/0
a+f = b + e=> (a, b)R(e, f)
So, R is transitive. (1/2)
^ 4y + 3 2
■ 6y-4~3
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. 4y + 3 2
Hence, R is an equivalence relation. (1)
Also, =>I2y + 9 = 12y-8
6y —4 3
Now, for [(2, 5)], we will find {c,d)eAxA such that => 9 = -8, which is absurd
2 + d = 5 + cox d - c = 3 (1/2)
10 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Thus, for each ye A (codomain), there exists Hence, from cases I, II, III and IV, we can observe
4y + 3 that /(x) is a one-one function. (2)
X - e A (domain) such that
6y-4 Onto function Let ye N (codomain) be any arbitrary
J^y±l -h3
number.

4y + 3 6y~4 If y is odd, then there exists an even number y + \e N

fix)-/
6y~4
6i-^^]-4 (domain) such that
f{y^\)=iy+^)-^ = y
{6y-4
16y + 12-f-I8j;-12 Ify is even, then there exists an odd number y-\eN
24y + 18-24>’ + 16 (domain) such that

34y
34 Thus, every element in N (codomain) has a pre-image
in N (domain). (1)
Hence, / is onto function. (I'/O
Therefore, /(x) is an onto function.
Given, function is / :N N such that
x-f 1, if X is odd Hence, the function /(x) is bijective. (1)
fix) = X -1, if X is even
Common
Do consider the following cases also
Mistakes
One-One function (i) when x, is odd and Xj is even
(ii) when x, is even and Xj is odd
Case I When Xj and Xj are even, then
fiXl)=f{X2) 34. The given function is / :R-^ R such that
(X,-1) = (X2-1) /(x) = 4x^ +7
=» X] =X2 To show / is bijective, we have to show that / is
Therefore, the function is one-one. one-one and onto.

Case II When Xj and X2 are odd, then One-One function Let Xj, X2 € 7? such that
fix,)=f(X2) fM=fiX2)
=> X| +1=X2 +1 4x^ +1 = 4x1+1
^ Xj =X2 4xi^ = 4x2
Thus, in both the cases.
xf “x| =0 (1/2)
fiXi)=f(X2)
(Xi -X2)(Xi^ +X1X2 +x|)=0
=> Xi =X2

Case III When Xj is odd and X2 is even, then [●.● -b^= (a-b)(a^ +ab + b^)]
\2
Xj ^X2 X2
(X1-X2) ^1+ — = 0
Also, /(xj) is even and /(x2) is odd. \ ^
So, fiXi)^f(X2) => Either xj -X2 =0 ...(i)
\2
Thus, Xj 9^X2 X2
or X.I + — = 0 ...(ii)
fiX\)^f{X2) 2

Case IV When Xj is even and X2 is odd, then But Eq. (ii) gives complex roots as Xj, X2 € .
Xj ?^X2 Xj — X2 =0
Also, /(xj) is odd and /(X2) is even. Xj -X2

So, fiXl)^f{X2) Thus, fM=fiX2)

Thus, , Xj ^X2 Xj =X2, Vxj,X2 ei?
f(X\)^f(X2) Therefore, / (x) is a one-one function. (1)
Relations and Functions 11

Onto function Let yeR (codomain) be any arbitrary Then, f{x) = f(y) -■(i)
number. and -(ii)
Then, f{x) = y From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4x^ +7 = y f(x)=f{z) => {x,z)eR
4x^ =y-7 Thus, (x, y)eR and (y,z)eR
y-7 (x, z)e R,y X, y, ze X
x^ =
4 Therefore, R is transitive. (m

y-7
xl/3
Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is
X =
4
an equivalence relation. (1/2)

37. Given, relation R is defined on a set of real number R.

which is a real number. [vyeR]
(1) such that R = {(jr, y):x ● yis an irrational number}
Thus, for every yeR (codomain), there exists Reflexive >/2 is a real number.
n1/3
y-7 andA^-V2=2 is not an irrational number
X =
€ R (domain) such that
4 ; (^/2,V2)gi^
y-7
n.I/3
xl/3f R is not reflexive. (1*/.)
f(x) = f + 7
4 ) 4 Symmetric consider y/s and yfs are two real numbers
clearly, Vs ● Vs = Vl5 is an irrational number
( y-7\
4 y-^y7=y-7 + 7 = y yf5-yl3=yll5
is an irrational number.
=^/(.v) is an onto function. (1/2)
=> R is symmetric. (1'/*)
Since, /(x) is both one-one and onto, so it is a
bijective. (I)
Transitive Consider three real numbers 2, -Js and 3.

A function / defined from Set A r

Clearly, 2-yfs = 2y[5 is an irrational
\ T Enhancer toSetBwillbeabijectionifall Vs ● 3 = 3V5 is an irrational
J elements of A have distinct images in Set 6 and j But 2-3 = 6 is not an irrational number
every element of B is the image of some elements u
=> y? is not transitive.
\ of A. \ (2)
5x -3
35. Do same as Q. No. 30. 38. Given, f:R^R defined as /(x) = 4
36. The given function is / : > 7 and relation on X is
For one-one Let x^,X2 e
R = {{a, b):f{a) = fib)}
Reflexive Since, for every x € , we have such that /(X|) = /(.V2)
5xi-3 5x2-3
4 4
(x,x)eR,y xgX
5X] -3 =5x2
Therefore,R is reflexive. (I)
5X] =5x2 -^1 =-^2
Symmetric Let (x, y) € /?
So, / is one-one (2)
Then, fix) = f(y) For onto
f{y)=f{x)
Let yeR (codomain) be any arbitrary element.
{y,x)eR
Then, y = /(x)
Thus, (x, y) e i? => (y, x) £ /?, Vx, y 6
7 = => 4y = 5x~3
Therefore, R is symmetric. (1) 4

Transitive Letx, y, ze X such that .. . . 4y,+ 3

5x = 4y + 3 X=
5
(x, y)eR and (y, z)eR
 12 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Thus, for each yeR, there exists => (^1 “^2X^1 +X2)=0 => X, -X2=0
4v + 3 or X] +X2 =0 ^ Xj =X2 orxj =—X2
X = eR
5 => /(x) is not one-one function. (2)

4v + 3 For onto
such that f(x) = f
V 5 Let [0,4] (codomain) be any arbitrary element.
Then, y = f{x)
5 4y+3-3 y= Vl6-x^ y-=16-x^
= y
4 4 X
=> X = ■\jl6-y^
So, / is onto. (3)
Thus, for each y e [0,4], there exists
4x 4
39. Given,/(x) =
3x-^4
and f:R-- >R x =
^16-/e[-4,4]
Such that f{x)~y
For one-one Let /(xj) = /(x2), for some
So, /(x) is onto.
4

x,,X2ey?-j--> Also, given/(a) = Vv Vlb-a^ =4l

4x 1 4X2 16-fl^ =7 =^. =9 => a=±3 (3)
3X| -I- 4 3x2 ^ 41. We have, a relation R on N x N defined by
(xi)(3x2 +4) = (x2)(3X| +4) {a, b)R(c, d), if ad(b + c) = bc(a + d).
3X1X2 +4xi =3xjX2 +4x2 Reflexive Let {a,b)eNxN be any arbitrary element.
4xi - 4x2 -^1 = ^2 We have to show (a, b) R (a, b) i.e. to show
ab{b + a) = ba{a + b) which is trivially true as natural
=> /(x) is one-one function. (2)
numbers are commutative under usual multiplication
4x
and addition.
For onto Let y =
3x + 4
Since, {a,b)^N xN was arbitrary, therefore R is
3xi^ + 4y=4x => Ax-'ixy = Ay reflexive. (!■/*)

x(4-3y) = 4y ^ x = Symmetric Let (a, b), {c,d)^N xN such that

4-3y {a, b) R (c, d\ i.e. ad{b + c) = bc{a + d)
Clearly, x will not define, if 4 - 3y = 0 To show, (c, d) R (a, b)
4 i.e. to show cb{d + a) = da{c + b)
y=T
3 From Eq.(i), we have
4
ad(b +c) = bc(a + d) => da{c +b) = cb(d + a)
.'. Range of f{x)-R~- -■
['.' natural numbers are commutative under usual
Range of /(x) Codomain of /(x) addition and multiplication]
So, /(x) is not an onto function. (3) => cb{d + a) = da(c + b) => (c, d)R (a, b)

40. Given, function /:[-4,4] [0,4] Thus, R is symmetric. (I*/,)

Transitive Let {a, b), (c, d) and {e,f)^NxN

Defined by /(x) = Vl6-x^
such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, /).
For one-one Let X[, X2 e [-4,4]
Now, (a, b) R (c, d) => ad{b + c) = bc{a + d)
Such that /(xi) = /(x2 ) b + c _a + d 1 1 1 1
=> - + - = - + — ...(ii)
Vl6-xi^ =4^e-xl be ad b e a d

and (c, d) R {e, f) =^cf{d + e) = de{c + /)

16-Xi^ =I6-X2^
d+e c+f 1 1 I 1
xf =x| ^ (x,^ -jn:2) = 0 = — =>- + - = - + — ...(iii)
de cf d e c f (1)
Relations and Functions 13

On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get ad = he

~ H—
I'l + — H—
0 1 n fi I bc = ad

\D c) \d e) d \ C f cb = da

[as a, b, c, d G N and multiplication

i + i-1 + 1 e + b _f + a
b e a / be af is commutative on A^]
af{e + b) = be(f + a) {c,d)R{a, b)

af {b + e) = be(a + /) R is symmetric. (1)

For transitive
(a, b)R(e,f)
=> R is transitive. Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, /) be arbitrary elements of N x
such that (a, b) R{c, d) and (c, d) R{e,f),
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence R
is an equivalence relation. (1) Then, ad = be and cf = de
=> {ad) {cf) = {be) {de)
42. Given, a relation R in the set P{X), where A" is a
af = be
non-empty set as (/1,5) g iff A czB.
{a, b)R{e,f)
Let A€P(X)
R is transitive.
Then, AezA
Hence, R is an equivalence relation. (V
{A,A)^R (I)
Now, [(2,6)]= {(;c, y) g x TV ; (;c; y) i?(2,6)}
Hence, R is reflexive.
6x~2y
Now, let(t), ^gP(X)
2>x = y
Such that 4) c A
[(2,6)] = {(;c,y)GATxTV3^ = y}
(<^,A)eR
= {{.v,3a:):;cgTV}
But A <Zd
= {{1,3), (2,6), (3,9)...}
(2) Or

Hence, R is not symmetric. X

x>0
Let AB,C^P{X) 1+x’
We have, /(x) = X
Such that {A, B), {B, C)eR X <0
1-x’ (I)
=> A (zB and B <zC

=> A<zC => {AyC)ER Case I When X > 0, we have

Hence, R is transitive. (2)

1 +x
43. We know that a relation R is an equivalence relation if
it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Checking one-one:
X1
For reflexive
f(xi) = [letX] G T?]
1 + x1
For any (n, A) g A^ x A^
^2
ab = ba fi^l) = [let X2 gT?]
1+ X2
[■.● multiplication is commutative on A^]
On putting/(x,) = /(x2)
(a, b) R{a, b)
X, ^2
[from definition of relation T? on A^ x A^]
1 + X| 1 +. X2
Thus, R is reflexive.
=> Xj +X]X2 =X2 -f*X[X2
For symmetric
Xj =X2
Let {a, b), {c, d) be arbitrary elements of A^ x A^
/(x) is one-one.
(a. b) R{Cy d)
 14: Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

1
Checking onto :
/. / is not one-one, as if we take =3 and X2 =
Let /(x) = y, such that y€ (— 1,1).
then
X

y= 3 ( 1 1
l+.v
/{3) = —= / - , but 3 -
3
(1)
y + xy = x => X -xy= y
y
Now, let A: G be any arbitrary element
x(l - y) = y => X =
]-y and let / (x) = k
X
V X is defined at V ye (-1,1). = k
x“ +1
/(^) is onto. (1)

Case IT When x < 0, we have kx^ + k =x

kx^ -x + k =0
1-X

Checking one-one : X =
l±Vl -4A:^ iR, ifl-4/t^ <0
2k
LetXj,X2
or (l-2k){l+2)t)<0i.e. k>l/2orit<-l/2
So, / is not onto.
x\ xi
Hence, / is neither one-one nor onto. (2)
1-x 1 1 — X2
45. Given, R = {(x, y): (x - y) is divisible by 5}
X] -X2X, =X2 -X2X1
and Z = Set of integers
Xi =X2
Reflexive Let x e Z be any arbitrary element. Now, if
/{●^) is one-one.
(x,x)g7?, then x - x is divisible by 5, which is true.
Checking onto:
So, R is reflexive. (2)
Let y = /(x) such that y g (-1,1)
Symmetric Let x, ye Z, such that
X y
=> y = y-yx = x =❖ x = (x, y) G 5 divides (x - y)
l-x l + T
=> 5 divides [- (x - y)]
.’. V yG (-1,1), X is defined.
=> 5 divides (y-x)
.*. /(x) is onto.
=> {y, x)&R
Hence, /(x) is one-one and onto function. (1)
So, R is symmetric. (2)
44 Given, f :R R, defined by /(x) = — , VxgR
x^+1 Transitive Letx,y, zg Z, such that (x, y)G i? and

LetX[,X2 € R such that /(X]) = /(x2) {y,z)G^

Xl X2 =>x -y and y - zboth are divisible by 5.
x,^ -I-1 X2 +1 =>x-y + y-z is divisible by 5.
2 2 => (x - z) is divisible by 5 (x, z) g /?
XjX2 +X[ =X2X| -I-X2 (1)
So, R is transitive.
X[X2 -X2Xj^ +Xj -X2 =0
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
=> XjX2 (X2 -X])-l (X2 - X])=0 Hence, R is an equivalence relation. (2)
(X2 -Xi)(XiX2 -1)=0 (1)
Concept A relation R on a set A is said to
X2 =Xj or x,X2 =1 Enhancer be equivalence relation on A )
1 [ iff it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. f
=>
X| =X2 or X] = —
X2 (1)
Relations and Functions 15

46. Given, relation isS - {(a, 6): | a - Z)| is divisible by 4 47. The given relation is R = ((x, y):x, ye Z andx - y is
and a, bs A} divisible by 3}.
and A = {x:xeZ andO <x <12} To prove R is an equivalence relation, we have to
Now, A can be written as prove R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. (1)

^ = {0,1,2,3,...,12} (1) Reflexive As, for any xe Z, we havex-x =0, which

Reflexive As, for any x e we get | x - x | = 0, which is divisible bj 3. ’
is divisible by 4. ^ (x -x) is divisible by 3
(x, x) G 5", V X G => {x,x)eR,VxeZ
Therefore, S is reflexive. (1) Therefore, R is reflexive. (!)

Symmetric As, for any (x, y) e S, we get Symmetric Let (x, y)eR, where x, ye Z.

jx - y| is divisible by 4. => (x- y) is divisible by 3. [by definition ofR]

[by using definition of given relation] ^ X - y = 3A for some AeZ.
|x - y| = 4X , for some XeZ => y-x = 3{-.4)
I ^I =z 4X , for some XeZ ^ (;.>-x) is also divisible by 3. {y,x)eR
(y, x)eS Therefore, R is symmetric. 0)

Transitive Let (x, y) g ,where x, ye Z.

Thus, (X, y)^s
=> (x - y) is divisible by 3.
{y,x)eS,'^x,yeA
X - y = 3^ for some AeZ
Therefore, S is symmetric. (1)
Again, let {y,z)eR, where y,zeZ.
Transitive For any (x, y) g 5 and (y, z) e S, we get
|x - y\is divisible by 4 and | y-z\is divisible by 4. => iy-z) is divisible by 3.
y - z = 3B for some B eZ.
[by using definition of given relation]
Now, (x - y) + (_y- z) = 3A +3B
|x - y| = 4X and \y-z\ = 4\i, x- z=3 (A+ B)
for some X,\ieZ. (x - z) is divisible by 3 for some
Now, X- z = {x- y) + {y- z) (^ + 5) G Z => (x, z) G
= ±4X±4|x Therefore, R is transitive. (I'/O

^±4(X+{i) Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence,

=> IX - z| is divisible by 4. it is an equivalence relation. (I'/O

=> (x, z)eS NOTE If atleast one of the conditions i.e. reflexive,
Thus, (x, y) G .S' and (y, z)g5 symmetric and transitive, is not satisfied, then we say
that the given relation is not an equivalence relation.
(x, z)eS,Vx,y,zeA
Therefore,S is transitive. (1) 48. (0 same as Q. No. 45. (3)

Since, S is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is (ii) Clearly, [1]= {1,3,5} [2]={2,4}
an equivalence relation. Now, set of all elements [3] = {1,3,5} [4] = {2,4}
related to 1 is {1,5,9}. and [5] = {1,3,5}
The set of all elements related to [2] Thus, [1] = [3]=[5] = {1,3,5}
= (a € .4 :[2 - a| is divisible by 4} = (2,6,10} (i) and [2] = [4]={2,4} (3)
16 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Case Based Questions

Students of a school are taken to a railway museum to and both use their voting right in general
1.
learn about railways heritage and its history. election-2019}.
(CBSE Question Bank)
Answer the following questions using the above
information. fCBSE Ouest/on Bank}

(i) Two neighbours X and Y el. X exercised his

in voting right while Y did not cast her vote in
n general election-2019. Which of the following is
true?
ia.) {X,Y)eR
(b)(r,2Q€i?
1. ..
(c)(X,X)fR
(d)(X.Y)^R
An exhibit in the museum depicted many rail lines on
the track near the railway station. Let L be the set of (ii) Mr. X and his wife If both exercised their voting
all rail lines on the railway track and R be the relation right in general election 2019. Which of the
on L defined by following is true?
R = {(/[, /2): /i is parallel to I2} (a) both (X, W) and (W,20 6 iS

On the basis of the above information, answer the (b){X,W)^Rhut (W,X)^R

following questions, (c) both (X, W) and (W,X) ? R
(i) Find whether the relation R is symmetric or not. (d)(W,X)eRhxit(X,W)^R
(ii) Find whether the relation R is transitive or not.
(iii) Three friends Fj, F2 and exercised their voting
(iii) If one of the rail lines on the railway track is right in general election-2019, then which of the
represented by the equation y = 3x +2, then find
following is true?
the set of rail lines in R related to it.
(a)(F^,F^sR,(F2,F^)BR
Or
and(Fi, F^)eR
Let S be the relation defined by S = {{l^ ,l2)'-h (b)(Fi, F^sR,(F2, Fs)eR
perpendicular to I2} check whether the relation S and(F|, Fg) e
is symmetric and transitive.
(c)(Fi,F2)ei?;(Fa,
2 A general election of Lok Sabha is a gigantic exercise. but(Fg, Fg)^F
'About 911 million people were eligible to vote and
(d)(Fi,F2)^F;(F2,F3)?F
voter turnout was about 67%, the highest ever.
and(Fi, Fg)^F
ONE - NATION (iv) The above defined relation R is
(a) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive z
ONE-ELECTION
(b) Universal relation
FESTIVAL OF
(c) Equivalence relation
DEMOCRACY
(d) Reflexive but not symmetric and
GENERAL MY VOTE transitive

ELECTION-2019
NY VOICE (v) Mr. Shyam exercised his voting right in General
Election-2019, then Mr. Shyam is related to which
Let / be the set of all citizens of India who were of the following?
eligible to exercise their voting right in general (a) All those eligible voters who cast their votes
election held in 2019. A relation R is defined on O3) Family members of Mr.Shyam
1 as follows (c) All citizens of India

R=^{{y^,V2)■.v,,V2^I} (d) Eligible voters of India

 [ Explanations]
We have, is parallel to I2} So, if (/,, /2) s S, {I2, /a) G S’, then (/,, /3) G S'.
S is not transitive.
(i) If/] is parallel to /j, then I2 is parallel to / 1-
So, then (/2, /i)Gi? 2. (i) {d) Given, R = {(F,, F2): F,, F2 g 7} and
R is symmetric, both use their voting right in general election-2019.
(ii) If/, is parallel to I2 and I2 is parallel to then /, is Since, X,Y X exercised his voting right while
parallel to Y did not cast her vote in general election-2019.
So, if (/,, /2) G i?, (/2, /3) e R, then (/,, /3) g .-. Clearly,
R is transitive, (ii) (a) Relation is symmetric.
(iii) Let equation of line parallel to y = 3a: + 2 be (X,W)eR => (W,X)eR.
y = mx + c, where m is the slope of line. (iii) (a) Since, (7^,F)eR,F e I
Since, y = 3x +2 and y = mx + care parallel. and F use their voting right.
=>/? is reflexive.
Slope of {y = 'ix + 2) = Slope oi{y-mx + c)
=»3 = w i.e. w = 3 {F„F2)€R
(F2,F,)eR
Hence, the required line is
R is symmetric.
y=3jc + (^ where ceR and (F,,F2)€R
Or
and (F2,F2)^R
We have, S = {(/,, /2): /, is perpendicular to I2} (Fi,F3)g/?
For Symmetric If /, is perpendicular to I2, then I2 (By transitive property)
is perpendicular to /,. (iv) (c) Given, relation R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
So, if (/,, /2 ) G S', then (/2, /,) g S'
S is symmetric. .'. R is equivalence relation,
For Transitive If /, is perpendicular to I2 and I2 is (v) (a) Clearly, Mr. Shyam exercised his voting right
in general election-2019, then Mr. Shyam is related
perpendicular to l^, then /, is not perpendicular to to all those eligible voters who cast their votes.
/j, it is parallel to l^.
 [chapter] test)
1 Marks Questions 9. Let a relation R on the Set A. F real numbers be
defined as (a, b).ER^\->rab>Q,^a,be A. Show
1. Let A = {0,1,2,3} and define a relation i? on ^ as
that R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
R = {(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 3), (1,0), (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 0),
(3,3)}. 10. Show that relation R in the set of real numbers,
Is R reflexive, symmetric and transitive? defined as = {(a, b):a <b^}is neither reflexive nor
2. For real numbers x and y, define xRy if and only if symmetric nor transitive.
X - ;; + V2 is an irrational number. Is R transitive? 11. If = {1,2,3, 4} define relations on A which have
Explain your answer. properties of being
3. Let A = {a, b, c} and the relation R be defined on A as (i) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
R = {{a, a), {b, c), (a, b)}. Then, write minimum (ii) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R
reflexive and transitive. 12. If/ is the function, defined by

4. State whether the function / :R-¥R(- defined by

f{x)-4x^ + 7, then show that / is a bijection.
/(x) = 3 - 4x is onto or not.
5. Let / :R—>Rbt defined by f(x) =x^ +1. Find 5 Marks Questions
pre-images of 17 and -3. 13. Show that the relation ‘is similar to’ on the set of all
triangles in a plane is an equivalence Relation.
6. Show that the function / : R ^ R, f (x) = x'* is
many-one and into 14. Show that the function / ^ {xs 7? :-l < <1}
X
7. Check the injectivity of the function f :R R given defined by / (x) = —-, xeRis one-one and onto
l + |xi
hyf{x)=x\ function.

3 Marks Questions 15. Given, a function defined by /(x) = ^j4-x^;

8. Show that the relation R in the Set A of real numbers 0 < X < 2,0 < /(x) < 2. Show that / is bijective
function.
» defined as R = {(a, b):a<b} is reflexive and
transitive but not symmetric.

Answers
1. Reflexive symmetric and not transitive. 5. ±4, Does not exist.
2. No 7. / is injective.
3. {(b,b), (c,c), (a,c)} 11. (i) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
4. / is onto (ii) {(2, 2), (1,2), (2, 1)}
(E9
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
TREND Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS i3 YEARS

Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

1 Mark 1 1 2

TOPIC 01 inverse Trigonometric 2 Marks 1 1 1

Functions
3 Marks

4 Marks 1

5 Marks

6 Marks

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric functions are many-one functions but we know that inverse of a function exists, if function is bijective
(one-one and onto). So, if we restrict the domain and range of trigonometric functions, then these functions become
bijective and inverse of trigonometric functions are defined within the restricted domain and range. Inverse of f is
denoted by ‘/ ' ’●

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The range of trigonometric functions become the domain of inverse trigonometric functions and restricted domain of
trigonometric function becomes range or principal value branch

Function Domain Range

(Principal value branch)

sin ' X _ CT K
. T ' 2.
-I
cos X [-1,1] [0, 7t]
n n
tan * ;c R
{ 2 2
cot ' X R (0, n)

sec ’ X ^-(-1,1)
[0, nl-
{1}
K n
cosec ' .T R - (-1,1) - -{0}
2 2
 20 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

NOTE 1
(i) sin"’ X should not be confused with (sinx)
-1 n n
or -1
s(nx (iii) tan~ (tan9) = 6,0G - —
V 2 ’ 2
-I
sinx = sin Similarly, for other inverse trigonometric functions.
X (iv) cof^ (cot 6) -9,0 6 (0,71)
(ii) When y = /(x) = sinx, then x = sin ’ y
(v) cosec”’(cosec0) = 0,0e
(iii) The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in its

(vi) sec”’ (sec 0) = 0,0 e [0, ju]- |y|

principal value branch is called the Principal Value of that inverse
trigonometric functions,
(iv) Whenever no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is
mentioned, it means we have to consider the principal value branch Property II
of that function.
(i) sin (sin"' j:)=a:,;ce[-l, 1]
Elementary Properties of Inverse (ii) cos (cos”' a:) = j:,xe[-l, 1]
Trigonometric Functions (iii) tan (tan“‘ x) = ;c,A:Gi?
Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions
given are valid within the principal value branches of the (iv) cot (cot “' jc) = X, X G i?
corresponding inverse trigonometric function and wherever (v) cosec (cosec”' ^:) = x:,xe (- ~, -1] u[l, ■»)
they are defined.
(vi) sec (see"' j:) = x, a: g (--1] u[l, ■»)
Property I
Property III
(i) sin”' (sin0) = 0,0G — 1 1 1
(i) sin — =cosec A’, a: > 1 or X < -1
X

(ii) cos ‘ (cos0) = 0, 0g[O, 7i] 1

(ii) cos ' — = sec ' x, x > 1 or x < ~ 1
X

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 4. sin(tan ' x), where |x|< 1 is equal to

Multiple Choice Questions CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 (Term I)
1
7C 1 (b)
1. sin ' — + sm
● -I
is equal to
U CBSE 2023 1
1 1 1 (c)
(a)l (b)- (0- (d)- Vl+x^
5. Simplest form of
2. If tan"' x = y, then CBSE 2022 (Term I)
-I Vl +COSX cosx 3tc .
tan , TC <X < IS
(a) -1< y< 1 (b)-~<y<-
2 2 Vl +COSX cosx 2

, -
(c)
7t
<y<-
7t
(d)yE|-^2’2- n K
, . 7C X
CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term f)

(c)-f (d)7t-^
2 2
(a) (b) —--
4 2 2 2
/
7t ● -I 1
- is equal to
3.sm j
-sm
Asserlion-Reoson
^ )\ CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term 1)
1 1 6. Assertion (A) Domain of y = cos”' (x) is [-1,1].
(a)-
(b>3 Reason (R) The range of the principal value branch of
(c)-l (d)l
_y = cos ' (x) is [0,7i] - ●—
CBSE 2024
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 21

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion, Reason is not the correct explanation of
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Assertion,
Reason is not the correct explanation of (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
Assertion,
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is con oct. 11. Assertion (A) The domain of the function sec"' 2x is
1 1
7. Assertion (A) All trigonometric functions have their —oo — — u oo

inverses over their respective domains. ’ 2 2’

-1
Reason (R) The inverse of tan X exists for some 7C

xgR.
Reason (R) sec ' (-2) = -
C6SE 2023 4 C6SE Sample Paper 2023
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation of Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
Assertion,
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

8. Assertion (A) Maximum value of(cos~* x)^ isjc^ 2 Marks Questions

Reason (R) Range of the principal value branch of -1 -1 7C

-n n
12. Find value of k, if sin k tan 2 cos
-1 2 3
cos X IS
T’2 CB5E 2023 CBSE 2024

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and

1
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion, 13* If a =sin
-1
+ COS
-1
and
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but 2 2)
Reason is not the correct explanation of I
Z> = tan"' (V3)-cot
-1
Assertion, , then find the value of
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect, V3j
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. a + b. CBSE 2024

9. Assertion (A) Range of [sin"' x +2cos"' x]is [0,7t] -1 1 X V3-3x^ 1

14. Simplify cos X +C0S - + :-<x<l
Reason (R) Principal value branch of sin "* x has range L
2 2
J
’2
CBSE 2024
n K

CBSE 2023 15. Write the domain and range (principle value branch)
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and of the following function /(x) = tan"' x CBSE 2023

Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion, f 1

-1 -1 1
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but 16. Find the value of tan 2 cos 2 sin + tan 1.
Reason is not the correct explanation of 2;J CBSE 2023
Assertion,
17. Evaluate
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,

^4)| + tan"'(l)
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. . 3rt I
sin sin + COS cos
4 J CBSE 2023
10. Assertion (A) The range of the function

/(x) = 2sin"' ^ + where xe [-1,1], is

7Z Stt
18. Find the domain ofy = sin"'(x^ -4) CBSE 2023

-1 In
19. Evaluate cos cos
Reason (R) The range of the principal value branch of 3 J CBSE 2023
sin"' (x) is [0,7c] CBSE 2023
1 V3
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and — +C0S '(0)
-1 -1
20. Evaluate 3 sin + 2 cos
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. ■y/2 ^ J CBSE 2023
 22 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1 1 -1 . 13tc
21. Draw the graph of /{x) = sin
-1
.x, x e 23. Find the value of sin sm

^S’V2l 7

CBSE Sample Paper 2023

Also, write range of /(x). CBSE 2023

-1 COSX -3n K
3371
22. Find the value of sin
-1 24. Express tan < X < — in the simplest
cos
5 1 -sinx/ 2 2
form. CBSE Sample Paper 2021
CBSE Sample Paper 2023

[ Expfahations]
■^1 ■
.

1 ● (a) We have, -I X

/ \
0 = sin
sm
7t
—i-sin
1
= sin
7C
— H
7t
^|l+x^
3 u; 3 6
X X

sin(tan *x) = sin sin

-1
.371 . 7t ,
= sm — = sm —
6 2
= 1
Vl+x^ Vl+X^
2. (c) We know that if tan ’ x = a, then the principle 5. (a) We have,
.
range of a is — < a < —.
. 7C 7t
I VTTcOSX +-yjl- cosx
tan
2.: 2
-1
VT+COSX -Vl -COSX
Here, tan x = >;^
«● X rr . X
7C 71 cos- +V2 sin-
So, the range of^j^will be —2 < ^ < ”,
2’
where xeR.
= tan
-1 2 2

X /r . X
71 1 cos- -V2 sm-
3- (d) We have, sin sm 2 2
3 I 2
\ X X
-1 1 1 -cos — +sin
Let sin = 6 => — = sin0 -1 2 2
2 2 - tan
X . X
—cos — sm-
K K
sm = sin0=> 0 = - 2 2J
6) 6
3tc
1
cos -<0 X€ 7t,
7t ● -1 7T 7C 1 . 7t , 2 2;
sm sm = sin — = sm — = 1
3 2) 3 6 Jj 2 X 37t
and sin >0 xs 7C,
4. (if) We have, sin(tan * x), where | x | < 1. 2 2 )
Let tan"' x = 0 X . X
cos — sm —
tan0 =x 1 2 2
= tan
X X
cos - + sin -
2 2J

x
1 - tan
2
= tan
, X
1 + tan -
2)
\~
n x K X
In A/45C, sin0 = = tan
-1
tan
2;J 4 2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 23

-1
5tc
6* (c) Given, f{x) = y = cos X 7C
= —<2sin ‘ x +
-1

2 2 2 1 ^ 2
We know that the domain of /(x) is equivalent to the
range of value of x for which / (x) exist. The range of/(x) is
Let /(x)=e
cos'* X = 9 So, assertion is correct.
K -1 n
X =cos 0 Reason (R) We know that — < sin x<-
2 2
Since, the range of cos 0 is [-1,1].
So, reason is incorrect.
The range of x is [-1,1].
11- (c) Assertion (A) We know that
Hence, the domain of /(x) is [ -1,1]. -1
sec X is defined, ifx <-l orx >1
Thus, Assertion (A) is correct.
-I -1 -1 1
The principal value branch of cos X is [0, TiJ. Hence, sec 2x will be defined, if x < orx>-
2 2
Reason is wrong. So, assertion is correct.
7. (c/) Assertion (A) We know that all trigonometric 7C 2tc -7t
functions have inverse over their restricted domains Now, sec"' (-2) = 71 -sec”’ (2) = it 3 3 4
So, assertion is incorrect.
Hence, reason is incorrect.
-71 7C
Reason (R) tan"*:7? —> 2 ’2
12. We have,
-I V3 Tt
i.e. The inverse of tan x exists for some x £ R. sin /c tan 2 cos
2 3
So, reason is correct.
I
8. (c) Assertion (A) Maximum value of cos X IS 7C,
sin A: tan 2 X
7C 7t
cos
-1 71

which occurs at x = -1 6J 3 2 6

.●. Maximum value of (cos x) is 7t . / _ \

7C 7t
i

sin k tan
So, assertion is correct. 3; 3

Reason (R) The principal value branch of cos ' x is

[0,7T] sm tan — = Vs
3
So, reason is incorrect.
9. {d) Assertion (A) We know that 0 < cos
-1
X <7C A: Vs =sin —
3
-1 7C
= 0h—<(sin x + cos x)+cos X < Tt +
k4l =
2 2
2
7t 3tc 1
= —<sin ’x+2cos ’x< k=~
2 2 2

So, assertion is incorrect. 13. We have.

Reason (R) We know that -1
-i
K n a =sin + cos
Principle value branch of sin”’ x is i’i ■
2 2 )
1 -1 1
So, reason is correct. = sin + 7t - cos
-Tt Tt V5 J \2)
10. (c) Assertion (A) We know that < sin ' X < —
2 2 7C 71 Tt 2tI
= —+ 7C = —+ —
= -7C <2sin ’ x<7t 4 3 4 3

37t 371 3tc 37t+87C llTC

1
= -7l + <2sin ■ X+ <7C +
2 2 2 12 12
 24 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1 17.
We have,
and h-tan * VJ - cot 1

s . 3n 3n
+ tan ’ (1)
● -1 -1
sin sin + COS ■ cos
K 2k _‘K-2n n 4; 4 )
3 K 37t n
■ -1 -1
= sin Sin 7t + COS COS + —
h = 1 Itc 7C _ I l7t - 4tc iK
a + 4j 4 4
(1)
12 ~ 3 " 12 12
● -1 . 7E 3tI 7t
= sin Sin— + — +—

^ 4. We have, cos ‘ x+ cos

-I -I X
- + 4j 4 4
2 2
7C 3tc 7t 5tc
= 1 1 =
Letcos * X ==a =>x =cosa 4 4 4 4 (1)

We have, y=sin"‘ (x^ -4)

-1 -1 jc V3-3x"
cos x+cos - +
2 2
-l<x^ -4<1
-l + 4<x^ <1 + 4
71
= a + cos
-1
cosa-cos —+ — ●Jl -cos^ a 3<x^ <5 (1)
3 2
V3<|x[<V5
-1 7t
. 7Z .
= a +COS cos — cos a + sin — sin a xe
(1)
3 3
The domain of is [-V5,—\/3]u[V3,'\/5]
sin a = Jl -cos^ a and sin — - >/51 19. -1 7tc 7tc
^ 3 2
-1
COS cos = cos cos [v cos(-0) =cos0]
3 J 3
7C (1)
-1
= a +cos cos —a 7C
-1
13 /. = cos cos 2tc + —

[v cos(^ - 5 ) = cos .4 cos 5 + sin A sin B]

7C n -I n 7t
= a + — a =— =cos cos —
= -g[0,7C]
3 3 3; 3 (1)
15.
We know that domain and range (principal value 1
\
43
-7Z 71 20.3sin"* +2 cos
-1
+cos *(0)
branch) of/(x) = tan"* x are R and 2
2 ’2
respectively. (2) n 7t 7C 7C
= 3x —+ 2x —+ —
16. We have. 4 6 2 (1)
-1 -1 1 3tI 71 7t
tan 2 cos 2 sin + tan *1 H
2) 4 3 2

-! -1 . 7C -1 7C 97C + 47C+67C 19tc

= tan 2 cos 2 sin Sin — + tan tan —
12 12
4; (1)
(1)
21.
7C 7C
= tan 2cos 2x — + —
e) 4
' 1_ 70
A2’4,
= tan 2cosf- + —
7t 7C/4
7C/6
3J 4
X'<—t i~*x
-1 1 7t -1 -1/3/2. -7t/6 1/V2 1
= tan 2x- +-
2 4 -7t/4
lL :S
_l ,,, 7T 7t 71 7C vV2’4,
= tan ‘(1) + — = — + — =
4 4 4 2 (I) V (1)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 25

-1 1 1 7t X K X
\

/ (a:) = sin - x,xe 2 sin cos

(1) = tan
-i 4 2 U~2
33;e . . 2 X
-1 ● -1 37T 2sin —
22. sin cos = sin cos 6ii + 4 2
5 J 5 ) (1)
-I n X
/
371 — tan cot
● -1 7T 7t
= sin cos = sin COS — + — V 4 2
5; 2 10 \\
-1 7C 71 X
= tan tan
i_-l . 7t :„-l . 7t 7T 4 2
= sin -sin— =-sin sin —
10 10 10
0) 71 X
= tan tan —+ —
-1 . n37t ● -1 7C 4 2
(1)
23. sin sm = sin sin 2tc
\ 7 V 3tc n
(1) Now, - <;c< —
2 2
● -I . /"-7t -7C -7C -71 7C
= sm sm € 37t ;c 7t 7C a: 7C 7C
7 7 7 2 2 7'<X<T => <- + -< —
-JJ (1) 4 2 4 2 2 4 2
/
71 -1 cosx -I 7C JC 71 X
sin X tan = tan tan— + - = — + —
-1 cosx
12 1 - sin X 4 2^42 U)
24. We have, tan = tan
1 - sin X 7T
1-cos
u
X V tan (tan- 'x) = x,x€ -—2’2^

Case Based Question

1. Two men on either side of a temple of 30 m high (ii) ZCAB=a =
observe its top at the angles of elevation a and p (a) cos - (b)cos“^ -
/o-\

respectively, (as shown in the figure below). U v57

B
(c) COS (d) cos*" ^ -
12 J \5

(iii) ZBCA=^ =
n
lU
(a) tan“f - (b) tan"' (2)
X
U/
-1 1 'I
(c) tan (d) tan ' (V3)
V3

The distance between the two men is 40-^3 m and the (iv) ZABC =
distance between the first person A and the temple is
30\/3 m. (b)f
Based on the above information answer the following (Of (d)f
questions. fCBSE Question Bank) (v) Domain and range of cos“' x =
(i) ZCAB=a = (a)(-l,l),(0,7r)
-1 ( 2 -i 1
(a) sin (b) sin (b)[-1,1], (0.71)
\2) (C) [-1,1], [0,7t]
n 7tl
(c)sin '(2) (d) sin
-1 (d)(-l,l), -
2
2 ’ 2
 " Explanations^
■A
I

&
,v
v-<
'ivv
rwTIiWyrvrJ^

1. Given figure. -i VJ
a =cos
B 2

(iii) (d) In ABDC.

BD
tanP =
CD
30

10V3
(i) (b) In AABD,
BD P = tan''(V3)
tana =
AD ● -ifn ^
(iv) (c) Since,a = sin - =—,
30 _ 1 \2J 6
~30V3
a =30=^
p = tan"‘(V3) = -j
1 (n n
sina=sin30° = - ZABC = n- - +-
2 . 6 3
/ N
● -1 1 71 7t
a =sm = 71 - —
2 2
-1

o_v^ (v) (c) We know that domain and range of cos X are

(ii) (c) cos a = cos 30° = — [-1, 1] and [0,7c] respectively.

 [chapter^ TEST ●i

1 Mark Questions -1 \-x 1 -1

10. Solve for X, tan = - tan X, X > 0.
1. The principal value of sin
S]. IS
1 +x 2

2
11. Evaluate cos tan
-1 3
2tz K 4tu In 4;
(^)-T (0- (d)-
1 1
12. Show that: sin *(3x-4x^) = 3sin
-1
. 5tc 1. X, XG
2’2
2. The principal value of sin sm IS
3 )
5n - 5n An
(a)- (b)--
n
3 Questions
(a)-^ (d)^ .,f
1-cosx
3. If0 = sin
-1
X + cos * X - tan * x, x > 0, then the 13. Simplify : tan ,X<71
"\|l + cosx
smallest interval in which 0 lies is
71 3tc 14. Find the minimum value of n for which
(a)-<6< (b)O<0<- / \
2 4 4 -1 n 71:
tan >—, ne N is valid.
\Ky 4
(c) — < 0 < 0 (d)-<6<-
4 4 2
2
-X
4. The value of sin(cot “ * x) is 15. Show that cos *x = tan
X
3 3

(a)(l + ;c^)2 (b)(l+x2) 2 1

I
16. Solve forX : cos(2sin *x) = -,x>0
9
(C)(l + x')2 (d){l + x^) 2
cos X-Sin X
5. The number of real solution of 17. Write tan' , X < 7T in the simplest
7t . cos X + sm X
-I
tan V-^(x + l) + sm + x + 1 = — is
2 form.

(a)0 (b)l (c)2 (d) infinite

vturf ^st
2 Marks Questions -1 .^r3^ 36
18. Show that sin + sin = cos

6. Find the domain of cos"' (x" - 4). 17 85

7. Find the value of sin [2 sin "' (0.6)].

5tc 1371
19. If sin *(l“^)“2sin 'x = y, then find the value
8. Find the value of tan tan + COS cos
ofx.
6 ) 6 )
20. Prove that: tan
-1 71 + x X 7T 1
cos
-1
■ X
-5
9. Find the value of sin 2 cot
-1
-Ji+x +^l~x 4 2
12

Ar''\u
4
1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4.(d) 5.(c) 11. - 13. ^ 14.4
5 2
6. [-V5,~V3]u[V3,V5] 7.0.96
2 7C
-120 1 16. - 17.-- X 19.x = 0
8. 0 9. 10.x = 3 4
169
CD
Matrices
TREND Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS 2020
Types of Questions 2024 2023

1 Mark 3 3 2

TOPIC 0*1 Matrix and Operations 2 Marks 1

on Matrices
3 Marks

4 Marks

5 Marks 3

6 Marks 1

1 Mark 1 1

TOPIC 02 Transposeof a Matrix, 2 Marks

Symmetric and Skew- 3 Marks
Symmetric Matrix
4 Marks

5 Marks

6 Marks

TOPIC 1
Matrix and Operations on Matrices
Matrix In general, mxnmatrix has the following rectangular
array:
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or
a 11 ^12 a 13 ... a^„
functions. The numbers (real or complex) or functions are
called the elements or the entries of the matrix. It is ^21 ^22 a
23
...

A =
denoted by the symbol [ ] or ().
Order of a Matrix a
ml ^ml - a mn
-Imxn

If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then its order is where 1 < / < m, 1 < j<n\i,ye N.
written as m x «. If a matrix has order m x n, then it has
mn elements. NOTE We shall consider only those matrices, whose elements are real
numbers or functions taking real values.
Matrices 29

Types of Matrices 7. Unit or Identity Matrix A diagonal matrix in which

all diagonal elements are ‘ 1’, is called an identity
1. Column Matrix A matrix which has only one matrix. It is denoted by I.
column, is called a column matrix.
\ 0 o'
1
e.g. / = 0 1 0
e.g. 0
0 0 1
-5
In general, [a is an identity matrix, if
In general, A~[ajj]„,_y^ is a column matrix of order a..
>j = 1, when i = j and a^j =0, when i ^ j.
mxl.

2. Row Matrix A matrix which has only one row, is Equality of Matrices
called a row matrix,
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if
e.g. [1 5 9]
(0 order of A and B are same.
In general, ^ = X n
is a row matrix of order I x « .
{ii) corresponding elements of A and B are same i.e.
3. Zero or Null Matrix A matrix is said to be a zero or
fO 0 01 ay Vzand j.
null matrix, if its all elements are zero. e.g. Symbolically, if two matrices A and B are equal, then
0 0 0
we write A = B
We denote zero matrix by O. 2 1 2 1 3 2
4. Square Matrix A matrix which has equal number of e.g. and are equal matrices, but
0 3 0 3 0 1
rows and columns, is called a square matrix.
2 3
e.g.
3 -1] and
0 1
are not equal matrices, because all
5 2_
In general, ^ = is a square matrix of order corresponding elements are not equal.
m.

NOTE lf/A = to,y] is a square matrix of order n, then elements

a,„022,03j,-.,ann ^rc said to constitute the diagonal of the matrix
Operations on Matrices
A. We call these elementsas diagonal elements. Between two matrices, following operations can be applied
as discussed below:
5. Diagonal Matrix A square matrix whose all the
elements except the diagonal elements are zero, is 1. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices Addition and
called a diagonal matrix. subtraction of two matrices is defined, if order of both
‘3 0 O' the matrices are same.

e.g. A = 0 -3 0 is a diagonal matrix and it can Addition of Matrices

0 0 -8
If A — [Oy „ and B = [by ]„,x«, then
be written as .4 = diag (3,-3,-8) A + B — \a y + by ]^x n , I < / < m, 1 < J<n; i,j& N.
In general, [a is a diagonal matrix, if Subtraction of Matrices

ay =0, when / ^ j. If A=[ay]„^„ and B=[by]„,^„ , then

6. Scalar Matrix A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal A — B = [Oy — by ]^x n , 1 < / < w, 1 < i, je N.
elements are equal (non-zero), is called a scalar Properties of Addition of Matrices
2 0 o'
(z) Commutative law \ f A= [ay ] and B - [by ] are any
matrix, e.g. 0 2 0.
0 0 2
two matrices of the same order say mxn, then
A + B = B + A.

In general, [a,y]„x« is a scalar matrix, if ay =0, (zz) Associative law For any three matrices
when / ^ j and a-y = k (constant), when z = j.
A = [Uy ],B= [by ] and C = [Cy ] of the same order
NOTE A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix but a diagonal matrix may or may say mxn,A-\-{B+C) = {A+B) + C.
not be a scalar matrix.
 30 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

(Hi) Existence of additive identity Let A = [a,y ] be a i.e. If the /th row of A is [a,-[ a il ● .. Gj„] and the ^th
m X nmatrix and Obe a mxnzero matrix, then
A+0-=0^A = A. ^Ik
column of 5 is , then
In other words, O is the additive identity for matrix
addition,
Kk
(/v) Existence of additive inverse Let A =[«3y be
=(^,Ak +a^2hk +- + a,-„ b„k
any matrix, then we have another matrix as n

~~ ^ij Jmxn such that

;=i
A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0. So, matrix {-A) is called
additive inverse of A or negative of A. Properties of Multiplication of Matrices
NOTE (i) If A and 8 are not of the same order, then A + 6 is not defined, (0 Non-commutativity Matrix multiplication is not
(ii) Addition of matrices is an example of binary operation on the set of commutativei.e. if AB and BA are both defined,
matrices of the same order. then it is not necessary that AB - BA.
2. Multiplication of a matrix by scalar number Let {il) Associative law For three matrices A, B and C, if
A = [Qjj be a matrix and k is scalar, then kA is multiplication is defined, then A {BC) = {AB)C.
another matrix obtained by multiplying each element {Hi) Multiplicative identity For every square matrix A.
of A by the scalar k, i.e. if ^ = [a,y , then there exist an identity matrix of same order such
kA=[k{aij)] mxn' i\iQilA = AI = A.
a a 12 ka ka 12 NOTE (i) For A
11 11 there is only one multiplicative identity I
e.g. k
mx m m-

a
21 ^22 2x2
ka 21 ka
22J2X2 (ii) The product of identity matrices gives the identity matrix,
(iv) Distributive law For three matrices A, B and C,
Properties of Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix
{^)A{Ba-C) = AB + AC
Let A = [a^j ] and B = [bjj ] be two matrices of the same
{h){A + B)C = AC+BC
order say m x n, then
(/) k{A + B) — kA + kB, where it is a scalar. whenever both sides of equality are defined.
NOTE If A and B are two non-zero matrices, then their product may be a
{ii) {k + l)A = kA+lA, where k and / are scalars. zero matrix.

0 -1 3 5 0 0
3. Multiplication of Matrices Let A and B be two e.g. Suppose, A = and 6 = , then AB^
0 2 0 0 0 0
matrices. Then, their product AB is defined, if the
number of columns in matrix A is equal to the number 4. Matrix Polynomial Let
of rows in matrix B. f{x) = aQx’’ + +a2x"~'^ + ... + a„_^x + a^, be a
LetA = [aij]^^„ and B = [bj/, ] II X p’ then product polynomial and A be a square matrix, then
J {A) = OqA" + a^A" ~ +...+a„_iA+a„Iij,
n

AB=[c^,] mx p ,whereq^ = '^a^jbjt-

;=i is called a matrix polynomial, where / is the identity
matrix of same order as of A.
 PYQs Previous Years Questions
1 Mark Questions 8. The product
a h a b .
IS equal to
-b a b a CBSE 2023
Multiple Choice Questions
5 a^+b- 0 {a + bf 0
(a) (b)
1.lf[x 2 0] -1 = [3 1] , then value of;r is 0 a {a + bf 0
X
X CBSE 2024 a 2 + 6' 0 a 0
(c) (d)
a 2+6' 0 0 6
(a)-l (b)0
(c)l (d)2 9. A and B are square matrices of same order.
2. Find the matrix A ', where A = [a^j ] is a 2 x 2 matrix If(^ + 5)^ = /l^+fi^then CBSE 2023

whose elements are given by (a) AB = BA (b) AB = -BA

(c) AB = 0 (d) BA = 0
Ojj - maximum (i,y)-minimum (i,y) CBSE 2024

X 0
'0 0^ "0 r 1 0
(a) (b) 10. lfA = ,B = and A-B^, then x equals
0 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 CBSE 2023

1 0 1 1 (c)l (d)2
(a)±l (b)-l
(c) (d)
0 1 1 1
11. If ^ = [fly ] is a square matrix of order 2 such that
X 0 4 0 1, when / ^ j
3. \iA = and B = . then the value of x for a = s , then is
1 1 -1 1 y
0, when i = j CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
which A^ =5 is CBSE 2024 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 0 0 1
(a)-2 (b)2 1 0 0 0

(c) 2 or - 2 (d)4

4. The product of matrix P and Q is equal to a diagonal 12. If

2fl + 6 a-2b
^
11 24
^ , then the value of
5c-d 4c + 3ii
matrix. If the order of matrix g is 3 x2, then the order a + b-c + 2d\s CBSE 2022 (Term /)
of matrix P is CBSE 2024
(a) 8 {b)10 (c)4 (d)-8
(a) 2 X 2 (b) 3 X 3
(c)2x3 (d) 3 X 2 13. Amatrix.'l=[fl,y]3x3 defined by
1 2 4 2/ + 3y, i<j
5. Ifx + y = , then fl;; = 5, i = j. The number of elements in A
2 5 9 CBSE 2023 ‘J

3/-2y, i>j
(a) X = 1, y = 2 (b)x=2,y = l
which are more than 5, is CBSE 2022 (Term J)
(c)x=l,y = -l (d)x = 3,y = 2
(a) 3 (b)4 (c)5 (d)6
3 4
6. lf/4 = and 2/4 + B is a null matrix, then B is 0 2 0 3fl
5 2 and kA = . then the value of k.
CBSE 2023 14. \fA= ^ -4 26 24
equal to
-6 a and 6 respectively, are CBSE 2022 (Term 1}
6 8
(a) (b) CBSE Sample Poper 2022 (Term \);
10 4 -10 -4
(a) -6,-12,-18 (b)-6,-4,-9
5 8 -5
(c) -6,4,9 (d) -6,12,18
(c) (d)
10 3 10 -3
15. If /4 is square matrix such that ^ ^ then
7. If /4 is a square matrix and A^ = A, then (/ + A)^ - 3A (/ + A)^ - lA is equal to cBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
CBSE 2023 (b)/ + A
is equal to (a) A
(a)/ (b)A (c) 2A (d)37 (c)/-A (d)/
 32 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

a p
16. Given that A = and =31, then 29. \yrite the element «23 of a 3 x 3 matrix A = [a,y ],
Y -a
. CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 (Term I) i-J\
(a) 1+a^ +Py = 0 whose elements a^j are given by
(b) 1-a^ ~Py = 0 Delhi 2075

(c) 3-a^ -py = 0 (d)3 + a^+py = 0 1 2irx

30.1f[2r 3] = O, then find x.
17. Given that matrices A and B are of order 3xn and -3 0 3
Delhi 20I5C
m X 5 respectively, then the order of matrix 3 4 1 7 0
C=5^+35 is 3^
CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term I); 31. If 2 +
then find (x - y).
CBSE 2022 (Term I)
5 X 0 1 10 5 ’ Delhi 2074
(a)3x5andw = « (b)3x5 (c)3x3 (d)5x5
3 2 32. Solve the following matrix equation forx
I o'
18.1f^ = [2 -3 4],B = 2 ,X=[12 3]andr = 3
[x 1] =0 Delhi 2074
2 -2 0
4

then AB + XY is equal to Delhi 2020

33. If is a square matrix such that A^ = A, then write the
(a) [28] (b)[24] (c)28 (d)24
value of 7^ - (7 + ^)^, where I is an identity matrix.
Very Short Answer Questions All India 2074

19, If ^ and B are matrices of order 3 x « and mx5 X - y z -1 4

34. If
respectively, then find the order of matrix 5A -3B, , then find the value of x + y.
2x - y w 0
All India 2074
given that it is defined. CBSE Samp/e Paper 2027
a+ 4 3b 2q +2 +2
X + V 7 2 7 35. If then write the value
20. If / x-y 9 4 ’
then find X ● y.
Delhi 2020 of a—2b.
8 -6 a~%b ’
Foreign 2014
1 0
21.If^ = then find x-y 4 8 w
1 1 ’ 36. If then write the value of
Delhi 2020
z + 6 x + yj [O 6j’
1 0 -1 1 (x + y+z). Delhi 2074C
22.1fA-i-B = and A-2B = then find the
1 1 0 -1 ’
value of A.
37. The elements a^j of a 3 x 3 matrix are given by
All India 2020

0 ~l 3 5
a.-.-
u = -1-3/ + y I. Write the value of element a-^2-
23. Find AB, ifA = and B =
0 2 0 0 All India 2074C
All India 2079

24Jf3A-B =
5 0
and 5 =
4 3
, then find the value
38.1f[2x 4] -8^ =0, then find the positive value of x.
1 1 2 5 All India 2074C
of matrix/i. 1 3
Delhi 2079 y 0 5 6
39. If 2 + then find the value of
25. Find the value of x - y, if 0 X I 2 1 8 ’
1 3 y 0 5 6 (x + y).
2 +
Delhi2073C; All India 2072
0 X 1 2
Delhi 20 7 9 40. Find the value of a, if
26.If ^ is a square matrix such that A^ = I, then find the a-b 2a+ c -1 5

simplified value of(^ -7)^ +(^ +7)^ - lA. Delhi 2076 2a-b 3c+ d 0 13 Delhi 2073

27. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 x2 9 -14 1 2 -1

with each entry 1,2 or 3.' 41. If = A +
^ , then find the matrix
All India 2076
-2 1 3 0 4
-1 0 -1 1
A. Delhi 2073
28.1f[2 1 3] -1 1 0 0 = A, then write the order of
I -1
0 1 1 -1 42. If matrix A -
I 1
and A^ =kA, then write the
matrix A. Foreign 2076 value of k. All India 2073
Matrices
33

2 -2
43. If matrix A -
-2 2
and A^ = pA, then write the 2 Marks Questions
4 2
value of p. All India 20 J 3 53. If^ = then show that

3 -3
-1 ij’
44. If matrix A = and ^ ^ = XA, then write the {A~2I){A~^I) = 0 All India 2019
-3 3

value of X.
54. Find a matrix A such that 2A-3,B +5C = O, where
All India 2013
-2 2 0 2 0 -2'
B = and C -
cos 6 sin0 sin0 -COS0 3 1 4 7 1.6
45. Simplify cos 0 + sin0 Delhi 2019
-sin0 COS0 cos 0 sin 0
2 0 1
Delhi 2012
55. If^ = 2 1 3 , then find the value of ^ - 5/4).
Sl3ia CONCEPT 1 -1 0 Delhi 2019

First, multiply each element of the first matrix by cos0 4 Marks Questions
and second matrix bysinS and then use the matrix
addition. 56. Find matrix A such that
2 -1 -1 -8
2 3 1 -3 -4 6
46. If then write the value of x. 1 0 A = 1 -2
5 7 -2 4 -9 ;c ’ Delhi 2012
-3 4 9 22
All India 2017
47. Find the value of j’-x from following equation 2 -1 5 2 2 5
57. Let A = ,B = ,C = find a matrix
^2 X 5 1 + [3 -4' 7 6 3 4 7 4 3 8 ’
7 ;;-3 1 2 15 14 All India 2012 D such that CD - AB =0. Delhi 2017

2 0 r
48. If a: ^
-1 10
+ V , then write the value ofx. 58. If ^ = 2 1 3 , then find A^ - 5A+AI and hence
3 1
Foreign 2072
1 -1 0
1
find a matrix X such that A^ ~5A-\-AI + X =0.
49. Write the order of product matrix 2 [2 3 4]. Delhi 2015
3 1 -1 I
Foreign 2077 a
59. If^ = and (A +B)^ =A^ +B^,
2 -I
& niaa CONCEPT then find the value of a and b. Foreign 2075
Use the fact that if a matrix A has orderm xn and other
matrix B has order n x z, then the matrix AB has order 5 Marks Questions
mxz.
cos a -sin a 0

50. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all possible 60. If/(a) = sin a cos a 0 , prove that
orders it can have. All India 2011 0 0 1

/(a)-/(-P)=/(a-P). CBSE 2023

0 laia CONCEPT 1 0 2
Use the result that if a matrix has ordermxn, then total 61.lf^= 0 2 1 , then show that
number of elements in that matrix is mn.
2 0 3

51. For a 2 X 2 matrix, A = [a^j ] whose elements are given A^ -6A^ +7A+2/=0. CBSE 2023

by dg = H j, write the value of a 12- Delhi 2011

'l 0 2
X
x-y 3 ll 62.1f^=0 2 1 and^^-6^^+7/4 + Jt/3 =0,then
52. If
8 1 ’
then find the value of y.
_2x + y 7 Delhi 2011C 2 0 3
find the value of k. CBSE 2023; All India 2016
 ',1/ '●y.

'=M; r.rk
i?T.

I 2 4
1.(a) We have,
5
5.(6) We have, 2 5 9
-2
[x 2 0] -1 = [3 1] X
+
2>^ 4 x-\-2y _ 4
2x\ L5yJ L^J [2x + 5y\ [9
X
X

5x-2 + 0 = -6 + x On equating the corresponding elements, we get

5x-2 = -6 + x x + 2_y = 4 ...(i)
4x = -4 2;c + 5y = 9 ...(ii)
x = -l On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x-2,y = l
2.(6) 4 = [a/j ] be 2 X 2 matrix whose elements are given
f3 4 6 8
by a^j - maximum (/, j) - minimum {i, j). 6.(6) Given, A = =>2A =
10 4
5 2
a 12
^11
Let A =
.^21 ^22. Also, given 2^ + 5 is a null matrix.
0 O’
So, a,i = maximum (1, 1)-minimum (1, 1) = 1-1=0 2A + B^
0 0
fl,2 = maximum (1,2) - minimum (1,2) = 2 -1 = 1
a = maximum(2, l)-minimum (2, 1)=2-1 = 1 6 8 0 0
21
+ 5 =
0 0
^22 = i'naximum (2, 2)-minimum (2, 2) = 2-2 = 0 10 4

0 1 0 0 6 8 -6
A = B =
1 0 0 0 10 4 -10 -4

X 0 4 0
3.(c) We have, A = and B - 7.(a) Given, A^ = A
1 1 -1 1
.-. {I + Af -3A = l'^ +IA + AI + a'^ -3A
X 0 X 0 x^+0 0+0 -I + A + A + A-3A [-■A^=A]
Now, A^ = A-A = 1 1 1 1 x + 1 0 +1
= I +3A-3,A = 1

x^ 0 a b a -b a ^ + 6^ -ab + ba
S.(a)
x +1 1 -ba b a -ba + ah +a^
Given, A^ =B 'a^+b^ 0

\ 0l 4 0 0 a'^ +6^
x + 1 1 -1 1
9.(6)Wehave, (A + Bf=A^+B^
x^ =4orx + l = -l (A + B){A + B) = A^ +B^
X = ±2 or X = -2 A^+AB+BA+ B^=A^+B^
Hence, x = 2 or x = -2 AB+BA=0

4. (c) We know that the product of PQ of two matrices P AB=^-BA

and Q is defined if the number of columns of P is X 0

equal to the number of rows of 5. 10. (c) We have, B =
I 1
We have, order of 0 is 3 X 2
X 0 X 0
.'. Order of P is 2 x 3. .-. B^=BB =
1 1 1 1
Matrices 35

;c^+0 0+0 ;c^ 0 Number of elements in A which are more than 5

are 4.
x + \ 0 + 1 AT+1 1
0 2 0 2k
1 0 0 14.(6) Wc have, A = =^kA =
Since. A=B^ 3 -4 3k -4k
2 1 x + ] I
0 3a
By equality of matrices, Given, kA =
2b 24
x^ =1, a: + 1= 2
2k=3a,2b^3k and -4A:=24
x = ±\,x = \ =>x = l
=i> k = -6, a =-4 and b = -9
a II a
12 0 r
^^.{d)A = [a,J] = a 1 0
15.(^0 Given, A^ = A
2! ^22
Now, (I + Af -7A
0 10 1 1 0
A^ = = 1^ +A^ +3I^A+3IA^ -lA
10 10 0 1
= I + A-A^ +3IA+31A-1A
12. (a) Since, matrix are equal, then the corresponding
elements are equal. [v A^ = A and =1^ -I]
2a-¥b = 4 ...(i) = l -V{A-A)^3A-^3A-1A [■:IA^A]
a-2b==-3 ●●●(ii) ==1 + A+3A->r3A-lA [■:A^=A]
5c-d = n ...(iii) = I + 1A-1A = I
and 4c + 3d = 24 ...(iv) a p
16.(c) Given, A =
On multiplying 2 in Eq. (i) and adding the result with Y -a
Eq. (ii), we get
A^ =
a p ir« P
5a=5=^ a = \
Y “CtJLY -a

On putting the value a = 1 in Eq. (i), we get

h=2
A^ = a^+pY ap-ap
Now, on multiplying 3 in Eq. (iii) and adding the aY-aY pY+ct^
result with Eq. (iv), we get
c-3 Given, A' =31

On putting the value c* = 3 in Eq. (iii), we get . a^+^1 0 3 0

d = 4 0 Py +a^ 0 3

a + b — c + 2d = 1+ 2 — 3 + 8 = 8 a^+pY=3 =>3-a^-pY=0
2i + 3j, i<j 17.(6) Given, order of ^ = 3 x w
13.(6) Given, .4 =[4,y]3^3 and a
ij
5, i = J and order of 5 = m x 5
3i-2J, i>j C=5^+3fi

«ii a 12 a
13 Two matrices are additive, if their order are same.
Let A = «21 a 22 ^23 3 X « = w X 5 =5* w = 3 and n = 5

.^31 a 32 *^33 .-. Order of C = 3x5

3
ail =5, a^2 =2 + 6 = ^, fl]3 = 2 + 9 = 11
18.(0) Given, 4 = [2 -3 4], 5 = 2
021 =6-2 = 4, «22 -5’ ^23 =4 + 9 = 13
2
<731 =9-2 = 7, 032 = 9-4 = 5, O33 =5
2
■5 8 ir
4=4 5 13 X = [l 2 3]andT = 3

4
7 5 5
 36 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

fr
3 1 0 -1 1
A~2 -A
Now, AB - [2 -3 4] 2 = [6-6 + 8] = [8] 1 1 0 -1
VL (1/2)
2 1 0 1 1
-1 1
3A = + 2
2 0 -1 1 1 2 1

and XY=[\ 2 3] 3 = [2 + 6 + 12] = [20] 1 1 1 1/3 1/3

A =
4 3 2 1 2/3 1/3
(1)

^5+^=[8] + [20] = [28] 0 -1 3 5

23. Given, A - and 5 =
19. We have order of A and 5 are 3 x « and m x 5. 0 2 0 0

For5v4 -35 to be defined.

Now, AB - 0 -lip 5
Order of A = Order of 5 3 = w and n = 5 0 2 0 0
Order of 5/1 - 35 is 3 x n or w x 5 i.e. 3x5 (1) 0+0 0+0 0 0

● Concept We know that for subtraction of 0+0 0+0 0 0

C Enhancer two matrices, the order of both
AB=0 (1)
the matrices are same i.e. if= [Oy]mxn and
6 — [b,j]/Ti xn> thenA-e = [o,i 1 < / < m,

1 < J < a W e N. a Common

Mistakes
Matrix multiplication is not
commutative i.e. if 4B and BA are both

2 7 defined then it is not necessary that4B =BA But

x+y 7
20. We have, sometime students do the matrix multiplication AB as BA
9 x-y 9 4 or BA as -AB which is wrong order in the matrix
multiplication.
x + y = 2 and x- y = 4
5 0 4 3
24. Given, 3A-B = and 5 -
2x = 6 => X = 3 1 1 2 5

Now, 3 + .v=2 4 3 5 0 5 0 4 3
=> 3A~ => 3^ = +
y = 2-3 = -l 2 5 1 1 1 1 2 5

X ● y = -3 (1) 5+4 0+3

3A =
1 0 1+2 1+5
21. We have, A = (1/2)
1 1
9 3
10 10 3A =
A^ =AxA = 3 6
Now,
11 11
1 9 3 3 1
1 0 A = => A =
A^ = 3 3 6 1 2
(1/2)
2 1
(1/2)
1 3 y 0 5 6
10 10 25. Given, 2 +
A^=A^-A = 0 X 1 2 1 8
2 1 1 1
2 6 y 0 5 6
1 0 +
A^ = 0 2x 1 2
3 1
(1/2)
1 0
2+y 6+0 5 6

22. We have, A+B = 0 +1 2x+2 1 8

(1/2)
1 1
Here, both matrices are equal, so we equate the
1 0
5 = -A corresponding elements,
1 1
2 + y = 5 and 2x + 2 = 8
-1 1
A-2B = y = 3 and 2x = 6 ^ x = 3
0 -1
Therefore, x-y = 3- 3= 0 (1/2)
Matrices 37

Common in order to multiply a matrix by a => [2x^-9.t + 12x] = [0]

Mistakes scalar every element of matrix should 2x^ +3jc=0
be multiplied by the scalar not just a single element,
single column and single ro\w. x(2xr + 3)=0
x = 0orx = -3/2 (1)
26. Given, =f
3 4 1 7 0
Now, +(A+I)^-lA 31. Given, 2
5 X
+
0 1 10 5
= -3^^/+3^7^ -7^)
6 8 I y 7 0
+{A^ +3A^1+3AI^ +I^)-7A +
10 2x 0 1 10 5
= A^-3A^ +3AI-! + A^ +3A^ +3AI+I-1A (1/2)
7 8 +y 7 0
[vA^I = A^ andP =1^ =7] 10 2x + l 10 5
= 2^^ +(>AI-1A = 1A'^A-^6A-1A [V A1 = A]
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
= 2IA-A [from Eq. (i)]
8 + y = 0and 2x + l = 5
= 2A-A = A [●:IA^A] (1/2)
y = -8
27. We know that a matrix of order 2x2 has 4 entries.
and x = ^ =2
Since, each entry has 3 choices, namely 1,2 or 3, 2
therefore number of required matrices
x-y = 2-(-8) = 10 (1)
3'’=3x3x3x3 = 81
1 0
■-1 0 -iir 1 ■ 32. Given, [x 1] =o
-2 0
28. We have, .4 = [2 1 3] -1 1 0 0
0 1 1 -1 By using matrix multiplication, we get
1 1
[x-2 0]=[0 0]
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
= [-2-1 1+3 -2 + 3] 0 = [-3 4 1] 0
X -2 = 0 => X =2 (1)
-1 -1
33. Given, A^ = A
= [-3-l] = [-4]„,
.●. Order of matrix ^ is 1 x 1. (1)
Now, 7^ - (7 + ^)^ = 7^ - [7 ^ + ^ ^ + 37.4 (7 + A)]
[■: {x + yf =x^ +/ +3jo/{x + y)]
Common sometime students assume that for = 7.4-[7 + 24^-^+3^(7 + ^)]
Mistakes multiplication of two matrices, their
order should be same. But rule for multiplication of two [v7^ =7 and7^ = .4]
matrices is number of columns in the first matrix should
be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix, not
= 7A-(I + A-A+3AI+3A^) [■.■A^=A]
necessary that the order of both matrices must be same. = 7A-(I + A+3A+3A) [v AI = A and A^ = A]
29. Given, ^ -[^y ]3x3 =^7A-{1 + 7A) = -I (1)

X - y z -1 4
34. Given
where, ^ ’[2x-y wj [0 5
12-31 On equating the corresponding elements, we get
Now, [put i = 2 and j - 3]
^23 “ 2 x-y = -l
and 2x-y = 0 ...(ii)
2 2 (1)
On solving the Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
30. Given, matrix equation is X = 1 and y~2
1 2irx X
x + >> = l + 2 = 3 (1)
= 0 =>[2x-9 4x] ^
[2x 3] = 6>
-3 0 3
 38 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

a+4 3b 2a+2 b+2 On comparing with Eq. (ii), we get k = 2 (1/2)

35. Given,
8 -6 8 a-Sb
43. Do same as Q. No. 42. [Ans. 4]
On equating the corresponding elements, we get 44. Do same as Q. No. 42. [Ans. 6]
a + 4 = 2a+2, ...(i) cos 0 sin 0 sin0 -COS0
45. We have, cos 0 + sin0
3b = b + 2 ...(ii) -sin0 COS0 cos 0 sin 0
and -6 = a - 8b ...(iii)
COS^0 sin 0 cos 0 sin^ 0 -sin0 COS0
On solving the Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get +
-sin 0 cos 0 cos^0 sin 0 cos 0 sin^ 0
a =2 and b = \
cos^ 0 + sin^ 0 sin 0 cos 0 - sin 0 cos 0
Now, a-2b = 2-2(\) = 2-2 = 0 (I)
-sin0cos0 +sin0 COS0 cos^ 0 +sin^ 0
X-y 4 8 w
36. Given, 1 0
z+6 x + >‘ 0 6 [vsin^ 0 +COS" 0 = 1]
0 1
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
x-y = 8, ...(i) = / = Identity matrix (1)
z + 6 = 0=^ z = —6 ...(ii) 46. Given matrix equation is
and x+ y=6 ...(iii) (1/2) 2 3ir 1 -3‘ -4 6
Now, on adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 5 7j[-2 4 -9 X
X + y+ z = 6 + (-6) = 0 (1/2) '2-6 -6 + 12' -4 6
37. Do same as Q. No. 29. [Ans. 7/2] 5-14 -15+28 -9 X

38. Given, [2x4] -8^ =0 [2x^-32] = [0] ‘-4 6 -4 6

-9 13 -9 X
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
=>2x^—32 = 0 =»2x^=32=>x^=I6=^x = ±4 x = 13 (1)
Positive value of X is 4. (1)
47. Do same as Q. No. 31. [Ans. 7]
39. Do same as Q. No. 31. [Ans.6] [2 -1 10
40. Do same as Q. No. 34. 48. We have, x
[Ans.l] 3 1 5

41. Given, matrix equation can be rewritten as 2x 10 2x — y 10

+
9 -1 4 I 2 -1
A- 3x y 5 3x + ” 5
-2 1 3 0 4 9
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
9-1 -1-2 4+1 8 -3 5
A =
2x->- = 10 ■■■{>)
(1)
-2-0 1-4 3-9 -2 -3 -6 and 3x + _v = 5 ...(ii) (1/2)
1 -1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
42. Given, A = ...(i) 5x =15
-1 1
x =3
and A^ =kA ...(ii)
(1/2)
1
Now, A^ = A- A
49. LQtA = 2 and 5 = [2 3 4]
-1 1 I + l
3
-I 1 -1 -1-1 1+1

[multiplying row by column] Here, order of matrix A=3x\

2 -2 ■ 1 -1 and order of matrix 5=1x3

= 2
-2 2 -1 1 .●. Order of product matrix AB =3x3 (1)
(1/2)
A^ =2A 50. Given, a matrix has 5 elements. So, possible order of
[from Eq. (i)] this matrix are 5 x 1 and 1x5. 0)
Matrices 39

5 -1 2 2 0 1
51. Do same as Q. No. 29. [Ans. 1/2]
3 1 Now, 9-2 5-5 2 1 3
X X- y
52. Given, 0 -1 -2 1 -1 0
2x + y 1 8 7

5 -1 2 10 0 5'
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
9-2 5 10 5 15
x = 3andx-;^ = l => }^ = x-l=3-l=2 (1)
4 2 0 -1 -2 5 -5 0
53. Given, A =
-1 1 5-10 -1-0 2-5 -5 -1 -3

9-10 -2-5 5-15 -1 -7 -10 (1)

LHS = (^-2/)(^-37)
4 2 2 0 4 2 3 0 0-5 -1 + 5 -2-0 -5 4 -2
● ●

-1 1 0 2 -1 1 0 3 Let the order of ^ is w x

m~2, n = 2
2 2 1 2
(I)
-1 -1 -1 -2
So, order of matrix A is 2 x 2.
X y
2-2 4-4 0 0 Let A = -(i)
= 0 = RHS s t
-1 + 1 -2 + 2 0 0
2 -1 -1 -8
Hence proved, (i) 1 0 A = 1 -2

54. Given, 2.4-35+5C = 0 -3 4 9 22

=> 2A=3B-5C
2 -1 -1 -8
\-2 2 0 2 0-2 X y
=> 2^=3 -5 1 0 1 -2
3 1 4 7 1 6 s t
-3 4 9 22
-6 6 0 10 0 -10
=> 2^ = 2x-j 2y~t -1 -8
9 3 12 35 5 30
X 1 -2
-6-10 6-0 O-(-IO) 9 22
=>24 = -3x + 4j -3y + 4/_ (1)
9-35 3-5 12-30 (1)
On equating corresponding elements both sides,
1 -16 6 10 -8 3 5
=» 4 =- =>4 = (1) we get
2 -26 -2 -18 -13 -1 -9
2x-5 = -1, x = 1, y = -2and2;^-/ = -8 (1)

2 0 1 Atx = l, 2x-s = -1^2x1-5 = -1

55. Given, 4 = 2 1 3 -5 = -1-2 => 5 = 3 and at >' = -2,2y-r = -8,

1 -1 0 => 2x(-2)-/ = -8
2 0 1 2 0 1 -4-f = -8=> t = A (1)

4^ =4 X 4 = 2 1 3 X 2 1 3 On puttingx = l, >^ = -2,5 = 3 and / = 4 in Eq. (i),

1 -1 0
"1 -2
1 -1 0 4 =
we get
3 4 (1)
4 +0+1 0 + 0-1 2 + 0 +0
2 -1 5 2 2 5
4+2+3 0 + 1-3 2 +3 + 0 ,5 = , C=
2-2 + 0 0-1 + 0 1-3-0
57. Given, ^ ^ ^ 7 4 3 8

X
5 -1 2 Let matrix D =
z w
4^ = 9-2 5
0 -1 -2 (1) According to the question, CD ~ AB -O
 40 ChapteoA'ise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 5 X 2 -152
y
=0 ^=-(^^-5^+4/)
3 8 z w
3 4J1_7 4 0) ■-1 -1 -3' 1 1 3

2x + 5z 2_v + 5w 10-7 4-4 - -1 -3 -10 1 3 10

=o
3x + 8z 3y + 8wJ"Ll5+28 6 + 16 -5 4 2 5 -4-2
(1)
2x + 5z 2_v + 5w 3 0 1 -1 a 1
59. Given, A= and 5 =
3x + 8z 3_y + 8w 43 22
(1)
2 -1 b -1

On equating corresponding elements both sides, I -1 a 1

Now, A+B = +
we get 2 -1 b -1
2x + 5z = 3,3x + 8z = 43 1 + a -1 + 1 1 + a 0
and 2j' + 5w = 0,3_y + 8H' = 22 (1) 2 + 6 -1-1 2 + 6 -2
(1/2)

After solving, we get

1 + a 0 1 + a 0
x = -191, jv = -110, z = 77 and w = 44 => {A + B)‘^ =
2 +6 -2 2 + 6 -2
D = X >^1_r-i9i -no'
z w~ 77 44 l + a'^+la 0
(1)
2+2a+6 + a6-4-26 4
2 0 1

58. Given, A = 2 1 3 _ a ^ + 2a +1 0
1 -1 0 2a —6 + a6-2 4
(1)
2 0 1 2 0 1
Also, A^ +B^ = 1 -l1 [1 -1 +
a 1 a 1

Clearly, ^2=2 13 2 13 2 -Ij' 2 -1 6 -1 6 -1

I -1 0j[l -1 0 -1 0
+
+b a -1
"4 + 0 + 1 0 + 0-1 2 + 0 + 0' 5 -1 2 0 -1 ab-b 6 + 1
= 4+2+3 0+1-3 2+3+0 9-2 5 a^ + 6 — 1 a-1
2-2+0 0-1+0 1-3+0 0 -1 -2
a6-6 6
(1)
[multiplying row by column] (l) Given, {A +B)^ =A^+B^
Now, consider A^ -SA+41
a^+2a+l 0 a^+6 —1 a-1
5 -1 2 2 0 1] fl 0 o' 2a-b + ab~2 4 ab~b b
(1/2)

= 9 -2 5 -5 2 1 3+4010
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
0 -1 -2\ [l -1 oj [0 0 1 a ^ + 2a + l = a^ + 6 — 1
'5-1 2] [10 0 5] [4 0 O' 2a-b = -2
-●(i)
= 9 -2 5- 10 5 15 + 040
a -1 =0=> a = 1
0 -1 -2j [5 -5 oJ [004 (1) 2a -b + ab~2 = ab-b
...(ii)

'-5 -1 -3] [4 0 .0] [-1 -1 -3 2a-2 = 0 => a = 1 ...(iii)

= -1 -7 -10 + 0 4 0 = -1 -3 -10 and 6 = 4 ●●●(iv)
-5 4 -2j [0 0 4J [-5 4 2 (1) Since, a = 1 and 6 = 4 satisfy Eq. (i), therefore
a =1 and 6 = 4
Given, a'^-SA+41 + X =0 (1)
cosa -sina 0
A^ ~5A + 41 + X~X=0~X
60. We have,/(a) = sina cosa 0 ...(i)
[subtracting matrix X from both sides] 0 0 1
A'^ -5A + 4I +0^-X
For/(-P), replace a in /(a)by-p
Matrices 41

cos(-P) -sin(-p) 0 5+0 + 16 0+0+0 8 + 0 + 26

■‘●/(-P)= sin(-p) cos{-p) 0 = 0+ 4+8 0 + 8+0 0 + 10 + 13
0 0 1 10 + 0 + 24 0 +0 + 0 16 + 0 + 39
(I)
cos p sin p 0 "21 0 34
-sinP cosp 0 = 12 8 23 (1)
0 0 1 34 0 55
(1)
ByLHS=/(a)/(H3) Now, -6A^ +1A+2I
cosa -sina 0 cosP sinp 0 "21 0 34 5 0 8

= sina cosa 0 -sinp cosp 0 = 12 8 23 -6 2 4 5

.0 0 lj[ 0 0 1 34 0 55 8 0 13

cos a cos p + sin a sin p cos a sin p - sin a cos p 0 1 0 2 I 0 0

= sin a cosp-cos a sinp sin a sin p + cos a cosp 0 + 7 0 2 1 + 2 0 1 0 (I)

0 0 I 2 0 3 0 0 1

(1) 21-30 + 7 + 2 O-O + O + O 34-48 + 14 + 0

cos(a - p) - sin(a - P) 0 12-12 + 0 + 0 8-24 + 14 + 2 23-30 + 7 + 0
sin(a-p) cos(a-P) 0 ●●●(ii) 34-48 + 14 + 0 O-O + O + O 55-78 + 21 + 2
0 0 1
(1)

Now, for /(a - P), replace a in /(a) by (a - p) (1) 30-30 0 48-48 0 0 0

RHS=/(a-p) 0 24-24 30-30 0 0 0 (1)

cos(a - P) - sin(a - p) 0 48-48 0 78-78 0 0 0

sin(a-p) cos(a-P) 0 ...(iii) =0=RHS Hence proved.

0 0 1 1 0 2

From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get Given, A = 0 2 1

2 0 3
LHS=RHS Hence proved, (i)
1 0 2
"l 0 2 1 0 2

61. Given, A = 0 2 1 Now, ^^=02 1 0 2 1

2 0 3 2 0 3j[2 0 3
"1+0 + 4 0+0 + 0 2 +0 + 6 5 0 8
1 0 2 1 0 2
= 0+0+2 0+4+0 0+2+3 2 4 5
A^ =A-A = 0 2 1 0 2 I
2+0+6 0+0+0 4+0+9 8 0 13
2 0 3 2 0 3 0)
I 0 2 5 0 8
1+0+4 0+0+0 2+0+6
and A^ = A-A^ = 0 2 1 2 4 5
0+0+2 0+4+0 0+2+3
2 0 3 8 0 13
2+0+6 0+0+0 4+0+9
5+0 + 16 0 +0 +0 8 + 0 + 26
5 0 8
= 0 + 4 +8 0 + 8 +0 0 + 10 + 13
2 4 5 (1) 10 + 0 + 24 0 +0 +0 16 + 0 + 39
8 0 13
"21 0 34"
1 0 2 5 0 8 = 12 8 23
and A^ =A- A^ = 0 2 1 2 4 5 34 0 55
2 0 3 8 0 13
Also, given A^ -6A^ +1A + Jd^ =0
 42 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

21 0 34 5 0 8 I 0 2 21-30 + 7 + yt O-O + O + O 34-48+14+0

12 8 23 -6 2 4 5 +7 0 2 1 12-12+0+0 8-24 + 14 + cf 23-30 + 7 + 0
34 0 55 8 0 13 2 0 3 34-48+14+0 O-O + O + O 55-78+21 + A
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o'
+ /t 0 1 0 0 0 0 (1) = 0 0 0 (1)
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 0 34 30 0 48 -2 + k 0 0 0 0 o'
12 8 23 - 12 24 30 0 -2+k 0 0 0 0

34 0 55J [48 0 78 0 0 -2 + k 0 0 0

‘7 0 14] r* 0 0 0 0 0 On equating the corresponding elements, we get

+ 0 14 7+0^0 0 0 0 (1) -2 + k^O

14 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 k=2 (1)

TOPIC 2

Transpose of o Matrix, Symmetric

and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
Transpose of a Matrix e.g. A =
2 1
is a symmetric matrix as
1 2
Let A be any matrix. Then, the matrix obtained by
2 1
interchanging its rows and columns, is called the transpose A' = = A.
fl -1' 1 2

of matrix A. e.g. Let ^ = 2 3 , then the transpose of

3 5 Skew-symmetric Matrix
A =
1 2 3 A square matrix A = {a ,-j ] is said to be a skew-symmetric
-13 5 matrix, if^' = -^ i.e. if
= for all possible values of /and j.
Transpose of A is written as A' or A^. Also, if matrix
0 -1
A — [^ij ]/nx n ’ then its transpose is ^ ^ = [ajj ^m● e.g. A - is a skew-symmetric matrix as
I 0

Properties of Transpose of a Matrices A'^

0 1 0 -I
= -A
-1 0 1 0
Let A and B be any two matrices. Then, we have
* {A±B)' = A'±B' NOTE (i) Diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero,
(ii) Only zero square matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric
● (Reversal law) matrices.

● {kA )’= k-A', where k is any constant. Some Important Theorems

● {-Ay = -A' (/) For every square matrix ^, ^ + ^4' is a symmetric
NOTE (A")^ = (A^)", where n is a positive integer. matrix and ^ is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(//) Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a
Symmetric Matrix symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrices i.e. Let A
be a square matrix, then it can be written as
A square matrix A = [ay ] is said to be a symmetric matrix, A =
A'= A, i.e. if[a,y ] = [ay,. ], for all possible value of/and j.
 PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions I 4 X

Multiple Choice Questions 7. UA = 2 is a symmetric matrix, then the

a c -1 -3 -1 3

1. = ^ 0 5 is a skew-symmetric matrix, then value of a: + y + z is CBSE 2023

1 -5 0 (a) 10 (b)6 (c)8 (d)0

the value of 2u -(b + c) is CBSE 2024 ^ If A = [Ojj ] is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n, then
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
(a)0 (b)l 1
(c)-IO (d)10 (a) ay = a.-;
V/,y
‘J
5 a:
2. If^ = and A = A^, where is the transpose (c) ay = Ot where i = J (d) ay ¥= 0, where i = j
y 0.
of the matrix A, then CBSE 2023 g If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew- symmetric,
then A is necessarily a CBSE 2022 (Term l)
(a);t = 0,y=5 (b)^ = y
(a) diagonal matrix (b) zero square matrix
{c)jc+y= 5 (d)x = 5,y=0
(c) square matrix (d) identity matrix
3^ If ^ is a 3 X 4 matrix and 5 is a matrix such that A'B
and AB' are both defined, then the order of the matrix Very Short Answer Questions
B is CBSE 2023 ■ 1 2 2'
(a) 3x4 (b)3x3 {c)4x4 (d)4x3 10. lfA= 2 1 a: is a matrix satisfying = 9/,
-2 2 -1
4^ If a matrix A=[\2 3], then the matrix AA' (where A' is
the transpose of A) is CBSE 2023 then find AT. CBSE 20J8C

I 0 0 0 a -3
(a) 14 (b) 0 2 0 If the matrix A = 2 0-1 is skew-symmetric, then
11.
0 0 3
b 1 0
1 2 3
find the value of a and b. CBSE 2018

(C) 2 3 1 (d)[14]
0 2b -2
3 1 2

12.
Matrix A = 3 I 3 is given to be symmetric.
1 0 1 I
5. = and B = then /I'is equal to 3a 3 -I
0 0 0 0 ’ CBSE 2023
then find the value of a and b. Delhi 2016
1 1 1 0
(a) (b) cos a sin a
0 0 1 0 13.
lfA = , then find a satisfying
-sin a cos a
1 1 0 0
(c) (d)
1 1 0 0
0<a <-^ when A + A^ =yf2 I2, where .4^ is
71 transpose of A. All India 2016
6. For what value of a: s 0,— , is + A' = 431, where
2 3 5
14.
If^ = is written as ^ f where P is a
cos X sin X
7 9
A = 9

-sinx cosx
CBSE 2023 symmetric matrix and Q is skew-symmetric matrix,
then write the matrix P. Foreign 2016
(a)- (b)~
6
15. Write 2x2 matrix which is both symmetric and
TC
(c)0 (d)- skew-symmetric. De/h(2014C
 44 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

16. For what value of x, is the matrix 4 Marks Questions

0 1-2' 2 4 -6

A = -1 0 3 a skew-symmetric matrix? g Express the matrix A~ 1 3 5 as the

a: -3 0 All India 2013 1_1 -2 4^
sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
AH India 2015C
CONCEPT
if >4 is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A = -A^, where 4^is
transpose of matrix A.
85(231 CONCEPT
Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a
symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix, i.e.
. A + A' A-A' , AH-A' and A-A' are
2 Marks Question A =
2
, where
2 2
2
-|7 Show that all the diagonal elements of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, respectiveiy.
skew-symmetric matrix are zero. Defh»20T7

[Explanations]
a c -1 Let order of 5 is w x «

(a) Given, A = 6 0 5 Order of B' \s nxm

1.
1 -5 0 Since, A' B, is defined.

Since, .4 is a skew-symmetric matrix. Number of columns of is equal to the number of

rows of B.
A^=-A
m =3
a c -1 a c
Similarly, AB' is defined.
6 0 5 6 0 5
Number of column of A is equal to the number of
1 -5 0 1 -5 0 rows of B'.

a 6 1 -a —c 1 n = 4

c 0 -5 -6 0 -5 Order of the matrix 5 is 3 x 4.

-15 0 -1 5 0 4 (r/)Given,^ = [l 2 3]
On comparing the corresponding elements of both 1

sides, we get A' = 2

a = -a
3
a + a=0
1
2a =0=!>a =0
and b = — b + c=0 Now, ^^' = [1 2 3] 2 = [[ + 4 + 9] = [[4]
3
Now, 2a-(6 + c) = 2(0)-0 = 0
5 X 1 0 1 0
2 (6) Given, A = 5^ (6) Given, A =
y 0 0 0 0 0

5 X 5 y 1 1 I 0
and a = a'^ => and B = =^B' =
y OJ [;c 0 0 0 1 0

By equality of matrices, we get a: = y 10 10 l+O 0+0 1 0

B'A' =
3 (a) Given, order of /I is 3 x 4. 10 0 0 1+0 0+0 1 0

Order of is 4x3.
Matrices 45

cosjc sin a: cosa: -siha: 1 + 4+ 4 2 + 2 + 2X -2 + 4-2 9 0 0

6. ^A' =
(h) Given, A =
-sinx cosx siha: cosx 2 + 2 + 2JC 4 + 1 + x^ -4 + 2-x 0 9 0

-2 + 4-2 -4+2-x 4+ 4 + 1 0 0 9
Since, A + A'=^21
cosx smA: cosx -smx 9 4 + 2a: 0 9 0 0
+ = V3/
-smx cosx smx cosx 4 + 2at 5+a:^ -2-a: 0 9 0 (1/2)

2cosx 0 1 0 0 -2-a: 9 0 0 9

0 2 cosx 0 1 On equating the corresponding elements, we get

2cosx 0 0 4 + 2x = 0and5 + x^ =9
0 2 cosx 0 -Jl X = -2andx^ -4
X = -2 and x = ± 2
By equality of matrices, we have
2cosx = V3 The value of X is-2 . (1/2)
0 a -3
V3 K 71 7t
COSX = - COS —=>x = — € 0,— 11.
Given, A = 2 0 -1 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
2 6 6 2
b 1 0
7.
(d) Given, A is symmetric matrix.
A' = A A^=-A
1 2 -3 1 4 X 0 a -3f 0 a -3

4 2 -1 z 2 y 2 0-1 2 0 -1

X y 3 -3 -1 3 b 1 0 h 1 0

By equality of matrices, we have 0 2 b 0 -a 3

0 1 -2 0 1
z = 4,x = -3 and y = -l a

-3 -1 0 -b -1 0
x + y+z = -3-l + 4 = 0
8.
(c) In a skew-symmetric matrix, the (/,y)th element is On equating the corresponding elements, we get
negative of the element a =-2 and b = 3 (1)

i.e. aij^-aji Concept A square matrix A = [o^^] is

For the element of i th row and / th column. Enhancer
said to be a skew symmetric
matrix If = - A i.e. if [o^] = - [a^], for the
Hence, the (/, /)th element = 0 possible values of i and j.
9.
(6) Since, /i is a both symmetric and skew-symmetric 0 2b -2
matrix.
12.
A' = A and A' =-A Given, A - 3 1 3 is a symmetric matrix.
Comparing both equations, 3a 3 -1

A = —A A + A=0 => 2 A = 0 We know that a matrix A is symmetric, if A' = A .

Therefore, is a zero matrix. 0 2b -2 0 2b -2
■ 1 2 2'
3 1 3 3 1 3
10.
We have, A = 2 1 X
3a 3 -I 3a 3 -1
-2 2 -1
0 3 3a 0 2b -2
Also, AA'=9I 2b 1 3 3 1 3
1 2 2' 1 2 -2 1 0 0
-2 3 -1 3a 3 -1
2 1 X 2 1 2 = 9 0 1 0

-2 2 -1 2 X -1 0 0 1 On equating the corresponding elements, we get

 46 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

3 =2b and3a = -2 We know that if ^ is a skew-symmetric matrix, then

3 2 A=-A^
b = - and a = - (I)
2 3 0 1 -2 0 -1 X
►t -1 0 3 1 0 -3
Enhancer A square matrix A = [a,y] is t
said to be symmetric if A =A j X -3 0 -2 3 0

i.e. if [a,^] = [aj,]for all possible values of/and j. v 0 1 -2 0 1 -X

cos a sin a -1 0 3 -1 0 3 (1/2)

13.
Given, A — X -3 0 2 -3 0
-sin a cos a

On equating the corresponding element, we get

Also, given A +A^ V2/2
x =2 (1/2)
cos a sm a cos a sina 1 0 17.
-1- = ^/2 Let A ] be a skew-symmetric matrix.
-sina cos a - sin a cos a 0 1
Then, fly,- Vi,J
cos a sin a
+
cos a - sin a \4l o] Now, put i = J, we get
-sin a cos a sin a cos a 0

cos a + cos a sm a - sm a -Jl 0 2 aij =0 (1)

-sma+sina cosa+cosa 0 V2 fl;.-II =0V/

a 11 = fl 22 — fl
● = «„« =0
2 cos a 0 ^ 0 33

Hence, all the diagonal elements of a skew- symmetric

0 2 cos a 0 ^|2 (1/2) matrix are zero. Hence proved. (l)
2 4 -6
On equating the corresponding elements, we get 18.
Given, A - 7 3 5
1
2cosa=>S => cosa = cos a = 1 -2 4
2 V2
7C n
2 7 I
a = —, which is satisfying 0 < a < —. (1/2)
A' =
4’ 2 4 3-2

3 5 -6 5 4
14.
We have, A = and A=P +Q, where P is
7 9
[interchange the elements of rows and columns]
symmetric matrix and Q is skew-symmetric matrix. 1
Now, XtiP = -{A + A')
Clearly, P=-{A
2
+ A^) (1/2)
2

2 4 -6 2 7 1
1 3 5
\ /
3 5 1 3 5 3 7 1
+ -I-
7 3 5 + 4 3-2 ■

2 2
7 9 V7 9 2 7 9/ 5 9
tv V 1 -2 4 -6 5 4

\_U 12
V /
3 6
4 11-5
2I12 18 / V
6 9
(1/2) 1
11 6 3
2
15. 0 0 -5 3
A null matrix of order 2x2 i.e. is both
0 0
2
symmetric and skew-symmetric. (I) 2 2
11 3
0 1 -2 3
16. 2 2
Given, A — -1 0 3
5 3
X -3 0 4
2 2 (1)
Matrices 47

1 3 J_
and Q=-{A-A') 0
2 2

\2 4 -6 2 7 1 -3 -7
1
and Q' = 0 = -Q
4 3-2 2 2
7 3 5
2 -7 7
1 -2 4 -6 5 4 0
2 2
3 7
0 So, P is a symmetric matrix and 0 is a
2 2
0 -3 -7 skew-symmetric matrix. (1)
1 3 7
3 0 7 0 1 1
2 2 2 Now, P+Q = -(A + A') + ~(A-A')
7 -7 0 A ^
7 7
0
2 2 2
11 5
0 3 _7
2 2 2 2 2 4-6
11 -5 II 3 3 7
2 3 + 0 7 3 5
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 -2 4
11 3 5 3 4 7 _7 0
Clearly, here P' = 3
2
= P
2 2 2 2
2
-5 3
4
Thus, matrix A is expressed as the sum of symmetric
2 2 matrix and skew-symmetric matrix. (1)

Case Based Questions

cost of the above three commodities are f 2.00, ? 1.00
1. A manufacture produces three stationery products
Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener which he sells in two and ? 0.50, respectively.
markets. Annual sales are indicated below. Based on the above information, answer the following
CBSE Question Bonk
questions,
I NEW OELW smTHWEJrt HHrr (i) Total revenue of Market/I is
(a) r 64000 (b) ? 60400
(c) ? 46000 (d) ? 40600
(ii) Total revenue of Market B is
(a) ^ 35000 (b) X 53000
(c) ^ 50300 (d) ? 30500
(iii) Cost incurred in Market A is
nc (a) f 13000 (b) t 30100
M ● C«a*ri«wM « (c)^ 10300 (d) ? 31000
(iv) Profit in Market A and B respectively are
i-
mm (a) 15000, ? 17000)
'■wm
(b) {? 17000, ? 15000)
(c) (? 51000, ? 71000)
(d) (? 10000, t 20000)

Market Products (in numbers)

(v) Gross profit in both market is
(a) ? 23000
Pencil Eraser Sharpener (b) ? 20300
A 10000 2000 18000 (c) ? 32000
20000 8000
(d) ^ 30200
B 6000

2 Two farmers Ramakishan and Gurucharan Singh

If the unit sale price of Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener cultivate only three varieties of rice namely Basmati,
are ? 2.50, ? 1.50 and ? 1.00 respectively, and unit
Permal and Naura. The sale (in rupees) of these
48 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

varieties of irce by both the farmers in the month of 3. Amit, Biraj and Chirag were given the task of creating
September and October are given by the following a square matrix of order 2.
matrices A and B.
Below are the matrices created by them. A, B, C are
the matrices created by Amit, Biraj and Chirag
respectively.
1 2 4 0
A^ ,B =
-1 3 1 5 ’

2 0
C =
1 -2
September sales (in ?)
Ifa = 4and ^ = -2.
10000 20000 30000'
A =
50000 30000 10000 Based on the above infonnation, answer the following
questions. CBS£ Queston Bank
October sales (in ?)
(i) Sum of the matrices A, B and C, ^4 + (5 + C) is
'5000 10000 6000 ri 6l [6 n
5 =
(a) (b)
20000 10000 10000 2 7 7 2
7 2l [2 n
Answer the following questions using the above (c)
1 6
(d)
information. 7 6
CBSE Question Bank

(i) The total sales in September and October for each (ii) {A^ Y is equal to
farmer in each variety can be represented as " 1 2] f2 1 1
(a) A + £ (b) A-S (a)
(c) A > B (d) A < j5
-1 3_ -1

-1] [2 31
(ii) What is the value of A23? (c) (d)
' ' 2 3 -1 1
(a) 10000 (b) 20000
(c) 30000 (d) 40000
(iii) (6A)^ is equal to
(iii) The decrease in sales from September to October
is given by r-2 -4l
(a) A + B - (b)A-B <■>[, -6 - 4 -6

(c) A > B (d) A < S

(iv) If Ramakishan receives 2% profit on gross sales,
compute his profit for each variety sold in
'●>K -4 ’2 4

October, (iv) AC - BC is equal to

(a) t 100, f 200 and ^ 120 r-4 -4l
(b)?100, ?200 and? 130 -4 4 4 -6
(c) ? 100, ? 220 and ? 120
r-4 -4i
(d)? no,? 200 and? 120
-6
a
4
A
-4 -4
(v) If Gurucharan receives 2% profit on gross sales,
compute his profit for each variety sold in (v) {a +b)B is equal to
September, fO 81 2 lOl
(a) (b)
(a) ? 100, ? 200, ? 120 10 2J 8 0
(b) ? 1000 , ? 600, ? 200 [8 0l [2 0'
(c) ? 400, ? 200, ? 120 (c) (d)
2 10 8 10
(d) ? 1200, ? 200, ? 120
 [Explanations]
1. Let the number of units of pencil, eraser and sharpener (iv) (a) 2% of B in October
sold in market A be denoted by matrix P and sold in 2 5000 10000 6000
=0.02x
market B be denoted by matrix Q. 100 20000 10000 10000
Let unit sale price of each item be denoted by matrix
100 200 120
R and cost price of each item be denoted by matrix S.
400 200 200
[10000 2000 18000]
Q = ;6000 20000 8000] Hence, the profit received by Ramakishan in sales
of each variety of rice are ? 100, ? 200 and ? 120
"2.50] 2.00
respectively,
R = 1.50 and 5= LOO
LOO 0.50 (v) (6) 2% of A in September = — X A
100
(i) (c) Total revenue of Market A=PR 2 10000 20000 30000 200 400 600
'2.50 100 50000 30000 10000 1000 600 200
= [10000 2000 18000] 1.50
Hence, the profit received by Gurucharan in the
1.00
sale of each variety of irce are ?1000,1600, ? 200
= 10000 X 2.50+2000 X 1.50+18000x1.00 respectively.
(V
= ? 46000 1 2 4 0 2 0
(ii) (b) Total revenue of Market B =QR 3.(i)(c)^+(5+C) = + +
-1 3 \L
1 5 1 -2
jy
2.50
1 2 6 0 7 2
= [6000 20000 8000] = 1.50 +
-1 3 2 3 1 6
1.00
1 -1
= 6000 X 2.50 + 20000 x 1.50 + 8000 x 1 (ii) (a) A^ =
2 3
= ? 53000
(iii) {d) Cost incurred in Market A = PS 1 -ir 1 2
2.00 2 3 -1 3

= [10000 2000 18000] = 1.00

1 2f
0.50 (iii) {h){bAf =hA'^ =-2
-1 3
= 10000 X 2.00 + 2000 x 1.00 +18000 x 0.50
-2 2
=^31000 = -2
1 -1 _
2 3 " -4 -6
(iv) (a) Profit in Market A = 46000 - 31000 = ? 15000
Again, cost incurred in Market B -QS
(iv) (c) AC = \ 2] [2 0
2.00 -13 1 -2

= [6000 20000 8000] = 1.00 2+2 0-4 4 -4

0.50 -2 + 3 0-6 1 -6
= 6000 X 2 +20000 x 1 + 8000 x 0.50 = ? 36000 4 0 2 0
.-. Profit of Market B = 53000 - 36000 = X17000 BC =
15 1-2
(v) (c) Gross profit on both market
8+0 0+0 8 0
= 15000 + 17000 = ^32000
2 + 5 0-10 7 -10
2.(i) (a) Combined sales in September and October for
each farmer in each variety is represented by 4 -4 0 _4
.\AC-BC =
A+B. 1 -6 7 -10 -6 4
(ii) (a) Clearly, ^23 =10000 4 0 4 0 8 0
(iii) (b) The decrease in sales from September to (V) (c) ia + b)B = {4-2) = 2
1 5 1 5 2 10
October is given by A - B.

a
 t
[chapter] test)
●'t

1 Mark Question 7. IfX =

3 -1
andr =
2 1 -1
, then find
1 -1 5 -2 -3 7 2 4

1. If matrix ^ given by ^ = 0 3 , then the order of matrix Z, such that X + f + Z is zero matrix.
2 5 2 0 -1 2
8. If^ = and 5 = then find {AB)'.
the matrix A is 1 4 3 0 ’
(a)lx2 (b)2x3 (c) 3 X 2 (d) 2 X 2
9. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then prove that
2. If ^ is a matrix defined by ^ = [oy ] = [sin jx' \ AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
1 < 1 < 3,1 < y < 3 and 5 is a matrix defined by
3 Marks Questions
S = [^)y.] = [cos/:r'];l</<3,l<y<3.
a-fo 10. For what values of x and y are the following matrices
Then, the value of— '
is
b 12 equal?
(a) 2 cos x^ (b) 2sin^x
A =
2x + \ 3y
and B —
x + 3 /+2
(c) 2 sin x^ (d) None of these 0 0 -6

1 2 2 7 0 3 0
11. FindXandrifZ + r = andX -Y =
3. If^= 2 1 2 , then -4^ is equal to 2 5 0 3

2 2 1
12. Find the matrix A such that
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/3 (c) 4/3 (d) 5/3
A^
2 3l_r-7 -8 -9
4. Ifa,^. =^(3/ +2j) and ^=[a,yl2>c2, then a2i +^22 is 4 5 6 ” 2 4 6
equal to 2 3
(d)-l
13. If4 = , then verify that (34)'' = 3^'.
(a)l (b)8 (c)9 0 -1 4

5. If4 = [a,y]2x2. where =i^ +2j^, then 4 is equal

to 5 Marks Questions
3 9 3 6 6 12 9 3 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 14. Express the matrix 4 = as the sum of a
6 12 9 12 3 9 6 1 -1 4

symmetric matrix and the skew-symmetric matrix.

2 Marks Questions ■ 1 0-2'
-2x + y 3
15. If4= -2 -1 2 , then show that
6. Find the value of a:, yand z, if x + y+z 3
3 4 1
X + V 3
4^-4^-34-/3=0.

Answers
1.(c) 2.(c) 3.{d) 4.(c) 5. (a)
-5 -2 2 5 0 2 0
^^.X = and Y =
6. .X = 2, y = 1 and z = 0 7.
1 4 1 1
-12 0 -1

1 -2 2 1 0 2
-2 11
12. 4 = 14. +
8. 10. X = 2 and y=5 2 0 1 4 -2 0
4 2
CD
Determinanfs
TREND
Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS
Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

1 Mark 1 1 2
TOPIC 01 Expansion of Determinants 2 Marks

3 Marks 1

4 Marks

5 Marks

6 Marks 1

1 Mark 1 2

TOPIC 02 Adjoint and Inverse of 2 Marks

a Matrix
3 Marks

4 Marks 1

5 Marks 2 1

6 Marks 1

TOPIC 1

Expansion of Determinants
Determinant Value of a Determinant
To every square matrix A = ] of order n, we can 1. Determinant of a matrix A = [a] of order 1 is given by
associate a number (real or complex) is called a |^! = |a| = a
determinant of the square matrix A. It is denoted by det A «ii a
12
[a b 2. Determinant of a matrix A = of order 2 is
a 21 ^22
or A . U A = , then determinant of A is written as
c d

a b given by I /4| = -Oil ● U22 ^21 ■ ^12

«2i a
A\^ = det (A). 22
c d
a 11 ^12 a
13
NOTE (i) For matrix 4, | /I | is read as determinant of A, not modulus of A.
3. Determinant of a matrix A = ^21 a 22 ^23 of order
(ii) Determinant gives numerical value but matrix do not give numerical
value, a 31 ^32 a
33 J
(iii) Only square matrices have determinants.
3 is given by expressing it in terms of second order
 52 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

°12 0 15
determinants. This is known as expansion of a
and ^21 °22 a 23 -Oil ^11 + <^12^12 0,j A,5 .
determinant along a row or column.
051 o 32 0 33

^22 ^23 1+2 ^21 a 23

+ (-i) flj2 (ii) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any
^32 ^33 «3l a
33 other row (or column), then their sum is zero.
1+3 ^21 022
+ (-])
Singular and Non-singular
a
13
^31 ^32

[●.* expansion along first row, i.e. ] Matrices

NOTE (i) There are six ways of expanding a determinant of order 3
corresponding to each of three rows (#?,, Rj 3nd Rj) and each of If the value of determinant corresponding to a square
three columns (C„ Cj and Cj). matrix is zero, then matrix is said to be a singular
(ii) For easier calculations we will expand the determinant along that
row (or column) which contains maximum number of zeroes.
matrix, otherwise it is non-singular matrix, i.e. For a
(iii) While expanding, instead of multiplying by (-1)' we can
square matrix if .^ = 0, then it is said to be a
multiply by +1 or -1 according as {/ + j) is even or odd.
singular matrix and if | A\ ■* 0, then it is said to be a
non-singular matrix.
Minor Theorems
1. Ifv4 and B are non-singular matrices of the same order,
Minor of an element of a determinant is a determinant then AB and BA are also non-singular matrices of the
same order.
obtained by deleting the fth row and yth column in which
2. The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to
element Oy lies. Minor of the element ay is denoted by My. product of their respective determinants, i.e.
NOTE Minor of an element of a determinant of order n (n >2) is a
jAB I = j IIB j, where A and B are square matrices of
determinant of order (n -1). same order.

3. The area of a triangle whose vertices are (Xi,yi), (X2,y2)

Cofactor and {x^, yj) is given by
1

Cofactor of the element ay of a determinant, denoted by Ay

^ yi
^ = -^2 Y2 1 ■
or Cy, is defined as Ay - (-1)'"^-^ My, where My is a minor
of the element ay.
NOTE (I) Since, area is a positive quantity, so we always take the absolute
NOTE (i) For expanding the determinant, we can use minors and cofactors as value of the determinant.
0 11 a 12 a 13
(N) If area is given, then take both positive and negative values of the
021 a
22 °23 = 0]l — Qj2 + Oij M- determinant for calculation,
a 31 a 32 a 33
{ill) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
 PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 0 2x-\ 4x

Multiple Choice Questions g. The value of\A\,if A = \-2x 0 l4x , where
-■yjx -2-Jx 0
'I ^ If ^ is a square matrix of order 2 and \ A\ = ~X then xeR'^, is CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022
value of 15/4'I is CBSE 2024

(a) - 50 (b)-lO (c)10 (d)50 (a)(2* + l)" (b)0

2 7 1 (c)(2i+l)’ (d) None of these

2 4 2x 4
2. The value of the determinant 1 1 1 IS
9. If , then the possible value(s) ofx
10 8 1 5 I 6 X
CBSE 2023
is/are CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022
(a) 47 (b)-79
(c) 49 (d) -51 (a) 3 (b)V3
a 3 4 (c)-V3 (d)^/3,-V3
k 8
3. If 1 2 1 = 0, then the value of a is is a singular matrix,
'[ 0. Value of k, for which A = 4 2k
1 4 1 CBSE 2023
IS CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term 1)
(a)l (b)2 (c)3 (d)4
(a) 4 (b)-4
4^ Let Abe a skew- symmetric matrix of order 3. If (c)±4 (d)0
\A\ = x, then (2023)^ is equal to CBSE 2023

1
11. Given that A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 such
(a) 2023 (b) that A^ =2/4, then the value of\2A\ is
2023
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 (Term I)
(c) (2023)^ (d)l
(a) 4 (b)8
1 2 1 (c) 64 (c) 16
1
5. If 2 3 1 is non-singular matrix and aeA, then the 1 sin a

3 a 1 -J2. Let A = -sma 1 sma , where 0 < a < 2tc,

set A is CBSE 2023 -1 -sma 1

(a)R (b)(0) (c)(4) (d)/?-(4) then CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 fTerm I)

5^ Let A be the area of a triangle having vertices (a)|/4|=0 (b)|^|e (2,00)

* (xi, ), (X2, y2)and (xj, y^). Which of the following (c)|^t€ (2,4) (d)|/4|€[2,4]
is correct? CBSE 2023

1
13. Given that A = [a,y ] is a square matrix of order 3x3
^1 y\ 1 >^1 3

1 = ±A (b) ^2 1 = ±2/4 and \A\ = - 7, then the value of a,-2^ where Any
(a) ^2 T2 T2
»=i
I ●^3 >^3 1
^3 T3
denotes the cofactor of element is
X\ Ti 1 X\ y\ 1^ CBSE Somp/e Paper 2022 (Term 1)
A
(c) ^2 >*2 1 = + — (d) ^2 yi 1 = A^ (a) 7 (b)-7 (c) 0 (d) 49
2
1 X3 yi 1 2 3 2
^3 >'3

14. If + 3=0, then the value of x is

7. If the area of the triangle with vertices (-3,0), (3,0)
X X X

4 9 1
and (0, k) is 9 sq units, then the value’s of k will be Delhi 2020
CBSE Somp/e Paper 2023
(a) 3 (b)0
(a) 9 (b)±3 (c)-9 (d)6
(c)-l (d)l
 54 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

200 50
and B =
50 40
Seal CONCEPT
15. Let^ =
10 2 2 ^ , then AB is First, expand both determinants, which gives an
equal to Delhi 2020 equation in x and then solve that equation to find the
value of X.
(a) 460 (b) 2000
(c) 3000 (d) -7000
3x 7 8 7
Very Short Answer Questions 26. If , then find the value ofx.
●2 4 6 4 AW India 2014

16. Let A = [ay ] be a square matrix of order 3x3 and P P+1

I 4 I = — 7. Find the value of flu ^21 '**‘^12^22 + ^13^^23’ 27. Write the value of the determinant
where Ais the cofactor of element a . P-1 P
y y
Delhi 2014C
CBSE Sample Paper 2021
2x X+3 1 5
0 -I 3 5 28. If then find the value ofx.
17. Find I |» if ^ = and B = 2(x + l) x+\ 3 3 ’ Delhi 2013C
0 2 0 0 All India 2019

Siaia CONCEPT
18. If = [a,y ] is a matrix of order 2x2, such that
Expand both determinants which gives an equation in x
1^1 = -15 and Cy represents the cofactor of a,y, then and then solve that equation to find the value of x.
find «22|C2i + 22^22- CBSE Samp/e Paper 20IB

X+1 x-1 4 -1
^9. A and B are square matrices of order 3 each, \A\ = 2 29. If , then write the value of x.
and|5[ = 3. Find|3.4S|. CBSE Sample Paper 2017 x-3 x+2 1 ^ Delhi 2013
20. Find the maximum value of 30. If Ay is the cofactor of the element ay of the
1 1 1 2-3 5

1 1 + sin 0 1 determinant 6 0 4, then write the value of

1 1 1 + COS0 Delhi 2016
1 5 -7

X sinG cos 9
^32 ■ '^32- All India 2013

5 3
21. If -sin 9 -X 1 = 8, write the value of x.
COS0 I X
31. IfA = 2 0 I , write the cofactor of element a 32-
Foreign 2016
1 2 3
Delhi 2012
5 6 -3
1 2 3
22. If^ = -4 3 2 , then write the cofactor of the
32. IfA = 2 0 1 , write the minor of element a 22-
-4 -7 3
5 3 Delhi 2012
element a 21 of its 2nd row. Foreign 2015
5 3 8
1 2 1 3
23. If^ = and B - , write the value of 33. IfA = 2 0 1 , then write the minor of the element
3 -I -1 1
1 2 3
AB\. Delhi 2015C
a
23- Delhi 2012
24. In the interval nl2<x<n, find the value of x for
2sinx 3^ 2(x +1) 2x
which the matrix
34, For what value of x, ^ = is a singular
is singular. X x-2
1 2 sin X All India 201 sc
matrix? All India 2011C
2x 5 6 -2
25. If
8 X 7 3
, then write the value of x.
I
^ Cai3cONCEPT
Delhi 2014
For a singular matrix, 141 = 0. Use this relation and solve
it.
Determinants 55

2 Marks Questions 4 Marks

2
I
35. If is a square matrix of order 3 such that A = 2A, a a

then find the value of \A\. CBSB Sample Paper 2021 38. lfA== a a = - 4, then find the value of
P 2 1 a
36. If^ = and 1 ^ ^ I = 125, then find the value of p.
2 P. All India 2019 a 3-1 0 a-a
4

4
0 a-a a 3-1
3 Marks Question a-a
4
a 3-1 0
CBSE $amp/e Paper 2018
37. Show that the determinant
X sin 9 cos 0
39. \i A + B + C = Tt, find the value of
sin(.4+5+C) sin 5 cosC
-sin0 -X 1 is independent of0.
-sin 5 0 tan A
cos 9 1 X CBSe 2023
cos {A + B) -tany4 0

CBSe Sample Paper 2017

'1*L*
V. Explanations^ ■HA

1. (a) Any square matrix of order 2 will be

'k o' a(2-4)-3(l-l) + 4(4-2) = 0
A =
0 k a(-2)-3{0) + 4(2) = 0
-2a+8=0
\A\ = k^-0 = k^ -2a = -8
Given, \A\ = -2=^ k^=-2 a = 4
5k o'
Now, 5A' = . (d) We know that, the determinant of an odd order
0 5k skew- symmetric matrix is zero.
\5A'\=25k^^25x{-2) \A\ = 0 = x

= -50 (2023)^ =(2023)®=!

2 7 1 ‘1 2 r

2. (a) LetA = 1 1 1 5. (d) Given, 2 3 I is non-singular matrix.

10 8 1 3 fl 1_
1 2 1
On expanding the determinant along i?|, we get
2 3 1 ^0
A = 2{l-8)-7(l-10)+l(8-10)
3 a 1
= 2(-7)-7(-9) + l(-2)
= -14-h63-2 =^> l(3-a)-2(2-3) + l(2n-9)^0
= 47 3-a+2 + 2a-9^0

a 3 4 ~4 + a^0=>a^4

3. (d) Given, 1 2 1 = 0 6. (6) The area of a triangle whose vertices are (x,, y,),
1 4 1 X
1 >'1 1
1
1
On expanding along R^, we get (^2>3^2)and(x3,y3)isA = - j:2 ^2
^3 >^3 1
 56 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

According to the question, \A\=2^ =8 [vMl#0]

1 7i
1 |2^|=2^|v4| = 2^{8) = (8)^=64
2 ^2 72 1
= ±A => ^2 72 I = ±2A
1 sin a 1
^3 73 1 ^3 73 1
12. (d) We have, A = -sma I sin a

7. (b) The area of triangle with vertices (x,, ), {x2, y2), -1 -sma 1
(^3, yj) is defined as,
1 -3 0 1
|v4|=l(l+sin^a)
7i
1 1
A = 1 3 0 1 - sin a(- sin a + sin a) +1 (sin ^ a +1)
2 -^2 72 2
^3 73 1 0 k 1 |^| = 2+2sin^a
1 1 0<sin^a<l
= -[-3(0-A) + 0 + l(3/:-0)] = ~{6k) =|3A'|
0 <2sin^ a <2
±9 = 2k [given, area = 9 sq units]
k = ±2 uiiits
0 + 2<2 + 2sin^a<2+2=>2<|^|<4
M|€[2,4]
0 2;c-l
a
11 ^12 ^13
8. {b) Given, A = 1-2:c 0 2V^
13. {b) Let A = a
21 ^21 ^23
-yfx - 24x 0
.^3! ^32 ^33,
M| = 0-(2x-l)(0 + V?(2V^)) On expanding along C2, then
-^4^{~24^{1-2x)~0) ^21 ^23 a II a
13 a
11 ^13
\A\ = -a 12 + a 22 - a
32
= - (lx -1) (2x) - 2x(l - 2x) = 0 a^i a
33 a
33 a 21 a
23

2 4 2x 4
9. (^0 We have Ml — ^2i2-^12 ^22^ 22 + a 32 -^32
’ 5 I 6 X
3

2(l)-5(4)=2^(x)-6(4) ^ M| — ;=1
^ ^/2-^j2~“”^ [vMl = -7]
2-20 = 2x^-24 2 3 2

2x^ =-18+24 = 6 14. (c) We have, X X X +3 =0

4 9 I
x^ =3=>x = ±\j3
i.e. Jc = V3,-V3 => 2 (a: - ) - 3 (a: - 4xr) + 2 (9x’ - 4x) + 3 = 0
-1 6a: + 9a: +1 Oa: + 3 = 0
k 8 ■
10. (c) We have, A = 3x + 3 = 0
4 2k
3a: = -3
Here, A is singular matrix.
a: = -1
MI=o
200 50
k 8 15. {d) We have, A =
= 0=>2/t^-32 = 0 10 2
4 2k
MI = 400-500 = -100
=16 ^k^±4
■50 40'
and B =
11. (c) Given, =2.4 =>M^I =|2^l 2 3

|5| = 150-80 = 70
[vM”| = Mr and|/t41 = )t"'M|, M^MMI-MI
where m is order of matrix A] = -100x70 = -7000
Determinants 57

We know that maximum value of sin 20 is 1.

16. We know that for any square matrix A = [a^ ] of
1 1
order n, A max = -xl = -.
n 2 2 (1/2)
^Oy A/y =0, where\<k <nandk « X sin0 COS0
y=i
21. We have, -sin0 -X I
a
II A21 +a|2^22 +^13^23 (1)
COS0 1 X

0 -1 3 5
17. Given, A = and B = On expanding along 7?,, we get
0 2 0 0
x(~x^ -1) - sin0 (-xsin0 -COS0)
0-135
Now, AB = + COS 0 (- sin 0 + X cos 0) = 8
0 2 0 0
—X ^ - X + X sin ^ 0 + sin 0 cos 0 - sin 0 cos 0
0+0 0+0 0 0
+xcos^ 0=8
0+0 0+0 0 0
— X ^ -X + x (sin^ 0 +cos^ 0) = 8
I ^5 1 = 0 (1) -X ^-x+x=8

[v sin^0 + cos^ 0 = 1] (1/2)

18. We have, A =[«/,-] and |^| = -15 -X 3 =8 =>x^ +8 = 0
a
11 ^12
Let A = x^ +2^ =0
(321 ^22.
=> (x+2 )(x^ +4-2x)=0 => x = -2
Now, C21 =(-l)^'^'fl 12 ~ ( 1) ^12 “ - a 12
(1/2)
[●.' x^ - 2x + 4 = 0, gives imaginary values] (1/2)
and C22 11 11
= a
11
We know that expansion of a
^21 ^2\ +‘^22*^22 -^21 (“'^12)+ ‘^22^1! Enhancer determinant of a matrix A of
1 + 1 °22 a
23
= -^21^12 ■*‘'^22‘^n order 3 alongis A =(-1) a
n
<^32 °33
= M| = -15 (1/2)
1 + 2
0-,-,
21
a 23 ^21 a
22
C +(-i) a
12 13
19. Given, order of matrices A and B = 3 a
31
a
33
a
31 ^32
and I ^ I = 2 and 151 = 3
5 6 -3
Now, t3^S|=3^|^|!5| = 27x2x3 = 162 (1)
22. Given, A - -4 3 2
1 1 1
-4 -7 3
20. Let A= 1 1 + sin 0 1
2+1
6 -3
1 1 1 +COS0 Now, cofactor of a2i =(-l)
-7 3
On expanding along first row i.e. R^, we get
1 + sin 0 1 1 1
= -(18-21) = 3 (1)
A = 1 -1
1 I+ COS0 1 1+COS0

1 1 + sin 0
23.Cleariy,M|= ^ =-l_6=-7

+ 1 1 3
1 . 1 and |5| = =1+3=4
-1 1

= [(1 +sin0)(l + cos0)-l]-[l+cos0 -1] M5|=M|-|5| = (-7)(4) = -28 (l)

+ [1 -1 - sin0] 2 sin X 3
24. Let A -
= 1+ COS0 +sin0 + sin0cos0 -1 - COS0 - sin0 1 2 sin X
= sin0cos0
^ is a singular matrix.
1 1 2 sinx 3
= -(2 sin0cos0) = -sin20 \A\ = 0 => = 0
2 2 (1/2) 1 2 sinx
(1/2)
 58 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

4sin^ a: -3 =0 31, Cofactor of element a 32

2 3
sm x = — 3 + 2
5 8
4 = (-l) = (-l)(5-16) = ll (1)
2 1
taking positive square
sin a: —
1 3
7C
2 root because — < jc < 7i 32. Minor of element a 22 “
2 5 8

271 = 8-15 = -7
X =
(1)
3 (1/2)
We know that minor of an

25. Given,
2a- 5 _ 6 -2 Enhancer element a^j of a determinant is a
8 a: " 7 3 determinant which is obtained by deleting the Ith
row and jth column in which elements Oy lies.
2x^ -40 = 18~(~14)
5 3
2a:^ -40 = 32 =72 33. Minor of the element a 23 -
1 2
=36
= 10 -3 = 7 (1)
x = ±6 (1)
34. We know that a matrix A is said to be singular,
26. Do same as Q. No. 25. Ans.-2
if 1^1=0.
P P+1 2x+2 2x
27. Let A = = 0
P-1 P X X -2

On expanding, we get (2x+2)(x-2)-2x^=0

2x^-2x-4-2x^=0
A = p^-{p-\){p + \) -2x = 4
A = p^-(p^-l^) x = -2 0)

=(a + b) (a-b)] 35. We have, ~2A

A= p^ - p^ +1 A-A=2A

A = 1 (1) ^●.4|=|2^|

28. Given 2x x+3 _ 1 5 A\-\A\=2^\A

’ 2(x + l) x + 1 "33
['.● \AB\ = \A\\B\ and |kA k”\A\] (,)
=» 2x(x + l)-(x + 3 )(2x+2 ) = 3-15
A\^ =S\A
=> 2x^ +2x-(2x^ +8x + 6) = -12
-6x-6 = -12
A\^ -8M| = 0
6x = 6 \A\{\A\-S) = 0
x = l (1)
I ^ I =0 or 8 (1)

P 2
29. Do same as Q. No. 28. Ans. 2 36. Given, A -

2-3 5 _2 p_
30. Let A = 6 0 4 P 2
A = /-4
1 5 -7 2 P

Here, a^2 ~ ^ and 1.4^ 1=125

Given, Ajj is the cofactor of the element of A. |.4|^=125 [■■■\A\^=\A^\]
3+2
2 5'
^32 =H) 6 4
= -l(8-30) = 22 (/-4)^=125=>/-4 = 5
=> =9 =^ p = ±3 (2)
032-^32 = 5x22 = 1 10 (1)
Determinants 59

X sin 6 COS0 C,.11 Ci2 c 13

37. LetA = -sin0 -X 1 (1) Let, Aj - c 21 c 22 C 23

COS0 1 X c 31 c 32 c 33

4
On expanding along , we get a 3-1 0 a -a

A = x(”X^ -l)-sin0(-xsin0-cos0) 3-1

4
0 a - a a

4
+COS0 (-sin0 +XCOS0) a - a a 3-1 0

= -x 3 - X + x(sin3 0 +cos^ 0)+sin0cos0 - cosOsin0 Cm

II C 12 C 13

= -x3 - X+X We know that C 21 C 22 C 23 = A

3-1
= A^ (1)

= -x3, which is independent of0. Hence proved. (2) c 31 c 32 c 33

A, =A^ =(-4)3 =16

^^Common sometime students expand the
Mistake determinantwithouttaking proper a 3-1 0 a -a
4

sign. For expanding a determinant we must use signs as

+ + Thus, 0 a -a
4
a 3-1 = 16

follow + a -a
4
a 3-1 0
(1)
+ +

39. We have, A+B+C = K ...(i)

38. We have. sin .6 cosC
2
sin(/^ +B + C)
1 a a
Now, -sin 5 0 tan A
A = a 1 = -4
cos(/t + B) - tan 0
a 3 1 a
sinTC sin B cos C

From this, we can find out that = - sin B 0 tan A (1)

cos(7t-C) -tan A 0

0 sin B cos C
-sin 5 0 tan^ (1)
Ca=(-\)'*\a-a*) = a-a* -cosC -tan A 0
Cji =(-l)^-^'(a^-a^) = 0
0 tan A -sin 5 tan A
= 0x -sin 5 X
-tan A 0 -cosC 0

-sin 5 0
+ cosC X (1)
C31 =(-\)^*\a-a^) = a-a* -cosC -tanv4

[expanding along 7?, ]

= 0 - sin 5 tan A cos C + cos C sin 5 tan ^ = 0 (1)
C33=(-l)“(a--a")=0 (2)
 TOPIC 2

Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix

Adjoint of a Matrix Properties of an Inverse Matrix
The adjoint of a square matrix A = [a^ is defined as Let A and B be two square invertible matrices of same
the transpose of the matrix formed by cofactors of the order, then
elements and it is denoted by adj (A). (i) (A-'y'=A
i.e. Adjoint of a matrix ^4 = [a,y is a matrix [A^j„f^„, (iii) (AB)
-I
= B~'A-^ -1

where A^j is a cofactor of element .

a 11 a 12
(v) AA~^ =A~^A=1
NOTE For a square matrix of order 2, given by = the adj (/^) can (vi) adj (A~^) = (adj^)
-1
[021 o
22 j

also be obtained by interchanging o„ and O22 and by changing signs NOTE (i) If A, B and C are invertible matrices of the same order, then
0 22 -o 12
of 0,2 and O21 i.e. adj(-A) =
~o 21 a
n J (ii) Only square matrices have adjoint or inverse.

Solution of System of Linear Equations

Properties of Adjoint of a Matrix
by Using Inverse of a Matrix
\f A is a square matrix of order n, then
(or by matrix method)
1. A(ad}A) = {ad}A)A = \A\/„
n -1 Let the system of linear equations be a^x + b^y + c^z = d^\
2. I adj A\ = A , provided I/119^0 UjX + h2)’ + C2Z = d2 and a^x + 63_y+ C3z = .
3. adj (A^) ={adjAf We can write the above system of linear equations in
matrix fonn as AX = B, where
inverse of a Square Matrix a
1 X

If is a non-singular matrix (i.e. | A\^ 0), then A = G2 ^2 Cl y and B = ^2

1
A~
Ml
adj(^) .^3 ^3 Z
L^3.
Case I If I I 0, then system is consistent and
a
II ^12 a
13 has a unique solution which is given by
X=A~^B.
For non-singular matrix A = a
21 a 22 a
23 , the inverse
a
31 ^32 a Case II If I y4 I = 0 and {adj A)B*0, then system is
33.
inconsistent and has no solution.
^11 ^21 ^31 Case III If I A [ = 0 and (adj A)B-0, then system may be
-1 1
is A A\2 A22 ^32 ' where A::ij is the either consistent or inconsistent according as the
Ml Ml A, 13 A 23 system have either infinitely many solutions or no
^33 _ solution.

cofactor of element <2,y. NOTE A system of equations is consistent or inconsistent according as its
solution exists or not.
NOTE Inverse of a square matrix, if exists, it is unique.
 PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 9, If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same

Multiple Choice Questions order, then which of the following is not correct?
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
1. If ^ is a square matrix of order 3 such that the value of (a) adj A = \ A j - A (b)det(^"' ) = [det(^)]
-i

I adj /I I = 8, then the value of | | is CBSE 2024 (c)(AB)-' =B~^A~

-1
(d)(^ + 5)”‘ =B + A~
(a)^/2 (b)~V2 10. Given that /I is a square matrix of order 3 and
(c)8 (d)2V2 1 ^1 = - 4, then [ adj A\ is equal to
2 -1 I
CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
(a)-4 (b)4 (c)-16 (d) 16
2. For the matrix A = 2 0 to be invertible, the
2 5
1 -2 3 11 _ For matrix A - , then (adj A )' is equal to
value of X is CBSE 2024 CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
-2 -5 7 5 '1 ir 7 -5
(a)0 (b)10 (a) (c) (d)
11 -7 11 2 -5 2 11 2
(c)i?-{10} (d)^-{-10)
1 -3 -3' 3 1 -1
12, For^ = , then 14A is given by
3. If inverse of matrix -1 1 0 is the matrix -1 2
CBSE Somple Poper 2022 (Term I)
-1 0 1

2 ~^] (c)2p[1 -3J

“‘1 (d)2p[l
2 -1
(a) 14
I 3 3 3 6 2_
1 X 3 , then the value of X is
1 -1 0 2 2 -4'
1 3 4 CBSE 2024
13. = 2 3 4 and B = —4 2 -4 , then
(a)-4 (b)l (c)3 (d)4 0 1 2 2 -1 5 _
3 0 0 CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I)
4. If A(adj A) = 0 3 0 , then the value of Ml+ |adj^| (a) A"' =B (b)4"' =6B
0 0 3 =B (d)B-' =-A
6
is equal to CBSE 2023

(a) 12 (b)9 (c)3 (d) 27 14, If is a square matrix of order 3, such that
A (adj A) = \0I, then | adj A \ is equal to All India 2020
5. Let ^ be a 3 X 3 matrix such that | adj ,41 = 64. Then, | A
(a)l (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) 10/
is equal to CBSE 2023
a 0 0
(a) 8 only (b)-8 only
(c) 64 (d) 8 or - 8 15. = 0 a 0 , then det (adj A) equals
0 0 a
6. If for a square matrix A, A^ -3A +1 = 0 and Delhi 2020

A~^ =xA + yl, then the value of.x + is CBSE 2023 (a) a
27
(b)a^ (d)a^
(a)-2 (b)2 (c)3 (d)-3
-1
Very Short Answer Questions
7. If for a square matrix /I +/ = G, then .4
15, Given that ^ is a square matrix of order 3x3 and
equals CBSE 2023
M I = - 4. Find | adj A |. CBSE Sample Paper 2021
(a) A (b)A+/ (c)/-A (d)A-/
2 -I
8. Given that .4 is a square matrix of order 3 and 17, Find adj (.4), if/I =
4 3
M I = - 2, then | adj (2A) | is equal to Delhi 2020

CBSE Sample Paper 2023

3 -4
(a) - 2^ (b)4 (c)-2 (d) 2 18. For^ = , write A *.
I -1 All India 2020
 62 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

8 0 2 3 1 -2
19. Ifforany2x2square matrix^, A{adjA) =
0 8 ’
28. If/f =
_1 -4
,5 =
-1 ^ , verify that
then write the value of | ^ |. AU India 2017 =5“'v4"'. All India 2015C

20. For what values of k, the system of linear equations

5 Marks Questions
x + y+ z = 2
'1 2 -3'
2x + y — z = 3
3x + 2y + kz = 4 29. If^= 2 0 -3 , then find and hence solve
has a unique solution? All India 2016 12 0

the following system of equations

2 Marks Questions A' + 2y- 3z = 1
2;c-3z=2
3 1
21.1f^ = . show that A^ —5A + 7!=0 X+2y=3 CBSE 2024
-1 2

30. Find the product of the matrices

Hence, find A~^. CBSE Sampfe Paper 202 J
'l 2 -3ir-6 17 13’
2 -3' 2 3 2 14 5 -8 and hence solve the
22. Given A = compute /f"'and show that
-4 7 ’
3 -3 -4j[-15 9 -1
2A~' =9/-A CBSE 2018
system of linear equations
2 3 jc + 2y-3z = -4
23. If^ = be such that A ^ = kA, then find the
5 -2 2v + 3y + 2z = 2
value of k. CBSE 2018C, All India 2011 3jr-3v-4z = ll CBSE 2024

-3 2 1 2 -2 3 -1 1
24. Find the inverse of the matrix -i
5 -3 31. If^ = -1 3 0 and B -15 6 -5 , find
0 -2 1 5 -2 2
Hence, find the matrix P satisfying the matrix equation
f-3 2l_ri 2 (AB)-'. CBSE 2023
P
5 -3 ” 2 -1 CBSE Samp/e Poper 20 J 8 3 2
32. lfA = then find A ' and use it to solve the
5 -7_’
4 Marks Questions following system of equations:
■ 1 -2 3' 3A: + 5y = l 1,2x-7y = -3. CBSE 2023

25. If .4= 0 -1 4 .then find 33. Solve the following system of equations by matrix
-2 2 1 method : CBSE 2023
Delhi 2015

-I -2 -2
X +2y + 3z=6
2x - y + z=2
26. Find the adjoint of the matrix A = 2 1 -2

2 -2 1
3x + 2y — 2z = 3
34. Find the inverse of the matrix
and hence show that A{adj A)-\A\I'^. AU India 2015
'1-1 2'
2 -11
27. If^ = and I is the identity matrix of order 2, A= 0 2 “3 , Using the inverse solve the
-1 2
3 -2 4
then show that A^ =AA- 31. Hence, find A''. system of linear equations
Foreign 2015
x-y + 2z = l,2y-3z = l,3A:-2y + 4z = 3. CBSE 2023
Determinants 63

~3 -2 -4 1 2 0 Using A ’, solve the following system of equations:

35. If^ = 2 1 2 ,5 = -2 -1 -2 , then find AB 2x-3>' + 5z = ll
2 1 3 0 -1 1
3x+2y-4z = -5
and use it to solve the following system of equations x + y-2z~-3 All India 2020, CBSB 2018
CBSE 2023
'13 2'
x~2y=3
41. If-4= 2 0-1 , then show that
2x - y- z~2
12 3
-2v + z = 3
-4A^-3A+ni=0.
2-3 5
Hence find A . Delhi 2020
36. If^ = 3 2 -4 , find A '. Use A * to solve the
1 1 -2 1 I 1

following system of equations 2x -3y + 5z = \\, 42. Show that for the matrix A = 1 2 -3 .
3x+2y-4z = -5,x + y-2z = -3. 2 -1 3
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
A^ -6A^ +5A + n/=0.
37. Using matrix method, solve the following system of
equations Hence, find A~^. All India 2019

2 3 10 4 6 5 , 6 9 20
- + — + — = 4, + — = 1 and - + '1 3 4
X y z X y z
r

43. If .4 =2 1 2, find
= 2,x,y,z^0.
CBSE Sample Poper 2023; Delhi 2011 _5 1 1

gg [311 CONCEPT Hence, solve the system of equations

jc + 3_y + 4z = 8
First, let —=u, —=vand-=wand then reduce system of
X y z 2jt + _v + 2z = 5
equations in terms ofu,vand vj. Get the values ofu.v and and 5x + y+ z = 7 All India 2019
w by using matrix method and then find x,y and zfrom
above mentioned substitutions. 1 1 1

1 2 0
44. If y4 = 1 0 2 , find A . Hence, solve the system of
-1 3 1 1
38. IfA= -2 -1 -2 ,fmd^ . Hence, solve the
0 -1 1 equations x -h y+ z = 6,x + 2z = 7,3x + y + z = 12.
Delhi 2079
system of equations; CBSE Sample Paper 2021
5 0 4 1 3 3
:r-2y = 10, 2x-y-z = 8, -2y + z = 7 -1
45. Given A = 2 3 2 1 4 3
39. Evaluate the product AB, where
1 2 1 1 3 4
1 -1 0 2 2 -4

A = 2 3 4 andS=-4 2 -4 compute (AB)~^. CBSE 2018C

0 1 2 2 -1 5
3 2 I

Hence, solve the system of linear equations 46. If^ = 4 -1 2 , then find A ‘ and hence solve the
x-y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17, y + 2z = 7 7 3 -3
CBSE Sample Paper 2021
following system of equations.
CBSE Sample Paper 2078
6 Marks Questions
2-3 5 ' 3x + 4y + 7z = 14,

40. If ^ = 3 2 -4 , then find A~'. 2x-_y + 3z = 4,

I 1 -2 x+2y-3z=Q
 64 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 3 10
53. Using matrices, solve the following system of
-1
47. If^= 4-6 5 , find 4 Using solve the equations.
6 9 -20 X - y + 2z = 7
3x + 4y-5z = -5
system of equations
and 2x-yh3z==l2 Delhi 2012
2 3 10 ^
- + — + — = 2;
X y z & OaiCONCEPT
First, write the given system of equations in matrix form
4 6 5 ^ AX =B. Then, determine the cofactors determinant A and
+ --5;
X y z A~' and then use the relation X=4"’B,to get the values
ofx,y and z.
and 6^9 W = -4
X y z Delhi 2017 54. Using matrices, solve the following system of linear
equations.
-4 4 4 [ 1 -1 r X + y~ z = 3
48. Determine the product of -7 1 3 1-2 -2
2x + 3y + z = 10
5 -3 -lj[2 I 3 and 3x-y-7z = l All India 2012; Delhi 2009C
and then use to solve the system of equations
55. Using matrices, solve the following system of
x-y+z = 4,
equations.
x-2y-2z = 9 3x + 4y+7z = 4,2x-y + 3z = -3
and 2x + y + 3z-l. All India 2017; Delhi 2012C and X +2y-3z = 8 All India 2012

EUCONCEPT
56. Using matrices, solve the following system of
First, find the product of given matrices and then find equations.
the inverse of coefficient matrix by using the obtained
product and then by using conceptof matrix method, 2x+3y + 3z = 5,
find the values ofx,y and z. x-2y+z=-4
and 3x - y-2z =3 All India 2012
1 -1 2 -2 0 1

49. Use product 0 2 -3 9 2 -3 1 2 1

-1
3 -2 4 6 1 -2 57. If^ = -1 1 1 , then find .4 and hence solve the
1 -3 1
to solve the system of equations
X - y + 2z = 1 system of equations
2y-3z = l x + 2y + z = 4
and 3x-2y + 4z = 2. Delhi 2017; Foreign 2011 -x+y+z=0
and x-3y+z = 4. Delhi 2012C
50. Verify A {adj A) = (adj A) A ~\A\I for matrix
1 -1 2 1 2 -3
-1
58. Find A , where A = 2 3 2 . Hence, solve the
A = 3 0 -2

1 0 3 3 -3 -4
CBSE Sample Paper 2017
system of equations,
0 2y z ■ x + 2>’-3z = -4
51. Find the value ofx, yand z,if A = X y — z
2x +3y + 2z = 2
and 3x-3y-4z = U. All India 2012C, 2010, 2008
X -y z
satisfies A' = A~'. C6S£ Sample Paper 2017 59. Using matrices, solve the following system of
equations.
cosa -sina 0
4x + 3y+ 2z = 60
52. If^ = sin a cosa 0 , find adj A and verify that A x + 2y + 3z = 45
0 0 1 and 6x+2v + 3z = 70 All India 2011
(adj A) = (adj A) A=\A\I^. Foreign 2016
Determinants - 65

60. Using matrices, solve the following system of 2x + 3y + 2z = 2

equations. and 3x~3y-4z = ll All India 201T, 2008

x+2y+z=l 0-2 r
jc + 3z = ll
62. \fA = 0 -1 1 , then find/Iandhence solve the
and 2x~3y = l All India 2011; Delhi 2008C
2 0 -3

following system of equations

61. Using matrices, solve the following system of X -2y + z = 0, - y + z = -2and 2x-3z = 10
equations. All India 2011 C

x+2y-3z = -4

[Explanations]
n-l
1. (d) We know that | adj | =| ^ , where n is the 7x3-3^-9=0

order of the square matrix. 3X. = 12

3-1
X =4
[●.' I adj /I I = 8]
3 0 0 1 0 0
^1^=8
4. (a) Given, ^(adj A) = 0 3 0 =3 0 1 0 = 31
iA\ = ±2^/2 0 0 3 0 0 1

^A^ = 2^/2 [consider positive values]

We know that,
Since, \A^ |=(^j = 2V2 ^(adj^)=M|/=37
'2 -1 r => Ml = 3and|adj yl| = 1^ = {3)
3-1
[where, n = 3]
2. (d) Given, A = X 2 0 = 3^=9
1 -2 3
Ml + |adj^| = 3+9 = 12
A matrix is invertible, if | A\^0. n—I
5. (d) We know that, I adjy41=M! , where n is the order
2 -1 1
of matrix A.
'Here,1^1= X 2 0 t^^O I adj A\ = \A
3-1

i 1 -2 3
64 = \A\^
■ => 2(6-0) + l{3^-0) + l(-23.-2)9t0
\A\ = ±S
12 + 3^-2^- 2^0
6. (b) Given, -3^+7=0
X + lO^tO
A^-3A=-1
X:A-\0
AA-3A=-I
7 -3 -3 1 3 3
-1 -I

3. (d) Given, A = -1 1 0 and A' - 1 X 3 => A-(A-A~')-3A-A = -/-A

-1 0 1 1 3 4 [post multiplying both sides by “' ]

-I
-I A-I-31=-A
AA =h
A~' =-A+3I
1 -3 -3 1 3 3 1 0 0

-1 1 0 1 X 3 0 1 0 On comparing with A~^ =xA + yl, we get

-1 0 1 1 3 4 0 0 1 X = -1 and y = 3
x + y = -l + 3=2
Qn multiplying first row of A and second row of ^ ,
we get
 66 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 -1 4 -2
7. (c) Given, ~ A+1 ~0 =>14A
-1
= 2
AA-A+I==0 1 3 2 6

A-A~A=-/
1 -1 0

=> A-A(A~')-A-A
-1 -1
= -/A
13. (d) Given, A = 2 3 4

[post multiplying by ^ * ] 0 1 2

A(AA~‘)-I =-A
-1
2 2 -4
-1
A1 -I = -A and B = -4 2 -4

2 -1 5
A~' =^I-A
8. (d) Given, | ^ | = - 2 and order of A is 3. 1 -1 0 2 2 -4

3-1 Now, AB = 2 3 4 -4 2 -4
Now, I adj(2v4)j = \(2A)\ = \1A\^ =(2^\A\f
n — I
0 2 2 -1 5
[v|adj ^1 = 1^1 ]
2+4+0 2-2+0 -4+4+0
= 2V|^=2^x(-2)^=2 AB = 4-12 + 8 4 + 6-4 -8-12 + 20
9.{d) (A +B)~^ =5“' + A~^ is not true. 0-4+4 0+2-2 0-4+10

10. (d) Given, | ^| = - 4 and order of A is 3. 6 0 0 1 0 0

n — \
We know that, | adj [ = | y4| , where n is order of AB = 0 6 0 = 6 0 1 0 = 61
matrix. 0 0 6 0 0 1

\ndiA\ = \A\^ On pre-multiplying by ^4 , we get

|adj.4| = (-4)"=16 1
(^■‘.4)5=6^"'/ => B=6A
1 -I
=> A = -B
■ 2 5' 6
11. (c) We have, A =
-11 7 On post multiplying by B *, we get
1
The cofactors of | ^41 are ABB~^ =6B -1 => =-A
6
— 7, ^]2 ■'^21 ~ ^ and A22 — 2
17 14. (c) We know that
v4,i Ai2
adj A = ^(adj^)=M|7
■^21 "^22
We have, ^(adj^) = 10/
A 12 7 11
.●.(adj^)' = [V (Py^P] MI=io
.^21 ^22. -5 2
Again, |adj^l=MI
«-i

3 1 3-1
12. (b) Given, A = |adj^|=|^| = |^|^ = (10)^=100
-1 2
a 0 0
Cofactors of|^|are
/4ii =2, A 12 = 1, A2] = -land A 22 = 3 15. (c) We have A = 0 a 0

0 0 a
i?’
Ai Ai 2 \Y 2 -1
.'. (adj A) = \A\=a^
Ai\ A 22 -1 3 1 3
3-1
= \A\^=(a^f
6

Now, |y4| = 6 + 1 = 7 \ad)A\=\A\ = a

A-^
1 I 2 -1 } Concept We know that \
\A
(ad}A) = -
7 1 3 '■( I Enhancer |adj4| = |Ar“\provided|/^|;60 (
Determinants 67

n — I
A ^0
16. We know that | adj ^41 = | ^
3-1 1 I 1
= (-4) [●.●|y4 j = -4, n = 3]
2 I -1 ^0 (1/2)
= (-4)^=16 (1)
'il k
2 -1
17. We have, A = \{k+2 )-[{2k+i) + \{4-i)^0
4 3
k+2-2k-3 + ]^0 => -k^O
Cofactors of | ^4 ] are k^O
A^^ =3, /4]2 ~-4, A21 =land A22 =2 Hence, for a unique solution k should be a non-zero
^21 3 r real number. (1/2)
adj (^) = -4 2
(1)
A A 22 3 1
L^I2
21. We have, A =
3 -4 -1 2
18. Given A = , then
1 -1 3 1 3 1 9-1 3+2
A^=AA =
3 -4 -12 -12 -3-2 -1+4
Ml = = _3 + 4 = l?^0 (1/2)
1 -1 5
(1)
-5 3
So, A is not singular matrix and A~^ exists. Now,
3 1 -15 -5
cofactors of each element of | ^ | are -5^=-5
-I 2 5 -10
^1, =
-^21 =”(“4) = 4, ^22 -3 1 0 7 0
and 11 = 1
[-1 4 0 1 0 7
Now, adj A =
-1 3 8 5 -15 -5 7 0
:.a'^ -5^ + 77 = + +
1 1 -1 4 -1 4 -5 3 5 -10 0 7
A~ adj {A) = - (1/2)
\A\ 1 -1 3 -1 3 0 0
= 0
0 0
8 0 8 0
19.Given, A(ac\jA) = =>]/l(adj^)| = Hence, the matrix A satisfies A^ -5A + 1I =0.
0 8_ 0 8

=> Mlladj (/l)] = 64-0 (1/2) Now, A'^-5A + 1I=0

l4|!.4|^-‘=64 [v|adj.4|=M|""‘] A^-5A=-1I
M|“=64 A~\A^ -5A) = A-'i-11)
Mh±8 (1/2)
^ A~'A^ -5A-'A=-1{A-'I)
20. Given, system of linear equations is
A-5I=-1A~'
X + y+z=2

^(A-5I) = ^(5I-A)
1
2x + y - z = 3 A-^
3x + 2y + kz = 4
It can be written in matrix fonn as 1 5 0 3 1
J_ 2 -1
AX = B 7 0 5 -1 2 7 1 3
(1)
'1 1 1 X 2

where, A = 2 1 -1 ,X = y and B = 3 Common in this type of questions, for finding

r. Mistake the value of A'^ sometimes students
il k z 4 1
apply the formula A"’ = (adj A)
The condition for the system of linear equations has a
But in the this question using the above formula is wrong.
unique solution, is
 68 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 - -3 I I = -1 0, which shows that inverse of matrix

22. We have, A - exists.
-4 7 (1/2)
1 + i
2 -3 Cn=(-1) ^22—i 0 <322 “^22““^
Here, Ml = = 14-12 = 2it0 1 +2
_4 7 Ci2=(-1) ^21 =(-l)^« 21 - 5
^ ’ exists. (1/2) C21=(-l)
2+1
a
12 = (-l)^a,2=-2
7 3
2+2
Clearly, adj(^) =
4 2
C22=(-l) a = (-!)"« ti=-3 (1/2)

if ^ =
a b
then adj (A) =
d -b
A
-I
1 -3 -5j_ 1 -3 -2 3 2

c d -c a ^ -2 -3 -5 -3 5 3
1 I 7 3 (1/2)
A-^ adj(^) = - -(i) (1/2) -3 2 1 2
Ml 2 4 2
Now, P [given]
5 -3 2 -1
Now, consider RHS = 91 - A
1 2
ri 0 2 -3
= 9 [from Eq. (i)j
0 I 2 -1
-4 7

9 0 2 -3 7 3 On post-multiplying both sides by ^ , we get

0 9
M
:-4 7 4 2
1 2]f3 2 [v .4^“* =/and/’/ = P]
= 2A
-I 2-153
[Using Eq. (i)]
= LHS 3 + 10 2 +6 13 8
Hence proved, (i)
2 3 6-5 4-3 1 1
(1/2)
23. We have, A =
5 -2 1 -2 3

-2 -3 25. We have, A = 0 -14

Clearly, adj A = -2 2 1
-5 2

2 3 1 -2 3
and Ml = = -4-I5 = -l9 (1)
5 -2 Now, \A\ = 0 -14

-2 2 1
1 1 -2 -3
A-^ adj A =
Ml (-19) [-5 2 = l(-l-8) + 2(0 + 8)+3(0-2)
1 2 3 1 [expanding along R^ ]
A = -9 + 16-6 = 1^0 (1)
19 5 -2 19
So, A is non-singular matrix and its inverse exists.
On comparing with A~^ =kA (given), we get
Cofactors of elements of ] /1| are
1
k = — -1 4
i + i
19 (1) = (-l-8) = -9
2 1
-3 2
24. Let A = ...(i)
5 -3 1+2
0 4
^,2=(-l) =-(0+8)=-8
-2 1
-1 1 c 11 C
^12
We know that A
0 -1
Ml ,(-2l L*22_ ^13=(“1)
1+3
= (0-2 )=-2
-2 2
-3 2
Now, Ml = = (-3)(-3)-(2)(5) -2 3
5 -3 2+1
^2i=(-l) = -(-2-6)=8
2 1
= 9-10 = -l
Determinants 69

2+2
1 3 -1 -2
3 + 2
^22=(-l) = (l+6) = 7 ^32=(-l) = -(2 + 4) = -6
-2 1 2 -2

2+3
1 -2 -1 -2
3+3
^23=(-l) =-(2-4)=2 ^33=(-l) = (-l + 4) = 3 (1*/*)
-2 2 2 1

-2 3
3+1 Clearly, the adjoint of the matrix A is given by
^31=(-0 =(-8+3)=-5
-1 4
Al ^21 ^ 31 -3 6 6

3+2
1 3 adj A — ^12 ^^22 ^32 -6 3 -6 (1/2)
^32=(-l) x:-(4-0) = -4
0 4 -6 -6 3
,^13 ^23 A 33 J

3+3
1 -2 -1 -2 -2
^33=(-l) = {-l+0) = -l (I)
0 -1 Now, 1^1 = 2 1 -2

A 21 2 -2 1
Ai ^31 -9 8 -5

Thus, adj A — Al ^22 A ^2 -8 7 -4 =s-1(1-4)+2(2 + 4)-2(-4-2)

^13 ^ 23 ^33. -2 2 -1 = -l{-3)+2{6)-2{-6)
-9 8 -5 = 3+12 + 12 = 27 (1)
1 1
■-1 -2 -2] [-3 6 6
-1
Hence, A adj A-- -8 7 -4 (1)
Mi 1
-2 2 -1 and if ● (adj A)= 2 1 -2 -6 3 -6
“ / 2 -2 1 -6 -6 3
-9 8 -5 -9 -8 -2

Now, = -8 7 -4 8 7 2 3 + 12 + 12 -6-6 + 12 -6 + 12-6

-2 2 -1 -5 -4 -1 -6-6 + 12 12 + 3 + 12 12-6-6

(1) -6 + 12-6 12-6-6 12 + 12 + 3

-1 -2 -2
27 0 0 1 0 0
26. Given, ^ = 2 -2
0 27 0 = 27 0 1 0
2 -2 I
0 0 27 0 0 1

Let Ajj be the cofactor of an element of | A \. = 27/3=M|/3 Hence proved, (l)

Then, cofactors of elements of | A \ are
2
1 -2
1 + 1 27. Given, A =
^11 =H) = (l-4) = -3 -1 2
-2 1
2 -1 2
2 -2
1+2 Now, = /I -y4 =
^12 —(“0 = -(2 + 4) = -6 -I 2 -1 2
2 1
4 + 1 -2-2 5 -4
2 1
1+3 ...(i)
Ai=i-^) 2 -2
= (-4-2) = -6 -2-2 1 + 4 -4 5

2+1
-2 -2 [multiplying row by column] (1)
A21 — ( 1) = -(-2-4) = 6 2 -1 1 0
-2 1
and 4^ -3/ =4 -3
-1 2 0 1
2 + 2
-1 -2
■^22 “ ( 0 2 1
= (-l + 4) = 3 8 -4 3 0 5 -4
...(ii)
-4 8 0 3 -4 5
2 + 3
-1 -2
^23=(-l) = -(2 + 4) = -6
2 -2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
-2 -2 A^=4A-21 ...(iii) (1)
3 + 1
^31=(-1) = (4 + 2) = 6
1 -2 Hence proved.
 70 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 -1 -14 -5
Here, | A\ - = 4-1 = 37^0 and a6j{AB) = (1)
-1 2 -5 -1

So, A is non-singular matrix and its inverse exists. (1/2) -I 1 1 -14 -5

(AB) ad]{AB) =
Now, pre-multiplying both sides of Eq. (iii) by A~\ \AB\ ^ -5 -1
we get 1 14 5
-.(i)
A~' A^ = A-^ ■(4A-3/) 11 5 1

(A~' -A)-A = 4A~^ -A-3A^' I A-^

1 1 -4 -3
adj(^) =
-1 Ml -11 -1 2
IA = 41 -3A

[v A- A~^ = I = A~^ A and A~^I = A~^] (1/2) ^43 (1/2)

111 -2
-I
^ = 4/-3^ [■:IA = A=A1]
-i 1 1 3 2 3 2
3A~^ =41-A and B adj(5) = -
\B\ 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 2 -ill
4 3 2 14 3
3 0 1 -1 2
j/ Now,
1 1 11 1 -2
/-r
I 4 0 2 -1
1 3 2 4 3
3 0 4 -1 2
VL J/
IT 1 1 1-2
A-^ i ^ ^ 2/3 1/3
(1) 1 12 + 2 9-4
3 1 2 1/3 2/3
n 4+1 3-2
2 3 1 -2
28. Given, A =
1 -4
and B =
-1 3 ’ _ 1 14 5 = (AB) [from Eq. (i)]
”n[5 1
2 3 1 -2
AB =
1 -4 -1 3
Hence,(^5)"' =B~'A~\ (1)

1 2 -3
2-3 -4+9 -1 5
(1/2) 29. Here, 1^1= 2 0 -3
1 +4 -2-12 5 -14
1 2 0
2 3
Now, \A\ = = -8-3=-ll9i0 = 1(0+ 6)-2(0+ 3)-3(4)
1 -4
= 6-6-l2 = -\2^0
1 -2
\B\ = x:3-2 = l9i0 Thus, A is invertible.
1 3
Now, the cofactor of | A \ are
-1 5
and I AB \ = = 14-25 = -ll9t0 (1)
C„ =6,C,2=-3,C,3=4
5 -14
C21 = — 6, C22 =3, C23 =0
Thus, A, B and AB are non-singular matrices, so their Cti31 =-6, C32 =-3, C33 = -4
inverse exists. -iT
6 -3 4 6 -6 -6
-4 -3
Now, adj (..4) = adj A - -6 3 0 -3 3 -3
-1 2 ’
-6 -3 -4 4 0 -4
a b d -b
adj 6 -6 -6
c d - c a 1 1
3 2 So, A-^ adj^ = -3 3 -3
adj(5) = Ml -12
4 0 -4
1 1
Determinants 71

The given equations are -6 17 13

-1 1 1
X + 2y-3z = l,2x -3z = 2andx + 2y = 3 B
67
A = —
67
14 5

which can be written in matrix form as AX =B, where -15 9 -1

‘1 2 -3' X 1
Given system of equations can be written in matrix
A= 2 0 -3 = and 5 = 2 form as

1 2 0 2 3 BX=C

X 1 2 -3 1
=B~^C

2 0 -3 2
‘l 2 -3' -4 X
y
2 1 2 0 3 where B = 2 3 2 ,C = 2 and X = y
3 -3-4 11 2
6 -6 -6 1
1
-3 3 -3 2 -6 17 13 -4
12 1
4 0 -4 3 X= — 14 5 -8 2
67
15 9 -1 11
6-12-18 -24
-1 -1
-3+6-9 -6 X 24 + 34 + 143
12 12 1
4 + 0-12 y -56 + 10-88
61
2 +60 + 18-11
2
X 1 201 3
1
2 -134 -2
67
2 2 +67 1

L3j On comparing corresponding elements, we get

1 2
x=2, y = -and2 = - x = 3, y = -2, 2 = 1
2 3
31. We know that, =5"’^“'
1 2 -3 -6 17 13
■ 1 2-2'
30, Let 5 = 2 3 2 and A = 14 5
Here, A= -I 3 0
3 -3 -4 -15 9 -1
0 -2 1
1 2 -3 -6 17 13
=> |^| = l(3+0)-2(-l-0)-2(2-0)
BA = 2 3 2 14 5
= 3 + 2-4 = l?i0
3 -3 -4 -15 9 -1
So, A ' exists. (1)
-6 + 28 + 45 17 + 10-27 13-16 + 3
Cofactors of elements of 1 /I | are
-12 + 42-30 34 + 15 + 18 26-24-2
1+1
3 0
-18-42 + 60 51-15-36 39 + 24 + 4 ^ii=(-l) = (3-0) = 3
-2 1
67 0 0 1 0 0
1+2
-1 0
0 67 0 = 67 0 1 0 = 67/ ^I2=(-l) = -(-l-0) = l
0 I
0 0 67 0 0 1
-1 3
1+3
BA =671, B-^BA = B~^67 ^13=(-1) = (2-0) = 2
0 -2
[Pre-multiplying both sides by 5 ' ]
-1 2 -2
A = B~%7 [v5 = 5=/] ^21 =H)
2+1
= -(2-4) =2
-2 1
 72 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1 -2
2+2 Ai Ai2
^22=(-l) 0 1
=1-0=1
/. ad] A =
A\ ^22
1 2
^23=(-l)
2+3
= -(-2-0)=2 -7 -51^ -7 -2
0 -2 => ad] A =
-2 3 -5 3

3+1
2 -2
^31 =H) = (0 + 6) = 6 ad] A _ 1 -7 -2
3 0 A-^

3+2
1 -2
^32=(-l) -1 0
= -(0-2) = 2 '2 A '
31 31
(2)
1 2
^33 =H)
3+3
= (3+2)=5 A _A
-1 3 .31 31.
O'/,)

A^,II A 12 ^\2 Now, the given system of equations is expressible as

ad] A = A\
'3 5lM fill
Al ^23
2 -7 y. -3
^31 ^32 ^33
A^X^B
-3 1 21" 3 2 6

2 1 2 1 1 2 X^iA'^y^B
6 2 5 2 2 5 = {A~^fB

1 1
3 2 6 3 2 6
1_ ^T ^'
A-^ {ad]A) = ~ 1 1 2 1 1 2 X
31 31 11 31 31 11
\A\ 1
2 2 5 2 2 5
(!■/,)
.V A _A L-3 _2 -3
L31 3lJ .31 31.
Now, {AB)~^ ^B~'A
-I

■ 3 -1 1 1[3 2 6 jijj.] r^i

31 31 ^ 31 ^ 2 =>x = 2 and v = 1 (2)
^9 ^ [y
= -15 6 -5 1 I 2

_ 5 -2 2j[2 2 5_ .31 l-3lJ

9-1+2 6-1 + 2 18-2 + 5
33. The given system of equation can be written as
= -45 + 6-10 -30 + 6-10 -90 + 12-25 AX — B, where
15-2 + 4 10-2 + 4 30-4 + 10 1 2 3 X 6

10 7 21 A = 2 -1 1 ,^ = and B = 2

-49 -34 -103 3 2 -2 z 3

17 12 36 Here, I/l| = l{2-2)-2{-4-3)+ 3(4+3)

(1)
3 2 = 0 + 14 + 21 = 359^0
32. Given, A =
5 -7 So, A ' exists. 0)

|^| = -21-10 = -3l9t0 Cofactors of elements of| /fj.

-1 -1 1
Since, A is non-singular, so A exists. (1)
^i,=(-l)
1+1
= (2-2) = 0
2 -2
Now, cofactors of elements of | Aj are
'111 =(-!)'■"'(-7) =-7 ^,2=(-0
1+2
2 1
= -(-4-3) = 7
3 -2
^,2=(-1)‘+A5) = -5
2 -1
A,, =(-l)^+'(2) = -2 ^,3=(-l)
1+3
= (4 + 3) = 7
3 2
^22=(-1)"*"(3) = 3
Determinants 73

2 3
2+1 Cofactors of elements of | ^ | are
^21=(-1) = -(-4-6) = 10
2 -2 2 -3
i+i
=8-6=2
1 3 -2 4
2+2
^22=(-l) = (-2-9) = -lI
3 -2 0 -3
1+2
-4,2=(-1) = -(0 + 9) = -9
2+3
1 2 3 4
^23=(-l) = -(2-6) = 4
3 2 0 2
1+3

2 3
^13=(-1) = (0-6) = -6
3+1 3 -2
^31=(-1) =2+3=5
-1 1
2+1
-1 2
1 3 ^21 =(-I) -2 4
= -(-4 + 4) = 0
^32 = -(l-6) = 5
2 1
2+2
1 2
1 2 ^22 - (“^) = (4-6) = -2
3+3 3 4
^33=(-l) 2 -1
= (-1-4) = -5
(2) 1 -1
2+3
-\T ^23=(-l) = -(-2 + 3) = -l
A II A 12 A 13 3 -2

adj A = ^21 ^^22 ^^23 3+1

-1 2
^31 =H) = 3-4 = -l
_^31 ^32 ^33 2 -3

‘0 7 7^ 0 10 5
3+2
1 2
10 -11 4 7 -11 5
^32=(-1) 0 -3
= -(-3-0)=3

5 5 -5 7 4 -5
3+3
1 -1

0 10 5
^33=(-l) = (2-0) = 2 (i‘/0
0 2
-1 1
:.A (adj^) = — 7 -11 5 (1) r
\A\ 35 Al -^12 ^13
7 4 -5
adj A - A21 A22 A23
Now,X = ^"'5 ^31 A22 ^33
0 10 5 6
1 2 -9 -6T 2 0 -1
y 7 -11 5 2
35 0 -2 -1 -9 -2 3
z 7 4 -5 3
-1 3 2 -6 -1 2
0 + 20 + 15
I 2 0 -1 -2 0 1
42-22 + 15
35 -1 adj _ 1 -9 -2 3 9 2 -3 (2)
42 + 8-15 \~A\~~^
-6 -1 2 6 1 -2
35 1
1 Now, the given system of equation can be written in
35 1
35 the form of AX — B,
35 1
'1 -1 2 X 1

a: = 1, y = 1 and z = 1 (1) where, A = 0 2 -3 , X - y and B = 1

'l -1 2 ■ 3 -2 4 z 3
34. We have, ^=02 -3
As, I ^ I = -10, so given system of equation has a
3 -2 4
unique solution given by X = A~^B
.-.|^| = 1(8-6)+ 1(0 + 9)+ 2(0-6) X -2 0 1 1 -2+0+3 X 1
= 2 + 9-12
y 9 2 -3 1 9+2-9 y 2
= -\^0
z 6 1 -2 3 6 + 1-6 z 1
So, A is invertible. (J)
74 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

3 -4
Hence, x = \, y-2 and z = 1. C 12 “ = -(-6 + 4) = 2
1 -2
Common For finding the adjoint of a matrix,
Mistakes students commit some common 3 2
C 13 =3-2=1
mistakes like (i) finding cofactors without taking proper “
1 1
sign, (ii) taking the transpose of a matrix made from the
cofactors -3 5
C 21 “ = -(6-5) = -l
1 -2
-3 -2 -4 1 2 0

35.Given, >4 = 2 1 2 and B = -2 -1 -2 2 5

C 22 “
=-4-5=-9
2 1 3 0 -1 1 1 -2

-3 -2 -4 I 2 0 2 -3
C 23 “ = -(2 + 3) = -5
AB = 2 1 2 -2 -1 -2 1 1

2 I 3 0 -1 1 -3 5
C 31 “
= 12-10 = 2
-3 + 4 + 0 -6 + 2 + 4 0 + 4-4 1 0 0 2 -4

2-2 + 0 4-1-2 0-2+2 0 1 0 2 5

2-2 + 0 4-1-3 0-2 + 3 0 0 1 ^2 = -(-8-15) = 23
3 -4

:.B^^ =A (2) 2 -3
C 33 “ = 4 + 9 = 13
Now, the given system of equation can be written as 3 2

B^X=C
Cn
11 C 12 c
^13 0 2
X 3
adj A = C 21 C 22 c 23 -1 -9 -5
Where, X = 3^ ,C = 2
C 31 ^32 c 33 2 23 13
z 3
0 -1 2
X = {B^)-'C==^(5"' f C [V (5^ )■* = ]
adj A = 2 -9 23
= A^C 1 -5 13

■-3 -2 -4]^r3] [-3 2 2ir3' 1 1

0 -1 2
= 2 1 2 2 = -2 1 1 2
A-^ adjA = 2 -9 23
Ml -1
2 1 3j3 -4 233 1 -5 13

X -9 + 4 + 6‘ X 1
0 1 -2
y -6+2+3 y -1
-2 9 -23
z -12 + 4 + 9 z 1
-1 5 -13
(2)
x = l, y =-I and z = 1 (3)
Given, system of equation is
2 -3 5
2;t-3>- + 5z = ll -.(i)
36.Wehave, ^= 3 2 -4
3x + 2y-4z = -5 ...(ii)
1 1 -2
x + y-2z = -3 ...(iii)
Now,|^| = 2(-4 + 4) + 3(-6 + 4) + 5(3-2) 2-3 51 II X

|^| = -6 + 5 = -1^0 Let^= 3 2 -41,5= -5 and = 3^

A is invertible. (1) 1 I -2 -3 z
(1)
2 -4 1
C 11 =-4+4=0 AX =B^X = A~'B
1 -2
Determinants 75

0 1 -2 11 0-5+6 4 -6
= l(36 + 36) = 72
X = -2 9 -23 -5 -22-45 + 69 6 9

-1 5 -13 -3 -11-25+39 3 10
^21 =(-!)' 9 -20
= -l(-60-90) = 150
1 X 1

JT = 2 2 2 10
= l(-40-60) = -100
3 z 3 6 -20

2 3
=> a: = 1, V = 2 and z = 3 (1)
= H)^ 1(I8-18) = 0
/123
6 9
37 The given system of equations is
3 10
2 3 10 .465,
- + -+ —
Y
y
-4,
.Y y
+ —-1,
Z
^31
-6 ^ =1(15+60) = 75
2 10
. 6 9 20 ^ ^32 =H)' = -l(10-40) = 30
and —H =2; y, z;*0 4 5
Y y
»7

1 1 1 2 3
Let - = u, — -=v and
Y
= \v, then system of equations ^33 =H)^ 4 -6
= l(-12-12) = -24 (1)
y z

can be written as T
4ll ^12 ^13
2w + 3v + 10h’ = 4
●●● adj(^) = ^21 ^ 22 24 23
4m-6v + 5w = 1 ●
-^31 ^ 32 ^33,
6« + 9v —20vv = 2

Above system of Eqs. (i) can be written in matrix form 75 no 72]^

150 -100 0
as AX = B, where
75 30 -24
2 3 10'
A = 4-6 5 , 75 150 75

6 9 -20 110 -100 30 (1)

72 0 -24
4 w

75 150 75
B = 1 and X - V

and /t
-1 adj (A) _ 1 no -100 30
2
1^1 ~\m 72 0 -24
(1/2)
Its solution is given by -1

x = a~'b On putting the values X, A and B in Eq. (ii),

...(ii)d)
we get
Here, | ^ [ = 2 (120 - 45) - 3 (-80 - 30) +10 (36 + 36) u 75 150 75 4
1
= 2(75)-3(-ll0) + 10(72) V no -100 30 1
1200
= 150 + 330 + 720 =1200 w 72 0 -24 2

1^1 = 1200 300 + 150 + 150 u 600

1 1
Since, ] yl| 9^ 0, so ^ is non-singular and its inverse 440-100 + 60 V 400
exists. (1/2) 1200 1200
288 + 0-48 w 240
Now, cofactors of elements of | A \ are
■6 5 On comparing corresponding elements, we get
^11 = H)^ 9 -20
= 1(120-45) = 75 600 400 240
u = V = , w =
1200’ 1200 1200
4 5
^,2=H)' 6 -20
= -l(-80-30) = n0 1
M = -, V = - and w = -
1 1

2 3 5
 76 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

-3 2 2 10
—1 = M, —
^ = V andA —^ = w X
But
X y z
y -2 1 I 8

1111 ,11 z -4 2 3 7
- = - and- = -
X 2' y 3 z 5 -30 + 16 + 14 0

X = 2, = 3 and z = 5 (1) -20 + 8 + 7 -5

'1 2 0' -40 + 16+21 -3

38. We have, -2 -1 -2 -(i) X = 0, - 5 and z = - 3 (2)

0 -1 1
39. We have,
A =l(-3)-2(-2) + 0 = l9t0 1 -I 0 2 2 -4

Now, ^,1 =-3, A^2 =2, ^,3 =2, A = 2 3 4 and 5 = -4 2 -4

■^21 "“2, Aj2 =1) -^23 -^31 ““4, ^32 =2 0 1 2 2 -1 5

and /I33 =3 1 -1 0 2 2 -4

-3 21 2j^ -3 -2 -4
AB = 2 3 4 -4 2 -4
adj(^)= -2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 2 -1 5
-4 2 3 2 1 3
2+4+0 2-2+0 -4+4+0

A-^ adj A 4-12 + 8 4 + 6-4 -8-12 + 20

Ml 0-4 + 4 0 + 2-2 0-4 + 10
-3 -2 -4
6 0 0
1
2 1 2
1 0 6 0 = 6/
2 I 3
0 0 6
-3 -2 -4 1 1
-I
=» A -B A = -B
A-' 2 1 2 ●..(ii) U ) 6
2 1 3
(2) 2 2 -4
1
Also, we have the system of linear equations as -4 2 -4 (2)
6
x-2y = 10, 2 -1 5

2x-v-z = 8 and-2jv+z = 7 The given system of equations can be written in

In the form of CX=D, fl -1 OlM [3'
'1-2 0 X 10 matrix form as, 2 3 4 y 17

2 -1 -1 y 8 0 1 2 z 7

0 -2 1 z 1 1 -1 0 X

1 -2 0 X 10
or, AX — Z), where A - 2 3 4 ,X = 3’ (I)
where, C = 2 -1 -1 y andZ) = 8 0 1 2 z

0 -2 1 1
3

Weknowthat (A^)~^ =(A^')^ (1) and D - 17 ^X=A~'D

1 2 0 7

= -2 -1 -2 [using Eq. (i)] 2 2 -4 3

1
0 -1 1 -4 2 -4 17
6
X=C“‘ D 2 -1 5 7

I *
Determinants 77

6 + 34-28 0 1 -2
1
-12 + 34-28 -2 9 -23 (1)
6
6-17 + 35 -1 5 -13

12 2 Now, the given system of equation can be written in

1
-6 -1 the form AX = B, where
6
24 4 '2-3 5 X 11

A = 3 2 -4 and 5 = -5
a: = 2, y = -1 and z = 4 (2)
1 1 -2 z -3
2-3 5 "
40. We have, ^ = 3 2 -4 As, I /11 = -1 0, so given system of equation has a
_1 1 -2_ unique solution given by X = A~^B.
X 0 1 -2irn'
1^1 =2(-4 + 4) + 3{-6 + 4) + 5(3-2)
y -2 9 -23 -5
= 0-6 + 5 = -l?^0
z -1 5 -13 -3
So, A is invertible. (I)
0-5 + 6 I
Cofactors of elements of A are
= -22-45 + 69 2
1+1
2 -4
c„=(-i) = (_4 + 4) = 0 -11-25 + 39 3
1 -2

3 -4 Hence,a: = 1, >^ = 2andz = 3 (2)

1+2
C,2=(-l) = -(-6+ 4) = 2 '13 2'
1 -2
41. We have, 2 0-1
1+3
3 2
C,3=(-l) = (3-2) = l 1 2 3
1 1
9 7 5
-3 5
C21=(-l)
2+1
= -(6-5) = -l Now, a'^=a-a = 1 4 1
1 -2
8 9 9

2+2
2 5
28 37 26
C22=(-l) = (-4-5) = -9
1 -2
and 10 5 I
2 -3
C23=(-l)
2+3
= -(2+3) = -5 _35 42 34 (1)
1 1
Now, consider LHS =-.4 ^ - 4^ ^ - 3^ +11/
3+1
-3 5
C31 =(-i) = (12-10) =2 28 37 26 9 7 5
2 -4
= 10 5 1-4141

3+2
2 5 35 42 34 8 9 9
C32=(-l) 3 -4
= -(-8-15) = 23
1 3 2 1 0 0

3+3
2 -3 -3 2 0 -1 + 11 0 1 0
C33=H) = (4 + 9) = 13 (2)
3 2 1 2 3 0 0 1
/

0 2 1 0 -1 2 0 0 0

adj^ = -1 -9 -5 2 -9 23 = 0 0 0 =0= RHS

2 23 13 1 -5 13 0 0 0
(2)

0 -1 2 Now,^^-4v4^-3.4+ll/=0
-I 1 1
Hence, A (adj^) = 2 -9 23 Pre-multiplied by A~^, we get
Ml -1
-1
1 -5 13 A~^A^-AA'^A'^-3A~^A + \\A = 0
 78 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

A^-4A-3I + UA -1 = 0 [vA~'A=I] 0 0 0

= 000 = 0 (1)
=> UA
-1
= 3I + 4A-A^ (1)
0 0 0
3 0 0 1 3 2 9 7 5

=> 11^
-1
0 3 0 +4 2 0 -1 1 4 1 => A^ -6A^ +5A+11/^ =0
-]
0 0 3 1 2 3 8 9 9 Now, multiplying both sides by , we get
'3 0 o’ 4 12 8 9 7 5 ^ A^'(A^ -6A^ +5A + IU3) = A~'0
-1
=> \ \A 0 3 0 + 8 0 -4 1 4 1
A^-6A-b5I + UA
-I
= 0 (1)
0 0 3 4 8 12 8 9 9 -1
=> 11.4 = -A^+6A-5I
-2 5 3 -2 5 3
1 ■ 4 2 1
-1 -1
=> UA 7 -1 -5 => A 7 -1 -5 -1
11 => 11^ = - -3 8 -14
-4 -1 6 -4 -1 6
7 -3 14
(2)
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1
+ 6 1 2 -3 -5 0 1 0 (I)
42. wg have, A= \ 2-3
2-1 3 0 0 1
2 3
-4 + 6-5 -2 + 6 + 0 -1+6 + 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
=> UA~ 3+6 + 0 -8 + 12-5 14-18 + 0
A^ =AA = 1 2 -3 1 2 -3
-7 + 12 + 0 3-6 + 0 -14 + 18-5
2 3 2 -1 3

4 2 1 -3 4 5

-3 8 -14 9 -1 -4
(1)

7 -3 14 5 -3 -1

4 2 1 1 1 1 -3 4 5
1
1
and A^ =A^A = -3 8 -14 1 2 -3 A 9 -1 -4 (I)
11
7 -3 14 2 -1 3 5 -3 -1

8 7 1 1 3 4
43.
= -23 27 -69 (1) Here, \A\ = 2 1 2

32 -13 58 5 I 1

/.A^-6A^ +5.4 + 11/3 = l(l-2)-3(2-10) + 4(2-5)

= -l+24-12 = ll?^0
■ 8 7 r 4 2 I

= -23 27 -69 -6 -3 8 -14 Thus, A is invertible. (1)

32 -13 58 7 -3 14 Clearly, the system has a unique solution given by

X = A-^B.
1 1 1 1 0 0

+ 5 1 2 -3 + 11 0 1 0 Now, the cofactors of 1 /I | are

2 -1 3 0 0 1 '^ll '^12 '^13 —
8-24 + 5 + 11 7-12 + 5 + 0
Ai] = 1, A22 = — 19, ^23 — ^ 4,
-23 + 18 + 5+0 27-48 + 10 + 11 A^] =2, A22 =6and .^33 =-5 (I)

32-42 + 10 + 0 -13 + 18-5+0

1-6+5+0
■-1 8 -3]' [-1 1 2
adj(^)= 1 -19 14 = 8 -19 6 (i)
-69 + 84-15+0 2 6 -5 -3 14 -5
58-84 + 15 + 11
Determinants' 79

-1 1 Given, system of the equations is

So, A ●adj(^)
Ml x + y+z = 6, jc + 2z = 7,3x + y+z = 12,
1 which can be written in matrix form as AX =B, where
-1 1 2 11 11 II 1 1 1 X 6
1
8 -19 6
8
]9 ^ A = 1 0 2[X = y andB = 7 (1)
11 11 'll 11
-3 14 -5 3 1 1 z 12
3 H -5
11 11 11 (1) Now, AX=B

The given equations are X = A'^B

AT + 3y+4z = 8 -2 0 2 6
1
2x + y + 2z = 5 ●●●(ii) X = 5 -2 -1 7 (1)
4
and 5x + y + z = l ...(iii) 1 2 -1 12

which can be written in matrix form as AX ==B, -12 + 0 + 24 12

1
'1 3 4 X
X=- 30-14-12 4 (1)
4 4
where A = 2 1 2\,X = y andB = 5 (1) 6 + 14-12 8
5 1 1 z 7
X 3

M j_ _2 1
X
11 11 11
z 2
8 -19 6
y 5 [V X = A~'B]
11 11 11 Hence, x=3, y = \ and z = 2 (1)
z
-3 14 -5 7
5 0 4
.11 11 11 45. We have, A= 2 3 2
"8 5 14' 11
1 2 1
H H
11 11 11 11 X 1
5 0 4
^^95 ^ 11

11 ll'^ll 11 Now, |/4| = 2 3 2 = 5(3-4)-0 + 4(4-3)

z
70_^ 11 1 2 1
. 11 11 11. 11
= -5 + 4 = -l9i0 (1)
.\x = \, y = land z = l (1)
Thus, A is non-singular matrix, so A~^ exists.
'ill'
Now, cofactors of elements of | A \ are
44. We have, ^=102
2 3 2
3 1 1 ^,,=(-1) = (3-4) = -l
2 1

M|=l(0-2)-l(l-6) + l(l-0) 3 2 2
=-2+5+1 4,2=(-1) = -(2-2) = 0
1 1
= 4?^0

So, A is invertible. (1) 4 2 3

4,3=(-1) = (4-3) = l
-2 0 2 1 2

Clearly, adj(^) = 5 -2 -1 3 0 4
A2^ =(-l) = _(0-8) = 8
1 2 -1 2 1 (1)

-2 0 2 4 5 4
1 1 ^22 -(-1) = (5-4) = l
A-^ ■ ad} A = - 5 -2 -1 (1) 1 1
1^1 4
I 2 -1
 80 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 +1
5 5 0 C2, =(-l) (-6-3) = 9
^23=(-l) = -(10-0) = -10
1 2 2 + 2
C22=(-l) (-9-7) = -I6
4 0 4 2+3
^31=(-1) =(0-12) = -12 C23=(-l) (9-14) = 5
3 2
3 + 1
C3, =(-l) (4 + l) = 5
5 5 4
^32=(-l) = -(10~8) = -2
C32=(-l)
3+2
(6-4) = -2
2 2
3+3
6 5 0 C33=(-l) (-3-8) = -ll
^33=(-l) = (15-0) = 15
2 3
(1)
-3 9 5 "
-1 8 -12 Now, (adj A) = 26 -16 -2

19 5. -11
adj A = 0 1 -2 (1)
1 -10 15 -3 9 5
1 1
-1 8 -12 A-^ (adj^) = — 26 -16 -2 (2)
-1 adj^ 1 Ml 62
A 0 1 -2 19 5 -11
“mT"^ 1 -10 15 The given system of equations is equivalent to the
1 -8 12
matrix equation
X 14
0 -1 2 (1)
-1 10 -15
A' X =B, where X - y ,B = 4 (1)
z 0
Now, (AB)-^
X=^(A')-^B = iA-^yB
'l 3 3] r I -8 12 F-3 26 19l 14
= 1 4 3 0 -1 2 1
X^ — 9 -16 5 4
134 -1 10 -15 62
5 -2 -11 0
1+0-3 -8-3 + 30 12 + 6-45
-42 + 104 + 0 62 1
1+0-3 -8-4+30 12 + 8-45 1 1
126-64 + 0 62 1
1 + 0-4 -8-3 + 40 12 + 6-60 62 62
70-8+0 62 1
-2 19 -27

-2 18 -25 Hence, x: = 1, y = l and 2 = 1. (2)

(1)
-3 29 -42
>1-7 T 1 1 .1
4/. Let — = p, — = q and ~ = r
X y z

3 2 1
Then, the given equations becomes
46. We have, A = 4 -1 2
2p + 3q + 10r=2
7 3 -3
4p-6q +5r=5
Then, | ^ | =3(3 -6) + (~2)(-12 -14) +1 (12 + 7) 6p + 9q -20r = -4
= 62=^0
-1
This system can be written as AX = B, where
As, Ml then A exists. (1)
'2 3 10 * P 2
Let Cjj represents the cofactor of (i, y)th element of A, ^=4-6 5 ,X = 5
then
1 + 1
6 9 -20 r 4
(3-6) = -3
2 3 10
1 + 2
C,2=(-l) (-12-14)=26
Here, 1^1= 4-6 5
1 + 3
C,3=(-l) (12+ 7) = 19 6 9 -20
Determinants 81

-4 + 4 + 8 4-8 + 4 -4-8 + 12
= 2 (120-45)-3 (-80-30)+ 10(36+ 36)
= 150 + 330 + 720 -7+1+6 7-2+3 -7-2+9

= 12007^0 5-3-2 -5+6-1 5+6-3

8 0 0 1 0 o'
Thus, A is non-singular, therefore its inverse exists.
0 8 0 0 1 0 =8/ (I'/O
Therefore, the above system has a unique solution
given by 0 0 8 0 0 1
X = A~'B (2) BA=%I
Cofactors of A are
BA{A~^) = ^IA
-1
(1/2)
Cii=75, C2, =150, C3, =75
[post-multiplying both sides by A
C,2=110, C22 =-100, C32=30 1 -1
B{AA~^) = SIA
Ci3 =72, C23 =0and C33 =-24 (1)
B=SA~ [■-■AA^' =/]
75 110 72
-4 4 4
adj(^) = 150 -100 0 1
A-^ -7 1 3 (1)
75 30 -24
5 -3 -1
75 150 75
-4 4 4 4
no -100 30 1
Hence, X = - -7 1 ,3 9
72 0 -24 8
5 -3 -1 1
75 150 75
1 1 X -16 + 36 + 4 24 3
A~' (adj/l) = no -100 30 1 1
Mi 1200 -28 + 9 + 3 -16 -2 (1)
72 0 -24
(1) 2 20-27-1 -1
Now, X = A~'B
On comparing corresponding elements, we get
P 75 150 75 2
1 x = 3,y = -2 and 2 = -1 (1)
no -100 30 5
1200 49. Do same as Q. No. 48. [Ans.x = 0, y = 5, 2 = 3]
r 72 0 -24 -4
1-1 2'
150 + 750-300
1 50. Given, A = 3 0 -2
220-500-120 0)
1200 I 0 3
144 + 0 + 96
1 -1 2
900-300 600 1/2
1 1 Here, \A\ = 3 0 -2 = l(0+0) + l(9+2)
220-620 -400 -1/3
1200 1200 1 0 3
144 + 96 240 1/5
+ 2 (0-0) = ll
1 1 1 11 0 0
p = -,q = —, r = -
^ 2^ 3 5 Now, |^|7 =117 = 0 11 0 ...(i) (1)
X =2, y = - 3 and 2 = 5 (1) 0 0 11
■-4 4 4 1 -1 1
Cofactors of | /I |
48.Letfi= -7 1 3 and^ = 1 -2 -2
i-t-i
0 -2
5 -3 -I 2 1 3 Cii=(-1) =0
0 3
■-4 4 4] [1 -1 1 1 + 2
3 -2
Now, BA= -7 1 3 1-2 -2 (1) C,2=(-l) = -(9 + 2) = -ll
1 3
5 -3 -1 2 1 3
82 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1 + 3
3 0 0 ly z

Cl3=(-1) 1 0
= 0
51. Given, A - X - z , then

-1 2 X - y z
2+1
C2i=(-1) = -(-3-0) = 3 0 X X
0 3
A' = y -y
2 + 2
1 2
C22=(-l) = + (3-2) = l z — z z
1 3
-1
Also, A' = A
2+3
1 -1
C23=(-l) = -(0 + l) = -l a'a = a~'a = i 0)
0

3 + 1
-1 2 Thus, A'A = I
C3, =(-l) = + (2-0) = 2 O x X 0 2;^ z 1 0 0
0 -2
2y y -y X y - z 0 1 0
3 + 2
1 2
= _(_2_6) = 8 0 0 1
C32=(-l) 3 -2
z - z z x -;i^ z

0 + x^ +x^ 0 + j^-xy 0 - xz + xz
3 + 3
1 -1 T

C33=(-l) = + (0 + 3) = 3 (I'/O 0-¥xy-xy Ay +y +y 2yz-yz-yz

3 0
0-2X + ZX 2>^z —_yz — z^ +z^ +z^
Cm C 21 C 31 0 3 2
J iVA)
11
1 0 0
adj A = C 12 C 22 C 32 -11 1 8 (I'/O
0 1 0
c 13 c 23 c 33 0 -13
0 0 1
1 -1 2 0 3 2
2x^ 0 0 1 0 0
Now, ^(adj A) = 3 0 -2 -11

1 0 3 0 -13 0 6y~ 0 0 1 0

0 0 3z^ 0 0 1
0 + 11 + 0 3-1-2 2-8 + 6 (2)

0+0+0 9+0+2 6+0-6 On comparing both sides, we get

0+0+0 3+0-3 2+0+9 2x^ =1,6y^ =1 and3z^ =1
11 0 0 1 1 1
x = ± and z = ± (VA)
0 11 0 “V6
0 0 11
cos a - sin a 0
0 3 2 1 -1 2 52. We have, A - sma cos a 0

and {di6iA)A = -11 1 3 0 -2 0 0 1

0 -13 1 0 3
Clearly, the cofactors of elements of | A \ are given by
0+9+2 0+0+0 0-6+6 ^11 = cosa ; /t|2 = —sina; A^-^ =0 ;
-11 + 3 + 8 11+0 + 0 -22-2 + 24 ^21 = sin a; ^^22 ~ cos a; ^23 = 0
0-3+3 0+0+0 0+2+9 A 31 = 0; ^32 = 0 and ^33 = 1 (2)

11 0 0 All
0 110 ●●● adj (A) = ^21 ^22 ^23
0 0 11 Ajj A^i A 33

cos a —sma 0 cos a sina 0

Thus, ^(adjA) = (adj A)A = \A\I Hence verified.

(2) sma cos a 0 -sina cos a 0 (t)

0 0 1 0 0 1
Determinants 83

Now, A (adj A) Now, cofactors of elements of | A \ are

cos a -sin a 0 cos a sin a 0 4 -5
Au={-\? -1 ^ =l(12-5) = 7
sin a cosa 0 -sina cosa 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 -5
^,2=H) = -l(9 + 10) = -19
2 3
cos^ a + sin^ a 0 0 1 0 0
4
= (-1/ 2!
0 sin a + cos" a 0 0 1 0
A 13 = I(-3-8) = -lI
0 0 1 0 0 1 -1

-1 2

cosa sina 0 cosa -sina 0

^r=(-o^ -1 3
= -l(-3 + 2) = l

(adj4){^) = - sin a cos a 0 sina cosa 0

1 2
0 0 1 0 0 I All = 1(3-4) = -!
2 3

cos^ a +sin" a 0 0 1 0 0 1 -I
0 sin^a+cos"a 0 0 1 0 ^23 =(->)' 2 -1
= -l(-l + 2) = -l

0 0 1 0 0 I
-1 2

...(ii) (1)
^31 =H/ 4 5 =1(5-8) =
-3

cos a - sin a 0
1 2
and 1^1 = sina cosa 0 =l(cos^a + sin^a) = l All — (“^) 3 -5
= -l(-5-6) = ll
0 0 1
(1)
1 -1
[expanding along R^] ^33=(-l)‘ 3 4
= l{4 + 3) = 7
1 0 0
T
An A 12 A
●●● M|/3 = 0 1 0 ...(iii) 13

●●● adj (^) = A 21 ^22 ^23

0 0 1
A
L^31 All ^33.
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
A (adj A) = (adj A) - A = \A\l2, (I) 7 -19 -lll^
1 -1 -1
53. Given, system of equations is
-3 11 7
x-y^lz = l
3x + 4_v-52 = -5 7 1 -3

and 2x - y+ 32 = 12 -19 -1 11 (iVi)

In matrix form, it can be written as -11 -1 7

AX=B ...(i) (1) -1 adj(^)

and A
where, Ml
1 -1 2 A' 7 7 1 -3
-1 1
A^ 3 4 -5 y and B - -5 A -19 -1 11 (1/2)
4
2 -1 3 2 12 -11 -1 7

Here, Ml = 1 (12-5) + l (9+ 10)+2 (-3-8) Now, from Eq. (i), we get
= l(7) + l(19)+2(-ll) (1) X^A~^B
= 7 + 19-22 = 4 X 7 1 -3 7
1
Ml^o 7 -19 -1 11 -5 (1)
4
So, A is non-singular and its inverse exists. 2 -11 -1 7 12
 84 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

X 49-5 -36 8 2 58. Do same as Q. No. 43.

1 1
-133 + 5 + 132 4 1 -6 17 13
4 4 1
-1
z -77 + 5 +84 12 3 Ans. A 14 5 ',x-3, y=-2 and z — 1
67
-15 9 -1
On comparing corresponding elements, we get
X =2, y = \ and z = 3 (1) 59. Do same as Q. No. 53. Ans. x = 5, y = 8, z = 8
54. Do same as Q. No. 53. Ans. a: = 3, y = l, z = 1 60. Do same as Q. No. 53. Ans. x = 2, y-l and z = 3
55. Do same as Q. No. 53. Ans. a: = 1, y=2,z = -l 61. Do same as Q. No. 53. Ans.x = 3, y=-2and z = l
56. Do same as Q. No. 53. Ans. x = l, y=2,z = -l 62. Do same as Q. No. 43.
3 -6 -1
57. Do same as Q. No. 43. -t
4-5 1 ■ Ans. A 2 -5 -1 ;x=2, y = 0and z = -2
1
Ans. A
-1 2 -4 -1
2 0 -2 ;x = 2, y = 0 and z = 2
10
2 5 3

Case Based Questions

1. Gautam buys 5 pens, 3 bags and 1 instrument box and Answer the following questions using the above
pays a sum of ?160. From the same shop. Vikram information. CBSE Question Bank

buys 2 pens, 1 bag and 3 instrument boxes and pays a (i) The equations in terms of x and y are
sum of ? 190. Also, Ankur buys 1 pen, 2 bags and 4 (a)X- y = 50and 2x~ y = 550
instrument boxes and pays a sum of ? 250.
(b)x - y = 50and 2r+ y = 550
(i) Convert the given above situation into a matrix (c) X + y = 50 and 2r + y = 550
equation of the form AX = B.
(d)x+ y = 50and 2x- y = 550
(ii) Find | A \. CBSE 2023
(ii) Which of the following matrix equation represent
(iii) Find A~^ . the infonnation given above.
Or ,ri -llfx 50

(iii) DetermineP = A^ -5A. : 1 J [yj [550

1 l1fx 50
2. Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a (b)
2 1 y 550
school in his village. When he was asked to give
1 1 50
dimensions of the plot, he told that if its length is (C)
X

decreased by 50 m and breadth is increased by 50m, 2 -IJW 550

then its area will remain same, but if length is 1 1 X -50

decreased by 10m and breadth is decreased by 20m, (d)
2 Ij [yJ [- 550
then its area will decrease by 5300 m^.
(iii) The value ofx (length of rectangular field) is
(a) 150 m (b) 400 m
(c) 200 m (d) 320 m
(iv) The value of y (breadth of rectangular field) is
(a) 150 m (b) 200 m
(c) 430 m (d) 350 m
(v) How much is the area of rectangular field?
(a) 60000 (b) 30000 m-
(c) 30000 m (d)3000 m
 [Explanations]
I

.1 t . ●- V >»-"li 'i * v'^

5 3
1. Let the price of a pen, bag and instrument box are ?x, 3+3
^33=(-l) = (5-6) = -l
? y and ^ z respectively, then 2 1

-[T
5x + 3y+z = 160 ^11 Ai A 13
(for Gautam) adj A = ^21 ^22 ^23
2x + :i' + 3z = 190 ...(ii) .^31 "^32 -^33.
(for Vikram) I- -iT
-2 -5 3
and X + 2_v + 4z = 250 ...(iii) -10 19 -7
(for Ankur) -13 -1
(i) This system of equation can be written as AX = B,
where -2 -10

5 3 1 -5 19 -13

A^ 2 1 3 3 -7 -1

1 2 4 -2 -10 8

160 /. A
adj ^ _ 1 -5 19 -13
X

and B = 190 3 -7 -1
7
z 250 Or

(ii)M| = 5(4-6)-3(8-3) + l(4-l) (iii) P = -5A

5 3 1 5 3 1 5 3 1
= 5 (-2)-3 (5)+ 1(3)
= -10-15 + 3 = -22?i0 = 213 2 1 3 -5 2 1 3

(iii) Cofactors of | A \ are 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4

1+1
1 3 25 + 6 + 1 15 + 3+2 5+9 + 4
^11= (-1) = (4-6) = -2
2 4 10 + 2 + 3 6 + 1 +6 2 + 3 + 12

1+2
2 3 5+4+4 3+2+8 1+6+16
^12=(-1) = -(8-3) = -5
1 4 25 15 5

1+3
2 1 10 5 15
^13=(-1) =4-1=3
1 2 5 10 20

2+1
3 I 32 20 18 25 15 5
^21 =(-l) = -(12-2) = -10
2 4 15 13 17 10 5 15

2+2
5 1 13 13 23 5 10 20
^22=(-l) = 20-1 = 19
1 4 7 5 13

2+3
5 3 5 8 2
^23=(-l) 1 2
= -(10-3) = -7
8 3 3

3 1
3+1
= (9-l) = 8 2. According to the question, when length is decreased
^3i=(-l) 1 3 by 50 m and breadth is increased by 50 m.
3+2
5 1 (x-50)(y + 50) = ;9^
^32 =H) = -(15-2) = -13
2 3 X-j = 50
86 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

and when length is decreased by 10 m and breadth is 1 1 I 50

decreased by 20 m. l-(2)(-l)[-2 1J[550

(x-10)(;'-20)=a:;'-5300 t1
a b 1 d -b
2x + >' = 550 ...(ii)
c d ad - be -c a
(i) (i) X - y = 50 and 2x + y = 550
(ii) (a) Eqs. (i) and (ii) can be written in matrix form as 1 50 + 550 1 600 200

1 -1 X 50
3[-100 + 550 3 450 150

2 1 550 x = 200and y = l50

y.
Lenght of rectangular field
(iii) (c) We have, =i’X = 200 m
'1 -iir^c 50
(iv) (a) Breadth of rectangular field
2 1 y 550
v = 150m
X 1 -1 50 (v) (b) Area of rectangular field = 200 x 150
;
> 2 1 550 = 30000 m^
 [chapter TEST)
1 Mark Questions 8. Find the inverse of the matrix
cos 0 sin 6

2 2 1 1 - sin 0 cos 0
1. If^ = and B - , then
4 0 2 0
9. Solve the system of linear equations using matrix
(a) A B (b) /I =2 5 method.

(c)M| = 2^l5| (d)M|=-l5| 2x- y = -2and3a: + 4y = 3

2 4 2x 4
2. If , then X is
5 1 6 X 3 Marks Questions
1 0 0
(a)±^/3 (b)± V2
10. Find the inverse of the matrix 0 cos a sin a
(c)l (d)0
0 sin a -cos a
COS0 -sin0
3. The value of IS
sin 0 cos 0 2 -3
11. Show that ^ = satisfies the equation
3 4
(a)0 (b)l (c)2 (d)5
X ^ = 6x +17 = 0. Hence, find ^ .
4. If ^ is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd orderthen
(a) ^ =0 (b)|^ | = -1 12. If^ =
I tan X
, then show that
(c) A = A' (d) None of these -tanx 1

cos 2x - sin 2x
2 Marks Questions A^A -1
sin2x cos2x
5. Find the value of /c, if the points (k +1,1), (2k +1,3)
and (2k + 2,2k) are collinear.
5 Marks Questions
6. Find the minors of the diagonal elements of the a b
1 i -1 13. Find the inverse of the matrix = 1 + be and
c
determinant i 2

= (a^ +bc + \)I -aA.

-1
1 — I i show that aA

2 3 1
7. Using cofactors of elements of third row, evaluate
14. If .4= 1 2 2 , find and hence solve the
1 X y+ z
-3 1 -I
A= 1 y 2+x.
system of equations 2x + y-3z = 13,3x + 2y + 2 = 4
1 2 x+y
andx + 2y- z = 8.

Answers
1 4 3
1,(c) 2. (a) 3.(b) 4. (a) 11.—
1 17 -3 2
5. 2 or - - 6. M 11 = z -1, M22 = i +1 and M33 = 0
2 l + i>c
-b
cos 0 - sin 0 13. a
7. 0 8.
- c a
sin 0 cos 0
-4 4 4
1 0 0
1
12 -1
0 cos a sin a 14. A -5 1 -3 ; X = I, y = 2 and z = - 3.
9. x = - and y — 10.
16
11 11
7 -11 1
0 sin a -cos a
C0
Continuity and
Differentiability
TREND Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS €
I.
YEARS I-,. T

T
Types of Questions 2024 20^ 2020
t
■ t. ■■
1 Mark . ; . 1 1

TOPIC Q** Continuity , ,

I
2 Marks 1
r ' r
3 Marks

4 Marks

SMaiks

6 Marks

1 Mark 2 1 2

TOPIC 02 Differentiability 2 Marks 1 1 2

3 Marks 3 3

4 Marks 1 1

5 Marks

6 Marks

TOPIC 1
Continuity

Continuity at a Point Discontinuity of a Function

A ftinction /(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a, if A function /(x) is said to be discontinuous at x = a, if it is
(LHL),=, =(RHL),., =/(a)orlim/(x) = /(a), not continuous atx = a, i.e. when any of the following
X—
cases arise:
where (LHL)^^^ = lim /(x)
X-* a~
(i) x-*a*
lim /(x) or x-*a
lim_/(x) or lim/(x) does not exist.
and (RHL) x=a = lim /(x).
(ii) lim f{x)^ lim /(x)
x-*a x-*a*
NOTE To evaluate LHL and RHL of a function /(x) at x = o, put x =o - hand
X = 0 + h respectively, where h-* 0. (iii) lim/(x)= lim/(x)?^/(a)or lim/(x)?^/(a)
x-*a x-*a*
Continuity and Differentiability 89

Continuity in an Interval (vi) lim

X-* 0
log (1+j:)
X
= 1

A function ^ = /(j;) is said to be continuous in an interval

-1
(a, b) iff/(x) is continuous at every point in that interval (vii) lim = log^ a
and / is said to be continuous in the interval [tz, b] iff / is 0 X

continuous in the interval (a, b) and also at the point a from (viii) lim (1 + a:)
\!x
= e

the right and at the point b from the left. X-* 0

NOTE A function is said to be continuous, if it is continuous on the whole of /

1
its domain.
(ix) lim 1 +— =e
X-i t»
xj
Useful Results for Continuity (x) lim sin .V and lim cos x oscillate between-1 to 1.
X-*
(i) Every identity function is continuous,
(ii) Every constant function is continuous,
(iii) Every polynomial function is continuous,
Algebra of Continuous
(iv) Every rational function is continuous, Functions
(v) All trigonometric functions are continuous in their Suppose/and g are two real functions, continuous at real
domain, number c. Then,
(vi) Modulus function is continuous. (i) / +g is continuous at x = c.
(ii) / “ ^ is continuous at x = c.
Standard Results of Limits
(iii) / ● ^ is continuous at x = c.
X" - a
(i) lim = na
n -1
(iv) kf is continuous at x = c, where k is any constant.
x-a
( f\
X-* a

sin X (v) — is continuous atx = c[provided?(c)?i01.

(ii) lim U;
X-* 0 X

tanx
(iii) lim
X-* 0 X
= i
Composition of Two
-1 Continuous Functions
(iv) lim =1
x-¥ 0 X Suppose/and g are two real valued functions such that
1 (fog) is defined at c. Ifg is continuous at c and/is
(v) lim = 0,p€(0,oo) continuous at g (c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
X-* »
xP
rir TT^ T7TF T7

Previous Years Questions

Ir

PYQs . . ● J ii ^

1 Mark Questions 11
(a)-- (b)411
Multiple Choice Questions 11
(c)ll (d)-
1. The function /(x) = [x\ where [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal tox, is continuous at 3. The value of k for which the function
CSSE 2023

(a)x=l (b)x=1.5 1 - cos 4x

(c)x = -2 (d)x = 4 , ifx^^O.
f(x) = 8x^ is continuous at x = 0 is
3x + 5, x>2. k. ifx = 0
CB5E Somp/e Paper 2023
2. The value of k for which / (x) = is a

[ kx^, x<2 (a)0 (b)-l

continuous function, is C8SE 2023 (c)l (d)2
 90 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

The points, at which the function / given by 12. Determine the value of k forv^^hich the following
function is continuous at x=3:

/W= |jc|’ is continuous, is/are (x+3)^-36 ,x^3

jc>0
-1, CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term I) f(x) = i x-3

(&)xeR k ,x = 3 Ml India 2017

(b)x = 0
4 Marks Questions
(d) X = -1 and 1
13. Determine the values of a and b such that the
5. The value of jt(/: <0) for which the function / defined following function is continuous atx =0.
1 -coskx
, x^O X + sin a:
xsinjr if “7t<A:<0
as f{x) = is continuous at x = 0, is sin (a +1)a:’
1
x^O 2, if x=0
2’
sin bx
CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term I); 2021 2{e -1)
, if x>0
(a)±l (b)-l bx CBSE Samp/e paper 2018
1
(c)±i (d)- 14* Find the values ofp and q for which
1 -sin^ X %
Very Short Answer Questions 3cos^ X
if a:< —
2
6* Verify whether the function/defined by n
if X = —
/W = A
f ATsm
. rn 2

f(x) =
— ,
g (1 - sin x) n
U/ , if^>-
0, x=0 {n-2xf
n
is continuous at x = 0 or not. CBSE 2024
is continuous at a: = —.
2 Delhi 2016
T- Find the value(s) of X., if the function
sin^ Xx sin (fl+ l)Ar + 2sinA:
, a:<0
, ifx^iO is continuous at a: = 0.
/W =
X
x^ 15. x=0
1, if:c=0 If/(x) = 2,
CBSE 2023
■^\ + bx x>0
Find the value of k for which the function / given as X

1 - cos AT is continuous at a: = 0, then find the values of a and b.

, ifA:^0 Ml India 2016
f{x) = - 2x^ is continuous at a: = 0.

ky if a: =0 CBSE 2023
1®* Find the value of X, so that the function
/
1 - cos 4x \
9- Determine the value of the constant k so that the if x^O
kx \ /

ifA:<0 k. ifx = 0
function f(x)= jxl’ is continuous at x =0.

3, ifx>0 is continuous at x = 0. Ml India 2014C

CBSE Sample Paper 2023; Delhi 2017 1 - cos 4x

when X < 0
x^-9
10* If the function / defined as f(x) = x-3 ’ 17. If/W = . a, whenx = 0
k. x =3
4x~ whenx >0
continuous atx = 3, find the value ofk. M! India 2020
-v/l6 + V^-4’
11 ■ Find the number of points of discontinuity of / and / is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of a.
defined by/(x) = |x|-[x + l|. Delhi 2020 Delhi 2013C
 Continuity and Differentiability 91

18. Find the value of k, for which 22. If the function / (;c) given by
3ox +6, if X > 1
^j\+kx-^j\~kx
, if-l<x<0 f(x) = 11, ifx = l
X
m=i 2x+l 5ax-26, ifx<l
if 0<x<l
x-1 ’ is continuous at x = 1, then find the values of a and b.
Delhi 20? ?; All India 2010
is continuous at x=0. AH India 2013
23. Find the values of a and b such that the following
19. Find the value of k, so that the following function is function f(x) is a continuous function.
continuous atx =2.
5, x<2
x^ +x^ -16X+20 f(x) = ^ax + b, 2<x<10
, X ^2
/M=i (x-2)2 21, x>10 Delhi 2011
k. x =2 Delhi 2012C
24. Find the value of k, so that the function/
20. Find the value of k, so that the function Ax + 1, if x<7C
defined by /(x) = IS continuous at
/defined by cos X, if X > jc
kcosx n X = 7t. Foreign 2011
, if x^~
n-2x 2
f(x) = i 1- For what values of X, is the function
n
3, if x = -
/C^) =
[X (x^ --2x), if X <0
K 4x +1, if X > 0
is continuous at x = —.
2 Oefhi 2012C; Foreign 207 7 is continuous at x = 0 ? Foreign 2011

21. Find the value of a for which the function/is defined 26. Find the value of a, if the function / (x) defined by
as
2x -1, X <2
. n x=2
a,
y(x + l), x<0
a sm

/(x) = ■ tan X - sin X x + 1, x>2

, x>0
x^ is continuous at x = 2. Also, discuss the continuity of
is continuous at x = 0. Delhi 2011
/{x)atx = 3. All India 2011C

Explanations^
1. (b) We know that the greatest integer function [x] is RHL= lim /(x)=lim /'(2 + h)
/i-iO'
continuous at all points except at integer points.
= lim (3(2 -!-/i) + 5)
So, / (x) is continuous at x = 1.5 only. 0

3x 4-5, X >2 - lim (6 + 3A + 5)

2. (d) Given, /(x) = ● /i->0
kx^, x<2 = 6 + 3x0 + 5 = 11
Since, /(x) is continuous. Since, /(x) is continuous at x = 2.
LHL = iim /{x)=lim f(2-h) LHL = RHL = /(2)
x-*2~
4X = 11 = 3x2 + 5
= h^Q
lim k(2-h)^ = h-*0
lim k{4 + h~ -4h)
11
k =—
= k{4 + 0-4x0) = 4k 4
 92 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : A/VATHEMATICS

1 - cos 4x k^=\ ^k = ±\
, ifx=^0
3. (c) Given, f{x) = -
ifx=0
But, it is given ^ <0.
it =-I (exist)
The function /(x) is continuous at x = 0
If lim f(.x) = f(0)
x-^O Of ommon
Mistake
The value of ft is not ± 1, It is given that
ft < 0
We have, f(0) = k ...(ii) The only value of ft is-1.
’ 1 — cos 4x /1 \
I
Now, lim f{x)= lim
x->0 8x^ /
6. Given, f{x) = -
xsin
\x)
/ / ,x=0
2sin^ 2x sin^ 2x 0
= lim = lim
0
/
x~* 0 4x^ For a: = 0. we get,
\2 /(0) = 0 -(i)
sin2x
- lim =1 ...(iii) 1 r 1
X-* 0 2x / LHL= lim xsin-= lim /(O-A)sin
X /i-»0 \ 0-h

Now, from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 1

\

it = l - lim {-h)sm
h-*0 -h
X / \
x<0 1
4. (a) Wehave,/(x) = jlx|’ = lim /zsin —
/j-»0 h
[v sin (-9) = -sin0]
-1, x>0
= 0 ...(ii)
X
x<0 -1, x<0 1 1
\

—X RHL = lim xsin —= lim(0 + A)sin

-1, x>0 x-*Q* X A-»0 0 + h
-1, X>0

f(x) = -\, Vjce^ - lim hsin —

As we know that, constant function is continuous,
h-*0 \h)
'^xeR. 1
= lim ^sin —
Therefore, /(x) is continuous Vx s R. h^O

1-cos Ax =0 ...(iii)
, X5^0
5. (b) We have, /(x) - xsinx

. 1/2, x=0
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
is continuous at x = 0. LHL = RHL=/(0)
1 —cos Ax 1 Hence, / (x) is continuous at x =0.
lim f{x)~f (0) => lim
0 ;r^0 xsinx 2 sin^Ax
, X 9^0
Ax 7. Given, /(x) = ■ x'
2sin^ - e x = 0
2 1 V1-COS0 =2sin —
lim
2 2 \2
x-»o xsinx
sin^ Ax
/
sin Ax
lim / (x) = lim = lim A,^ = A^
. AxV
sin —
x2 V Ax ^
2
=> lim 2 X lim X and/(0) = l (1/2)
0 Ax X-* 0 sinx 4 2
Since, /(x) is continuous at x =0.
V 2 )
2k^ 1 lim/(x) = /(0)
4 ~2 A^=l => A = -ll (1/2)
 Continuity and Differentiability- 93

I - cos a:
if X 7^0 11. Wehave, /(a:) = |x|-|a: + 1|
8. Given, /(x) = ● 2x^ ’ is continuous at
if X = 0 1, x<-l
k.
x=0. /W = -2x-I, -l<x<0
-I x>0
lim /(x) = lim /(O + A) = lim /(h)

— lim
1 -cos h
= lim
2sin^(/?/2) - /(x) = 1
/(x) = -2x-1
h^o 2h^ *-»o 2h^ X'- ■>x
o
\2
- lim
sin ^{hH) = lim -
l/'sin {hl2) /(x)=-1
/i->0 /j-)0 4 h/2
Y

Clearly, /(x) is continuous for all values of x.

4 4
Hence, no discontinuous point exist. (1)
and / (0) = /: (1/2)
(x + 3)^ -36
Since, /(x) is continuous at x = 0. , x^3
12. Given,/(x) = - x-3
lim/(x) = /(0)
j:-»0
k, X =3

1 1 Given, / (x) is continuous at x = 3

- = k^k^~ (1/2)
4 4 Then, we have lim /(x) = /(3)
X—» 3

, if X < 0. (x + 3)^-36 (x + 3)^-6^

9. Given,/(x) = -^|;cj is continuous at x = 0 lim
T-» 3 X -3
=k lim
X-* 3 x-3
= k
3, ifx>0
Then, (x + 3-6)(x + 3+6)
limO’*- /(x)= X—>
lim_/(x)=/(0)
0
lim ^ = k
X-* 3 x-3

lim f(0+h)= h-*0

h-*0
lim f(0-h) = /(O) [va^ =(a-b) (a + b)]
3 - lim (x-3)(x+9)
lim = k=^ X-*
lim(x + 9) = /t
A-»o \-h\ X-4 3 (x-3) 3

-kh 3 +9=k => A: = 12

lim = 3 (1)
0
V h ) 13. We have.
lim {-k) = 3 X + sin X
A-» 0 if-TC<x<0
k = -3 (1) sin (iz +l)x’
-9 f{x) = \ 2, if x=0
X 9^3 sin bx
10. Given,/(x) = x-3 ’ 2{e -1)
, if x>0
bx
k. X = 3
x + sinx
Since,/(x) is continuous at x= 3. Now, LHL= lim /(x)= lim
x^ 0" 0" sin (a + I)x X—»

lim/(x;rr/;i)
x-»3
On multiplying and dividing denominator by (a + l)x,
x^ -9 we get
lim ~k
x->3 X—3 X + sin X

(x-3)(xl-3) , sin (n +l)x

lim - lim x(a + l)x (1)
x-»3
(x-3) X-* 0~ (a +1) X
X + sin X
lim (x+3) = >t
x-»3
X
3+3 = k - lim
x-^ 0 sin{a +l)x
k=6 (1) -■(a+\)
(a +l)x
 94 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1 +
smx
= lim
(l-cos h) (1^ +cos^ ^ + 1 xcos
1 +1
= lim . .
X ;»-»0
3 (1 -cos^ h)
o~ sm(« +l)x I-(fl + l)
●(a+1) (1 - cos h) (1 +cos^ h +COS h)
(a + l)jc = lim
h-*0 3(1-cos h) (1 + cos h)
2 sinx
V lim -1 (1)
a + 1 x->0 X
= lim
(1 +cos^ h + cos h)
sin^jif
A-»0 3 (1+COS h)
2(e -1)
Again, RHL - lim /(jc) = lim 1 + cos^ 0 + cos 0
x-*0* x-*0* bx
3(1 + cos 0)
On multiplying and dividing by sin bx, we get
sin^.v 1+1+1 3 _1
2{e -1) sin bx ...(ii) (1)
lim
sin!)x
X
bx
=2xlxl=2 3(l + l)~3x2“2
\
71
sinx
-1 and RHL = lim /(x) = lim / ^
-●¥h
V lim - =1 (1/2) ir+ 12
X-* —
x~^o sinx 2

Since, function is continuous at x = 0 7t Tt'*'

\’x = — + h; when x then A —> 0
2 2 2 ’
.-.lim fix)- lim /(x) = /(0) => = 2 (1/2)
x-»0~ O'*’ a+\
n
q 1 - sin — -¥h
2(a+l) = 2 => a=0 and beR,bi^0 (l‘/0 '.2
= lim (1/2)
sinbx \ ■^2
gSinbx
f^Common lim
-1 7C
but lim- = 1 7t-2 + //
Mistake X->0 bx x-»o sinfax 2

I - sin ^ X 71
- lim
^(l-cos h)
ifx < —
3 cos^ X 2 A-» 0
(n-K-2/j)~
K
14. Given,/(x) = if x = — q (l-cosh)
A = lim
2 h-* 0
^(l-sin x) if X > —
7C
/ \
{n-2xf ’ 2 2 ^
q 2sin -
V 2)
7t = lim vcosx = l-2sin^ -
is continuous at x = —. A-+0 2
2
/ - \
7C / 2
Then, (LHL) „ =(RHL) n =/ T h
\ 2)
x=— x=— sin
2 2
q \ 2)
/
7t
- — lim
8 A^ 0 h
Now, LHL = lim /(x) - lim / h
A-J c 2
X^
K
—
2
2

q q smx
7C 7t lim =1 ...(iii) (1)
VX h\ when x -+ , then 0 8 8 x-» 0 X
2 2

7C ,
\
On substituting tlie vaiues tiom Bqs. (ii) and (iii) into
1 - sin ^ — n
\2 1 -cos^ h Eq. (i), we get
= lim = lim (1/2) / \

A-»0
/
7t ^ 0 3 sin ^ ^ 1 q K

3cos^ -~h 2 8 2)
\2
(K \ \ ^ q n
7C
T = v/ — =;? (given)
*.* cos 0 =sin0, sin 0 =cos0 2 8 2J
/ >.2
Continuity and Differentiability 95

1^ 1 bh
- = — and - - - lim
2 8 2=^ 0
h{^+bh-V\)
1
9=4 and (1) b b b
- lim ...(iii)
15. Given,
0
(●^1 + bh +1) -^1 + 0 +1 2 (1)

From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

sin (a +1 )x + 2 sin X
,x<0
X a+3=-=2 [v/(0) = 2]
f{x) = 2, x =0 2

●^1 + 6x — 1 x>0 a +3=2and — = 2

X 2

is continuous at x = 0. a — -\ and 6 = 4 (1)

■/
(LHL),.o=(RHL) ;f=0 =/(0) 1 - cos 4x
, if X 9^0
(1/2) 1®* Given, /(x) = -< V 8x^
ifx = 0
Now, LHL= lim /(x) = lim /(0-6)
X-* 0
is continuous at x=0.
X = 0 - 6; when x —> 0", then /i —> 0] Then, (LHL),.o=(RHL),.o=/(0)
= lim
sin [(g + 1) (0-/?)] + 2sin (0-/t) Now, LHL = lim / (x) (1/2)
A-» 0 X-* 0

1 - cos 4x
= lim
-sin [{a +l)6]-2sin h = lim
A-+ 0 -h X-* o~ 8x^
[vsin (-9) = -sin0] 1-cos 4 (0-6)
- lim
= lim
sin (a + l)6 + 2sin6 0
8(0-6)^
h-* 0 h
[v X =0-6;whenx^0 ,then6 ->0] (1)
sin (a +1) 6 sin h
1 “Cos46 _ _
= lim + lim 2
h-*0 h h-* 0 h - lim [v cos (-0)=cos0]
h~*0 86^
sin (a +1) 6 sin h
= lim x(u+l)+2 lim 2 sin ^26
A-»o (a+1)6 h-^o 6 = lim 1 — cos 2 0 = 2 sin ^ 0]
h-¥0 86^
sinx
= lx(a+l)+2xl ●/ lim = 1 sin ^26 /
sin 26 \2
X
= lim , = lim =1 (1)
h^o 4/^2 h-*0 26
=u+l+2=a+3 ...(ii) (1)
sinx
and RHL = lim /(x)= h->0
lim /(0 + 6) V lim =1
0 X

[●.● X = 0 + 6; when x ^ O'^, then 6 0] (l/2) On substituting this value in Eq. (i), we get
= lim
Vl + 6(0 + 6)-l = lim
Vl + 66-1 1 = /(O) =>1 = 6: [v /(O) = k, (given)] (i)
h-*0 0 + 6 h-^O 6 Hence, for 6 = 1, the given function / (x) is continuous
atx = 0. (1/2)
Jl + 66-1 Jl + 66+1
= lim — X * Alternate Method
A-»0 6
Vl + 66+1 l-cos4x
\

, if X?!:0
[multiplying numerator and Given, / (x) = 8x^ IS

denominator by -Jl + bh +1] 6, ifx=0

= lim
(l + 66)-l continuous at x = 0. (1/2)
A-» 0
6(Vl + 66+l) Here,/(0) = 6 (1/2)
96 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1 - cos Ax 2sin^ 2x and LHL= lim

and lim / (;c) = lim = lim - 0

8x2 X-.0 8^2

^\-kh~^\ + kh
x-»o X-+0r

/
— lim
sinlx 0 -h
- lim =1 (2)
x^o\ 2x ,
= lim
^1 -left --^l + kh X
(^]\-kh +-yll + kh)
/ (^) is continuous at x = 0. A-»0 -h
i^l-kh+yjl + kh)
lim/(x) = /(0) (1)
x-*0
(1 - kh) - (1 + kh)
= lim
=> 1 = ^ =>A: =1 (1) 0
-h(yj\ -kh + -yjl + kh)
l-cos4x
, whenx<0 [V (a + b) (a-b) = a^ -b^]
x2 -2kh
whenx=0 - lim , — (1)
17. Given, /(x) = a,
h-^o-h(yl\-kh+^\ + kh)
xr 2k
, whenx>0 = lim
2k
JJ^ = k
-\/l6 + -Vx -4 h-*0
^\-kh+'j\ + kh 1 + 1 2

Since, / (x) is continuous at x = 0. Since, /(x) is continuous at x = 0.

(LHL),.o = (RHL),.o=/(0) /(0) = LHL=> ~\ = k
l-cos4x
yt = -l (1)
Now, (LHL) x=0 = lim f{x)— lim (1)
x-^0 x-^0 x2
x2+x2-16x + 20
1 - cos 4 (0 - /j) ; X 9^2
- lim 19. Given, /(x) = (x-2f
h-*Q
(O-hf k; x =2

[*.* X = 0 - ^ when x —> 0 , then A —> 0] is continuous at x = 2. (1/2)

1 - cos 4h
= lim [v cos(-0) = cos0] Now, we have /(2 ) = k (1/2)
A-»0 /j2 (1) x^ +x^ —16x +20
2sin2 2/i and lim / (x) = lim
= lim [v 1 - COS 20 =2 sin 2 0]
x-^2 x-^2
(x-2)2
/,2
= lim
(x-2)(x2+3x-10)
\2 (1)
sin2/i
= 2 lim x4 0)
x-^2
(x-2)^
A-»0 2h ) (x-2)(x + 5)(x-2)
= lim

=2x(1)2 x4 lim
smx
= 1
x-^2
(x-2?
x-»0 X
- lim (x + 5) = 2 + 5 = 7 (1)
= 8 X—>2

Now, from Eq. (i), we have Since, /(x) is continuous at x=2.

(LHL),=o =/(0) lim/(x)=/(2) =>7 = A: =>/t = 7 (1)

x-^2
/tcosx n
8 =a [●●' /(0) = fl (given)] , if x^-
71 -2x
a=8 (I)
20. Given, /(x) = - 7C
3, if x = —
-^1 + Ax - , if-1<x<0
2

X is continuous at x = tc/2.
18. Given, /(x) =
2x + l 7C 7C
ifO <x<l Then,atx = -,LHL = RHL = / - ...(i) (I)
x-1 ’ 2 .2 /

is continuous at x = 0. Acosx
2-0 + 1 1 Now, LHL - lim /(x) = lim
7t -2x
Now, /(0) = (1) X-+ —
Tt n

0-1 -1 2 2
Continuity and Differentiability 97

\
K sin h
k cos h -sin h
L2 / cos h sin h-~sin h cos A
=> LHL= lim - lim = lim
h->0 / h-*0 h~^0
71 cosh
k-2 -h

= lim
sin h{\- cos h)
n
(1/2)
7C A -»0 cos h
x= h; whenx —> , then ^ > 0
2 2
sin h I -cos h 1
= lim ■ lim ● lim
k sin h (n h A ^ 0 cos h
- lim vcos --6 =sin9
h^on-n+2h 1.2 l-cos A
= 1X lim xl
ks\nh k sin h A^O
- lim - — lim
A-»0 2h 2 A-»o h
sin h 1 1 1
V lim -1 and lim - = 1
k sin h A^o h h-iQCOSh cosO 1
=> LHL = - ●/ lim =1 {!'/*)
2 A^O h
1 —COS h
= lim (1/2)
Also, from the given function, we get A-»0
/
71'I
h
(1/2) 2sin^ -
V-^ / 2
= lim V l-cosjc=2sin^ -
Now, from Eq. (i), we have A^O 2
\
7C k h
LHL = / - => -=3 2xsin^ - :_2 h
UJ 2
sin
2
= lim ^ = lim — X lim —r 2

k =6 A-»0 A^o 4 A-»o

(1)
x4
4 4
asin-^(x+l),
21. Let/(x) = tan jc - sin a: . hV
sin —
, X >0 1 2 1
= - X lim = -xl
2 A -»0 h 2
is continuous at jc = 0.
\ 2 J
Then, LHL = RHL=/(0) ...(i) (1/2) sin
7t ●/ lim =1 (1)
Now, LHL — lim <2 sin — (x +1) x-»0 X
x-*o~ 2
1
7t RHL = - -(iv)
LHL - lim a sin — (-h +1) 2
A^o 2
On substituting the values from Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
[●.● x=0-h; when x -> 0~, then ^ ^ 0] to Eq. (i), we get
. 7C 1
= a sm — = a ...(ii) a= — (1/2)
2 2
7C 3ax + b, if X > 1
/(0) = asin —= a ...(iii) (1)
2
22. Given,/(x) = U if x = l
Now, we need to evaluate RHL at x = a. 5ax -2b, if X < 1
[●.* LHL = f{0)~a and from this, we is continuous at x = 1.
can not find the value of a] LHL = RHL=/(1) ...(i)
tan X - sin x
Here, RHL - lim 3
Now, LHL= lim f(x)= lim(5ox-2fe) (1/2)
X 1 1

= lim [5a a-h)-2b]

tan h-sinh A->0
=> RHL = lim
A^O [vx = 1 -/r; whenx-^ 1 ,then^-^0]
= lim (5a -5ah-2b) =5a-2b (1)
[\’x=0 + h = h; whenx—> 0"^, then A—> 0] A -»0
98 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

and RHL = lim (3ax + b)= h-iO

lim [3a (1 + h) + b] Now, we have to find LHL and RHL at x = 10.
LHL= lim f{x)- lim (ax + b)
[v x-\ + h; when x —> I"*", then h-^0] 1^10"

= lim (3a+3ah + b)=3a + b = lim[a(10-/i) + 6]

A-»0

Also, given that /(I) = 11 (1) [v X = 10 - A; whenx 10“, then A 0]

On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
= lim {\0a-ah + b)
5a-2b~3a + ef = l 1 h-*0

=> 3a + ef = ll -(ii) LHL = \0a + b

and 5a-26 = ll ...(iii) (1/2) and RHL = lim f(x)= lim 21 = 21

On subtracting 3 x Eq. (iii) from 5 x Eq. (ii), we get Now, from Eq. (ii), we have
15a +5^j-15a +6/? = 55 — 33 LHL = RHL

Ub = 22 10a + i = 21 ...(iv) (1)

b =2 On subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
On putting the value of b in Eq. (ii), we get -8a = -16 => a =2
3a+2 = ll On putting a = 2 in Eq. (iv), we get
3a=9 20 + ^> = 21=» 6 = 1
a =3 Hence, a = 2 and 6 = 1. (1)

Hence, a=3andZ>=2. (1) fcc + 1, if X<7C

24.Let/(x) =
5, x<2 [cosx, if X>7C
23 Given, /(x) = ox + 6, 2<x<10 is continuous at x = 7C.
21, x>10 Then, LHL = RHL = /(7t) ...(i) (1)
is a continuous function. So, it is continuous Now, LHL= lim /(x) = lim (Ax + 1)
atx = 2andatx = 10. n n

.●. By definition, = lim [A: (tc - 6) +1 ]

A —♦ 0

(LHL),^2=(RHL),.2=/(2) ...(i) [vX = 7C -6; whenx^ tc", then 6-> 0]

and (LHL),.io =(RHL),.,o =/(10) ...(ii)(D - lim (lot-kh + \) = kn + \ (1)
h-*0
Now, let us calculate LHL and RHL atx = 2.
and RHL = lim / (x) = lim cos x
LHL= lim /(x) = lim 5 = 5 x~*n'^ x-*n*
x^2~ x^2~

= lim cos (it + h)

and RHL = lim /(x)= lim (ox + 6) A->0

●^2'^
[*.● x = it + h; when x —> TC"^, then 6 0]
= lim (a (2 + 6) + 6} = COS 7t (1)
A—»0

= lim (2a + ah + b) = -l [●.● COS 7C = -1 ]

h^o
Now, from Eq. (i), we have
[vx = 2 + 6; whenx—> 2"^, then6—> 0] LHL= RHL
= 2a + 6 Atc+1 = -1

From Eq. (i), we have kjt = -2

LHL = RHL 2
k =- (1)
71
2a + 6 = 5 ...(iii) (1)
Continuity and Differentiability 99

~2x), if ;c<0 2x-l, x<2

25.Letf(x) =
4jc + 1, ifx>0 26.Given, / (x) = a, x=2 is continuous atx = 2.
is continuous at x=0. X +1, x>2

Then, (LHL),.o=(RHL).=o=/(0) ...(i) (1) (LHL),.2=(RHL),.2=/(2) ...(0(1)

Now,/(0) = X[0-0] = 0,
Now, f{2) = a
LHL = lim /(x) = lim f(0-h) and LHL = lim /(x) = lim (2x -1)
x-^0~
x^2~ x-*2~
= A.lim [(0-/i)2-2(0-/i)]
It-iO
= lim [2 (2-/»)-l] = 3 (1)
/i-»0

= Xx0 = 0 (1) [*.*x=2- h; when x —» 2“, then ^ > 0]

and RHL= lim /(x) From Eq. (i), we have
x-^O*

= lim f{0 + h) LHL=/(2) => (1/2)

/i-»0
Now, let us check the continuity at x =3.
= h-^O
lim 4(0 + /i) + l = l (1)
Consider, x-*2
lim/(x) = x-»3
lim(x + I)
LHL ^ RHL, which is a contradiction to Eq. (i). rv/(x) = x + lforx>2]
/. There is no value of >. for which / (x) is continuous = 4 = /(3) [v/(3) = 3 + l = 4] (I)
atx = 0. (1)
/(x) is continuous at x = 3. (1/2)

TOPIC 2

Differentiability
Differentiability Differentiation
A function /(x) is said to be differentiable at a point x = a, The process of finding derivative of a function is called
if Left hand derivative at (x = a) equals to Right hand differentiation.
derivative at (x = a) i.e. LHD at (x = a) = RHD (at x = a),
Rules of Derivative
where Right hand derivative.
lim f(a + h)-f(a) (i) Sum and Difference Rule Let y = /(x) ± ^(x). Then,
Rf'{a) = h^O
by using sum and difference rale, its derivative is
h
dy d d
and Left hand derivative. written as — =—/(x) ±—g(x).
dx dx dx
lim f{a-h)-f{a)
Lf'ia)^ A-»0 (ii) Product Rule Let y = f(x) g(x). Then, by using
~h
product rule, it’s derivative is written as
NOTE (i) The common value of Rf'[a) and lf'[a) is denoted by /'(o)
and it is known as the derivative of /(x) at x = a.
(ii) Every differentiable function is continuous but every dx
~f{x)
dx
g(x)+ 4-Six)
dx
fix).
continuous function need not be differentiable.
fix)
(iii) Quotient Rule Let y - ;g(x) 5*0, then by using
Useful Results for Differentiability six)
(i) Every polynomial, exponential and constant functions quotient rule, its derivative is written as
are differentiable,
dy
gWx-^[/W]-/Wx
dx
f-[gW]
dx
(ii) Logarithmic function is differentiable in their
domain,
dx
[gix)f
(iii) Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions are
(iv) Chain Rule Let y = /(m) and u = f (x), then by using
differentiable in their domain, dy dy du dy
chain rule, we may write —, when — and
dx du dx du
(iv) Modulus function is differentiable everywhere except du
— both exist.
at that point, where it is zero. dx
 100 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

Some Standard Derivatives Now, by using chain rule

(i) — (constant)=0 dy gix) six)

dx = [f(x)] f'{x)^g'{x)\0^f{x) .
dx fix)
n — I
(\i)~(x-) = nx NOTE The logarithmic function logoX{o>0ando^l) has the following
dx
properties:
(i) logo(mn)=logom + logon
dx
1 (ii)!ogo — =logom-iogon
vn;
(iv) —(log^jc) = —, x>0
dx X logm
(lii) logom'’=nlogom (iv) logo m =
(v) = log^ a, a>0 logo
dx
(v) logoO = 1 (vi) logo 1=0
d
(vi) —(sin x) = cos jc Differentiation of Parametric Function
dx
If X = /(/), y - g{t), where f is a parameter, then
(vii)—(cosx) = -sinx
dx dy
d 2 dy dt dx
(viii)— (tan x) = sec x whenever
dx dx (dx dt
d
dt
(ix) — (cosec x) = - cosec X cot X
dx
d NOTE dy/dx is expressed in terms of parameter only without directly
(x) — (sec x) = sec X tan x involving the main variables x and y.
dx
d 2 Differentiation of a Function with Respect to
(xi) — (cot x) = - cosec x Another Function
dx
1
Suppose y = f{x) and z = ^(x) are two ftinctions. Then,
(xii)— (sin”* x) =
dx differentiation of y^with respect to z is
d 1 dy dy I dx
(xiii)— (cos x) = - dz dz! dx
dx

1 Second Order Derivative

(xiv)— (tan”‘ x) = It is the derivative of the first order derivative,
dx l + x^
d^y _ d 'dy'
Derivative of Implicit Function i.e.
dx^ dx\dx.
Suppose / (x, y) = 0 is a function of x and y, which cannot
express in the form of >’ = (l)(x). Then, such function is Some Useful Substitutions for Finding
called implicit function. For differentiation of this type of Derivatives
dy dx ■ Substitution
function, we differentiate it and simplify such that — or — Expression
dx dy x=a ian6 or x = ij coi0
(l)
is on left hand side and the otlier variable is on right hand
side.
(//) a^-x^ x=ijsin6 orx = flcos6

{Hi) x^-a^ x=asec 0 or X = <2 cosecO

Logarithmic Differentiation a~x a+x

(/V) or x=flcos20
Let v= -.(i) \<?+X ^C7-X
Then, by taking log (to base e), we can write Eq. (i) as ITT? x‘= cos 20
O')
logy; = g(x) log/(x).
 PYQs Previous Years Questions
1 Mark Questions cos a: - sin dy ,
9Jf = :—, then — is
dx
Multiple Choice Questions cos X + sm a:
/
CBSB 2023

, . 7t
dy (a)-sec —X (b)sec^ —-X
1 .If xe^ = I, then the value of at X = 1 is U /
dx CBSE 2024
\

(a)-l (b)l (c)-e (d)-l (c) log sec — -X

v4
(d) - log sec —-X*
e V4 >
2.Derivative of^"^"^^ with respect to cos x is
:_2
Sin X ;_2
CBSE 2024
10.If _y = sin^(x^), then ^
dx
is equal to CeSE 2023
(a) sin xe (b)cos xe
sm X

;_2 ;-2 (a) 2sinx^ cosx^ (b) 3x^ sin x^ cos x^

(d) - 2 sin ^ X cos xe
sm X
(c) - 2cosxe
sm X

(c) 6x^ sinx^ cosx^ (d) 2x^ sin^(x^)

dy
3jfsin(Ay) = 1. then ~
dx
is equal to 11 -If y = log (sin e""), then — is
CBSE 2024
dx CBSE 2023

(a)^ (b)-- (a) cot e^ (b) cosec e^

y y
(c) cot e^ (d) e'^cosec
y y
(C)^
X X 3tiV
2
12.1f/(x) = I cos X I, then/' — IS

sinx CBSE 2023

4Let/(x)= , where is a constant. Then, -I 1
P -1 (a)l (b)-I (c) (d)
V2 V2
the value of p for which (0) = 1 is C8SE 2024
-1
(a)^ (b)l (c)0 (d)-I 13jf v = sin X, then (1 -x^)_V2 is equal to
CBSE 5amp/o Paper 2023
S.The flmciio!! /(x) = | x | is CBSE 2023
(a) x;;. (b)x>' (c) x>^2 (d)x^
(a) continuous and differentiable everywhere,
(b) continuous and differentiable nowhere, 14.The set of all points, where the function /(x) = x +1 x
(c) continuous everywhere but differentiable eveiywhere is differentiable, is CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
except at X = 0. (a) (0,oo) (b)(-~,0)
(d) continuous everywhere, but differentiable nowhere. (c) (— oo, 0) U (0, ) (d)
6,The function/(x) = x|x[ is CBSE 2023 d^y n .
15Jfx = flsecS and >^ = 6tan6, then 7at0 = —is
(a) continuous and differentiable at x = 0. dx ^ 6
(b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0. CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term ()/ 2021
(c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 0.
(a)
-3V36 -ijlb
(d) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0. 2
(b)
a a

2, x>0.IS -3n/36 -b
7.The value of k for which function/(x) = ■ ^ (c) (d)
Ax, x<0 a

differentiable at .x = 0 is
1 S.The derivative of sin"* (2x-^l -x^) with respect to
CBSE 2023

(a)l (b)2 1
(c) any real number (d)0 sm <x<lis
CBSE Samp/e paper 2022 (Term I)
8 Jf/(x) = 21XI + 3| sin XI + 6, then the right hand Tt
(a) 2
derivative of /(x) at x = 0 is CBSE 2023; Delhi 2020 (b) ^-2
(a) 6 (b)5 Tt
(0- (d) -2
(c)3 (d)2
102 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

, then dy
IS
30.1f = then find at a: = 1.
dx dx CBSE 2023
CBSE Sampfe paper 2022 (Term I)
dy
(a)e-^-^ (b)^
x + y
(c)-ey~^ (d)2e^-y 31 .If X = a sin It, y = a (cos 2t + log tan /), then find —.
dx
d^y CBSE 2023
18.If ;?=5cosx -3sinx, then —~ is equal to
dx
32.if.n’ = ^^ y, then show that dy_y(x-l)
CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term I)
dx x(y + l) CBSE 2023
(a)-v (h)y (c)25y (d)9;y
dy.. d^y
19. If y = log(cos ), then — is 33.1fx = o:cos/ and _y = ^»sin t, then find
dx dx^' CBSE 2023

CBSE Somp/e paper 2022 (Term I) \

\2
-1 d^y (dy
(a) cos (b) e~^ cos 34. If V = yjax + b, prove that y + = 0.
dx^ \ dx
(c) e'^ sin (d) -e^' tan CBSE 2023

20.1f
5x
+ Be
-5x
then
d^y. 35.If yyj\-x^ + x-Jl - y^ = 1, then prove that
—Y is equal to
[HZ
dx All (nd/a 2020
dy
(a) 25y (b)5y (c) -25y (d)15y dx
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
Very Short Answer Questions ;_2 dy
36.1f y = e + (sin x)^, find —.
X sin X

21.If/(x) = x|x|, then find f'(x). Delhi 2020 dx CBSE Sample Paper 2023

22. Differentiate , with respect to x. All India 2019 37. Prove that the greatest integer function defined by
y (x) = [x], 0 < X < 2 is not differentiable at x = 1.
23. If y = cos (VSc), then find dx All india 2019
CBSE Samp(e Paper 2021
dy n
38.Find the value of — at 6 = -,if
dy dx 3
24. If y = XIX1, find for x < 0.
dx All India 2019
X =cos8 -cos20, y=sin0 -sin20. Delhi 2020

2 Marks Questions 39.Find the differential ofsin^ x with respect to

All India 2020

25.Check for differentiability of the function / defined by -1

/
I + cos X
40. Differentiate tan with respect to x.
/(x) = IX - 51 at the point x = 5. CBSE 2024
V sinx CBSE 2078

26.If/W = l^^ then show that / is not -1 cos X - sin X

41 .Differentiate tan with respect to x.
V cosx + sinx / CBSE 2078 C
differentiable at x = 1. CBSE 2023
dy 7C 2
ax+ b, 0 < X < 1 42.Find atx = 1, y = ~, if sin y + cosxy = /f.
dx 4 Delhi 2017
27.1f/(x) = is a differentiable function
2x^ —x,l <x <2 1 1
in (0,2), then find the values of a and b. 43.If y = sin“^ (6xyl -9x^), -
28.1f (x^ + =xy, then find—.
dx
dy
CBSE 2023, 18 then find —
dx Delhi 2017

29.If y = (x + 4x^ -1)^, then show that dy

dy
44.1fey (x + 1) = 1, then show that —
dx
= -e’'.
= 4y^ CBSE Sample Paper 2017
\dx CBSE 2023
Continuity and Differentiability 103

3 Marks Questions CONCEPT

First, take log on both sides, then differentiate both sides

=^a(x-y), prove that by using the product rule.
dy lIZ
dx
CBSE 2024
55. If ^ + y + y ^Jl + x =0,(xt^ y), then prove that
dy 1

46,Ifx = a sin^ 0, 7=^>cos^ 0, then find d^y a+xf‘

dx
All India 2019; Foreign 2012; Delhi 2011C
dx

0=-
n ® 1^ CONCEPT
4’ CBSB2024 First, solve the given equation and convert it intoy =f(x)
form. Then, differentiate to get the required result.
47. Find the values of a and b so that the following
function is differentiable for all values of x
56.1fy = (sin ' x)^, prove that
ax + b, x>-\
bx^ -3, x<-I CBS£ 2024
(l-x^) ^-x^-2
dx^ dx
=0 Delhi 2019

48.1f y=(tan“* x)^, show that 57,If (x -a)^ +{y-b)^ =c^, for some oO, prove that
d^y
t3/2

^ + 2x(x^+1)^=2.
/ \2
(x^+lf 1 +
dy
dx ^ dx CBSE 2024
dx /

dy is a constant independent of a and b.

49.1f (cosx)^ =(cos yY , then find —. d^y
dx
dx^ All India 2019
CBSE 2024, All India 2019; Delhi 2012

1
58.1fx = ae'(sin / + cos t) and y = ae‘ (sin r-cos t), then
-1
50.Differentiate sec = with respect to prove that
.Vl -X )
dy X+y
sin~*[2xV]l-x^] CBSE 2023 dx x-y All India 2019

d^y cosx
59.Differentiatex®”^ +(sinx)“®'* with respect to x.
51. If y = tan X+sec X, then prove that
dx'^ (1-sinx)^ All India 2079
/ . \
CBSE 2023
-1 y
y \2
60.If log (x^ + y^)=2 tan — , then show that
d^y a
52.1f (a+ 6x)e-^ =x,then prove thatx
dx^ a + bx dy _x + y
CBSE 2023 dx x-y Delhi 2019

4 Marks Questions 61 .If^"-/ -a ^flnd^.

dx Delhi 2079
/

53.1f y=sin
-I -JT+x +^\-x , then show that 62.IfA: = cos t + log tan -
t
y = sin t, then find the
2

dy -1
values of
d^y
— and
d^y Jt

dx
2-^1-x^ Delhi 2020
dt dx
Delhi 2019; All India 2012 C
d^y 63.1f y = (sin x), prove that
54.If X = a cos 0 and y = h sin 0, then find
dx^ ■ d^y Y ^y
uy 7

Ail India 2020

— + tanA: h ycos x = 0.
dx ^ dx CBSE 2018
 104 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dy 75, If X = a sin It (1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos It (1 - cos It),

64 Ifx = a (20 -sin20)and y=a (1 - cos 20), find
dx dy K n

n
then find the values of — at r = — and t = —.
dx 4 3
when 0 = —.
3 CBSE 2078 Delhi 2076; All India 2074

65. If sin _v = xcos {a + y), then show that Or If X = a sin 2t (1 + cos 2t) and y = bcos 2t (1 - cos 2t),
dy cos^ (a + >>) . . , n dy b
then show that at 7 = —, — = —
dx cos a A dx a All India 2014

dy 76. If xcos (« + >>) = cos y, then prove that

Also, show that — - cos a, when x = 0.
dx CBSE 2018 C
dy cos~(a + y)
. Hence, show that
d^y- at 0 = —.
K dx sin a
66. Ifx = asec^ 0 and >> = atan^ 0, find
dx 2 3
. c^^y dy
CBSE 2078 C sin a - + sin2 (a + y) — = 0.
dx 2 dx All India 2016

tan 'jr d^y dy

67. If y = e , prove that (1 +x^) j + {2x-i) dx
= 0.
Or If cos y-x cos (a + y), where cos a ^±\, prove that
dx
CBSE 2018C dy cos {a +
dx Sin a Foreign 2014
6? Find a and b, if the function given by
flx^ +b, if x<l
f(x) = is differentiable at x = 1. dy -1 6x-4^[l^^
2x + 1, if x->l
CBSE Sample Paper 2076
77. Find if y = sin 5
dx
All India 2016
/ \2
1
6?. If y = log Vx + , then prove that 78. Find the values of a and b, if the function /defined by

x(x + l)'y2+(x + l)"y, =2. CBSE Sample Paper 2018

x^ +3x + n, x<l
fM = i
bx + 2, X>1

70. Ifx^+y*^ =a*,then find —.

dx All India 2017 is differentiable at x = 1. Foreign 2016

\2
d^y
/
dy 79. If X = sin t and y = sin pt, then prove that
71. If (x +1) = 1, then show that
dx^ dx
All India 2017 -x^ + /iV = 0-
dx^ dx Foreign 2016
dy ●_2
-1 1-x
-^1 + x^ +Vl-X^
an X
72. Find—,\fy-e ■ 2 tan
dx
\i+4' 80. If = tan
-I
, x^ <1, then find
CBSE Sample Paper 2017 Vl+x^-4'^-x^
73. \fy = x^, then prove that dyidx. Delhi 2015

\2
d^y 1 ^ dy y
^=0.
E33CONCEPT
dx^ y\dxj X Delhi 2016,2014 First, put =sin0, then reduce it in simplest form.
( Further, differentiate it.

74. Differentiate tan

-1 -^1 +x^ — 1
X
81. Ifx = acos0 + Z’sin0, y = a sin0 - 6 cos0, then show
-1 2x
, when X 0.
. 2 d^y ^y
with respect to sin that y —- X + y = 0.
1+x^ Delhi 2016,2014 dx^ dx Delhi 2015, Foreign 2074
 105
Continuity and Differentiability
W

dy
82. Show that the function/(x) = |x + 1| + |x -1|, for all 92, Find the value of at0 = —, if X = ae^ (sin 0 - cos 0)
dx 4
xeR, is not differentiable at the points x = -1 and
x = l. All India 2015
and y = ae^ (sin 0 + cos 0). All India 2014

83. \fy=e
/nsin
, then show that 93. Ifx = a cos ? +log tan- , y = a sin then evaluate
V
d^y -X —
dy d^y at K
-m^y = 0. ^ = —
dx^ dx All India 2015
dx^ 3 De/hi 2074C

84. lfy=(x + -Jl+x^)", then show that 94. Ifx"*/ =(x + y)

m + n ,
, prove that — = —.
y
dx X Foreign 2074
d^y uy 2
(1 + x^) +x~r = n y-
dx^ dx Foreign 2075
^HajcoNCEPr
85. Find whether the following function is differentiable at First, take log on both sides. Further, differentiate it to
prove the required result.
x = landx=2or not.

X, x<l
-1
fix) = 2-x, l<x<2 95. Differentiate tan with respect to
X

-2 + 3x-x^, x>2 Foreign 2075

cos
-1
(2x ^1-x^), when x 0. Delhi 2074

86. For what value of X, function defined by

X
X{x-+2), ifx<0 is continuous at x = 0 ? 96. Differentiate tan
-1
with respect to
4x + 6, if X > 0
Hence, check the differentiability of /(x) at x = 0.
All India 2015C
●
sm
-1
(2x^j\-x^). Delhi 2074

97. If y = , then show that

87. If >’=(sinx)''+sin ' Vx, then find—.
dx d^y dy
-{a b) — + aby-fi.
Delhi 2015C,2013C dx^ dx AH India 2014

xcos'^ X 98. If X = cos r (3 - 2 cos ^ 0 and y == sin r (3 - 2sin ^ /), then

88. Ify = ^ - logy[-x^, then prove that
Vi -X
find the value of — at r = —.
dy n

dx 4 All India 2014

dv cos ~^x
dx (1-x^)^^^' Delhi 2075C dy
99. If(x-y)^
x-y
= a, prove that y + X = 2 y.
dx Delhi 2014C
89. Write the derivative of sin x with respect tocosx.
Delhi 2014C
100. IfX = a(cos M- / sin /) and y = a (sin i-tcos /), then
90. If y = sin"^ [x^Jl -X - ^^x -yjl-x^ ]and0<x < 1, then find the value of
d^y n

dx Delhi 2014C
dy
find
dx All India 2074C; Delhi 2070
-l + log \x + a , prove that
- a
-1
101. Ify=tan
irraacoNCEPT

Put X =sin 4> and Vx =sin6. Now, simplify the resulting dy 2a ^

4'
expression and differentiate it. dx x^ ~a All India 2014C

dy 102. If(tan‘‘x)^ +y
cot I
= 1, then find dy! dx.
91. Ife'^ prove that dx
+ =0. All India 2014C
Foreign 2074
 106 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

103. = 2 cos 0 — cos 20 and >>=2 sin 0 — sin 20, then

‘ and ^ = V
-I
sin
‘, then show that
cos
a
/ \
dy 30
prove that = tan —
dx 2 ) Def/ii20T3C dx X All India 2012
X
104. If" then prove that sinx-cosx
x^-1 <^y
a + bx) , then find —.
\
a:2+1 dx
Delhi 2012C
\2
,d^y
/
dy
^ TT= ■ 1*l6,Ifx=fl(cosr+/sint)and >'=a(sin/-r cos/), then
dx^ \ dx ) De/hi 2013C
d^X d^ d^y
dt ^nd dx^‘
find
105. If ^ =cos 0 and >>=sin ^ 0, then prove that dt^ ’ Delhi 2012C
\
y = 3sin^0(5cos^0-I). t
117.1f^ = a cos r +log tan- and jv = <Jsin r, find
d^y
dx^ AH India 2012C I 2 dt^
^ 06. Differentiate the following function with respect to x. and
d^y
(log a:)'' +JC logx dx^' All India 2012
Delhi 2013

107. If y= log + -\lx^+a^], then show that 118. Differentiate tan

-1

X
with respect to x.
dy All India 2012
^+x-f-^0.
dx^ dx Delhi 2013 119.1fy = (tan * ;c)^, then show that
108. Show that the function /(a:)=| x - 31, ;c€/?, is d^y
continuous but not differentiable at a:=3. Delhi 2013
{x^+\)^
dx ^ ^ +2x(a:=+1)^ =2 dx Delhi 2012

109.IfA: = a sin rand y=a[cosr + logtan (r/2)], then find dy 2x^-3

120.FI”d , when y=x^”^^ +
d^y dx x^+x+2 All India 2012C
dx^' Delhi 2013
121.If-*^ = ^ (0-sin0), 7=a (1+C0S 0), then find
d^y
110. Differentiate the following with respect to x. dx^
Delhi 2011
1--I ●3^
sm
122. Prove that
l+(36)\ All India 2013 /
d
— -yla^
X [~^ j + — sin ^1
— -^Ja
/~2 2
-X .
Sou CONCEPT dx\2^ 2 a
Foreign 201T
First, put 6* equal to tan 0, so that It becomes some
standard trigonometric function. Then, simplify the 123.1f y= log [x + ijx^+l],
expression and then differentiate by using chain rule. then prove that
d^y. +X-—=0.
dy
11l.lfx= acos^ 0 and >?=asin^ 0, then find the value of (x^+l)
dx^ dx
d^y
-a. 6=-.
71 Foreign 2011

dx All India 2013 124.1f ^ = ct (0 + sin 0) and 7 = a (1 - cos 0), then find
d^y
112.1f ^ + 3^) + sin o cos(a + _y) = 0, then prove that dx^' All India 2011C
d;^_sin^(a + ^)
dx sina All India 2013 125.1f^ = ^ (cos 0 +0 sin 0)
d^y
113.1f>' = sin
-I
X, show that (1 ~x^)^~~x—
dx^ dx
= 0. and y=a(sin 0-0 cos 0), then find
dx-^'
Delhi 2012 All India 2011C
 [^Explanations
1.(a) Given, xe^ =1 -2(0) - p(cos 0) = 1

On differentiating both sides, w.r.t. x, we get

-/> = 1=>P = -1
5.(c) y
x-e^ — + e^ -1 = 0
dx

[using product rule of differentiation]

X’-
xe = -e^
dx

dy - 1
=> r
dx xe^ X

We know that, modulus function is everywhere

dy 1
Now, continuous.
= 1
1
Now, check differentiability of/(x) at x = 0
iin^ X
2.(c) Let f{x) = e andg(x) = cosx /(0-/i)-/(0)
l/'(0)=lim
h-^Q -h
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
●2
= lim
/(-/Q-/(0)
■— (sin^ x)
sin X
f\x)^e dx
h->Q -h

;_2 h
= e
sin X
● 2 sin X ● cos x = lim = lim
A-»0 -h h^Q-h

and g'(x) = ~(cosx) = -sinx — lim (-l) = -l

dx h^O

2 /(0 + /»)-/(0) f{h)-f{0)

Thus, derivative of e
sin X
w.r.t. cos X, we get and i?/'(0)= lim = lim
h h-*0 h
● 2
Sin X
f'ix) e ● 2 sin X ● cos x Sin
2
X
= -2cosxe = lim ■' = hm - = hm (1) = 1
g'(x) -smx ;»-^o h h-^on h~^o

3.(d) We have, sin(Ay) = 1 L/'(0)^/?/'(0)

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get / is not differentiable at x = 0.
dy x^ x>0
cos(a^)- X + y =0 6.(a) Given, /(x) = xlxl = '
dx -x^,x<0
dy f(p-h)-fj0)
x~r + y=0 //'(0)=lim
dx h-^Q -h
dy /
-h^-a
x— = ~y f{-h)-m - lim
dx - lim
-h -h
h^O
h-*oy
dy y
dx X = lim {h) = 0
h-*0

x^ sinx f(0 + h)-f(0)

4.(d) Given, / (x) = y?/'(0)=lim
h-*0 h
P -1
/(/»)-/(O) -0
/(x)--x^ -psinx = lim = hm —-
h-*o h
h \
f' (,v) = -2y - pcos X
— lim (A) = 0
Also, given that f' (0) = 1 A-»0
108 ●Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

LHD = RHD=0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. .r, we get
/(.v) is differentiable at.v = 0.
7.(d) Since, f{x) is differentiable at x = 0.
■^
dx
= sec^ (tu / 4 - ,v) (-1)
ay -y
/(0-A)-/(0) — = -sec (7t /4-x)
I/'(0)= lim dx
h-*0 -h

n-h)~f(o) 10^c)Wehave, y = sin^(x^)

= lim
A-»0 -h On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dv 1 d ^
= lim
A-»0 ~h
...(i) — =2 sin(x ^)—sin(x
dx dx
^)

f(0 + h)-f(0)
Rf'{0)=\im - 2 sin(x ^) cos(x ^) —
dx
(x ^)
h-*0 h

— lim
/W-/(0) = 2 sin(x ^) cos(x ^ )(3x ^= 6x ^ sin x ^ cosx
3

A-^O h
11 {c) Given, y = log (sin )
= .ta^ -—=
A^O n
-0
lim (^)=0
h~*o
...(ii) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1

Since, / (x) is differentiable at x=0 dx sin^^ dx

^ (sin e^)
Lr(0)^Rf'(0) dy 1 . d dy
cose ~e^ => —=cot6^'^ -e^
k=0 dx sin e'^ dx dx
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
12{d) Given, / (x) = | cos x |
8</j) Given, /(x) = 2jx[ + 3 ] sin x| +6

i?/'(0)=lim
A^O
/(0 + /Q-/(0).
h
/(x) = -cosx, if-^<x<7i
/'(x) = sinx
= lim
● rf—
\
A-+0 h
. fSn n
\
. n \
■ U
= sin = sin 71 — = sin — =
V 4J 4J 4 V2
(2| Al + 3|sin/i|+6)
-(2[0[ + 3[sin0| + 6) 13.(a) We have, >» = sin~^ X
- lim
A-»0 h dy 1
= 1
dx dx
- lim
(2h + 3sinh + 6)~(6)
A-»0 h
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
2/i + 3sin h
- lim dyf d = 0
A->0 h
dx\dx dx\dx
smh
= lim (2 + 3
A^O r> 2 d^y , dy -2x
= 0
-X
r + dx
'3sin h dx
= 2+ lim =2+3=5
A^O h )
id^y X
dy
= 0
cosx - sinX
9.(a) Given, y =
cosx +sinx
dx^
Vf-x^ ydx
1 - tan X d^y dy
\

(divide each term by cosx) d-x") — X =0

I + tanx dx^ dx

tan7r/4-tanx
1 + tan 7T / 4 tan x
=i> y = tan (tu / 4 - x) or (l-x^)y2 =x)>i
dx^ dx
Continuity and Differentiability 109

2x, X>0 m = 20 ^ M-2sin~' x

14<c)/(x)=x + lx| =
10, X < 0 On differentiating both functions u and v w.r.t. x,
d we get
Now, (RHD at X = 0) = — 2x =2
dll 2 dv 1
dx x =0 and — =
dx dx
d
and (LHD at x = 0) 0 = 0 2
dx x = 0

du du / dx
LHD at X = 0 ^ RHD at x = 0 = 2
dv dvidx 1
The function is not differentiable at x = 0

For X > 0, / (x) = 2x, which is a linear function and

when X < 0, / (x)=0 which is a constant function. 17(c) We have, +e^’
/(x) is differentiable when x e (- «>, 0) vj (0,«»). On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
/ \
15(a) We have, x=asec 0 and 3^ = £)tan0 dy
=e^*y 1+^
dx dx /
On differentiating w.r.t. 0, we get
dx dy V dy
= a sec 0 tan 0 and = bsec^ 0 e
dx
dQ dQ dx

bsec^ 0 dy = -e^
dy _dy I dQ = —cosec 0 dx
dx dx / dQ a sec 0 tan 0 a

and d^y _ d dx e’’ ~e

;r+ V
e>' -e '’
dx'^ dx\dx
[from Eq. (i)]
_£_(b—cosec 0 f/0

rf0 i^a dx
18(a) We have, >> = 5cosx -3sinx
dQ
=—(- cosec 0 cot 0) On differentiating twicely w.r.t. x, we get
a dx
dy
d^y b cosec 0 cot 0
dx
= -5sinx—3cosx

dx^ a a sec 0 tan 0

d^y = -5cosx + 3sinx = -(5cosx-3sinx)
d^y
dx^
^cot^ 0
a
dx^
/ \ d^y
d^y b ( 3 7t dx^
= -y

dx^ 0=-
n a"^ V 6 /

6 19(d) We have, y = log(cos )

-3^3 b On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2
a a dy 1
-x(-sin
X '
e^)xe^
dx
16(a) Let « = sin
-1
2x-\jl-x^ and v = sin“' x e

dy = ~e^ tan
On putting x = sin 0 in u, we get
dx
H = sin"' (2sin0-/l -sin‘0) 20(a) We have, y= +Be
-5x

u = sin (2sin 0 cos 0)

■ (5) +Be~^^ (-5)
«=sin”'(sin20) dx
 110 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

= 5Ae^'‘ f{a + h)-f{a)

V Rf'{a)= Urn
h
d^y
A-+0

^5Ae^^{5)-5Be-^^{-S)
dx^ - lim
|5 + ;i-5|-|5-5|
-Sx A^O h
^25Ae"^ -\-25Be
\h\ h
d^y = Iim — = lim — = 1 [v |jt| = j:, if a: >0]
= 25{Ae^^ ^Be~^^)=25y h-*o h h-*a h
dx^
Since, LHD ^ RHD at .v = 5
21. Given, /(x)=x|A:t
So, / is not differentiable.
a:<0 jf
/W = 26.Given,/(a:) =
x^, x>0 \x, ifx<l
-2a:, x<0
2a:, a:>0 A^O -h

f'(x)=2\x\ (1) = lim

(l-A)-(l) - lim
\-h-[

22.Lcty = e'^ A-^O

/
-h A^o -h

-h
dy d{e'^)
Then, —
Z-e 4Yx 3e
4Tx = lim
A—»0 ^ ~h y
= lim(l) = l
A-»0
(1)
dx dx 2-VSc 2^|^
/(1 + /Q-/(1)
23.Given, 3^=cos (-v/^) /?/'(!)= lim
A^O h

Differentiating w.r.t. a:, we get (1+ /*)'-(!)'

= lim
dy _ d
dx dx
{cos {-sjzx)} = - sin {4zx) ■ ~
dx
{4Zx) A-»0 h

= lim
(l + /i-+2/i)-l
1 3 sin ^|2x
= -sin {^jZx)- h
2V^'^ ~
A-»0
(1)
2Si
= lim - I'm (/i+2) = 0 + 2=2
24. We have, y=x\x\ A^O h A-»0

When, x<0, then | x | = - a: Since, Z/'(])?t/;/'(!)

dy Hence, /(.v) is not differentiable at a: = 1.
>> = x(-x) = -x^ = -2x (1) (1)
dx
Hence proved.
25. We have, /(x) = | x - 51 27. Given, function
Test for differentiability at x = 5 f ax + b, 0<x<l
/W = is differentiable function in
fi5-h)-f{5) 2x^ -X, 1 <x<2
LHD = /'(5")= lim
A-» 0 -h (0,2).
/ (x) is also differentiable at x = 1 g (0,2) and /(x) is
Lf'(a)= lim continuous at x = 1.
A-»0 -h (1/2)

lim /(x) - A-^O

lim /(I - h)
— lim
■ |5-/i-5|-|5-5 X-* 1

A-»0 -h = b-*
lim0 (a(l-/;) + 6)

— Iim ^=Iim h
= -l = lim (n - fl/i + b)
A-»0
A-»o -h h~>0-h = a -h b

['.● I - XI = X, if X > 0] lim /(x) = lim f(l + h)

^-^1+ A^O
/(5 + A)-/(5)
RHD=/'(5-")=lim = A-»0
lim{2(l + /j)2-(l + /i)}
A^O h
Continuity and Differentiability Ill

= h-*
lim0 {2(l + /i^ +2/i)-(l + *)} -r[4(x^ +y^)y~x]^y-4x{x ^ + y^)
dx

= A-»0
lim(2 + 2A^+4/j-l-A)
dy _y-4x{x^ +y'^)
dx /^{x^+y^)y-x
= h^O
Iim(2/i^+3/i + l)
dy [y-4x{x^ + y^)] vD
=2x0+3x0+l=l (1/2) dx [x~4y{x^ +y^)]
and f (\) = a + b
Since, /(x) is continuous at x = 1.
29,Given, y = (x + Vx^ -1)^
lim /(x)= lim /(x) = /(l) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
x-»r
a + h =[ = a + b ”
dx
= 2 (x + Vx^ -T) ~-
dx
(x + )
a + b = [ ...(i) / \
2x
Now, /(x) is differentiable at x = 1, we get ^=2(x + Vx^^) 1 +
dx 2y[x\^
Lrii)=Rf'(^) \

/(! + /«)-/(I) ■yjx^ -1 +x

=> lim
/»-»o
- lim
A-»0
= 2(x + Vx^-l) (1)

lim 2ix + ^|x^-\f 2y

{2(l + hf-(l + h))-(a + b)

- lim
A-^O
(1/2)
[■: y=(x + ^^?l^f]
\2
(a ~ aA + 6 - a - 6)
=> lim
A-^O ~h dx x^-1
^2
(2 + 2/?^ +4/t-l-/?-a-Z?)
= lim ^ -r = 4/ Hence proved, (l)
A-)0
\ dx

-ah 2h^ +3h + \-a-b Mx

lim = lim 30 Given, y = x
h-^o\ -h /
A^O h
Taking log on both sides, we get
2/i^+3/i + l-l
a - lim 1
A-^O h logy=-logx
X

h{2h^3)
a — lim =» a = lim (2/i + 3) On differentiating both sides, we get
A-»0 h A-»0
\ dy \d
- —(logx) + logx —f- (1)
a =2 xO + 3 ^ a =3 y dx X dx dx\x /
/
FromEq. (i),3 + Z) = l=> b = —2 (1/2) \ dy \ I
+ logx —
28 We have, (x +y ) ~xy ydx XX Vx^
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy 1 logx
-r = y
dy dy dx x^
2(x^+/) 2x+2y dx X V y f
dx 1 - logx
2
/ \ dx
dy dy X

4(x^ + y^) x + y dx y+x

dx Atx = I

dy dy dy (1-logl)
=1-0=1 (1)
=> 4{x^ + y^)x + 4(x^ + y^)y-f
dx
= y + x^
dx
(1) dx 1
 112 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

\
31. Given, jc = i2sin2r -b. 2 - -b 3
- — (—cosec t) —: =—cosec t
dx a asmt / a (1)
— — a cos 2t (2) = la cos It
dt
34. Given, y = ‘Jax-\-b
and j>^=a(cos2/ + logtan/)
f
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1
*—= fl -2sin2r + sec^ t (1) dy 1
dt \ tan/ — (ax + b)
dx 2^Jax + b dx
2 ^
—a -2sin2/ + dy a a
2sin / cos/ 7 [v y = ^|ax + b]
/ \
dx l-yjax + b 2y
2
-a —2sin2/H dy a
V sin 2/, (1)

-sin^2/ + l cos ^2/

= 2a = 2a Again, differentiating both sides, w.r.t. x, we get
sin 2/ sin 2/
7
y d^y ^ dy dy = 0
. dy dy/ dt 2acos^ 2/ / sin2/ =cot2/ (1)
dx^ dx dx
dx dx / dt 2a cos2/
(d^y
\

dy\^ =0
\ 32. Gi\en,xy = e
x-y y + Hence proved, (i)
}
dx^ \ dx 7

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

35. Given, y^Jl-x^ +x^l- y^ = 1 ...(i)
dx dx On putting a: = sin ^ and y = sin 5 in Eq. (i), we get
dy d , ^
= e^-y -^(x-y)
sin B cos ^ + sin cos 5 = 1 => sin(v4 + 5) = 1
rf
dx + y—{x)
dx dx
/ A+B =sin“* (1) = ~ (1)
x^ + y-e x-y
1
dy)
^
dx dx 7 -1 7C
sin .X+sin ...(ii) (1)
2
{x^-e^-y)^^e^-y-y
dx
dy
dx
^ ^
x + e^'y Now, differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get
\
1 1 dy
dy xy-y =0
[vxy = e^-y]
dx x + xy 4\-x^ y2 l^d!x

y{x-l) dy
Hence proved. (2)
Hence proved, (l)
x(l + >^) dx
ii-x^
33. Gi\(en, x = acos/, >^=^)sin/ X Sin
:_2
X
36. We have. y^e + (sinx)'*
On differentiating w.r.t. /, we get X sin
2
X

dx . . . Let u-e and V = (sin x)'^

— = a (~sin /) = -a sin t
dt y= u+v
dy dy du dv
and — = 6cos/ —+—
dt dx dx dx

dy _dy I dt bcost -b
cot/ Now, u = e
j sm
:-2
a:

(1)
dx dx / dt -a sin / a
du ;_2

[1 -sin^ X + x (2sin xcosx)]

xsin X

Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get — = e

dx

d^y d f-b cot/

-b d
— (cot /).
dt
-e
:_2
X sin or

[sin^ x + xsin 2x] ...(ii)

dx^ dx\a 7 a dt dx
Continuity and Differentiability 113

/i \
1 1
Also, v=(sinA:)^ (i) — +2 —
3

log V = log(sin = X log sin x

2 UJ 2

/ s
+2
■S'] ^ s
1 dv 1
= 1 ● log sin X + X ● — cosx 2 2 2
V dx sm X (1)

dv 39.Let y = sin^x and z =

= V [log sin X + X cot x]
dx On differentiating y and z w.r.t. x, we get
dv dy
= (sin x)^ [log sin X + X cot x] ...(iii) — =2sinxcosx
dx dx

dz
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have and — = e
cos x
(-sin x) = -(sinx)e
cos J
(1)
dx
dy ;_2
X Sin X
— -e [sin x + xsin2x] 2 sin X cos x -2cosx
dx dy dy I dx
Now, — (1)
dz dz I dx - (sin x) e
cosjr cosx

+ (sin x)'*^ [log sin X + X cot x] (l)

e

\
37. We have, /(x) - [x], 0 < x < 2 \ 2cos^ -
-1 1 +COSX -1 2
.●.LHL(atx = l)= lim /(x) 40. Let y = tan — tan
X X
V smx
2sin - cos—
= lim [x]= lim [l-/i] 2 2J
x^r 0

= lim 0=0 A
2 ^ and sin .4 = 2 sin — A
h-¥0 *.* 1 + cos A = 2 cos cos —
2 2 2
RHL(atx = l)= lim /(x) /
x^\*
cos — \

= lim [x] (1)

= tan
-1 2
= tan
-1 X
cot —
x-» !■"
. X V 2
- lim [1 + /i] = lim 1=1 Sin —
h~*0 h^O V 2 /
and /(I) = [!] = ! -1 7C X
w
= tan tan
Since, LHL?^RHL I U 2 //

/ (-^) Is discontinuous at x = 1 K X

Hence, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (I)

[vtan *(tanO) = 0] (1)
2 2

( Concept For any integer‘o'and h0 Now, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
( I Enhancer [a - h] = o -1 and [o+h] = a
dy = 0—1 __l (1)
38. We have, dx 2~ 2
x=cos6 -cos20, ;'=sin0 -sin20 -1
/
cosx-smx -1 1 - tan X'
41. Let y = tan = tan
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 0, we get ^cosx + sinx J 1 + tan X,
dx n
= -sin0 +2 sin20. tan tan X /
de -1 4 -1
n
= tan - tan tan —-X
dy
=cos0 -2cos20 1 + tan
It
tanx
\ 4 ))
dQ 4

dy_dy/dQ _ cos0-2cos20
dx dx / dQ -sin0+2sin20 4
X [v tan ' (tan0) = 0] (1)
(1)
/
dy cos jr / 3 -2cos (2tc / 3) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
n dy
j - sin y+2sin (2n / 3) dx
= -l (1)
 114 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

42.
We have, sin^ 7 + cos;cy = Ar dy dy
+ — =0 ^ = -e^ Hence proved. (1)
dx dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
d 1 d 45. Given, = a{x- y)
— (sin y + cos xy) = — (K)
dx dx
LetAT = sin A, >> = sin5
d 2 d
— (sin
dx
+ — (cosj«^)=:0
dx
Vl -sin^ A + Vl -sin^ B =(3(sin^ - sin5)
dy d
=> C0Sy4 +cos5 = a(sin^ -sin5)
2sm j^cos>^ f-(-sin:«y) — (j^) =0
dx dx [vl-sin^ A =cos^ A]
{ A+B \
■ 'y ■ dy A-B\
sinzjK——sinxy x + ;^-l =0 2 cos cos
dx \ dx / y 2 ) V 2 ;
dy dy A-B (a + b\\
sinZy -xsinA^ = >^sinA^ = a 2sin cos
dx dx
2 ) < 2
dy 3^sin(.^) ( A~B A-B
\

dx sin 2y-x sin (aj^)

2 cos =2asin|
(I) 2 / 2 )
7t 7C
A-B
— sin 1●—
/
dy
\
n 4 V 4;
cot = a =» — =cot ‘(a)
V 2 ^
'● y aix = \,y = - =
\dxj 4 7C n
sin 2-— -Isin !● — sin ^ X - sin 1
_V=2cot '(fl)
I 4 k 4
/ \ Differentiating on both sides, we get
n . n n 1
— sm
4 4;
1 I dy = 0 =>
dy 1-/
/ 2 dx dx
K . fn \ 1 y
sm -sin l-
U V2 46. Given, x = a sin ^ 0 and >> = 6008^ 0
n dx
= 3a sin^ 0 — (sin0) =3asin^0cos0
4-Jl n
X
K de dQ

4^/2 (Vz-l) 4(^^-l) (1) and ^ = 3fecos^ 0 ~ (cos0) = -36cos^ 0sin 0

43. Given, _v = sin"'(6x-^l-9x^) dQ dQ

dy
3^-sinin"' {2-3x^j\-(3xf) -3bcos^ 0sin0
On putting 3;r = sin 0, then dx dx 3flsin^ 0COS0
dQ
y = sin“' (2sin0 VT-sin^ 0 )
dy b
y = sin“' (2sin0 COS0) dx
— cot 0
a

^ = sin"' (sin20) => v = 20

d^y b 9 dQ
>' = 2sin"' (3x) [v e = sin"'(3jr)] (i) Again, = — (-cosec^ 0)-
dx^ a dx
dy 2 dy dQ
■y.. (3) => ^ = (J) = — cosec^0 ■
dx
^\-9x^ ^ ^ 9x^ a dx
1
44. Given, e^'{x + \) = \ ...(i) = — cosec^ 0 ■
a 3a sin ^ 0 cos 0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
b 1 1
e*' +(x + l)e-’’ — = 0 (1) ^ sin^0 3a sin ^0 cos 0
dx
b 1
dy
+l-^ = 0 [using Eq. (i)]
dx 3a sin** 0COS0
Continuity and Differentiability— 115

b and /(-l) = ^/'(-l)

dx^ ^ =
/
. 7C
\4 /
K
\ b — 3>~a
Sin — cos —
4J V ^. l-3 = a [Vb = \]
b -2 = a
/ /
1 1 a--2and b = 1
3n-- -
K^) l^/2 / 48. We have, y = (tan"* ;c)^
b 4^/26 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
/
1 1 3a^ dy -1 1
— = 2tan ‘XX
\+x'^
4JIV2 /
dx

ax + b, x>-l (l + x^)^^2xm-^x
47. Given,/(x) =
\bx^-3, x<-\ dx

is differentiable at x = -1 Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

L/'(-l) = i?r(-l) il + xn
dx 2 dx \ + x^
Here, Z/"(-l)= lim0
-h
d^y
- lim
[6(-1-/i)^-3]-[Z(-1)^-3] | + 2x(l.x^)f=2
h-* 0
Hence proved.
- lim
[bj{ + h^+2h)-3]~[b~3] dx

A-+ 0 -h 49. Given, (cosx)-^ =(cos^)’'

b + bh^ +2bh-3-b + 3 On taking log both sides, we get
= lim
h-^O -h log (cos.y)^ = log (cos
h{bh-x-2b) y log (cosy) = y log(cos y)
— lim = - lim {2b-^bh)
0 ~h A-»0
[vlogY" =nlogY] (1)
= -2b
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get
f{-\ + h)-fi-\)
and i?/'(-l)=lim
h-* 0 h y —
dx
log (cos y) + log cos x--^(y)
dx
[a(-l + /i) + 6]-[a(-l) + 6]
= lim
0 h = Y — log (cos y) + log (cos 3^) ~ (y )
dx dx
[“ a + aA + 6 + a - 6] [by using product rule of derivative] (1)
- lim
A-»0 h
1 dy
ah y.- (cosy) + log (cosy)
cos Y dx dx
— lim — = a
h-*Q h 1
-x-~ — (cos y) + log cos y ■ 1
and fy-\)-^b{-\f-3 = b-3 cos y dx
1 dy
Since, /(-I) = Zr(-l) = ^/'(-l) (-sin y) + log(cos y) ● —
COSY dx
So, /(-l) = zr(-l)
1 dy
b~3 = -2b =Y (-sin y) h log(cos y)-! 0)
cos y dx
b + 2b = 3
dy dy
3h = 3 => ~y tan x + log (cos y) — = -y tan y— + log(cos y)
dx dx
6 = 1
 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dy d}y (l-sinj:)(0)-l(0-cosx) cos a:

=> [at tan y + log (cos a:)] — log(cos y) + y tan x (1)
dx dx^ (1 -sinA:)^ (1 -sinjf)^
dy log(cos y) + >'tanA:
(1) Hence proved.
dx a: tan _v + log(cos at)
y y
/ X
-1 1
«
52. Given, (a + -x=^ -
50. Let w = sec a+ bx

Taking log^ both sides, we get

On putting a- = sin 0 y
( X '
=❖ 0=sin"’A: log^ =log^
\ a + bx ^
-1 1 -1 1 \
u = sec = sec X

Vi^-sin^0 Vcos^ 0 -log^e = log^

X
\
a + bx

= sec (sec 0) = 0 = sin .r y , X

du I
“ = 10g [vlog^ e=l]
X " a-¥bx
(I)
dx
- = log^ x-Iog^(fl + 6x) (1)
and ict V = sin“* (2x^jl~x^) X

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

On putting a: = sin 0
dy
0 = sin"' x x--y 1 b
dx

V = sin (2sin oVl-sin^O) x^ X a+ bx

=sin"‘ (2sin0.cos0) xdy 1 b \ ax

dx
-y = x^ X a+bx
(1)
a-\-bx
= sin“* (sin20) = 20 = 2sin~* x
Differentiating again w.r.t x, we get

^=|(2sin-'.) = ^
dv
(1)
xd^y ^ dy dy {a + bx)a - ax{b)
dx"^ dx dx {a + bx)^
du du/ dx _\/ sll-x^ 1 (1) ^2
xd'^y
2
dv
dv/dx 2/Vl~AT^ ^
a a
(1)
51.
dx^ (a + bxf a + bx
Given, y - tan a: + sec a:
sinx 1 sinx
.. + 1. -1 -Jl+X +yl\-X
+ 53. We have, y = sin
cosx cosx cosx 2

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get On putting x = sin 0, we get

d d
dy
cosx — (sinx + 1)-(sinx + 1)-- (cosx)
dx dx >' = sir
● -1 ^1 + sin 0 + .yi—sin 0
2
dx (cosx)^
cos0/2 + sin0/2 + cos0/2
cosx (cosx) - (sinx + l)(-sinx)
2 ● -i - sin 0 / 2
cos X
y = sin
2
cos^ X + sin^x + sinx 1 +sinx

cos^ X cos^x
dy _ 1 +sinx 1 [●.● 1 + sin 0 = (cos 0 / 2 ± sin 0 / 2 )^ ] (2)
(2) 2cos0/2
tbc 1-sin^x 1-sinx ● -1
>> = sin
2
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Continuity and Differentiability- 117

/ /
-1 71 9 a:->» = 0 is rejected.
y = sin (cos0/2) = sin sm
V V I"2 // Now, consider y + xy + x = 0
7C 6 7E 1 . _i y(l + x) = -A:
y— =^y= sm x
^22 ^22 -X
y-
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get \+x

dy 1 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Hence proved. (2)
dx
(l+A-jx
dy dx dx
(1)
54. Wehave, x = acos0and y = 6sin0 dx
dx dy
= - a sin 0, = 6cos0 [by using quotient rule of derivative]
dQ dQ dy (U-x)(-i) + ;c(l) dy -l-x+.v
dy dyIdQ bcosQ ~b dx (i+x)" dx

dx dx/ dQ - a sm 0 a
(2)
dy -1
(1)
dx (1+jc)^
Again,
d^y _ d (dy Hence proved.
chc'^ dx{dx
_l ^

56. Given, y = (sin x)

d ( b \ b 2 dQ On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
—cot0 = - (--cosec 0)-
dx a a dx dy = 2sin“* jc- 1
0)
dx

= —cosec" 0 X — = ~ .Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

a (-asin0) dx dx 1
\

dQ] 2 ^(-2x) ■ (2sin*' x)

a
y cosec ^ 0 (2) d^y
/

dx^
55. Given, equation isx yj\ + y + y^l+x = 0, 2x sin ’ X
2 +
where x^ y, we first convert the given equation into
y:=/(x)form. (1)
l-x^
Clearly, x^l + y = -yyj\ + x
Now consider, (1-x^) ‘!^-x^-2
On squaring both sides, we get dx^ dx

x\l + y) = y^(l+x) 2x sin

-I
■ X
2 +
+x^y=y + y^x ●
2 sm
-1
X
2 2 2 2 = (l-x')- x-< , ^-2
X -y -y x-x y l-x^ ^ll-X~
(x-y) (x + y) = -xv(x - y)
(1)
[va^ -b^ = {a - b)(a + b)] 2x sin ’ X 2xsin"' X
= 2 + -2
(x - y) (x + y) + .9; (x - y) = 0 (1)

(x — y) (x + y + xy) = 0
Either x-y = 0 or x + y + Ay = 0 =0 Hence proved, (i)
Now, x-y = 0 57. Given, (x-a)^ +{y~b)^
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x = y
d{(x-<»)='+(y-6)'}
But it is given that x^ y. So, it is a contradiction. dx dx
118 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

d{(x-af}
dx
^ d{(y-bf)
dx
= 0
(
..(y-b? c\.{y-b?
d{x~a) d{y-b) \ y-b / {y-bf
=» 2 {x-a)- +2(y-b)- = 0 = -c
dx dx
(dy which is constant independent of a and b.
2ix-a)-i\-0)+2{y-b)- -^-0 =0
\ dx / Hence proved, (i)
dy 58. Given, = (sint+cosO
2 (x-a) + 2 (y-b)- — =0
dx /

dy
and y = ae‘ (sin / - cos t) (1)
2{y-b)- = -2 (x-a)
dx dx ,
dy (x-a) — = a[e (cos t - sin /) + e (sin t+cos t)]
dt
dx {y-b) (1) =-y+x=x-y (1)
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
d ^ dy' _ d {x-a) and ^
dt
= a [e' (sin t - cos t) + e‘ (sin t + cos r)]
dx ) dx
= y+x=x+y (1)
d{x-a) d{y-b)
{y-b) --{x-a)
d^y dx dx
dx dx! dt
dx^ (y-bf
/
dy
\ dy x-^ y
■ (y-6)-(l-0)-(x-a) ^-0 dx x-y
/

iy-bf Hence proved, (i)

sin X
dy
cosx
59. Let>’ = x + (sin jr)
{y-b)- {x-a)
dx sin X log X + e cos a;-log sin x
(1) =» y=e
{y-b)^
{x-a) [va* -g^loga ](i)
{y-b) + {x-a)'
{y-b) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
{y-bf dy d
_ ^sinxlog X — (sin X ● log x)
{(.y-bf+(,x-af} dx dx
d
2
(y-b? + e
cosx-log sin X
— (cos X ● log sin x) (1)
C dx

(y-bf
jlog X (sin x) + sinx~ (log x)|
0) ^sin X
t3/2
\2 l3/2
r dy
1 + 1 + *^- cosx

\ dx {y-b) + (sin x) log sin X — (cos jc)

dx
Now, —
d^y
2
C + COSX- — (log sin :r)
dx
dx^ (.y-b)^
sin X
Sin X
cosx
lV2 3/2 = x COS JC ● log X + + (sin x)
(y-bf+(x-af C
2
X

{y-b)^ {y-b)^ 1
2 2
- sin X log (sin a:) + cos a: x — xcosa:> (I)
Sin a:
c c

(y-b?
Sin a:
(y-b? = X
Sin X
COS X ■ log X + + (sin x)
cosx

X
2
C
X
(y-b? 2
COS X
(y-b?
2
c -sin a: log (sin x) + —: f (*)
Sin X
Continuity and Differentiability 119

log(x^+y^)=2tan -1 (l
62.
Given that, >^=sin /
dy
— = cos t [differentiate w.r.t. t] ...(i)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dt

dy'
/
1
- 2^+2>^ =2-
1 (/■x-y d^y = - sin r [differentiate w.r.t. r]
x^ +y^\ dx / y^ y x^ dt^
'^7 (1) d^y . n 1
= - sm — = (i)
dt^ 4 -Jl
2{x + yy') 2x^
/ -/ \ JT
yx-y 4

x^ + y^\ x^ .
Again, x = cos / + log tan -
2
y = (1)
dx
dx
= - sin r +
1
●sec
2 ^ ^
x + y- y — y'x-y dt
tan
t 2 2

y {x~y) = x + y 2

^ + [differentiate w.r.t. t] (1)

y = (1)
x-y t
cos -

dy x-\- y 2 I
= - sm r +
_ . t« 2 t*
dx x-y 2 ● sm - cos -
1 2
Hence proved. (1) 1
S'** Given, x^-y^=a^ sin t +
t\
sin 2 X -
Let x^ =wand >'* =v 2;
[●.● 2 sin a cos = sin 2a]
Then, u —v .(i) (1)
dx dx = -sin t +cosec t ...(ii) (1)
Now, u — x^=^ log u = y log x dy dyidt cos t
Now, — =
1 du dx dx I dt cosec r - sin /
y dy
= - + log a:
u dx X dx [using Eqs.(i) and (ii)]
du y-\ dy cos t sin t ● cos t
=> -—-y-x ■¥X^ -logX (») ●sin r —
dx dx 1 -sin^ t cos^ t
and V = >»■* => log v = x log y dy
= tan t
\ dv X dy ,
- -f + log ^ d y _ d (dy'
V dx y dx
dv dy
dx^ dx\dx <
— = xy
JT- 1
— + / log y (1) d ; dy
dx dx sec^ t
dt\dx
Now, Eq. (i) becomes, dx cosec r - sin r

y-i dy x-\ dy dt
yx + x^ ■ log JC -xy —- / log y = 0 sec ^ ● sin r
dx dx
=sec ^ r ● tan r
dy -1 y-l
cos^ t
(x^ \ogx-xy^ ) = / \ogy-yx
dx
d^y = sec ^ —● tan ——2V2 x 1=2-Jl (1)
-1
dy y^-log y-y-x^ Idx^ir It 4 4
X — 1
(J) 4
dx x^ ● logx -X- y
120 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

63. Given, y - sin (sin x) ...(i) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get
d d
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get cos {a + y) — (sin y) - sin y— cos {a + y)
dy
dx dy dy
(1)
— = cos (sin x) ■ cos x ..●(ii) (1/2)
dx dy cos ^ (a + _v)
Again, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get [using quotient rule of derivative]
d^y dx _ cos (a + y) cos y + sin _vsin (a + y)
-cos (sinx) - (-sinx)
dx^ dy cos (a + y)
+cos X (- sin (sin x )) ● cos x 0) cos (a + y- y)
0)
d^y_ 1 dy (-sinx)- >>cos^x
\

(1/2) cos^ (a + y)
dx'^ cosx \dx)
[●.● cos A cos 5 + sin .4 sin B = cos {A—B)\
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] dx cos a dy cos^ {a + y)
d^y uy 2
dy cos"(a + y) dx cos a
(1)
= -tanx—— ycos x
dx^ dx
Put X = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
d^y + tanx dy
+ ycos^ X =0 y =0
dx^ dx
dy cos (a+0) cos a
Hence proved. (2) Now, — = ● = cosa
dx cos a cos a

64. We have, x = a(29 -sin20)

Hence proved, (l)
and y = a(l-cos29)
\
66.Given, y = a tan^ 9 andx = asec^ 9
dy
On differentiating w.r.t. 9, we get
dy dG
Clearly, — = , .
dx dx
...(i) ^ = 3«.an^e^ (tan 9)
dG dG
V dG
(1) dx
dx
and
dG
= 3 a sec ^ 9 —
dG
(sec 9)
Here, = a(2 -cos29 - 2) = 2a(l - cos 29)
dG dy
=3fl tan^9 sec^9
and
dy dG
= a(0+2sin29) =2a sin 2 9 (1)
dG dx
and = 3flsec^9 sec9 tan9 (1)
From Eq. (i), we get ^^9

dy 2a sin 2 9
dy _dyl dG _ 3atan^9sec^9
dx 2a(l-cos29) dx dxldG 3asec^9 sec9 tan9
sin29 2sin9cos9
dy _ tan 9 = sin9 (1)
1 -cos29 2sin^9 dx sec9

[vcos2v4 = l-2sin^ A] Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

d ( dy
\
= cot9 d d dG
, I - (sin 9) = — (sin 9)
dy' 7t 1 dx V<ix) dx dG dx
Now, scot—= r- (1)
V dx /0=it/3 3 V3 cos 9 cos^ 9
(1)
65. Given, sin y = xcos(a + y) >.(i) 3 a sec ^ 9 tan 9 3 a sin 9
sin y 71
=> X - At9 = -
cos (a + y) 3’
Continuity and Differentiability 121

/, \5
n 1
lim
/(l + /0-/(l)
cos^
d^y 3 \2) h

dx^ 3 a sin
n
2(l + /0 + i-3
lim
3 2 O' h
/

1x2 1
_2(\ + h)-2 _2{\ + h-l) 2h ^
2^x3aV3 4SV3 a
(1)
h h h (1/2)

tan
-I
■ X As, f (a:) is differentiable at a: = 1, so I/' (1) = Rf' (1).
67. We have, y = e
So, we have, 2a = 2 => a = I.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get a = I and 6 = 2 [from Eq. (i)] (1/2)
dy tan"* jr ^2
— = e — (tan * x) 1 X +1
dx dx
69. We have, >’=log Vx + = 2 log
dy tan
-i 1 Vx,
— = e X
dx
(\+x^) = 2[log(x + l)-logV^]
-1
1
= e
tan X
...(i) (1) = 2 log(x + l)--logx
dx

Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get => y = 2 log(x +1) - log X (1)

d^y dy tan 1 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

= e X (I)

^.^(x + D-
1 2 1
dx (l + x^) >'1 = - => jFi =
X X + 1 X
d^y
=> (1+a:^) [from Eq. (i)] (1) 2x-(x + l) x-1
dx => 3^1 = ...(i) (1)
x(x + l) x(x + l)
d^y
=> (l + x^) x + (2x-l) — = 0 Hence proved. Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dx dx (1)
x(x +1) — (x -1) — (x -1) — [x(x + 1)]
ax^ + b, if X <1 dx dx
68.
We have, / (x) = is differentiable yi =
2x +1, if X > 1 [x(x + l)f
at X = 1.

/(-^) is also continuous at x = 1. (x^+x)xl-(x-l) X—

dx
(x + l) + (x + l) —X
dx

Hence, lim /(x)= lim (2x + l) =2{1) + 1=3 x^(x + l)^

,t-» 1'*'

and lim /(x)= lim (ax^+b) (1)

x^ + x - (x - l)[x X 1 + (x + 1) X 1]
X-* 1 X-¥ I
x^(x + l)^
= fl(-l)^ +b = a+b x^ + x - (x -l)(2x +1)
Thus, /(1) = 3 (1/2) x^(x + l)^
As, /(x) is continuous at x = 1.
x^ +x - (2x^ + x - 2x -1)
a + b =3 ...(i) (1/2)
x^(x + l)^
Lf'(\)= lim
-h
x^ +x-(2x^ -x-1)
a{\~hf +b-3 x^ (x + 1)^
- lim
0" -h
x^ +x-2x^ +X + 1
(1/2)
a +ali^ - 2ah + b-3 x^(x + l)^
lim
h^Q- -h -x^+2x + l
=> T2 =
= lim (-a6 + 2a) = 2a [fromEq. (i)] (1/2) x^(x + l)^
0"
122 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

—X ^ + 2x +1 On differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get

=^x{x + [)~y2 = (1)
1 dy ^ . 1 -1
X
— X — =2slnA:cosx + X

^ ^\[-x^
-1
2x-(x + l)(x-l) (x + l){x-l) ' y dx cos

X X
1
- sin 2x - (1)
x(x + l)^>’2 =2-(x + l)^J'l [from Eq. (i)] cos
-1
x^j\-x^
=> x(x + l)^>'2 + =2 Hence proved. (l)
1
dy :_2
sin X
' X sin2x -
— = e cos (1)
70 Do same as Q. No. 61.
>.-1
dx cos
-1
Xyj\-X~
dy -X
Ans. —
dx X ^ logx + y^ ' -X 73^ Given, y=x^
On taking log both sides, we get
71^ Given, e-’ (x + l) = l
log>^=logx'^ => log3^ = xlogx (1)
On taking log both sides, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
log[e-'' (x + I)]=Iogl
\ dy d , d
=> log e'' + log(x +1) = log 1 - -f = X — (logx) + log X — (x)
y dx dx dx
>^ + log(x + l) = logl [v log e"'= >'] (1) [by using product rule of derivative]
] dv 1.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get —^=xx —+ logx-l
dy h 1 y dx x
=0 ...(i)
dx x +1 (1) -■^
y dx
= {l + logx)
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy
= 0 — = ;^{I + logx) ...(i) (1)
dx
dx^ (x + 1)^ 0)
\2 Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
d^y dy = 0 [from Eq. (i)] d^y dy
dx^ \
dx (1 +logx)+ (1 +logx) (1)
dx~^ dx dx
\2
d\ /
dy [by using product rule of derivative]
= 0
dx^ \dx
d^y 1 dy
\2 = ^x- + (l + logx)
d^y dy dx^ X dx
Hence proved.
dx^ dx U)
d^y y dy
= - + (l + logx) —
.
sm'A:
^

● 2 tan
-I 1-x dx^ X dx
72 Wehave, =e
Vl+x
d^y _ y ^ 1 'dy'' ' dy [using Eq. (i)]
1
1-x dx^ X y{dx)ydx
On putting x = cos 2 0 in 2 Ian we get (t)
1 +x ’ \2
d^y 1 f dy y
^ =0 (1)
1 -cos20 2sin^ 0 dx^ y\dx X

2tan“ = 2 tan
V2cos^e Hence proved.
y 1 +cos20
= 2tan”' (tan0) = 20 =cos
-1
X (1) -1 Vl + X^ -1
74_ Let w = tan X
Then, from Eq. (i), we get
:_2 -1
X, then
sin X
y = e cos X Put X = tan 0 => 0 = tan

On taking log both sides, we get

w = tan
, VLHan^0 -1 = tan
Vsec^ 0 -1
log ;i; = sm^ X + log(cos“' x) tan0 tan0
Continuity and Differentiability 123

sec 0 -1 -1 1 - cos 6 = 4acos3?cos/ (1)

= tan = tan
tan0 sin0 and

2sin^0/2
= tan
2sin 0 / 2 COS0 / 2
= tan ' [tan 0/2] — =:b cos2r “ (1 -cos2/) + (1 -cos2/)— (cos2r)
dt dt dt

0 1 [by using product rule of derivative]

w = — = - tan X [v tan ‘(tan0) = 0] (l)
2 2 = /) [cos2r X (0 + 2sin2 0 + 0 -cos2r) (-2sin2/)]
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get = (2sin2/cos2/ -2sin2/ +2sin2 / cos2r)
du 1 1 =2 (2 sin 2 r cos2 r - sin 2 /)
V— (tan"' x) = (1/2)
dx 2(l + x^) dx 1 +x". = 2/> (sin 4 r -sin2 /) [●.●2sin 20cos20 =sin40]
2x . At-It
-1 =2b 2cos
Also, let v = sin sin

1 +x^ . 2 2 ;
-1 \
Put X = tan 0 => 0 = tan X, then we get ^ + . x-y
vsmx-sm v = 2cos ●sm

2 tan 0
I 2 2 ;
V = sin
= 4/)cos3rsinr (1)
1 + tan" 0
,, dy dvidt 46cos3/sin/ b
V = sin"' [sin 20] Now, — - ● = — tan / (1)
dx dxidt 4acos3t-cost a
V =20 => V =2 tan"' x (I)
K dy b Ti b
AU-- = — tan — = —
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get A'~di a 4 a

dv _ 2 K dy b Tt -Jib
...(ii)(l/2) At/= — tan (1)
dx I+a-2 3'xT a 3 a

Now,
du _ du dx 1
X Given, x cos {a + y) = cos y x=
cos y

dv dx dv 2(1+x“) 2 cos (a + 2^)

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] On differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get
du 1 d
dv 4
(1) cos(fl + y) — cos y - cos y — cos(a + y)
dx dy dy
75 Given, x= sin 2/ (1 +cos2 /) dv cos^ (a +
and y = bcos2t (1 - cos2/) [by using quotient rule of derivative]
On differentiating X and separately w.r.t. t, we get cos(i7 + y) X (- sin y) + cos y x sin(a + y)
(1)
dx ■ - ^ d
= a sin2r — (I + cos 2/) + (1 +cos2/)— (sin2r) cos^(a + y)
dt dt dt
sin(a + >^)cos ^-cos(a + ^)sin y
[by using product rule of derivative]
cos^ {a + v)
~a [sin 2/ x (0-2sin2r) + (1 +cos2/) (2cos 2/)]
dx sin {a + y- y) sin a

= a (-2sin^ 2/ + 2cos2r+ 2cos^ 2/)

dy cos (a + y) cos {a + y)
= a\2 (cos^ 2/ - sin" 2r) + 2cos2/] [v sin A cos B - cos/I sin B =sin {A- B)]
= a (2cos 4/ +2cos2/) = 2a (cos 4/ +cos2/)
dy _ cos ^ (a + y) ...(i) (1)
[vcos"2 0-sin^20=cos40] dx sin a
4r+2/ At-2t
= 2a 2cos ●cos Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x,
2 2 . we get

cos X + cos V = 2 cos

X +
●cos
x-y d^ 1 d
— cos
2 /
(a + y)
\
I 2 2 ) dx^ sin a dx
124 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dy + 3x +a, a:<1
—— X — cos (a + y) X (1)
7g_ Given,/(a:) = - is differentiable
sin a dy dx bx +2 , x>\
I dy at X = 1.
= X 2 cos {a + y) [- sin (a + v)] x —
sin a dx
LfV)=Rr{^) ...(i) (1/2)
2 sin {a + y) cos (a + y) dy
sin a dx
Here, Lf'{\) = A-»0
lim
-h

d^y sin2{a + y) dy - lim

{\-hf +3{\-h) + a~{4 + a)
[●/ 2 sin 0 cos 0 = sin 20] -h
dx^ Sin a dx A->0

dv \ + h^ -2h + 3-3h + a-4-a

- lim
Sin a 7+ sin 2(<2 + >’) “ =0 Hence proved. (1) h-^O -h
dx ^ dx
-5h
-1 6x-4yj]^~4^ - lim
-h
yy Given, >^ = sin 5
/»->o

= lim 5 - /i = 5 (1)
1 /»-4 0
On putting /(l + /i)-/(l)
and 7?/'(l) = /r-»0
lim
h
sin 0 sin 0 b{\ + h) + 2-{4 + a)
6x -4,l-4x = lim
2 2 ) h
y = sin (1/2)
5 b + bh+2-4-a
— lim
h-^O h

bh + b-a-2
= lim

= sin
3sin6-4-yi-sin^ 0 h^O h

5 Clearly, for Rf '(1 ) to be exist b-a-2 should be

equal to 0, i.e.
● -! 3 sin0 -4cos0
= sin b-a-2=0 ...(ii) (1)
5
bh
3 4 Now, Rf '(1) = lim — “ lim b~b (1/2)
- sin 0 — cos 0 /i-»o h h-^a
= sin ... (i) (1)
15 5
From Eq. (i), we have
Let cos <{) = -, then sin <[) = -^/l -cos
—?-
(|) = , l- L/'(l ) = /?/'(!)
V 5)
5 = b
16 _4 (1/2) b =5
25 "5
Now, Eq. (i) becomes Now, on substituting 6 = 5 in Eq. (ii), we get
5-a-2=0
y = sin (cos (j) sin 0 - sin ^ cos 0)
a=3
= sin [sin (0 - iji)] = 0 - (j)
Hence,« = 3 and ^ = 5. (1)
^3^
y = sin“*(2x)-cos"' - yg Given, x = sin / and y = sin pt
\5,
[■.' X = - sin 0 ^ sin 0 = Zy => 0 = sin " * (Zr) On differentiating X and y separately w.r.t./, we get
^ 3 3 dx dy
— - cos t and — = cos pt ■ p
and cos<b =- 6 = cos“* -] (1) dt dt

dy
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy cit _ cos pt ● p
dy 1
^(2x)-0 = -=l== 0) dx dx cost
dx
^l-{2xf dx ^|l-4x^ dt (1)
Continuity and Differentiability 125

Now, on differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get 2cos

e
d^y [cost(-sin pt- p)-cos pt{~sin t)] dt = tan
-1 2
= tan
-1
cot — (1)
= P 0
dx^ cos^ t dx 2 sin
2 )
y _ jcfcos pr-sin/-cosrsin pt -p] 1 (I) -1 7C 6 71
dx^ cos^ t cos/ = tan tan V cot 0 = tan 0
~2~2 2
2 2

^ cos^ / d y ^ pcos pt-smt - p cos/sin/?/ 71 0

dx^ cos / [vtan *(tan0) = 0]
2 2

d y pcos pt . 2 ● 7C 1 .
=> (1-sin^/) — ● sin / - p sin pt (1) => v=
^22
sin * x^ [v0 =sin ‘ x^] (1)
dx^ cost

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

d^y dy
(l-x^)
2
— ●x-p y dy 1 1
1 dx^ dx = {2x)
dx
_ _ pcos pt
, X = sin / and y = sin pt
dx cost -X
(J)
dy
(1-x')
dx'^
— X
^
dx
+ p2y = 0 (1)
81.
Given, X = acos0 + 6sin0 ...(i)
Hence proved. and = sin0 - 6cos0 ...(ii)
80.
Given, y= tan
■^1 + x^ -X
2
On differentiating both sides of Eqs. (i) and (ii)
+ x w.r.t. 0, we get
dx
On putting x^ =sin0
= - flsinO + ^cos0 ...(iii) (1)
dQ
0 =sin
-1
x^ dy
and = acos0 + hsmQ ●●■(iv) (1)
dQ
-1 y]l + sin 0 + -y/l - sin 0
y=tan dy dy/dO
^l + sin0 -yjl-smd Now,
dx dx/de
( f
0 ● 20- . ● 6 e acos0 + 6sin0
cos^ + sin +2sm —cos-
M 2 2 2 2 bcosB - asin0

0 0 0 0
+ ,cos^- + sin^ -2sin-cos [dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (iii)]
- tan
-1 ^ 2 2 2 2
dy X
0 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ...(v) (i)
dx
cos^ — +sin^ + 2sin-cos - -.V
2 2 2 2
Again, differentiating both sides of Eq. (v)
I To- + sinTTe- -2sin. e-cos —0
-, cos
w.r.t. X, we get
V 2 2 2 2 dy
_y-l-x-
\2 d^y dx
0 . 0 0 . 0
dx^
■)
cos — + sin — + cos — sin - y
= tan
-i 1 2 2) 2 2)
(I)
\2 [by using quotient rule of derivative]
0 . 0 0 . 0
cos — + sin - cos — sin -
1 2 2) 2 2) d^y
y~x
dy
/ \' dx^ dx
0 . 0W 0 - 0
cos - + sin - + cos — sin —
2 2) I 2 2) 2 d^y -X dy
= tan y + ;; = 0 (1)
0 . 0 0 . 0 dx^ dx
cos - +sin — cos — sm -
2 2) 2 2) Hence proved.
126 ■ Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

82. 83. msin *.Y

Given, /(a:) = |x + 1] + |x-l|, Vxe /? Given,

It can be rewritten as On differentiating both sides of Eq.(i) w.r.t. .v, we get

-(:c + 1)-(a:-1), x<-\ dy :_-i
X ^ / ■ -\ \
m sin
— = e — (wsin jc)
dx dx
f{x) = (x +1) - (x -1), -1 < X < 1
(x +1) + (x -1), X>1 [by using chain rule of derivative]
msin 1
-Iv , X < -1 - e ■ m

2 , -l<x<l (1) yj^-x-

2x , x>l 2
[from Eq. (i)] (1)
— = my
dx
Differentiability at x = - 1
Now, on squaring both sides, we get
\2
Lf'i-\)= h~^0
lim
-h ...(ii)
dx
-2 i-\-h)-2
- lim
h^O -h On differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. .r, we get
2+2h-2 dy\d^ y dy dy
- lim (l-x^)2 {-2x) = 2m~ y 0)
/i-» 0 -h dx) dx dx

= lim {-2) = -2 (1/2) d^y dy ■>

h^O (l-x^) —^-x —= w-y (1)
dx^ dx
Rf'(-\)= lim
/i^O h
dy
2-2 0 dividing both sides by 2 —
dx
- lim = lim — = 0
/i^ 0 h oh
d^y ^ - m~y = 0 (1)
V R/'(-l) dx^ ^ dx
.●. / is not differentiable atx = -l. (1/2)
Hence proved.
Differentiability atx = 1
84. Given, y = (x + Vl+x^)"
/(l-/0-/(l)
I/'(l)= lim On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
/i->0 -h

2-2 0 2x
— - n(x + + x^ )
n -l
= lim = lim = 0 (1/2) 1 +
0 —h h^o-h dx
2^1+x^ ^
f{\+h)-f{\)
andi?r(l)= lim [by using chain rule of derivative] (i)
/»-> 0 h

— lim
2 (1 + /0-2 dy
= n{x + -^1 + x^) n~\ X+-\/r+?
h-*0 h dx
■Jl + X“
2+2h-2
- lim
h^O h dy n(x + ^j\+x'^) (1)
dx
yj\+X^
- hm — = 2 (1/2) dy _ ny
h^O h [from Eq. (i)]
dx
■\/l +x^
V Lf'{\)^Rf'(\)
,f 2 dv
.'. / is not differentiable at x = 1. Vi+->^ -i- = f^y ...(ii) (1)
dx
Hence, / is not differentiable at x = 1 and -1. (1)
Continuity and Differentiability 127

Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get -2 + 6 + 3/?-(4 + /?- +4/2)-0

= lim
d^y 2x
dy __ dy /i^O h
yjl+X^ 2' dx~ dx
dx
lli + x
= lim
-h^-h
/1-+0 h
d^ y +x —=
dy dy
(1 + ^^) «● -h(h + \)
dx^ dx dx = lim = -(0 + l)=:-l (1/2)
/i-»0 h

[multiplying both sides by Vl + ●●● LHD = RHD

d^y
Y+x^ = n^j\+x'^ ■ So, /(x) is differentiable at x = 2.
ny (1/2)
=^(\+x^)
dx
^j\+x^ Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at x = 1, but it
differentiable at x =2. (1)
[from Eq. (ii)] 86.
Given, function is

(l + x^)—f+x^ = «^y (1) X(x^ +2 ) ,ifx<0

dx /(-v) =
4x + 6 , if X > 0
Hence proved.
X < 1
Let /(x) is continuous at x = 0.
85. Then, LHL = RHL = /(0) ...(i)
Given, /(x) = ■ 2-x, l<x<2
Here, RHL = lim /(x)= lim(4x + 6)
-2 + 3x-x^, x>2
.r-»0'

Differentiability atx: = 1 = lim [4 (0 + /j) + 6] (1/2)

/i^O
/(I-/,)-/(!)
LHD = lim [put X = 0 + A; when x —> 0'*', then /; 0]
-h
= lim (4/i + 6) = 4x0 + 6 = 6
(l_/,)_[2-(l)] -h
= lim = lim = 1 (1/2)
-h A-40 -h and /(0) = >.(0^ + 2) = 2^
/(l + ^)-/(l) From Eq. (i), RHL=/(0)
RHD = lim
h-^O h
2^ = 6 => X=3 (I)
2-(l + //)-(2-l)
= lim Now, given function becomes
/i-»0 h
3{x^+2), ifx<0
-h f(x) = \ (1)
= lim — = -l (1/2) 4x + 6, ifx>0

LHD 56 RHD
Now, let us check the differentiability atx = 0.

LHD= lim
/(0-/Q-/(0)
So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. (1/2)
-h
h-^0
Differentiability atx: = 2
3 [(0-/?)^ +2J-3 (0 + 2 )
LHD = lim
/(2-;»)-/(2) - lim
-h
h~*0
h~*0 -h

l-{2-h)-{2-2 ) 3[/j^ +2]-6

- lim = lim = lim (-3/;) = 0 (1/2)
/»-^o -h /i^O -h /i^O

h /●(0 + //)-/(0)
= lim (1/2) and RHD = lim ●
-h /;^0 h

RHD = lim
f{2 + h)-f{2) [4(0 + /i) + 6]-3(0 + 2 ) 4h
h = lim = lim — =4 (1/2)
h-^O
/wO h h^O h
- lim
-2 + 3(2 + /z)-(2 + /z)^ -(2-2) V LHD RHD
/;^0 h
f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0. (1/2)
 128 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

87.
Given, ;^ = (sinjc)^ +sin"' ^/x ...(i)
-x + Vl “X^ cos -1
x +
x^cos * X
+x
Let u = (sinx)"^ -(ii) (1/2)
Then, Eq. (i) becomes, y = u +sin"' -Jx ...(iii) (Vl^)
On taking log both sides of Eq. (ii), we get (1 - X ) cos
-1
X+X^COS * X cos
-1
X
(1)
logw = xlog(sinx) (1) (Vl-X^)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Hence proved.
89.
1 du Let w~sinx
=X (log (sin x)) + log (sin x) (x)
u dx dx dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
[by using product rule of derivative] du
du 1
— =cosx ...(i) (1)
=>
dx
= M XX ^ (sin x) + log (sin x) (1)
sinx dx
(1)
Also, let
dx

V = cos X

du X On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

= (sinx)'^ — X cos X + log (sin x) dv
dx sinx
= - sin X ...(ii) (1)
dx
[from Eq. (ii)]
du du dx cosx
du Now, (1)
= (sin x)^ [x cot X + log (sin x)] ...(iv) dv dx dv sinx
dx
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
On differentiating both sides of Eq.(iii) w.r.t. x, we get
du
dy _du ^ 1
(1) dv
= -cotx (1)
dx dx
90.
Given, y = sin ’ [x ^1-x --s/x -x^ ]
dy
—
dx
~ (sin x)'^ [xcot X + log (sin x)] Above equation can be rewritten as
1 1
X [from Eq. (iv)] (l) y = sin ' {x^l\-{4x)^ -^Ix ^]\~x^] (1/2)
Vl -X 2-Jx
-1
Now, put Vx = sin 0 and x = sin <t), so that
88. xcos
We have, y = ^ - log Vl -x^
2
...(i)
● ^-i
y = sin [sinp Vi“si^^ Q “Sin6 ^/V-”sin^ p] (1/2)

y = sin ’ [sin(|)cos0-sin0cos(l)]
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
[v Vl“Sin^ X =cosx]
dy _ d xcos x
--^(log
dx
Vl-x^) (1/2)
y = sin sin ((]) -0) (1)

['.● sin (j) cos 0 - cos (J) sin 0 = sin (d - 0)]

(-1)
X ● + COS X y = p-0 [vsin“' sin 0=0]
y = sin”’ x-sin"’Vx
-1 1
^(-2x) X and 0 = sin ' Vx ]
— xcos -1
[v(j)=sin
-X

(Vl-x^)
1 (-2x) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(1)
Vl-x^ 2Vl-x^ dy 1 1
(1)

-x + Vl -x^ cos ■ X + -1 x^ cos“^ X dx

Vi-^^ Vi-(W)^ dx

Vi^ X
1
(l)
(Vi^) (VT?) V —(sin“^ 0) =
t/0
Vi-e'
Continuity and Differentiability 129

dy 1 1 1
= a[e^ cos 0 + e® sin 0 - e® sin 0 + e® cos 0]
dx 24x
= a[2e® COS0]
dy 1 1
dy = lae^ COS0
Hence, — (1) ...(ii)
dx
●\/l 2^jx-x'^ de
91. dy dy dQ
Given, +e^ =e^'''^ ...(i) Now, — = X
dx dQ dx
x + y
On dividing Eq. (i) by e , we get
2ae COS0
e~>’+€--'^=[ ...(ii) (1) [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
sin0
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
= cot0
-dy
+ e"^(-l) = 0 (1) 7C dy 7C 7C
dx At0 = - = cot — = 1 vcot —= 1 (I)
4’"^ 4 4
-e -g-^=0=s« —e ' — = e
93.
dx dx Do same as Q. 62.
—X
dy e
dy
sVs
dx e~y dx Ans.
a
dy
(2) 94.
dx m + n
Given, x"'/ =(x + y)
Hence proved.
92. On taking log both sides, we get
Given, x = ae^ (sin 0-cos 0) m + n
log(x'"/) = log(x + y)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 0, we get
dx log(x'") + log(y" ) = (m + n) iog(x + y)
= a — [e® sin 0 - cos 0]
dd dQ
m log X + rt log y = (w + n) log (x + y) (1)

— (e® sin0)-— (e® cos0) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dQ dQ
m n dy m + n (, dy
— + —- = 1 + — (1)
-a c® (sin 0) + sin 0 — (e®) X y dx X+y dx
dO de
m n dy m+n m + n dy
d d =$● —+— + ^
-e^ (cos 0) - cos 0
6
(^”) (1) X y dx x+y x + y dx
dQ dQ

[by using product rule of derivative]

m {m + n) (m + n «^ dy
X x+y l^x + y y)dx
= a [e® cos0 + e® sin0 -e® (-sin0) - e® cos0]
= a [e® cos 0 + e® sin 0 + e® sin 0 - e® cos 0] my + ny-nx — ny dy mx + my-mx-nx

dx
y(x + y) dx x(x + y)

d^
= a [2e® sin 0] = 2ae® sin 0 ...(i)(l) dy my-nx my-nx
dx
Also, we have y = ae® (sin 0 + cos 0) 7 X

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 0, we get dy _ y

Hence, (2)
dx X
dy = a
~{e^ sin0) + — {e° COS0)
e

dQ dQ dQ
95. -I
Let u = tan
fl d d
= a
e® —(sin0) + sin0 (e®) + e® — (cos0) X

dQ dQ ^ dQ^ '
On putting x =cos0
+COS0 —(e®)
dQ
(1) 0 =cos"* X
[by using product rule of derivative]
130 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Then, ii = tan
-I -Jl -cos^ 9 = tan
Vsin^ 6
du 1
COS0 COS0
dx

[●.● cos “ 0 + sin " 0 = 1 => sin ^ 0 = 1 - cos ^ 0]

Again, let v = sin~' (2x )
sin0
= tan * [tan0] = 0
-I
= tan
COS0
On putting a: = sin 0 =» 0 = sin x, then
V = sin (2sin 0 -sin^ 0 )
U = COS~' X [vx = cos0.1 (1/2)
v = sin ‘ (2 sin 0 COS 0)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. ;c, we get
(sin20) => v=20=> v = 2sin'';r (l)
● -I
V = sin
du 1
(1)
dx On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dv 2
...(ii)
Again, let v = cos (2x^\-x^) dx
-1
On putting a: = cos 0 => 0=cos a:
du du dx
Now,
Then, V = cos“* [2 cos0 -Jl -cos^ 0] dv dx dv

-I sin 0 = Vl -cos^ 0 du 1
X
= cos [2cos0 sin0] dv 2
=> sin^0 = l-cos^0

= cos ' [sin 20] (1/2) du _ 1 (I)

dv 2
TC 7t
-1 97. bx
= cos cos 20
2
20 Given, y = Pe^ +Qe
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
^ -1
2 cos x [v 0 = cos ' x] (1) dy = P
2 dx
dx dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. a:, we get dy ax bx
dv 2
=> — = Pa e + Qbe ...(ii) (I'/O
dx
dx
Vrr? Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
du _du ^dx _ 1 1
d^y = Pa
Now,
dv dx dv
X
2 = -2 ™ dx^
^(e‘-)
dx
+ Qh~(e‘«)
dx

X
= Pa(a e‘^) + Qb{be^-^)
96. Let w = tan
-1
bx
= a^P +b^Qe
On putting x = sin 0 => 0 = sin
-\
X, then d^y dy
Now, LHS = -(a + b) — + aby
dx^ dx
-r sin 0
M = tan
On putting the values from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
^j\ -sin^ 0 LY{S, = a'^Pe‘^ +b^Qe
bx

sin 0 V sin" A +cos^ A = 1

■i-bQ e^^) + ab{P +0e^^)
ax

M = tan
-1
-{a + b) {aP e
COS0
=>cos A = -J(l -sin^ A) = a^P e“+b^Qe
bx
-a^Pe ax

-abQe
bx

M = tan ' (tan 0) - ab P e

ax
-b^Qe^^ +abPe
ax
+ abQ e
bx

« =0
=0=RHS (1)
u = sin”' X (1)
Hence proved.
Continuity and Differentiability 131

1 d
Given, a- = cos (3 - 2 cos^ 0 (x-y)
X - V dx
x = 3cosr-2cos^ t
(x-y) (x)-x rix-y)
dx dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get = 0
dx U-y?
= 3 (-sin t)-2 (3 )cos^ t (-sin t)
dt [by using quotient rule of derivative] (l)
dx 1 (x-y)-;r(l-y')
=> = - 3 sin / + 6 cos t sin t ...(i) (1) ■{\-y') + = 0, (1)
dt X-y ix-y)-
Also, y = sin r (3 -2 sin^ 0 >' = 3 sin t ~2 sin^ t where y - dyt dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, wc get (x-y){\-y') + x-y-x(\-y')=0
dy -) yy' + x-2y = 0
— = 3 cos ? - 2 X 3 X sin / cos /
dt dy
y— + x=2y (t)
uy ^ ● 1
dx
=> — =3 cos r - 6 sm t cos t ...(ii)(D
dt Hence proved.
8a/2
Now,
dy _dy dt _ 3cos t -6cos r sin^ r 100.
Do same as Q. No. 62. Ans.
a K
dx dt dx -3sin / +6cos" t sin t

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 101. Given, y = tan -1 o'], X- a

- + log, -
\xj
cos / - 2cos r sin“ t
(1) nI/2
- sin / + 2 cos t sin t
= tan
a'] (x
- +Iog -
- a

X ) x + a
_cos t(l -2sin^ /) _ cos ? -cos2r
sinr(2cos^/-l) sin/-cos2/
-1
y = tan - +-[log(A:-iz)-log(x + a)]
X) 2
= cot(/) (1/2)

dy log — = log m - log « (1)

=cot — =1 (1/2) n

UJ
jt
dx at /=—
4
X On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
99. X- y
Given, (x- y)-e dy 1 -a I 1 I
+ - (1)
dx 2 „2 2 X-a x+a
On taking log both sides, we get a \ X

X
^ + 72
X

x-y
log {x-y)-e = \oga
-and^ (\ogx) = -
d 1 1
— (tan ' x) =
dx 1+x 2 dx X
X

1 X+a-x+a
=> log(jr - y) + log = log a -a

x'^ +a 7 + 20 (.r-a)(x + fl)

[v log(m«) = log m + log n ]
- a a
=> log {x - y) + log g e = log a
x'^ +a 7 + 72
1
x-y X -a

X 2 ^ 2 3
=4- log(x - y) H = log a (1) -x^a+a^ +x a + a^
x-y
(x^ +a^) (x^ -a^)
[v log^e = l]
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy _ 2a^ [v {a + b){a-b) = a~ - 6^] (2)
" dx ;c^ 4

[log(x - y)l + -^ = -^(loga)

X - a

dx dx\x-y dx Hence proved.

 132 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

102.
Let M = (tan"’a:)-^ and v = y
cotx

y(tan 'x)
y-l
[+X
Then, given equation becomes u + v-\
cot jr

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dy -y ● cosec log y

cota:-l
(1)
du dv ^ dx [(tan ’ a:)-'’log (tan"’x)+ cotx ● ]
—+ —= 0
dx dx 103.
Given, x = 2 cos 0 - cos 20
Now, w = (tan ' x)^ and >' = 2sin0-sin20
On taking log both sides, we get On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 0, we get
log u = y log(tan "’ x) dx
= -2sin0 +2sin26
rf0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 du dy
u dx
=-^
dx
(y) ■ log(tan ’ x) + 3'4-(logtan
dx
‘ x) and
d^
= 2cos0 -2cos20 (1)

[by using product rule of derivative] dy _ dy! t/0 _ 2 (cos0 -cos20) (1)
\ du dy ^ ^ ^ y dx dxtd^ 2 (-sin0+sin20)
= —log(tan x) + \~\
u dx dx (tan ’x)(l + x^) 2 sin
0+20^ sin
. f2d-Q
I 2 2 )]
=> —
dx
= (tan"’x)^ -^logCtan-’x)
dx 20+0' . 20-0
(1)
2 cos sin
2 \ 2 )
y
...(ii) iVA) C+D\ . D-C
(tan"’ x) (1 + x^) V cosC-cos£) = 2sin sin

2 ; 2 ;
cot jr
Also, v= y C + D\ . C-D
and sinC -sin£) =2 cos sin
On taking log both sides, we get 2 ) 2 )
logv=cotx logy . r30vsin -
sin

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 2) l2y = tan

30
(1)
\ dv _ d d 30.sin (Q 2 )
— (cot x) ● log y + cot X —- (log y) cos
V dx dx dx 2) 2)
Hence proved.
[by using product rule of derivative] 104.
1 dv cotx dy
Given, y = xlog —^ a y DX
...(i)
- cosec ^x log y+
V dx y dx On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dv cot X dy dy d X

- cosec ^x log y + =x--log + log

cot a:
~r = y ...(iii) dx dx a-^bx
dx y dx ilVt)
a + bx J dx
[by using product rule of derivative]
On putting values from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) in Eq. (i),
we get 1 d X X
-X + log ● 1
dy y X
dx\a + bx a + bx
(tan ’ x) y
— log (tan"’ x) +
dx (tan ’ x) (1 +x^) a + bx )
v-^(logx) =
1

cotx dy dx X
- cosec ^x log y +
cot a:
+ y = 0
y dx {a + 6x)(l) -x(Z>) X
= (a + bx) + log
—
dy
[(tan ' x)-^ log (tan ’x)+cotx y
cot a: -1
]
(a + bx)^ a + bx
dx
[by using quotient rule of derivative]
y
y(tan ' x)
>.-1
cosec ^x log y
cotx
a X
-y
1 +x = (a + bx) + log
(a + bx)^ a + bx
Continuity and Differentiability 133

\2
dy a X
d^y dy
+ log (1) Now, consider LHS = y
dx a+bx a +bx
dx dx.
dy a y
3cos20 \ f \2
+ — [using Eq. (i)] = sin^ 9 - sin 2 6 (1/2)
dx a -\rbx X +
sin0 ; V2
a
0 9 ●>
dx X a + bx = sin^ 0 - 3 - cos20 + -sin^ 20
4
ax
~y= ...(ii) (I)
dx a + bx = 3 sin ^ 6(2cos^ 0 -1) + -4 (4sin ^ 0 cos^ 0)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
= 6sin^ 0cos^ 0 -3sin^ 6 +9sin^ 0cos^ 0
(a + bx) ■ (1) -jr(^)
=> X = a = 15sin^ 6cos^0 -3sin^ 0
dx (a + bxY
= 3sin^ 0(5cos^ 9-1) Hence proved. (1)
[by using quotient rule of derivatiye] logx
106. Let y=(logx)'* +x
x^-
2
a
(1)
dx^ {a + bxY Also, let u = (log xY and v = ;c , then y = u + v

a
2..2
X ax
n2
dy _du ^ dv ...(i) (I)
dx dx dx
dx^ (a + bxY \_(2 + bx
Now, consider u = (logx)'*
[multiplying both sides byx^]
On taking log both sides, we get
\2
x3^ r dy
x--y [using Eq. (ii)] (1) log u = log(log xY = X log(log x)
dx^ dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Hence proved.
4- log(log x) + log(log x) ■ ~ (x)
1 du
=x ●
<105 Given, x= cos 0 ...(i) u dx dx dx
and y = sin^ 0 ...(ii)
-^■i + log(logx)
On differentiating both sides of Eqs. (i) and (ii) w.r.t. logx X
0, we get du 1
dx dy
= u + log (logx)
= -sin0 and = 3 sin ^ 0 ● cos 0 (1/2) dx logx
dQ dQ
du 1
dy _ dy/ dQ _ 3sin^ 0cos0 ^ = (logx)"
dx
+ log(logx) ...(ii) (I)
dx dx / dQ -sin0
logx
-3
[v M = (logx)^]
=-3 sin 6 cos 0 = — (2sin0cos0)
Since, v = x’°®^
^ = =^sin26 ...(iii)(l)
On taking log both sides, we get
dx 2
log V = log(x
logx
) = (logx)(logx) = (logx)^
On differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
^ = ^.2cos2e.
dQ -1
= -3cos20- 1 dv I
dx^ 2 dx sin0 — = 21ogx- —
V dx X

dd 1 dv 2 logx
dx sin0 dx X

3cos2 0
dv
...(iv) (1) [V v=;c'‘>*']...(iii)(l)
sin0
dx X
 134 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get and /(3)H3-3| = 0

dy 1 log a: logx
Thus, LHL = RHL=/(3)
dx
= (10gAC)-"- + log(logA:)^ +2 X
Hence, / is continuous at x=3.
log a: \ X J (1)

0) Now, let us check the differentiability of /(x) at at=3.

*107_ Given, _y = log[A: + 7^^T^] / (3-/;)-/(3 )
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get LHD=/'{3‘)= lim
h-^ 0 -h
dy 1 d
(ac + '^x'^ +a ^)
dx
x + ^[^ + a 2 dx
V Lf'{a)=\\m
f(a-h)-fia)
/»-»o -h
1
■-■"-(log/W) =
dx fix) dx
^f(x) (1) = lim
3-/?-3 -3-3

/i-> 0 — h
dy 1 2x
-h h
1 +
- lim - lim =-l
dx X +a^ 2-\jx^ +a^ /i^o -h h^o-h

1 [v|-x| = x, ifx>0] (1)

+a^) = x2x
dx
2^|x^ + a ~ /(3 + /0-/(3)
7

RHD = /’'(3'’)= lim

A^O h

dy I sjx^ +a~ +a: fia+/i)-f(a)

V ;?/ '(^?)= lim
dx
X +^X^ + w ^ A^O h

3 + /?-3 - 3-3
— lim
(1)
dx A-h. 0 h

Again, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get h h

r~i 2 d (dy] dy d , 7, d{\) = lim - lim
4x^+a^— -f +^. — i^x-+a^) =
uX y uX ) dx dx dx
A-»0 h h^oh

[v|x|=.Y, if.T>0]
[by using product rule of derivative]
Since, LHD ^ RHD at a: = 3.
dy l-2x

dx
-y(V? + a^) + =0 (1)
So, / is not differentiable. Hence proved, (l)
d~v -cosec^/
On multiplying both sides by -^x^ + a^, we get ‘J09. Do same as Q. No. 62. Ans.
dx~ a cos/

d^y, n 2.^ dy x4x'^ +a^ = 0

— +a^)- +^x ● -] 2_x+\ ●3"'
dx^ dx 4x~ +a^ 110. Let j^ = sin
l + (36/
d^y dy
ix^^a^) =0 Hence proved, (i) 2-2^-3^ 2 ●6’^
dx dx = sin =sin (1)
l + (6^/ l + (6-'^)^
108. Given,/(a:) = a:-31
On putting 6"^ = tan 6 => 0 = tan )
First, we check the continuity of /(a:) at a:=3.
-1 2tan0
Here, LHL= lim a:-3 =lim3-/z-3 Then, _y = sin
3" A-^ 0
1 + tan ■ 0
[put a: = 3 -h; when a:—> 3“, then /j —> 0]
2tan0
= lim ~h =0 (1) - sin ' (sin 2 0) sin 20 = (1)
h-* 0 1 + tan ^ 0
RHL= lim a:-3 - lim 3 + h-3 = lim h =0 = 20
x-^ 3' A-^ 0 A-^ 0

[put a: = 3 + /?; when.v 3"^, then /?—> 0] _y = 2tan ‘ (6'*) [V 0 = tan'* {6*^)]
Continuity and Differentiability 135

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 1 32

\ /1 \ (1)
1 27a
dy 2 d -1 1 3a —
(6^) — tan x= (1)
16A2,
dx l + dx 1+x^
112. Given, x sin {a + v) + sin a cos (a + >■) = 0
dy ^ 2 2^+1
●6*-log6= log6 (1) -sin a cos {a + y)
dx~\ + (6^f l + (36)\
x =
sin(a + y)
(1)

111. Given, x = acos^ 6 and y = asin^ 6 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get
On differentiating both sides of x and y w.r.t. 0, we get
sin{a + y) 7- {sin a cos(a + y)}
dy
— = 3^(Cos^ 6— (cos6) = 3flCOS^ 0 (-sin0) d
dQ dQ
-sin acos{a + y) — {sin(a + y)}
dx dy
= -3acos 0 sin0 (1)
dy sin^(a + y)
dy
and = 3asin^0 —(sin0) [by using quotient rule of derivative]
dQ dd^ ’
=3asin^ 0 {cos0)=3asin^ 0 cos0 sin {a + y) sin a sin {a + y)
+sin a cos {a + y)cos(a + y)
(1)

Now,
dy f dyIdB sin^ (ii + y)
dx dx/dQ
sma
3 a sin 0 ● cos 0
= -tan0 (1)
{sin ^ (a+ y) +cos ^ (a + y) i
>

-3acos^0sin0 sin ^ (a + y)
sin a
Again, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, ●1 [vsin^0+cos^0 = l] (1)
we get sin ^ {a + y)
d^y dQ dy sin ^ (a + y)
— (- tan 0) = - (tan 0) Hence proved. (I)
dx
dx'^ dx dQ dx sin a

dQ Do same as Q. No. 56.

= -sec^ 0- 113.
dx
V
-1
sin ’ / cos /
114. Given, x = ya and y = a
-1
= -sec^ 0- Consider, x = {a
sin f xl/2
)
3flcos 0-sin0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
dQ -1 dx 1 sin
-!
/ n-I/2 sin ' /
-(a )
dx 3acos^0sin0 dt 2(^ )
dt^
(1/2)

d^y 1 [by using chain rule of derivative]

(1) 1 ;_-l
t \-l/2 _ sin * /
loga — (sin"’ t)
Sin
dx^ 3 acos"* 0-sin0 = -(a ) a
2 dt

At 0 = -
7t
●:~{a^) = a^ loga
dx
6’
1 1 .-^-1
sin -1/2 sin ' t 1
a loga-
\4 /
dx^ at 0 =
n
7t . 71
6 3 a cos — sin —
1 :_-l 1
V 6 / V 6^ sin
loga-
1
- (a
2
\4
s f \

-J
1 sin I
3a
dx
a -loga
2 V2; ...(i) (1)
dt
 136 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

cos
-1
/ ^1/2 du
Now, consider y = {a )
sin X - cos X
=> —=a:
dx
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get sin X-cos a:
cos
-1
t x-\!2 cos
-1
■ t + log.v ● (cosAT+sinAr)
) ) (1/2) X
dt 2^ dt
^-1
[by using chain rule of derivative] Now, consider v=-
a:^+1 x^+l
1 cos * / ^ -1 / 2 _ cos -1
= -{a
2 ^
) a Mog a ~ (cos“* /) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. a:, we get
d 1
V — {a^) = a^ log a
dx dv (x"+1)4(2)-2^(x^+1)
dx dx
=0-
1 -1
(-1) dx (a:"+1)"
= 2<“ log a-
[by using quotient rule of derivative]
1 -1
cos r dv Q-2-2a: 4x
a ●log a ...(iii) (1V2)
dy_ 2
dt
...(ii) (1) dx (x^+\f
On substituting the values from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) into
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get Eq. (i), we get
dy
-H
-f sin a:-cos a:
' log a
cos sin J —cos AT
a — ~x + logA:(cos.x:+sinx)
dx X

dy\
4x
dy dt / V,
yd)
dx dx sin t
(.r'+l)
a log a
dt
116.
Given, x = a(cos / + / sin /)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
dx
V
-I
a
cos / — = a -sin r + — (/)■ sin / + / — (sin /)
(1) dt dt dt
X

[by using product rule of derivative]

[given,V yand V
-1
cos ■ t sin * t
a a = x] dx
=> — = a (- sin / +1 ● sin / + / cos t)-at cos t ...(i) (1)
Hence proved. dt

sin.c-cosA:
x^-l Alsogiven, y=ij(sin/-/cos/)
115. Given, y=x
x^ +1 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
2-1
Let H = X
smAT-cosj:
and V = —
x2 +I
^dt = a[cos / - dt (0 cos / - / —dt (cos /)]
Then, the given equation becomes [by using product rule of derivative]
dy du dv dy
y=w + V^ — = — + — ...(i) — = a(cosf-cos/ l + /sin r) = a/sin t ...(ii) d)
dx dx dx dt
dy
[differentiate w.r.t. x] (1/2)
sinAr-cos.t Now,
dy _ dt _ a/sin t = tan t
Consider, « = x dx dx at cos t

On taking log both sides, we get dt

log u = (sin X -cos x) ● log x [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 du 1
d^y_ d f dy
dx^ dx[dx = -^ (tan /) dx =sec21 dx! dt
dt 1
= (sinx-cosx) ●- + logx ● (cosx+sinx)
u dx X
dt
Continuity and Differentiability 137

sec^ t sec^ ? On multiplying both sides by (1 we get

[from Eq. (i)] (1)
at cost at

d^x
Also, dx ^ ax 1+a:
= {at cos t)
dt'^ dt
d^y
d {\ + x^f (iVa)
= a — {tcost) dx ^ dx
dt
Hence proved.
d d
= a
— {t)cost + t — (cos t ) 120. cotx 2x^-3
dt dt Given, y = x
x^ +X+2
[by using product rule of derivative]
COtJT 2;r^-3
= a [cost-/sin t] Let u = x and v =
x^ +X+2
and d^ y _d (dy ~ (at sin t) Then, given equation becomes
dt^ dt\dt dt
y=u + V
= a{sm t +1cos t) (1)

Do same as Q. No. 62.

dy _du ^ dv [differentiate w.r.t. A:]...(i) (1/2)
dx dx dx

Ans.
d^y sin/sec'‘z Consider, u=x
cotx

dx^ a
On taking log both sides, we get
Also,
d^ y _ d f dy ^{acost) = -a sin / logw=cotxlogA:
dt^ dt{dt dt
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x^ ue get
1 1 du 1
Qo same as Q. No. 74. Ans. =cot X cosec^x ● log x
u dx
2(1+x^)
X

du cotx

Given, y = (tan ^ x)^

— = w
dx
-cosec^x ● logx
\ X

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get cotx

_ ^COt.T -cosec^x- logx ...(ii) (1)
dy -1 1 d _i 1 X
— = 2 tan ■ X. — tan X =
dx 1 +x^ dx 1 +x^ 2x^-3
Now, consider v =
x^ +x +2
dy _2idXi ^ x
dx l+.T^ On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dv (x^ +X+2 )(4x)-(2x^ -3)(2x+l)
(1+ x^) — =2 tan*"'X (1V2)
dx dx (x^+x+2)^
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get [by using quotient rule of derivative]
d f dy 4x^ +4x^ +8x-4x^ -ix^ +6x+3
(l + .v^)- —
dx\dx dx dx
(x^+x+2 f
= ~{2 tan"* x) (1) 2x^+14x+3
dx ...(iii) (1V2)
[by using product rule of derivative] (x^+x+2 f
On substituting the values from Eqs. (ii) and (iii) into
=> (1 + x^).^4--/-2x
dx^ dx =— Eq. (i), we get

dy cotx ^ 2x-+14x+3
d _i
— (tan ‘ x) =
1
-cosec^x-logx + (1)
dx 1 +x^
dx \ X / (x^+x+2)“
 138 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

121. X 1
Given, at = a (9 - sin 9) and y=a{\ +cos9)
On differentiating both sides of a: and >’w.r.t. 9, we get
2
2^a^-x^ *
2
dx r ●-1 a 1 d (X
- a (1 - cos 9) and =-a sin 9 (1) -a: +
dQ dQ 2 2 y.2 dx\a
dy a

dy dQ -a sin 9 -sin 9
[by using chain rule of derivative]
dx dx a (1-cos 9) I-cos 9
dQ X -2x 2 1
-X -

-2 sm - cos -
2
2^? -X
2 ^ 2

dy 2 2 9
= - cot - ...(i) (1)
dx 9 2 2
2sin^ a 1 1
2 A A
X (1)
V sin^ =2sin —cos — 2 2 a
X
2 2
a
and 1 -cos ^ =2sin^ —
2 2 2 2
-a: — a: a 1
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 2 2a 2 2
a -X

d'^y _ d dy\_ d -cot —

9 d ( -cot-Q\ X —
—
dQ a
2

dx^ dxydx) dx 2) dQ 2) dx
2 2
d d dQ
-;c' -X a a
X
v-[/(9)] = /{e)x
2^ 2 2a
2 2 2
dx dQ dx -X a —X

1
= -cosec ^
9
X
1
(1) -X
2
V? -X
2
a
2

(1)
2 2 a (1 - cos 9)
2 V? -a:
2 2
2^^ -a:
2

^ (cot^) = -coseec^-4
dQ -x^ +(a^ -x^) + a^
1 20— 1 1 9 2^ — X
2

cosec X cosec — (1)

2a 2 .-20
2sin —
4a 2
= —
2a^-2x^ 2(a^-x^)
=—■ =ya
r~i
2
122. 2^a^-x^ 2^a^ -X

We have.
2
= RHS Hence proved, (i)
LHS =
d X 2 a
-Ja -x^ +
X
123.
dx 2^ 2
sin
a
Do same as Q. No. 107.
124.
Do same as Q. No. 121.
X 2 d (X
— X -X ^ X— - 1 40
Ans.
2 dx dx\2 4^2
sec
2

a' d . X 125.
Do same as Q. No. 62.
+ — X — sin — (I)
2 dx a
sec^ 9
Ans.
[by using product rule of derivative] aQ
Continuity and Differentiability 139

Case Based Questions

1- Let f{x) be a real valued function. Then, its dy

(iii) What is — at .v = 3 ?
dx
● Left Hand Derivative (LHD): (a) 2
f{a-h)-j\a) (b)-2
Lf' {a) = lim
-h (c) Function is not differentiable
(d)l
● Right Hand Derivative (RHD):
J\a^h)-f{a) (iv) When the x value lies between (2, 3), then the
Rf'{a) = lim function/(x)is
h
(a) 2x - 5 (b) 5 - 2x
Also, a function /(x) is said to be differentiable at (c) 1 (d)5
X = a, if its LHD and RHD atx = a exist and both are (V) If the potter is trying to make a pot using the
equal. function /(x) = [x], will he get a pot or not?
|x-31, x>l Why?
(a) Yes, because it is a continuous function
For the function/(x) = ● x^ 3x 13 (b) Yes, because it is not continuous
— ,X<1 '
4 (c) No, because it is a continuous function
fCeSE 2023)
(d) No , because it is not continuous
On the basis of above information, answer the
following questions, 3. Consider the following values
(i) What is RHD of/(x) at x = 1 ? X-a cos ^ 0 and y = a sin ^ 0
(ii) What is LHD of f (x) at x =' ? On the basis of above information, answer the
(iii) (a) Check if the function /(x) is differentiable at following questions.
x = l.
dx
Or (i) is equal to
dQ e =
(b) Find/'(2)and/'(-I). 4

-3o 4/2
id) 4
3a
2. A potter made a mud vessel, where the shape of the (a) (b) (c)
2^/2 2/2 3a /3
pot is based on/(x) = |x - 31 + | x —2[, where /(x)
represents the height of the pot. dy
(ii) is equal to
dQ 9 =
4

-3a 4/2
id) 4
3a
(a) (b) (c)
2/2 2/2 3a

dy
(iii) — is equal to
dx
(a) tan 0 (b) - tan 0 (c) cot 0 (d) -cot0

dy
On the basis of above information, answer the (iv) is equal to
dx
following questions, CBSE Question Bonk 9 = -
6

(i) When x > 4 What will be the height in terms of x? 4/2

(d)4
3a -3a
(a) (b) (c)
(a) X - 2 (b)x-3 2V2 2/2 3a /3
(c) 2x - 5 (d) 5 - 2x
d^v
(ii) Will the slope vary with x value? (V) is equal to
(a) Yes dx^
4
(b) No
(c) Slope is not defined for any value 3a -3a Afi -1
of X (a) (b) (c) id)
2/2 2/2 3a /3
(d) Insufficient data for the slope.
 — —

3; fc:
Explanations j
|a:-3|,x>1 = -3ocos^ 0sin0
1. Given,/(a:) = '!jc^ 3x 13 dx K
+ — ,x<\ = -3acos"—sin —
[4 2 4 clQ n 4 4
e = -
4
3 - j:, 1 < <3
^nx) = \x^ 3x + —
13 ,x<\ = -3a
\2/
1

[4 2 4 V2J IV2
-1, 1 <x <3 -3a

x<l
.2 2’
(ii) (a) y = asin^ 0
(i)^r(i)=-i
dy
(ii)L/'(I) =
1 3
=—=
-2
-l dd
= a(3sin^ 0cos0)
\ j j \ j 2 2 2
= 3asin^ 0cos0
(iii) (a) Since, L/'(l) = ^r(l) = -l
=> / (x) is differentiable at x = -1 ■ ^ = 3asin^
n
—cos —
K

Or de e = -
TZ 4 4
4
(b)r(2) = -l,l<2<3
1 1

and/'{-l) = y-|x<l =
-4
= -2 = 3a
2 v5j [^|2
3a
2.Given, /(x) = |x-31+|x -2j
-X+3-X+2 x<2
2V2
dy
/(x) = -- x + 3+ x- 2 2<x<3
3a sin ^0 cos 0
X-3+X-2 x>3
dx dx -3acos^ 0sin0
5-2x x<2 de

f{x) = - 1 2<x<3 = - tan 0

2x-5 x>3 dy K -1
(iv) (d) = - tan — = —p:
(i) (c)Whenx>4, /(x)=2x-5 dx 9=-
TC
6 V3
6
-2 x<2

(ii) (a) Yes,/'(x) = - 0 2<x<3 (V) (c) d^y^ d fdy

dx'^ dx\dx)
2 x>3

Clearly, slope vary with x value, ^ (-tan6)

dx
(iii) (c)/'(3") = 0and/'(3^)=2 de
= - sec ^ 0 X
/(x) is not differentiable at x = 3 dx

(iv) (c) When x g (2,3), /(x) = 1 1

= -sec^0x
(v) {d) When/(x) = [x], -3a cos ^ 0sin0
/(x) is not continuous at integral value. 1
- — sec'^0cosec0
Potter will not get a pot. 3a

3. (i) (6)x = acos^ 0 . ^ 1 4V2

(^^)V2)
dx '■ dx^ jt 3a 3a

de
= a(3cos^ 0(-sin0)) 4
 [CHAPTEI^ test)
1 Mark Questions
7. If f (a:) = sin 2x - cos 2x, then find f' —
1, x^O V6y
1, The function/(jc) = - is not continuous at
2, x =0 dv
8. Find when sin(x + y) =
(^)x=0 {b)x=\ dx
(c).v=-l (d) None of these (ax)^ (ax)^ dy
9. lfy= ax — , then find
2. The point of discontinuity of the function 2 3 dx
2x + 3, x<2
fU) = \ 2x -3, X >2
is
3 Marks Questions
sinx
(a).T = 0 (h)x=l + cosX, x^O
(c)x = 2 (d) None of these 10. Show that the function /(a:) = s ^
2, x =0
kcosx n
x^ — is continuous at x = 0
7t -2a: ’ 2 ●
3. The function /(a) = - is continuous
TC 11. Show that the function / (jc) = 2x -1 a: | is continuous
3, X - —
atx=0
2
TC
at A = —, when k equals 12. Prove that the function f{x)-\x -1|, a; e 7? is not
differentiable at a: = 1.
(a)-6 (b)6
(c)5 (d)-5 13. Find —
dx
at x = 1, y = —,
4
ifsin^ y+ cosxy =
TC
mx + 1, x<
TC
cos A + sin A
2 : 14. Find the derivative of tan with
4. If/(x) = is continuous at a = —
TC 2’ cos A - sin A
sin X + n, x> —
2 respect to a
then
nn 5 Marks Questions
(a) m = I,« = 0 (b) m = — + 1
15. Show that the function f(x) = x- [a] is discontinuous
, - nrn TC
(c) n = — {d)m = n = at all integral points.
2

— 1
2 Marks Questions , A 7^=0 .
_ A A<1
16. Show that the function /(a) = ■{ 1 is

+1
5. Is the function / defined by /(a) = -{
5, A>1 0, A=0

continuous at a = 0, at a = 1 and at a = 2? discontinuous at a = 0

6. Find the value of P for which the function

1 - cos 4a
17. If y = [x + -yj^ + fl ^ , then prove that
, A 7^0 . dy ny
f{x) = X
2 is continuous at a = 0
dx
P, A =0

Answers
1.(a) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.{c) 8. dy _2x~ cos(a + y) 9.
a

5. /(a) is continuous at a = 0 and a = 2 dx cos(x + y)-2y 1 + ov

K
/(a) is not continuous at a = 1 13. 14. 1
6. P = 8 7A + ^^3 4{^/2-l)
Application
of Derivatives
TREND Average No. of Questions Across oil Sets
ANALYSIS I3 YEARS

Types of Questions 2024 2023 ; 2020

1 Mark 1 1 2

TOPIC 01 Measure, Increasing 2 Marks 1 1 2

and Decreasing Functions
3 Marks
I.
4 Marks

5 Marks 1

6 Marks 1

1 Mark 1 1

TOPIC 02 Maxima and Minima 2 Marks 1

3 Marks

4 Marks 1 1

5 Marks

6 Marks 1

TOPIC 1
Rate Measure, Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Rate of Change of Quantities

dy
Let y = /(x’) be a flinction of x. Then, — represents the rate of change of y with respect to x. Also represents
dx '{dx ' at x=xq
the rate of change of y with respect to a: at x = .
Application of Derivatives /■

Rate of Change of Two Variables

If two variables x and ys^rc vaiying with respect to another
Increasing and
variable t i.e. x = f(t) and y = g(0, then Decreasing Functions
dy _ dy jdx , dx
where — ;>t0
1. Let I be an open interval contained in the domain of a
dx dt! dt dt real valued flinction f. Then,
In other words, the rate of change of y with respect to x can / is said to be
be calculated using the rate of change of and that ofx (i) Increasing on/, ifxj <X2 in I
both with respect to t. =>/(xi)< /(x2),Vxi,X2e/.
(ii) strictly increasing on /, if x, <X2 in /
note ^
dx
is positive, if y increases as x increases and it is negative, if y
decreases as x increases.
(iii) decreasing on /, if x, < X2 in I
=>/(Xi)>/(X2),Vx,,X2G/.
(iv) strictly decreasing on / , ifx, <X2 in /

Marginal Cost and NOTE For a given interval I c R, function/ increases for some values in 1 and
Marginal Revenue decreases for other values in /, then we say function is neither
increasing nor decreasing.
Marginal Cost 2. Let / be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on the
Marginal cost represents the instantaneous rate of change open interval {a, b).
of the total cost at any level of output. Then,
(i) / is increasing in [a, /)], if / '(x) > 0 for each
If C (x) represents the cost function for x units produced, xG(a, 6).
then marginal cost (MC) is given by (ii) / is decreasing in [a, b], iff '(x) <0 for each
MC = 4{CW}
dx
x€(a, b).
(iii) / is a constant function in [a, b'], if/'(x) = 0 for
each X g {a, b).
Marginal Revenue NOTE (i) /isstrictlyincreasingin(o,b),if/'(x)>Oforeachx€
(a.b)-
Marginal revenue represents the rate of change of total
revenue with respect to the number of items sold at an
(ii) / is strictly decreasing in (a,b), if/' (x) <0for each
xe(o,b).
instant.
Monotonic Function
If R{x) is the revenue function for x units sold, then
marginal revenue (MR) is given by A function which is either increasing or decreasing in a
given interval I (in its entire domain), is called monotonic
MR = function.
dx
 PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 2 Marks Questions

Multiple Choice Questions 9_ The area of the circle is increasing at a uniform rate of
Given a curve v= Ix-x^ and x increases at the rate of
2 cm^/sec. How fast is the circumference of the circle
1.
increasing when the radius r = 5 cm? CBSE2024
2 units per sec. The rate at which the slope of the curve
is chan ging when .’f = 5 is CBSE 2024 10. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of
(a) -60 units/sec (b) 60 units/sec 15 cm^/min. The falling sand forms a cone on
(c) - 70 units/sec (d) -140 units/sec the ground such that the height of the cone is always
one third of the radius of the base. How fast is the
2^ The interval in which the function
height of the sand cone increasing at the instant when
f{x) = lx^ +9j:^ +12A:-lis decreasing is CBSE 2023
the height is 4 cm ? CBSE 2024
(b)(-2,-l) ●
(c)(-«>,-2) (d) (-1,1) 11 ^ The surface area of a cube increases at the rate of
3 If f{x) - a(x-cosx) is strictly decreasing in R, then a
72 cm ^/sec. Find the rate of change of its volume
when the edge of the cube measures 3 cm. CBSE 2024
belongs to CBSE 2023

(a) {0} (b) (0,«.) 12. Find the point on the curve y~ - 8j: for which the
(c)(-«,0) (d) {- 00,00) abscissa and ordinate change at the same rate.CBSE 2023
4^ The function /(.x’) = x^ + 3x is increasing in interval. 13^ Find the points on the curve = +2 at which
CBSE 2023
ordinate is changing 8 times as fast as abscissa.
(a) (-00,0) (b)(0,co) (c)R (d) (0, 1) CBSE 2023

5_ The real function/(j;)=2x^ -3x^ -36x: + 7 is 14 A particle moves along the curve 2y = ax^ +1 such
CBSE 2022 (Term 1) that at a point with jc-coordinate 1, y-coordinate is
(a) strictly increasing in (-00, -2) and strictly changing twice as fast at x-coordinate. Find the value
decreasing in (-2, os) of a. CBSE 2023

(b) strictly decreasing in (-2,3)

15 A man 1.6 m tall walks at the rate of 0.3 m/sec away
(c) strictly decreasing in (-00,3) and strictly
increasing in (3,00)
from a street light that is 4 m above the ground. At
(d) strictly decreasing in (■ -2)u(3,oo)
what rate is the tip of his shadow moving? At what
rate is his shadow lengthening? CBSE Sample Paper 2023
The value of b for which the function
f(x) = x-i-cosx + bis strictly decreasing over?? is 1 g_ Find the interval/s in which the function / :R~^ R
CBSE 2022 (Term I) defined by /(a:) == xe^, is increasing.
(a) 6< 1 CBSE Sample Paper 2023
(b) no value of b exists
17^ Find the intervals in which the function
(c) 6< 1
7C V
(d) 6 > 1 / given by / (jr) = tan jc - 4x, xe 0,— is
V 2
y The function y=x^e~^ is decreasing in the interval (i) strictly increasing
CBSE 2022 (Term I)
(a) (0, 2) (b) (2, ~)
(ii) strictly decreasing CBSE Samp/e Paper 2021
(c)(-co.0) X 3
(d) (- CO, 0) u (2, 00)
1 g Show that the function /(x) = — + - decreases in the
3 X
g Find the intervals in which the function / given by
intervals (-3,0) u (0,3). Delhi 2020
/(x) =x^ -4a: -b 6 is strictly increasing
CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term I) 19^ Show that the function / defined by
(a) (-«,2)u(2,oo) (b)(2.oo) /(x) = (x -1)^^ +1 is an increasing function for all
(c)(—,2) (d) (r^, 2] u (2,00) x>0. Delhi 2020
Application of Derivatives

20. The total cost C(x) associated with the production of x 30. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of
units of an item is given by 5 cm/min and the width yis increasing at the rate of
C(x) = 0.005x'-’ -0.02x^ +30X + 5000. 4 cm/min. When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rate of
change of
Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced,
where by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous (i) the perimeter, (ii) area of rectangle. All India 2017
rate of change of total cost at any level of output.
CBSE 20? 8
1233 CONCEPT
Using the relation, perimeter of rectangle, P = 2(x + y)
21. The total revenue received from the sale of x units of a and area of rectangle, A=xy, differentiate both sides with
product is given by (x) = 3x ^ + 36x + 5 in rupees. respect to f and put that in rate of change value and get
the result.
Find the marginal revenue when x = 5, where by
marginal revenue we mean the rate of change of total
revenue with respect to the number of items sold at an
31, Determine for what values of x, the function
instant. C8SE 2018 C
/(x) =x^ + —(x?t0) is strictly increasing or strictly
X

22. The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of decreasing? CBSE Sample Paper 2017
8 cm^/s. Find the rate at which its surface area is
increasing when the radius of the sphere is 12 cm. 32. Find the intervals in which the function
AH India 2017 /(x)=3x^-4x^~12x^+5is
23. The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of (i) strictly increasing,
3 cm^/s. Find the rate of increase of its surface area, (ii) strictly decreasing. Delhi 2014
when the radius is 2 cm. Delhi 2017
S 1233 CONCEPT
24. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at First, find the first derivative and put equal to zero, we
the rate of 2 cm/s. Find the rate at which its area
get different values of x and then divide the real line into
increases, when side is 10 cm long. disjoint intervals. Further, check sign off'(x) in a given
CBSE Sample Paper 2017, All India 2017 interval, if f'(x) > 0, then it is strictly increasing and if
f'{x) < 0, then it is strictly decreasing.
25. Show that the function /(x) = 4x ^ -18x^ + 27x - 7 is
always increasing on R. Delhi 2017
33 Find the intervals in which the function given by

4 Marks Questions -^3 -3x2 +

36x
+ 11 is
10 5 5

26. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of (i) strictly increasing,
8 cm^/s. How fast is the surface area increasing when (ii) strictly decreasing. All India 2014C

the length of its edge is 12 cm? All India 2019

34, Find the intervals in which the function
27. Find the intervals in which the function 3.4 -4x2
4
X
2 -5x^ +24x + 12is
/W = ^
— X
CBSE 20? 8 (i) strictly increasing,
(i) strictly increasing (ii) strictly decreasing. Foreign 20?4C

(ii) strictly decreasing. 35. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. Bottom of
ladder is pulled along the ground away from wall at
23. Find the intervals in which the function the rate of 2 m/s. Ho.w fast is the height on the wall
/(x) = -2x2 -9x^ -12x + lis CBSE 2018C decreasing, when the foot of ladder is 4 m away from
the wall? All India 2012
(i) Strictly increasing (ii) strictly decreasing.
29. Find the intervals in which the function ^lam CONCEPT
4 .
f(x) = -3 log (l + x) + 41og (2 + x)- is strictly First, draw a rough figure of a right angled triangle, then
2+x use Pythagoras theorem. Further, differentiate the
increasing or strictly decreasing. CBSE Samp/e Paper 20? 8 relation between sides with respect to t and simplify it.
 146 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2x
36, Show that y= log(l +x) - , ;c > -1 is an 43. Find the intervals in which the function
2 +x
f(x)=2x^ -9x^ +12A: + 15is
increasing function ofx, throughout its domain. (ii) decreasing
Foreign 2012
(i) increasing All India 201OC

37, Find the intervals in which the function given by 5 Marks Question
' f(x) = x^ -8x^ +22x^ -24x + 21is
44, The median of an equilateral triangle is increasing at
(i) increasing,
the rate ofl4l cm/s. Find the rate at which its side is
(ii) decreasing. All India 2012C
CBSE 2023
increasing.
38, Show that the function/(x) = x -3x +3x,xg^is
increasing on 7?. All India 2011C
6 Marks Questions
39 Find the intervals in which the function 45. Find the intervals in which the function
■/W = (x-l)^ (jr-2)-is /(x) = (x-l)^ (x-2)^ is
(i) increasing, (i) strictly increasing
(ii) decreasing. All India 2011C
(ii) strictly decreasing. Delhi 2020

4 sin 0
40. Find the intervals in which the function
46. Prove that y = - 0 is an increasing function
f{x) = lx^ +9x^ +12x+20is 2 + COS0
K
(i) increasing, in 0, — .
(ii) decreasing. Delhi 2011C [ 2J All India 2016, 2011

41. Find the intervals in which the function

lii^^CONCEPT
/(x) = 2x^-9x^+12x-15is
To prove that given function is increasing, prove that
(i) increasing, — >Oforall0.
(ii) decreasing. Delhi 2011C d0

42. Find the intervals in which the function 47. Find the intervals in which the function
/(x)=2x^ -15x^ +36X + 17 is increasing or /(x) = sin 3x - cos 3x, 0 < x < 7t, is strictly increasing or
decreasing. All India 201 OC strictly decreasing. De/h(2016

[Explanations]
o

ds
1 (a) Given, 7x-x^ = -6(5)(2) = -60
dt
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ds
= -60 units/sec
^ = 7-3x^ dt
dx
2 {b) Given, /(x) = 2x^ +9x^ +12x -1
Let 5 be the slope, then
dy /'(x) = 6x^ +18X + 12
s = = l-3x^
dx For /(x) to be decreasing, /' (x) < 0

Now,
ds
= —(7-3x^)
dx
= -6x — (6x^ +18x + 12)<0
dt dt dt
6(x^+3x+2)<0
dx
Since, it is given that = 2 units/sec and x = 5, (x + 2)(x + l)<0=> -2<x<-l
dt
Application of Derivatives 147

3. (c) Given, f{x) = a(jc -cos;c) /'{a:)=2x-4

/"(x) = a(l+sinA:) /(x) is strictly increasing function.

For /(jc) to be strictly decreasing , /'(.v)>0=>2x-4>0=> x>2

we have,/'(j:)<0 Hence, /(x) is strictly increasing, if x € (2, co).
=> (1 + sin x) < 0 9, Let r be the radius of the circle, A be the area and C
be the circumference at any time t.
a <0 [v0<l+sinx<2] ●
Then, A = nr~ and C =27C?-
4. (c) Given, function / (x) = x^ +3x
ciA
/'{x) = 3x- +3-3{x- +1) It is given that = 2 cm^/s
dt

Forx€/?,3(x" +l)>0,x^ +1>0 d

— {nr^) = 2
dt
=> f'{x)>Q\fxeR
=> / (x) is increasing m R. 2nr- ^=2
dt
5. (h) Given, /(x) =2x^ -3x^ -36x + 7 dr 1

/'{x)=6x^~6x-36 dt nr

f '(jc) = 6 (x - 3) (x + 2) Now, C = 2nr

On putting / '(x) = 0, so x = -2 and x = 3 dC dr

= 2tc —
dt dt
Plotting points on number line
\ \ 1
(+) -2 (-) 3 (+) =2n X —
nr

Here, / is strictly increasing in (-««, -2) and (3, ~). dC 2

/ is strictly decreasing in (-2, 3). dt r

( dC
6. {b) Given, /(x) = x + cos x + 6 - cm/s
Now, / '(x) = 1 - sin X =5 ^
Since, /(x) is strictly decreasing over R. ●JO. Let r be the radius, h be the height and V be the
/'(x)<0=» l-sinx<0 => sinx>l volume of the sand cone.
dv -j 1
Since, -1 <sinx <1 Given, — = 15 cm /m and h = -r
dt 3
Thus, sinx > 1 is not possible.
r = 3h and /? = 4cm
Thus, for no value of h, f (x) is strictly decreasing.
1
7. {d) Given, y = x^e~^ Volume of sand cone, ^ ^
-nr~h

dx -n{3h)'^h
3
= -n.y9h^
3
xh = 3nh^
dy On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
^--'(2x-x^)
dx dV dh
= 3tc x3/j^ ■ —= 9tc/i^
dy dt dt dt
On putting — =0, so x = 0, 2
dx
15 = 971(4)^ —
Plotting points on number line dt
\
H 0 (+) 2 (-) dh 15
— cm/min
dt 971X16 48jt
Here, _yis decreasing in the interval (-o®, 0) u (2, =«=).
8. (b) We have,/(x) = x^ - 4x + 6 Hence, the height of the sand cone is increasing at the

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

rate of — cm/min, when the height is 4 cm.
48tc
 148 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

11, Let a be the side of cube, s be the surface area and v be 31

6;; = -62=>y = --
volume of cube.
ds -31
Given, — -12 cm^/sec and u = 3 cm Required points are (4,11) and -4, — (1)
dt V 3
Surface area of cube =6a^
14. Given, 3>' = ax^ +1
ds da
- = \2a-
dt dt
and ^=2 — -.(ii)
dt dt
da 72 6
Now, from Eq. (i).
dt \2a a

Now, volume of cube, v = a^ 3 — = a (3x ) —

dt dt

On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get dx

da dv
3 2—
dt
=a{3x^)~ [using Eq. (ii)]
dt
= 3a^ - => —= 18a
dt dt a dt
2 — ax^
dv
= 18 x3 = 54 cm^/sec When x = \, then
{dt 1 a = l
f?(l)2=:2 => a=2 (I)
12. Let the required point be {x,
15. Let AB represent the height of the street light from the
Given, =8x ...(i) ground.
e

and dy _dx
...(ii)
dt dt
4 m
From Eq. (i), we have
dy dx
2y^=^ — (1)
dt dt X V
dx dx
2y — =% [using Eq. (ii)] At any time t s, let the man represented as ED of
dt dt
height 1.6 m be at a distance of x m from AB and the
2y = 8=>y = 4 length of his shadow EC be ym.
.'. From Eq. (i), (4)^ =8x From similarity of A45C and A£DC, we have
8x = 16 => x=2 4 x+ y
4y = 1.6x + 1.6y =5-2.4y = 1.6x
1.6 y
.'. Required point is (2, 4). (1)

13. Given,6y = x^ +2 3y = 2x ...(i) (1)

Now, differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. t,
6^ = 3x^ dx we get
dt dt

dy dx dy 2 ^ dx
— = -x0.3 — = 0.3 m/s
AlsOi given — = 8 — dt dt dt 3 dt
dt dt

dx dy
6 8- = 0.2
dt
dt) dt

48 = 3x^ =^x^ =16 =» x = ±4 At any time t s, the tip of his shadow is at a distance of
(1)
(x + y)mfrom AB.
When, x = 4, then 6y= (4)^ +2 The rate at which the tip of his shadow is moving
\
6y = 66=>y = ll dx dy
= (0.3 + 0.2) = 0.5m/s
and when x = - 4, then 6y = (-4) ^ + 2 dt dt
Application of Derivatives

The rate at which his shadow is lengthening n

J (a:) is strictly decreasing on 0, — . (1)
dy V 3 ^
— = 0.2 m/s
dt (1) Concept We know that a function /(x) is f
X
Enhancer
Given,/(a:) = xe said to be strictly increasing in an 'a
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
/ interval when/'(x) >0 and it is said to be strictly /
\ decreasing when/'(x) <0. \
f' (a:)-xe^ + e (jc +1)
For /(a:) to be increasing, we have 18. Given, /(A:) = |3 + -=i./'{Ac)
a: = i-^
i x‘^
/'(^) = e^{A: + l)>0 x ^ -9
a: > -1 as e > 0, V a: € /? rix)= (1)
3x-

Hence, the required interval, where / (x) increases is When A- e (-3,0) u (0,3)
[-1,00).
f'{x)<0
17. We have, /(x) = tan x - 4x f (●^) is decreasing function in (- 3,0) u (0,3). (i)
/"(x) = sec^ x-4 19. We have, f(x) = (x- l)e" +1
(i) For/(x) to be strictly increasing
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
r(x)>0 (1)
r(x) = (x~\)e^+e-^ (1)
l-4cos^ X
sec^ x-4>0=» 2
>0 f'{x)=xe^
COS X

For all X > 0 => /' (x) > 0

(1-2 cos x) (1 + 2 cos x)
>0
COS^ X /(x) is an increasing for all x > 0.
+ Hence proved. (1)

1 1 20. We have, C(x) = 0.005x^ -0.02x^ +30x + 5000

2 2

1 1 Clearly, the marginal cost, MC (x) = ~C (x)

COSXE dx
2’2
n K = —(0.005x^
dx
-0.02x^ +30x + 5000)
xe

= 0.005 X 3x^ - 0.02 X Zy + 30 + 0

/● r \ ■ ● 1 ● ● 7t 7t
= 0.015x^ -0.04X + 30
j (x) is stnctly increasing on y»y (1)

(ii) For /(x) to be strictly decreasing /' (x) < 0 Now, marginal cost when 3 units are produced
sec ^ X - 4 < 0
= MC(3) = 0.015(9)-0.04(3)+30
l-4cos^ X = 0.135-0.12 + 30 = 30.015 (1)
<0 (1)
COS^ X ■ Concept We know that, if C(x) represents r
C Enhancer the cost function for x units \
(1 - 2 COS x) (1 + 2 cos x)
<0
COS^ X produced, then marginal cost (MC) is given by *,

1
+

1
MC = ^{C(X)>
dx
2 2
dR
I 1 21- Marginal revenue (MR) = — (3x^+36x + 5)
COS X £ — oo CO dx dx
’ 2 2’
= 6x +36 (1)
7t 7t .●. Whenx = 5
X£ 0,— 0,-
Marginal revenue (MR) = 6 x 5 + 36 = 66 (1)
 150 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

22. Let r be the radius, V be the volume and S be the Whenr = 2, then
surface area of sphere. dS 6 . 2,
— = -=3cm /s
dV 3 dt 2 (1)
Then, we have = 8cm /s
dt
24. Let side of an equilateral triangle be x = 10 cm.
dS
To find , when /● = 12 cm dx
dt Given, — =2 cm/s ...(i)(l/2)
4 dt

Since, ^ = ^ Vs 2
dV 4 dr Area of an equilateral triangle (A) = (1/2)
= - Jt ● 3r^ ● — => 8 = 4tc X —
dt 3 dt dt
dr 2
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
— cm/s ...(i) (1) dx
dt Tir 2x
dt~ 4 dt
Now, S = 4nr^
VJ
[using Eq. (i)] (1)
dS
= — (47tr“) = 4te X 2r ■ — = Y(‘0){2)
dt dt dt
2
= 10V3 cm^/s (1/2)
= 87t/- X [using Eq. (i)]
25. Wehave, /{x) = 4x^ -18x^ +27x-7
16 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
r
/'(x) = 12x^ -36X+27
dS
16 = —4 cm 2;/s
— (1) /'(x) = 3(4x^ -12x + 9)
dt ^r = \2 12 3
f'(x) = H2x-3f (I)
23.
Let r be the radius of sphere and f^be its volume.
/'(x)>0
Then, =>Foranyxe7?,(2x-3)“ >0
3

dV Since, a perfect square number cannot be negative.

Given, = 3 cm ^ /s .'. Given, function /(x) is an increasing function
dt
on R. Hence proved. (l)
d (4
— Ttr^ = 3
dt\2 26. Let X be the length of an edge of the cube, Fbe the
volume and S be the surface area at any
time t. Then, V =x^ and 5 = 6x^. (1)

It is given that
{4%r^)^=l> dV d
dt = 8cm^/s —(x^) = 8
dt dt
dr 3
... (i) (1) 2 dx dx
dt 4Tur^ 3x (1)
dt dt 3x^
Now, let S be the surface area of sphere, then
S = 4TZr^
Now, 5 =6x^
dS dx dS 8
dS dr -\2x— ^ — = 12xx (1)
= 4jt (2r) dt dt dt 3x^
dt dt

dS ( 3
= 87t/' [using Eq. (i)] dt X
dt 47lr^
dS
dS 6 32 8
= - cm 2;/s (I)
12 3
dt r
Application of Derivatives 151

27. The nature of function in these intervals are given below

We have,
4
X Sign o(f{x)
-x^-5x?+24x+-12 Interval Nature of function
/'(^) = -6(j: + 2)(.v+1)

On differentiating both ^des w.r.t. x, we get (- -,-2) (-) (-) (-) = (-) < 0 Strictly decreasing

;/'(x) = x^-3x^-lOx + 24 .
(- 2,-1) {-)(+) (-) = (+)>o Strictly increasing
= (x-2) (x^-X-12)
{-1, (-)(+) (+)=(-)<o Strictly decreasing
= (x-2)(x^ -4x + 3x-12)
(1)
= (x-2){x(x-4) + 3(x-4)}
Hence, /(x) is strictly increasing in the interval
= (x-2)(x-4) (x + 3) (1) (- 2, -1) and /(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval
Now, put f' (x) = 0, which gives x = 2, 4 and -3. (- oo,-2)u(-1,°°). (I)
4
The points x = -3, x = 2 and x = 4 divide the whole real 29. We have, /(x) = -3 log (1 +x) + 4 log (2 +x) - 2 + x
line into four disjoint intervals namely.
(-co,-3), (-3,2), (2, 4), (4,00) (I)

(+) (+) On differentiating / (x) w.r.t. x, we get

<■
T T -3 4
-3 2 4 (1) r{x)^
1 + x 2 + x ' (2 + x)^
Note that
-3{2 + x)“ +4(l + x)(2 + x) + 4(l + x)
forx6(-oo,-3),/'(x)<0
(l + x)(2 + x)^
for X G (-3,2), f (x) > 0
forxe{2, 4),/'(x)<0
-3(4 + x^ + 4x) + 4(2 +2x + x +x^) + 4 + 4x
and forxG (4, °°),/'(x) >0 (1)
(l + x)(2 + x)'
/ (x) is strictly increasing in the intervals (-3,2) and -12-3x^ -12x + 4(2 + 3x + x^) + 4 + 4x
(4, «>), and strictly decreasing in the intervals (-<>=,-3) (l+x)(2+x)^
and (2, 4). (1) — 12 — 3x ^ — 12x + 8 + 12x + 4x ^ + 4 + 4x
28.
Given, (l + x){2+x)^
/(x) = -2x^ -9x^ -12x + l x^ +4x x(x + 4)
(1)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (l + x)(2 + x)“ (1 + x) (2 + x)"
//x) = -6x^-18x-12 (1) It is clear that domain of / = (-1, ©o)
/'(x) = -6(x^+3x + 2 ) x(x + 4)
Now, put/'(x) = 0 i.e. = 0
/ /x) = - 6 (x^ + 2x + X + 2 ) (l + x)(2 + x)^
= - 6 [x (x + 2 ) +1 (x + 2 )] i.e. x=0 [vx?i-4 as - 4g (-1, oo)] (1)

= -6 (x + 2 ) (x + 1) In interval (~1,0), the expression

Now, put/'(x) = 0 (1) {- ve) (+ ve)
/'(x) = = -ve
(+ ve) (+ ve)
=> -6{x + 2 )(x + l)=0
Hence, in the interval (-1,0), f is strictly decreasing.
=> x = -2,-l
Now, in interval (0, «), the expression
The points x = - 2 and x = - 1 divide the real line into
(+ ve) {+ ve)
their disjoint intervals {- <», -2), (-2,-1) and (-1, <«). f'{x) = -+ ve
(+ ve) (+ ve)
(-) (+) (-)
Hence, in the interval (0, ~), / is strictly increasing. (1)
-2 1
 152 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

30. Given that length jc of a rectangle is decreasing So, critical points are -1 and 1. (1)
at the rate of 5 cm/min. Here, f'{x) > 0, for > 1 or jt < -1; and f' (a:) < 0, for
dx
= - 5 cm/min -.(i)
dt
_3(;c^+x’+l) always positive Ml)
Also, the breadth y of rectangle is increasing at the
< .
4
X
rate of 4 cm/min.

dy Hence, /(x) is strictly increasing for x > 1

— = 4 cm/min ...(ii) (1/2)
dt or a: < -1; and strictly decreasing for (-1,0) u (0,1) (l)
(i) Here, we have to find rate of change of perimeter, 32. Given function is
i.e. dPIdt (1) f{x)^^x^-Ax^-\2x^+5
and we know that perimeter, P -l{x + y)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
dP ^(dx dy\ f'{x) = \2x^ ~\2x'^ -2^x (I)
dt dt dt
For strictly increasing or strictly decreasing, put
dP /'(:r) = 0, we get
-2 (-5+ 4) [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
dt \2x^ -\2x^ -2Ax = Q
=2 (-1) =-2 cm/min
\2x{x^ -x-2 )=0
® Hence, the perimeter of rectangle is decreasing at
the rate 2 cm/min. (1) \2x[x'^ -2x+x-2] = {}
I2x(x + \){x~2) = 0
(ii) Here, we have to find rate of change of area —.
dt jc = 0, -1 or 2 (1)

We know that area of rectangle, A=xy Now, we find intervals in which /(a:) is strictly
icreasing or strictly decreasing.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get f'(x)
dA dy dx Interval = 12.x(Ar+1) (.r-2) Sign of/'(x)
— ~x 1- y —
dt dt ^ dt
AT< - 1 {-) (-) (-) -ve
[using product rule of derivative] (1/2)
-1< x< 0 (-){+)(-) + ve
Now, we have x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm
0<.r<2 (+)(+)(-) - ve
dx dy
= -5cm/min and— = 4cm/min x>2 (+)(+){+) + ve
dt dt
dA (1)
= (8x4) + [6x(-5)] = 32-30
dt We know that a function /(x) is said to be strictly
dA increasing , if /' (x) > 0 and it is said to be strictly
= 2 cm/min
dt decreasing , if f' (x) < 0. So, the given function /(x) is
(i) strictly increasing on the intervals (-1,0) and (2, o<>),
Hence, the area of rectangle is increasing at the rate
2 cm/min. (I)
(ii) strictly decreasing on the intervals (-«>, -1) and
1
(0,2). (l)
31 ■ Given, / (x) = x^ + [^^0] 33. Do same as Q. No. 32.
x'
Ans. (i) Strictly increasing in (-2,1) and (3, °®).
3(x^-l)
Then, /'(x) = 3x^ -3x = 4 (ii) Strictly decreasing in (-<», - 2) and (1,3).
X

34. Do same as Q. No. 32.

3(x^ +x^ +1)
4 (x + l)(x-l) (1) Ans. (i) Strictly increasing in (-3,0) and (5, ®o).
X

On putting /' (x) = 0 => x = -1, +1 (ii) Strictly decreasing in (-o®, - 3) and (0,5).
Application of Derivatives

2x
35. Let AC be the ladder, BC = x and height of the wall, 36. Given, function is y= log (1 +x) 2 +x
AB = y. A
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1 {2 + x)-2-2x-\
5 m
(1)- (1)
dx 1 +
{2 + x)2
B *- C [by using quotient rule of derivative]
1
4 + 2x -Zr _ (2 +A-)" -4(1 +.y)
As the ladder is pulled along the ground away from \+x
the wall at the rate of 2 m /s. (2 + x)- (1 +x) (2 + x)"
2
dx 4 + x~ +4x-4-4x X

So, — = 2 m /s
dt (1+x)(2 + y)^ (l+x)(2+x)^
dy ...(i) (VA)
To find when X = 4. (1)
dt'
Now,x and(2 + x) are always positive, also 1+x >0
In right angled AABC, by Pythagoras theorem, we get for X > -1. (1/2)

{ABf +iBCf=(ACf =>x-+y^ =25 ,..(i) dy

From Eq. (i), — >0forx>-l.
dx
{4f + y^=25 => 16 + /=25 Hence, the function increases forx > -1. (1)
y~ =9^ y = 49 37. Given, function is
[taking positive square root] /(.r) = x^ -8x^ +2Zv^ -24X + 21
v =3 (1)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. t,
/'(x) = 4x^ -24x- +44X-24
we get
dx dy = 4(x^ -6x^ +11 x-6)
2x + 2y— = 0
dt dt
= 4{x-l)(x^ -5x + 6)
dx dy
X— + y—=0 ●●●(ii) = 4(x-l)(x-2 )(x-3) (1)
dt ^ dt
On putting /'(x) = 0
[dividing both sides by 2]
=> 4(x-l){x-2 )(x-3) = 0 => x = l,2,3
dx
On substituting the values ofx, yand —
dt
in Eq. (ii), So, the possible intervals are (^, 1), (1,2 ), (2,3 )
and (3, o°). (1)
we get
For interval (-«>, 1), /'(x) <0
dy
(4x2 ) + 3x^=0 For interval (1,2),/ '(x) > 0
dt

dy For interval (2, 3 ), / '(.^) < 0

8 + 3x^=0 (1)
dt For interval (3, <«), f'{x) >0.
dy Also, as /(x) is a polynomial function, so it is
m /s
dt 3 continuousat x = 1,2,3. Hence,
(i) function increases in [1, 2] and [3, °o). (1)
Hence, the height of the wall is decreasing at the rate
(ii) function decreases in (- 1 ] and [2, 3J. (1)
of- m /s. (1)
3
Common Incorrect identification of intervals
NOTE In a rate of change of a quantity, +ve sign shows that it is increasing Mistakes after obtaining the critical points. So
and - ve sign shows that it is decreasing. find the correct intervals for finding the value of /'(x).
154 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

38. We know that a continuous function y=f{x) is said We know that a function /(;c) is said to be an strictly
dy increasing function, if f\x) > 0 and strictly
to be increasing on R, if >0,Vjce7?. (I) decreasing, if /'(jc) <0.
dx

Given, _y = jc^ -3x^ +3jc So, the given function /(jc) is increasing on the
8
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get intervals (- oo
1) 1, - and (2, =«) and decreasing on
\ 5/
6x + 3
dx
5’^ (1)

dy
dx
= 3(jc^ -2jc + 1) Since, /(jc) is a polynomial function, so it is
8
dy continuous at jc = 1, -,2. Hence,/(jc) is
= 3{x-\f (1)
dx

Now, 3 (x -1 )^ > 0 for all real values of x, (i) increasing on intervals —OO
, 5 and [2,
i.e. Vxe/?,
dy 8
^>0, Vx£i? (ii) decreasing on interval 2 . (1)
dx

Hence, the given function is increasing on R. NOTE Every strictly increasing (strictly decreasing) function is increasing
Hence proved. (2) (decreasing) but converse need not be true.
40. Given, function is
39. Given,/(x) = (x-l)^ (^-2)^
/(x) = lc^ +9x^ +12X + 20
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f’(,x) = (x-y-^(x-2 f+(x-2 f-^(x-y
dx dx /^(x) = 6xH18x + 12
Put /'(x) = 0, we get
v/(«v) =
dv du
u f-V—
dx dx dx 6x^+18x + 12=0

=> /'(x) = (x-l)^ -2(x-2 ) + (x-2 )^ -3(x-l)^ 6(x^ +3x + 2 )=0

= (x-l)^ (x-2 )[2(x-l)+3(x-2 )] 6(x + l)(x + 2 )=0
= (x-l)^ (x-2 )(2x-2 + 3x-6) (x +1) (x + 2 ) = 0
x + l=0 or x+2 = 0
=>r(^) = (:^-I)'(^-2)(5x-8)
x = -2,-l (1)
Now, put//x)==0=>(x-l)^ (x-2)(5x-8)=0 Now, we find intervals and check in which interval
Either(x-1)^=0orx-2 = 0 or5x-8 = 0 /(x) is strictly increasing and strictly decreasing.
Interval f\x) = 6(x + i)ix+2) Sign of f'{x)
x = l,-,2 (1)
5
x<~2 (+)(-)(-) +ve

Now, we find intervals and check in which interval -2<jc<-l (+)(-)(+) -ve

f (x) is strictly increasing and strictly decreasing. jr> - 1 (+)(+)(+) +ve

/'(X) Sign of
Interval
(1)
= (x-l)^(x-2)(5x-8) fix)
We know that a function / (x) is said to be an strictly
:t< 1 (+)(-)(-) +ve
increasing function, if / '(x) > 0 and strictly
[<x< — (+)(-)(-)
5
+ve
decreasing, if / '(x) < 0. So, given function is
- < ,r< 2 (+)(-)(+) -ve
increasing on intervals ) and (-1, ~) and
5
x>2 (+)(+)(+) +ve decreasing on interval (-2, -1). (1)
(1)
Application of Derivatives <T55^

Since, /(x) is a polynomial function, so it is Vs dx

continuous at x = -1, - 2.
^=2V3
2 dt
Hence, given function is dx
— = 4 cm/s
(i) increasing on intervals (-°o, - 2] and [-1, oo). dt
(ii) decreasing on interval [-2, -1 ]. (1)
45. Given, function is/(x)=^(x-l)^{x-2)^.
W Common Incorrectsign of/'(x)to identify the On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
r. Mistakes increasing/decreasing functions. So
find the correct sign of f'(x) in the interval before
/'(x)=3(x-l)^(x-2)^ +2(x-2)(x-l)^
deciding the nature of function. = (x-l)'(x-2)[3(x-2) + 2(x-l)]
41. Do same as Q. No. 40. = (x~l)^(x-2)[5x-8] (2)

Ans. (i) The function increasing on intervals + +

+
+ +

(- oo, 1 ] and [2, ).

0 1 8/5 2
(ii) The function decreasing on interval [1,2].
+ + + +

42. Do same as Q. No. 40. Sign scheme

+

+
+
+
+

Ans. The function increasing on (-oo,2] and [3, =») and of f{x)
1 8/5 2 (2)
decreasing on [2, 3].
(i) For strictly increasing/'(x) >0.
43. Do same as Q. No. 40.
We get positive /' (x) in the interval
Ans. (i) The function increasing on (- o®, 1 ] 83
and [2, °o).
—OO
u(2,-).
^ y
(ii) The function decreasing on [1,2].
(ii) For strictly decreasing / '(x) < 0, we get
44. Let the side of an equilateral triangle ABC be x cm, (8
then the median of AT5C, negative f'{x) in the interval 2
(2)
4 sine
46. Given, function is v = -0 ...(i)
2 + cos 6

We know that a function y = f (x) is said to be an

dv
increasing function, if —- >0, for all values ofx.
dx (1/2)

On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. 0,

we get

AD=4aB~ -BD- (2 + cos0)x -“ (4sin0)

dQ

7^ _ r 3 2 ^71
=:>AD=^X^ 2) =r 4 V4^ 2
X
dy
-4sin 0 X —- (2 +cos0)
dQ
-^-1 (1)
dQ (2 + cos0)^
d
^-(AD) = -
d(^ V3 dx
[using quotient rule of derivative]
|2
X
dt 2 dt

(2 + COS0) (4cos0)-4sin0(O-sin 0) -1
Also, —(ylD)
dt
= 2^ [given] (2+cos0)^
156 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

8 cos 0 + 4 cos^ 6 + 4 sin ^ 0

4 - cos 0 > 0, V 0 G 0, — (1/2)
-(2+cos0)^ I 2
Thus, we conclude that
(2+cos0)^ cos 0 (4-cos 0)
>av
8cos0 + 4(cos^ 0 + sin^ 0) (2+cos0)^
- (4 + cos ^0 + 4 cos 0)
K dy 7C
0€ 0,- >O,V06 0,-
(1) 1) ciQ 2)
(2 + cos0)^ (1/2)
71
[v (a + b)^ =a~ +b^ +lab'\ y is an increasing function in 0, —
’2
8 cos 0 + 4 - 4 - cos ^0-4 cos 0
Hence proved, (l)
(2 + cos0)^ 47. Given, /(jc) = sin 3x - cos 3x, 0 <x < 7i
[v sin^0+cos^0 = l]
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
4cos0-cos^ 0 COS0 (4-COS0) /'(j:) = 3cos3;c + 3sin3x (1)
(2+cos0)^ (2 + cos0)^ (1) On putting / '(jc) = 0, we get
r 7t ^ T sin3x = -cos3A: => tan3jr = -l
Now, ascos0 >0, V0 € 0,— and (2 +cos 0)" being a
2J 37t 7ti IItt
3x =
/ ^' T’T’^
perfect square is always positive for all 0 g 0, —
’2 (1/2) [●.' tan0 is negative in II and IV quadrants]
7C 7C 7?t II71
Also, for 0G 0,— , we know that 0 < cos 0 < 1. jc = — (1)
2J 4’T2’’”i2

Now, we find intervals and check in which intervals /(a:) is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
Interval Test value /'(at) =3(cos 3a: + sin 3a:) Sign of f'(x)
n n
0<x < — Atx = — n
+ ve
4 6 3 cos—+ sin— =3 (0+1) =3
2 2)
n 7k K
— <x< — Atx= — 3 (cos Jt + sin n) = 3 (-1 + 0) = - 3 - ve
4 12 3

7jl liTt 3tc

At.t=—
,
3
9n . 9n
cos — + sin — 3 ‘ +-L1 = 3V2 + ve
— < jr<
12 12 4
4 4 ) lV2
llJt
<X< K At a: =
22 n
3 cos 23n .
+ sin — K
23 'l -ve
12 24 8 8

K K
= 3 cos 3jt-— + sin 3ti- = 3 -cos—+ sin —
/_
7C
= 3 sin cos < 0

(2)
7C 7tc llTC 7t
Here, we see that / "(a:) > 0, for 0 < a: < and <x< so/(at) is strictly increasing in the intervals 0,— and
4 12 12 ’ ’4
In 1 l7t

12 ’l2~
7t 771 . 1 l7t
While, / '(a:) <0 in — <a: < and <x< n.
4 12 12 (1)
llTt
So, /(a:) is strictly decreasing in the intervals and
12
(1)
TOPIC 2
Maxima and Minima

Maximum and 2. Every continuous function on a closed interval has a

Minimum Value maximum and a minimum value.

3. Let / be a function defined on an open interval 7.
Let / be a function define on an interval 7. Then, Suppose, CG 7 is any point. If / has a local maxima or
1. / is said to have a maximum value in 7, if there a local minima at a: = c, then either / '(c) = 0 or / is
non-differentiable at c.
exists a point c in 7 such that /(c) > /(x), V x g 7. The
number /(c) is called the maximum value of / in 7 4. Critical Point A point c in the domain of a function/
and the point c is called a point of maximum value at which cither /'(c) = 0 or / is non- differentiable, is
of / in 7. called a critical point of /.
2. / is said to have a minimum value in 7, if there
exists a point c in 7 such that /(c) < /(x), Vx g 7. First Derivative Test
The number /(c) is called the minimum value of / in
Let / be a function defined on an open interval 7 and/ be
7 and the point c is called a point of minimum value
of / in 7. continuous at a critical point c in 7.
Then,
3. /is said to have an extreme value in I, if there exists
a point c in 7 such that/c) is either a maximum value 1. if f'(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x

or a minimum value of/in 7. The number/(c) is increases through c, then c is a point of local
maxima.
called an extreme value of/in 7 and the point c is
called an extreme point. 2. if /'(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x
increases through c, then c is a point of local minima.
Local Maxima and Local Minima 3. if /'(x) does not change sign as x increases through c,
1. A point a in the interior of the domain of /, is called then c is neither a point of local maxima nor a point
local maxima, if there exists 5 > 0 such that of local minima. Such a point is called a point of
f{x) < f{a), VxG (a -6, a-t-6). Here, /(n) is called inflection.
the local maximum value of /(x) at the point x = a.
2. A point a in the interior of the domain of /, is called Second Derivative Test
local minima, if there exists a 5 > 0 such that
/(x) >/{a), VxG (a-5, a-f-6). Here, /(a) is called Let/(x)be a function defined on an interval 7and cel.
the local minimum value of /(x) at the point x = a. Let/ be twice differentiable at c. Then,
1. x = cis a point of local maxima, iff'{c) =0and
Some Important Points
1. The points at which a function changes its nature, 2. X = cis a point of local minima, if /'(c) = 0 and
from decreasing to increasing or vice-versa, are called /"(c) >0.
turning points. 3. the test fails, if / '(c) = 0 and / "(c) = 0.
NOTE (i) Through the graphs, we can even find maximum/minimum NOTE (i) if the test fails, then we go back to the first derivative test
value of a function at a point at which it is not even and find whether c is a point of local maxima, local minima
differentiable,
ora point of inflection,
(ii) Every monotonic function assumes its maximum/minimum (ii) If we say that f is twice differentiable at a, then it means
value at the end points of the domain of definition of the second order derivative exist at a.
function.
 158 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Maximum and Minimum Value Working Rule for Finding

Absolute Maximo and Absolute Minima
of Function in a Closed Interval
Step I Find all the critical points of/ in the given interval.
If a function /(x) is continuous on a closed interval [ a, b\
then it attains the maximum value (minimum value) which Step II At all these points and at the end points of the
is called the absolute maximum value or global maximum interval, calculate the values of /.
(absolute minimum value or global minimum), at critical Step III Identify the maximum and minimum values of /
points or at the end points of the interval [a, b\
out of the values calculated in Step II.
Let / be a continuous function on a closed interval The maximum value will be the absolute maximum value
/ = [a, i>]. Then,/ has the absolute maximum value and/
of f and the minimum value will be the absolute minimum
attains it atleast once in 1. Also,/ has the absolute
minimum value and attains it atleast once in I. value of /.

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions Assertion-Reason

Multiple Choice Questions 6. Let j\x) be a polynomial function of degree 6 such

X 2
1. The function /(x) = — + — has a local minima at x that~[/(x)]
dx
= (.v-l)^ (x-3)^,then
2 X
equal to CBSE 2024
Assertion (A) /(x) has a minimum at x = 1.
(a) 2 (b)l (c)0 (d)-2
2. A function / :/?—>/? is defined as/(x) = x^ +1. Reason (R) When — (/(x)) < 0, V x e (a - /i, a) and
dx
Then, the function has CBSE 2022 (Term I) d
— [f (-’t^)] >0, Vx€(a, a +/?); where V?’ is an
(a) no minimum value dx
(b) no maximum value infinitesimally small positive quantity, then /(x) has a
(c) both maximum and minimum values minimum atx = a, provided /(x) is continuous at
(d) neither maximum nor minimum value X = a. CBSE Sample Paper 2023
3. The area of a trapezium is defined by function / and (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A),
given by /(x) = (10 + x)^|\Q0-x^, then the area when (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
it is maximised is CBSE 2022 (Term I)
explanation of (A),
(a) 75 cm^ (b) 7-JS cm^ (c) (A) is true and (R) is false,
(c) 75^/3 cm^ (d) 5 cm^ (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. The least value of the function /(x) = 2cosx +x in the
Very Short Questions
n
closed interval 0, — Ii S 7. Find the maximum and minimum values of the
CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term 1)
function given by /(x) = 5 + sin 2x. CBSE 2023

(a) 2 (b)?6 +V3 1

8. lf/(x) = , X G R, then find the maximum
(d) the least value does not exist 4x^ +2x + l
value of/(x). CBSE Sample Paper 2023
5. The maximum value of [x(x -1) +1]^, 0 <x < 1 is 9. Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if
CBSE Sample paper 2022 (Term I) the profit function is given by P{x) = 72 + 42x -x^,
1 where x is the number of units and P is the profit in
(a)0 (b)- (c) 1
rupees. CBSE Sample Paper 2023
Application of Derivatives

10. Check whether the function / : 7? —> 7? defined by 18. Prove that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume
27?
/(a:) = a:^ +x, has any critical point/s or not? that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 7? is -p ●
V3
If yes, then find the point/s. C6SE Sample Paper 2023
Also, find the maximum volume.
All India 2019, 2014, 2012C, 2011; Delhi 2013
11. Find the least value of the function
19. Find the point on the curve = 4x, which is nearest to
/(jc) = ax + — {u >0, >0,;c>0).
X All India 2020 the point (2, - 8). All India 2019

20. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of

4 Marks Questions maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
12. Sum of two numbers is 5. If the sum of the cubes of 4r
radius r is —. Also, find the maximum volume in terms
these numbers is least, then find the sum of the 3
squares of these numbers. CBSE 2023
of volume of the sphere. Delhi 2019, 2016

13. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides Or

is to be constructed from a metal sheet so as to hold
a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of
maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
material will be least when depth of the tank is half 4r
of its width. If the cost is to be borne by nearby radius r is —. Also, show that the maximum volume of
settled lower income families, for whom water will 3
g
be provided. CBSE 2018; All India 2010 C
the cone is — of the volume of the sphere.
27 All India 2014
14. A person wants to plant some trees in his
community park. The local nursery has to perform 21. A window is of the form of a semi-circle with a rectangle
this task. It charges the cost of planting trees by the on its diameter. The total perimeter of the window is 10
formulaC(x) = x^ -45x^ +600x, wherexis the m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit
number of trees and C(x) is the cost of planting x maximum light through the whole opening.
trees (in ?). The local authority has imposed a CBSE 2018 C; All India 2017,2011; Foreign 2014
restriction that it can plant 10 to 20 trees in one Or
community park for a fair distribution. For how
many trees should the person place the order so that A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a

he has to spend the least amount? How much is the semicircular opening. The total perimeter of the window
least amount? Use calculus to answer these is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit
questions. Which value is being exhibited by the maximum light through the whole opening. All India 207 7
person? CBSE Sample Paper 2018
22. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square
base and given volume is minimum, when it is a cube.
6 Marks Questions All India 2017
2
15. Find the minimum value of (ax + by), where xy=c .
AB is the diameter of a circle and C is any point on the
23.
All India 2020; Foreign 2075 circle. Show that the area of A/I5C is maximum, when it
16. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 is an isosceles triangle. AH India 2017,2014C

cm which will sweep out a volume as large as

24. If the sum of length of the hypotenuse and a side of a
possible, when revolved about one of its side. Also,
find the maximum volume. Oe/hi 2020 right angled triangle is given, show that the area of the
● ^
triangle is maximum, when the angle between them is
17. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides,
open at the top is to be constructed, so that its depth Delhi 20 7 7; All India 20 7 4
is 2 m and volume is 8 m^. If building of tank cost 25. A metal box with a square base and vertical sides is to
? 70 per sq m for the base and ? 45 per sq m for contain 1024 cmThe material for the top and bottom
sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank?
Delhi 2019
costs ? 5 per cm^ and the material for the sides costs
?2.50 per cm^. Find the least cost of the box. Delhi 2017
 160 Chap+erwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

26. Find the shortest distance between the line a; - v +1 = 0 35. Prove that the semi-vertical angle of the right circular
and the curve = x. cone of given volume and least curved surface area is
CBSE Sample Paper 2017
cot"' ^/2. Delhi 2014
27. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the
maximun^volume and of given slant height is 36. Of all the closed right circular cylindrical cans of
-1
cos
All India 2016; Delhi 2014 volume I28tc cm', find the dimensions of the can
which has minimum surface area. Delhi 2014
28. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle
in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed, is 6^l3r. 37. Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is open
All India 2016 at the top has minimum total surface area, when its
height is equal to the radius of its base.
29. The sum of the surface areas of a cuboid with sides x,
Foreign 2014; Delhi 2011C
X
2x and - and a sphere is given to be constant. Prove
38. Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be
that the sum of their volumes is minimum, if x is equal inscribed in an ellipse
to three times the radius of sphere. Also, find the 2
. T
2

minimum value of the sum of their volumes. = 1.

All India 2013
Foreign 2016

Or The sum of surface areas of a sphere and a cuboid with 39. Show that the height of a closed right circular cylinder
of given surface and maximum volume is equal to
X
sides —, a: and 2x, is constant. Show that the sum of
diameter of base. Delhi 2012

their volumes is minimum, if a: is equal to three times

the radius of sphere. 40. Prove that radius of right circular cylinder of greatest
curved surface area which can be inscribed in a given
30. Find the local maxima and local minima of the cone is half of that of the cone. All India 2012
function f(x) = sin x - cos a:, 0 < x < 2n. Also, find the
local maximum and local minimum values. Delhi 2015 41. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a
given quantity of cardboard of area sq units. Show
31. Find the coordinates of a point on the parabola
y = x^ +7x + 2 which is closest to the straight line that the maximum volume of box is
6VJ
cu units.
All India 2012
y = 3x-3. Foreign 2015
42. Prove that the area of a right angled triangle of given
32. A point on the hypotenuse of a irght triangle is at hypotenuse is maximum, when the triangle is
distances a and b from the sides of the triangle. Show isosceles. Delhi 2012C
thatirithe minimum length of the hypotenuse is
- -^^2/3)3/2_ Delhi 2015C 43. Show that the right circular cone of least curved
33. If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than surface and given volume has an altitude equal to ^/2
times the radius of the base. Delhi 2011
the base are each equal to 10 cm, then find the area of
the trapezium, when it is maximum.
44. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by
All India 2014C, 2010; Delh/20I3C
an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the window
34. Find the point P on the curve = 4ax, which is is 12 m, then find the dimensions of the rectangle that
nearest to the point (1 la, 0). All India 2014C will produce the largest area of the window. Delhi 20l l
 [^Explanations]
1. (a) Given, f(x) = — + — =J> Z' = -4(a: + 10)(x^+5x-50)
2 X
dZ
Putting =0
Then, /' (x) = ]--^
^ X
dx

-4(^ + IO)[x^ +5x + 50] = 0

For extremum, on putting /' (x) =0
X = -10 and X = 5
1 2 2 1
Since, x is length, it cannot be negative.
2"x^^ x^’2
x = 5
X 2=4 => x==±2
Now, T = (x + l0)Vl00-x^
Also, /"w = 4 X = (5 + 10) Vi 00-(5)^
1
Atx=2,/"(2) = - = ->0 = 15x573 = 75^3 cm^
8 2
4. (c) Given,/(x) = 2cosx+ x
4 -1
and at X = -2,/"(-2) = —= — <0
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
-8 2
/'(x) = -2sinx + l
X = 2 is the point of minima.
Put /' (x) = 0 => - 2 sin X +1 = 0
2. (tf) Given,/{x) = x^+1 1
sm X =
/^{^)=3x' 2

Putting/"(x) = 0, 3x^ =0 7T n
<<
X = — VX6 0, - (given)
x =0 6

/-(x) = 6x = 0 /(0) = 2cos0 + 0=2

As f"{x) is equal to 0, therefore the function is 73 71 7C /r
●●● /- =2cos —+ ~ = 2x +— = — + 73
neither maximum nor minimum value. - U 6 6 2 6 6

3. (c) Given, /(x) = (10 + x) VlOO-x^ n 7t 7C

/ — =2cos —+ —= 2(0) + —=—
Since, A has a square root. V2 J 2 2 ' ' 2 2
Let Z = [f{x)f = (x +10)‘ (100 - x^),
where/'(x) =0, there z’{x) =0
Clearly, least value of /(x) is -j.
1/3
5. (c) Let y = [x(x-l) + l]
2 = {x+10)^(100-x^)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
-2/3
dZ
dx ^[(x + 10)2(100-x")]
dx
dx 3
(2x~l)

dy
=> Z' = [2{x + 10)(100-x^)-2x(x + 10)-] For maxima or minima, put — = 0
dx
=> Z'’ = 2(x + 10)[100-x^ -x(x + 10)] 1 (2^-1) 1
= 0=> x = -
2/3
=> r = 2(x + 10)[100-x^-x^-lOx] 3 (x^ - x + 1) 2
162 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1/3 3 71
Now, /(0) = (1) = 1
.\x = — is the point of minima. (1/2)
-il/3
1 1 n 3 y/3
^2 J =
+ 1 71 7C
21, 2 <4^ Maximumvalue of /"(x) at x = — is 5 + sin 2 x —
4 I, 4
1/3
and /(1) = (1) = 1
7t 'l
= 5 + sm — =5 + 1= 6
Clearly, the maximum value is 1. 2)

6. (a) Given, ^ [f (x)] = (x -1)^ {x - 3) ^

ax and minimum value of/(x) at x = —
37t

d
3n 3tc
Putting —/(x)=0 is 5 +sin 2x = 5 + sin
7C
= 5-sin — = 5-1 = 4
dx
4 ) 2 2
(1/2)
(x-1)^ (x-3)^=0 Alternate Method
X = 1 and X = 3
We know that
Assertion is true.
-I<sin2x<l

● 4:L/'W]<0,Vxg(1-/7,1)
dx
= -l + 5<5+sin2x<l + 5

= 4</(x)<6 (1)
and -[/(x)]>0, VxGai + /z) 1
dx 8. Given, /(x) =
4x^ +2x + l
/ (x) has a minimum at x = 1
Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
the correct explanation of Assertion. Q-l(8x + 2)
/'W- ...(i)
7. Given, /(x) = 5 +sin2x (4x^ +2x + l)^ (1/2)

/'(x) = 2cos2x For maxima or minima, we put

/"{x) = -4sin2x r(x) = 0
For maxima or minima, put /' (x) = 0 8x +2 = 0

2cos2x = 0 1
x = -
7C 3ti 4
cos 2x = 0 = cos — or cos
2 2 Again, differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
7t
2x = -
37T
=> X- —
7C 3tc -8(4x^+2x + l)H(8x + 2)x2
2’T 4’ 4
(4x^+2x + l) (8x+2)
7C 7t f"{x) =
Now, f" - = ~4sin 2x — (4x^ +2X + 1)'' (1/2)
u 4j
-1 -1
7C Atx = — f — <0
= -4sin—= -4<0 4 {4
2
-1
7C
f (x) is maximum at x =
So, X = — is point of maxima.

3tu 37t 37t

.'. Maximum value of /(x) is
//

and / = -4sin 2x = -4sin -1 I 4

4; V 4 ) 2

7C 71
V ^ /
4
-1 \2
+ 2
-1
+ 1
i,l = 3
4 2
= -4sin 2ti =4sin —= 4>0
2) 2 I 4 y 4;
Application of Derivatives

9. Given, P(a:) = 72+ 42x-x^ 12. Let one number be x, then the other number will be
(5-x).
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Let the sum of the cubes of these number be S.
P'{x)==42-2x
3

For maximum profit, we put P' (x) = 0 5=x^+(5-x)

42-2x = 0 dS
= 3x^ +3(5-x)"(-l)
dx
X = 21
dS
/. The maximum value of /’(x) is at x = 21
dx
= 3x^-3(5-x)^
P(21) = 72 + 42(2l)-(21)^
d^S d^S
= 72 + 882-441 = 513 = 6x + 6 (5 - x) =5- = 30 (2)
dx^ dx^
Thus, the maximum profit is ? 513. (1) dS
For minimum, put =0
10. Given,/(x) = x^ +x, Vxei? dx

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 3x^-3{5-x)^=0

y"(x)=3x^ +1 x^-(25+x^-10x)=0
x^ >0, VxG./? x^ -25-x^ +10x = 0
f' (●^) can never be zero or undefined, V x e 7?. =5> 10x = 25
5
x = (1)
Hence, no critical point exists. 0) 2

11. We have, /(x) = <3X + — (a > 0, > 0, x > 0) * 5 d^S = 30>0

X
^‘" = 2’^
b , , 2h
f'(x) = a- — and/ (x) = —
X: X At X = -, 5 is the minimum.
2
For maxima and minima of f (x), 5 5.55
.'. Numbers are 5 — i.e. - -
/'U) = 0 2 2 2’2

a
+« .-. The sum of squares of these numbers is -
\2/
+
5

UJ

a (1)
4 4 “ 4 “ 2
b
X =
a
[vx>0(given)] (1/2) 13. Let X be the length of a side of square base and y be
3/2
the length of vertical side. Also, let V be the given
/ /
h 2b 2a
quantity of water.
Again, / >0
a 4i
\a )
[v a >0, 6>0]
\b~
So, /(x) has least value at x =, —
\a
X

h b
- fl, — +
a a b
a Then, V = x'^y ...(i)

= = 2-n/^ (1/2) [●-● volume of cuboid = LxB x //]

 164 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Clearly, the surface area, S = 4xy + x^ For maximum, put x -10

= 4x-
V C{10) = (10)^ -45(10)^ +600(10)
[using Eq. (i)]
X = 1000 - 4500 + 6000 = 2500
4K
+ x^ For minimum, put x = 20
5(x) = (1)
X
C(20) = (20)^ -45(20)^ +600(20)
Now, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get = 8000 -18000 +12000 = 2000
-4V ^
...(ii) (1/2) Hence, person must place the order for 20 trees and
the least amount to be spent is equal to ? 2000. (1)
On putting 5" (x) = 0, we get
-4V -4F
Value The person cares for a healthy environment
2—I- 2x = 0 ^ x' = -Zx despite being economically constrained. (1)
X

1
15. Let /(x) = ax + by, whose minimum value is required.
X
^ =2V^ x = {2V)^ (1/2) hc^ 2
2

Then, / (x) = ax + XV = C => y = -

Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x,
X X

we get
8F
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. .t, we get
5" (x) = —+ 2 bc^
X
f'ix)^a X
^ (1)
8K
and S"{{2Vf^] = 2V +2=4+2=6>0
For maximum or minimum value of /(x), put
1 r(x)=o
5(x) is minimum whenx = (2F)3 bc^ bc^
a -
r=o^ a =
2
From Eq. (i), we get X X

X
2 bc^
= —
b
=> x = ±J— c (1)
V 2 X
a a

[vx'=2F] 2bc^
X x^ 2
Now, /"(x)=0 + —
x^
Thus, the cost of material will be least when depth of
the tank is half of its width. Hence proved. (2) 2bc^
Atx = + -c,/"W = - \3
= +ve
a
14. The cost of planting trees is given by b
- c

C(x) = x^-45x^+600x ...(i) a

where, 10 <x <20. fb

Hence, /(x) has minimum value at x = ,-c. (1)
Let us assume that the function C(x) is continuous in V a
the interval [10, 20]. (1)
2bc^
Atx = -a/ (x) =
Now, on differentiating Eq. (i) w.r. t. x, we get a
= -ve

b
C'(x)=3x^ -90x + 600 = 3(x^ -30x + 200) .... ^
a

= 3(x“ -20x-10x + 200)

= 3[x(x-20)-10(x-20)] Hence, /(x) has maximum value at x = - (1)
Va^-
=> C'(x) = 3 (x -20) (x -10)
b . c'
2
C a
WeknowthatC'(x) = 0atx = 10 or x=20 (1) When X - — c, then y = — / n- \
— c (1)
a X
b b
Thus, the maximum or the minimum value will occur
at the points. V
Application of Derivatives <165)

= 2 (length + breadth) x height

Minimum value of /(a:) = a
a
= 2 (x + y) x2 = 4 (x + y)
= -c+4^-c Total cost, H = lQxxy+ 45x4 {x + y)
- 24ah ■ c (1) H = lOxy +180 (x + y) ...(i) (1)
16. Here, ABCD is a rectangle with length AD = vcm and Also, volume of tank = 8 m ^
breadth =;ccm
4
/A y D => lxbxh = H=^xx yx2 = S=> y = - ...(ii) (1/2)
X

X X
On putting the value ofy from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i),
we get
4 ( 4
y (1) H = 70xx- + m x + -
X V Xj
The rectangle is rotated about AD. Let V be the
r ;c 4^
volume of the cylinder so formed //=280 + 180 + - ...(iii)(l)
X)
V=^nx‘^y ...(i) (1)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Perimeter of rectangle = 2{x + y) dH
= 180
r 1--4
36 =2 (x + y) => y = 18 - dx
Now, V = 7a^(18-jc) dH
For maxima or minima, put =0
(^ = 7t(18x^-x^) dx

dV ( 4 )=
dx
- 7t (36a: -3x^) 180 1 r 0
(1) \ X )
dV 4
For maxima or minima, put = 0 1-
dx
X
1=0
Tt(36.Y - 3at^) = 0=>;c = 12, y 9^0 (1) 4

Now,
d"v
= 7c(36-6y)
7='
dx^ ;c^ =4 => y = 2 [VY>0] 0)
d^V d'^H d (dH d 4^
= 11(36-72) = -36tc<0 (I)
Also, 180 1- —
dx^ x = \2 dx'^ dx(dx dx \ Y^ .
Volume is maximum when Y = 12 cm 8
= —xl80
y = 18 - Y = 18 -12 = 6 cm Y'^

Hence, the dimension of rectangle, which have d^H

maximum volume, when revolved about of its side is AtY = 2, — xl80=180>0
dx^ J.t = 2
2^
12x6. (1)
d~H
17. Let Y m be the length, y m be the breadth and h =2 m ->0
be the depth of the tank. Let t H be the total cost for dx^
building the tank. ^ //is least at y = 2 . (1)
Now, given that h = 2m ( 4
Also, the least cost = 280 + 180 2 + —
and volume of tank = 8 m ^ I 2)
Clearly, area of the rectangular base of the tank [put Y = 2 in Eq. (iii) to get least cost //]
= length X breadth = Ay m ^ (1) = 280 + 180x4 =280 + 720 = ^1000

and the area of the four rectangular sides Hence, the cost of least expensive tank is ^1000. (1/2)
 166 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

18. Let h be the height and a be the radius of base of cylinder

inscribed in the given sphere of radius {R).
V h = ^R
2tzR {^R^-R'^) AnR^ cu units (1)
c
3 3V3
19. Given, equation of curve is = Ax
R

Let P{x, y) be a point on the curve, which is nearest to

a
B point A{2,-S). (1)

Now, distance between the points A and P is given by

InAABC, AB^ +AC^ ==BC^
\2
y^
[by Pythagoras theorem]
AP = ^(x-2 )~+(y + Hf = 2 +(v + 8)^
h
+ - = R^ ^ a^=R^~- (1)
2) A
y
4

16
+ 4->'^ + +16.V + 64
Volume of cylinder, V = na h
4

^{AR'^h-h'^)
y
= nh R^ - (1) + 16y + 68 (1)
4 V16
4

On differentiating both sides two times w.r.t. h, we get Letz = (^P)^ = + 16>^ + 68
dV 16

dh = ^{AR‘^-2h‘^) Now, — = — x4v^+16 = + 16 (1)

d^V 3nh dy 16 A
and
dh^
= ^{-6h)
A^ '
= ~ —2 ...(0(1)
For maximum or minimum value of z, put
dV 3
dz y
For maxima or minima, put =0 — = 0 =» + 16 = 0
dh
dy A

^{AR^ -3/i^) = 0 +64 = 0 => {y + A){y- -4v + 16) = 0

h^=-R^ 7 = -4 (I)
3
[’: y~ - 4_y +16 = 0 gives imaginary values of v]
h = ^R (1)
^/3 M 1 , , 3 ,
Now, —^ -x3y =-y
[●: height is always positive, so we
dy^ A A

do not take ve sign] Fory = -4,

On substituting the value of h in Eq. (i), we get d^z 3
-(-4)^=I2>0 (1)
R=--\l3nR <0 dy^ 4

dh^~ 2 VJ Thus, z is minimum when y = -A.

=> F is maximum.
Substituting - 4 in equation of the curve v“ = 4.v;
2R
we obtain x = A.
Hence, the required height of cylinder is (1)
S'
Hence, the point (4, - 4) on the curve y'^ ~ Ax is
Hence proved. nearest to the point (2, -8). (1)
Now, maximum volume of cylinder, 20. Let R be the radius and h be the height of the cone,
2R which inscribed in a sphere of radius r.
V = nh R^ - = 7C R^
A A 3 OA~h-r
Application of Derivatives <jIz)

In AOAB, by Pythagoras theorem, we have _ 71 32 3 64 3 7T 3 32 64

=R^ +{h~rf ~y[ 9 27 J 3 9 27
=R^ +h^ +r ~2rh n3 ^ 3 p6-64]
27
TC3 3 1^32
27 7
R^ =2rh-P ...(i) (1)
4 -— X -71.^ = — X (volume of sphere)
The volume of sphere = - 27 ^3 27

Hence, the maximum volume of the cone is — of the

27
volume of the sphere. (!)

21. Let 2x be the length and y be the width of the window.

Then, radius of semicircular opening =x m

(1)

and the volume V of the cone,

1
V^-nR'^h
3

K = i nh (2r/i -h^) [from Eq. (i)] 2x

Since, the perimeter of the window is 10 m.

V =
^%{2rh^-h^) ...(ii)
2;c + y+ V + — = 10
■
2nx
2
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. h, we get
2x +2y+7D: =10
dV
...(iii)(D jc(7t +2)+2y = 10
dh
dV l0-:c(7i+2)
For maxima or minima, put = 0 T = ...(i) (I)
dh 2

Note that to admit maximum light, area of window

should be maximum.

4rh = 2h^ => 4r = 3h Here, area of window

A = Area of rectangle + Area of semicircular region
h = -^^ [\-h^0] (1)
3 = 2xxy + - TlX^ (1)
2
Again, on differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. h, we get
d^V 1 10-x(71+2) 1
A=2x + -nx^ [from Eq. (i)]
dh^
-n(4r-6h) 2 ) 2
(1/2)
4r d^V I 4r
^ 1 7
At /2 = — = -7i 4r-6x —
3’ dh^ 4r
A= —
3 I 3 ) =i-A=\0x- a: (tt +2) + ~7D:
2
3

n 4nz On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

= -{4r-Sr) = <0
3 3 dA
= \0-2x (k+2) + tix
4r dx
^ K is maximum at h - (1)
3 = 10-Zv7t-4x + 7D:
Hence proved.
= 10 - Tlx - 4x ● ●.(H)(1)
On substituting the value of h in Eq. (ii), we get dA
For maximum, put = 0
I 4r dx
V = -n 2r
3 V3; 3; 10 = TIT + 4x
168 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

10 2V
X = (1/2) 2x^
7t +4 x^
Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get X 3 =v => v = x^ (1)
d^A xxxxy=x^
= -7C -4
dx^
y =x (1)
d^A d^S 8F
= - (jc + 4) < 0 Also, = 4+ = 12>0
dx^ 10
jr= —
n + 4
dx^ V
x = y

10 So, S is minimum when length = x, breadth =x and

Thus, area is maximum when x = (1)
t: + 4 height =x, when it is cube. Hence proved, (l)

Now, on substituting the value ofx in Eq. (i), we get 23. Let AC -x, BC = y and r be the radius of circle.
10
2^=10-(7T+2)x Also, ZC =90° [●.* angle made in semi-circle is 90°]
n+4
In .MBC, we have
n+4-n~2
2y = \0 AB^=AC^+BC^
k + 4
20 (2r-y={xf+{yf
7H-4 :
10
4r^ =x^ +y^ ●-(i) (1)
y=
k + 4

20
Hence, length of window = m and width of
7t -1-4
10
window = m, to admit maximum light through
7t -1-4
1
We know that area of AABC, A = -X ● y
the whole opening. (I) 2 (1)
22. Let V be the fixed volume of a closed cuboid with
length X, breadth x and height y. On squaring both sides, we get
1
Then, K = x xx x y A^- = 2 .2

V
...(i) (1) Let A^=S
1 2,.2
Let S be its surface area. Then, S =

Then, 5 =2(x^ (1)

s = ~x\Ar^-x^) [from Eq. (i)]
S=2{x^ +2xy)
2V\ 1
= 2 x^ + =j. S = -(4x^-^
[using Eq. (i)] 4^
) (I)

2V dS 2V On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

S=2 x^ + = 2 2x-
X ) dx x^
dx
/-(8/-lv-4.v^)
4
d^S %V
and = 4+- (1) dS
dx^ V X For maxima or minima, put = 0
dx
dS 2V\
Now,
dx
= 0 => 2 2x- —
X y
= 0 ■. i(8rlx-4x^) = 0
8r^x = 4x^
Application of Derivatives <J6?

8/-^ =4x^ => =2r^ dA

Put =0andx =
x = ^2 r (I) dx y in Eq. (iii),we get
d^A
From Eq. (i), we get ^<0
dx^ 4A
=4r^-Ir'^ =2r'^ y=^r
(
Here, ;r = ^, so triangle is an isosceles. (1) Thus, A is maximum whenx= — (1)
l3y
Also, k 2k
dx^ dxlA J 4 Now, x = — => y =
3 3j 3
^ = COS0a
—
d^S
At x=V2r, =2r2-3(2r^)<0 = -4r^<0 y
dx^ kn> 1 TC
COS0 = => 0=-
Hence, the area is maximum when triangle is an 2A/3 2 3
isosceles. Hence proved, (l) 71

24. Let us consider a right angled triangle with Hence, the area of triangle is maximum, when ®
base be .v and hypotenuse be y. Let x + y = -A, where k
Hence proved, (l)
is a constant. Let 0 be the angle between the base and
the hypotenuse. Let A be the area of the triangle, then 25. Given, volume of the box = 1024 cm ^. Let length of
p
the side of square base be x cm and height of the box
be ycm.
y

9
R
X

^xQRxPQ=^^x4?
2 ■M
-X (1)

Volume of the box, E=x^-y = 1024 (1)

4 9 1024
x^y = 1024=> y = —p
x^
(1/2)

[vy = A-x] Let C denotes the cost of the box.

4
C=2x“x5 + 4;9;x2.50 (1)
k^x^-2kx^
A^ =
4
...(i) (1) = 10x^ +10;i9^ = 10x (x + y)
^024
= 10x x + —~
On differentiating both sies w.r.t. x, we get x^
dA 2k ^x-6kx~ 10240
=> 2A ...(ii) =10x^ + ...(i) (1/2)
dx 4 X

dA k^x-3kx- On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

(1/2) dC
dx 4A
= 20x +10240 (-x)”^
dx
Now, for maxima or minima
10240
dA
Put = 0 => (A^x-3Ax^) = 0 => -Y = - (1/2)
= 20x-
2
●●●(ii)
dx 3 X

\2 dC
dA d^A 2k^~[2kx Now, =0
Again, 2 + 2A ...(iii) dx
dx dx^ 4
10240
20x =
[using Eq. (ii)] .V
2
 170 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

20^:^ =10240
=512 = 8^ x=8 (1)

Again, on differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get

d^C 1
= 20-10240 (-2)- —
dx^ x^
20480 „
= 20 + 27. Let© be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.
%

' d^C 20480

It is clear that 6 € 0,—
= 20 + = 60>0 (1)
V 2
dx^ /.r = 8
512
Let r, h and I be the radius, height and the slant height
of the cone, respectively.
For X = 8, cost is minimum and the corresponding least A
cost of the box
10240 e'
C(8) = 10-8^ + = 640 + 1280 = 1920 h
i

[using Eq. (i)]

S'
Hence, the least cost of the box is ? 1920. (1) (1)

26. Let t)he any point on the curve =x. Then, its Since, slant height of the cone is given, so consider it
as constant.
distance (5) from the line x - y +1 = 0 is given by
Now, in AABC, r = / sin 0 and h = l cos 9
1 iV 3
S = t-- + - (2) Let l^be the volume of the cone.
2) 4

\2
Then, F = —
- => K = -7t (/^sin^0)(/cos0)
1 3
vr^ - / + ! = + A>0 1 1 0
2} 4 V ~-nr sin^0cos0 0)
3
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t twicely, we get On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 0 two times, we get
(2r-l) dV Pn ■y
dt~ yll de
~ [sin ^ 0 (- sin 9 ) + cos 0 (2 sin 0 cos 0)]
d^S
and = V2>0 (I)
= (-sin^ 0 +2 sin 0cos^ 0)
dt^ 3
dS
Now, put =0 d^V l^n
dt and — (-3 sin ^ 0 cos 0+2 cos ^ 0
de^
1 1
-r=(2t-\) = 0 => t = - (1) -4sin^ 0COS0)
2
d^V
1 d^s ^ — (2 cos ^ 0 - 7 sin ^ 0 cos 0) (I)
At t =- dQ'^ 3
r dt^
dV
For maxima or minima, put = 0
Then, S is minimum at r = - (1)
d^
2
sin^0=2sin0cos^0=> tan^0=2
So, the required shortest distance is
/, \2 r 1 \
tan0='\/2 ^ 0 = tan“''\^ (1)
1 1

\2) ^2,
+ 1
3 3V2 Now, when 0 = tan“* -^2 , then tan ^ 9 = 2
or (1)
4%/2 8 sin^0 = 2cos^0
Application of Derivatives 171

Now, we have BD = {AO + OD)Xan^

d^V I'^TZ r \
— (2cos^ 6 -I4cos^ 0) sin 6
+ r tan 0 (1)

r
= -4ti;^ cos^ 0 <0, for0e 0,— (1) Now, P =2- —^ + 4- Vr tan 0 [from Eq. (i)]
tan0 sin0

V is maximum, when 0 = tan => P(0) = r{2cot 0 + 4sec6 + 4tan 0) ...(ii) (1/2)
1 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 0, we get
or 0 =cos
S' p'(0) = r(-2cosec^0 + 4sec 0 tan 0 + 4sec^ 0)
...(hi)
1 1 1
COS0 = -2 4sin0 4 "l
Vl + tan^e VTT2 V3
= r

sin^0 cos^0 cos^O

Hence, for given slant height, the semi-vertical angle -2cos^ 0 + 4sin^ 0 + 4sin^ 0
1
= r (1/2)
of the cone of maximum volume is cos
-1
(1) sin^ 0cos^ 0
V3'
Now, put P'(0) = O
Hence proved.
-2cos^ 0 + 4sin^ 0 + 4sin^ 0 -0
28. Let ABC be the given isosceles triangle, with
AB = AC. 2 (1-sin^ 0)+ 4sin^ 0+ 4sin^ 0 =0
-2 + 2sin^ 0 + 4sin^ 0 + 4sin^ 0=0
2sin^ 0+3 sin ^0-1 = 0
(sin0 +l)(2sin^ 0 +sin0 -1) = 0
sin 0 = -1 or 2 sin ^ 0 + sin 0 -1 = 0
2sin^ 0 + sin0 “1 = 0
Clearly, OD 1BC, OF 1 AC, OE 1 AB [■.■ sin 0 ^ -1, as 0 can’t be more than 90°]
radius is perpendicular to the tangent (2 sin 0 -1) (sin 0 +1) = 0
at the point of contact] 1
sin 0 = - [v sin0 ^-l]
and BD = BE, CD = CF, AE = AF 2

[●.' tangents from an external point to n

0 = - (1)
a circle are equal in length] (l) 6
Since, AD is an altitude of isosceles AABC. On differentiating both sides of Eq. (iii) w.r.t. 0,
Therefore, BD = CD [': in an isosceles triangle, we get
altitude from common vertex of
F""(0) = r(4cosec^ 0cot0 + 4sec^ 0
equal sides bisect the third side]
+ 4sec 0 tan^ 0 + 8sec ^ 0 tan 0)
=> BD = BE = CF =CD [■: BE = BD and CD = CF]
It
Now, perimeter (F) of A^SC = AB + BC + AC P >0
= AE + BE + BD + DC + AF+FC 6;
7t
= (AE + AF) + (BE + BD+DC + FC) Thus, F(0) is minimum, when 0 = — (1/2)
6
= 2^£ + 45D ■■■(i) (1)
n
Consider bX)EA, we have Now, from Eq. (ii), least perimeter = P —
V h y
OE
and OA = —^
r
AE = n TC 71
tan© tan0 sin0 = r 2cot + 4 sec + 4 tan —
6J 6) 6J
and in AADB, we have BD - AD tan 0
172 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

= r 2V3 + 4 ■ ^
1 6 + 8 + 4
+ 4- = r

^/3 ^/3 a/3 k-6x^ 1 1 {-\2x

= -6 + x--- + 4a:
18
= 6a/3 r (1/2)
471
2 \k-^x^ V 471
Vs' 4tc
Hence proved.
3x 2 ^ 9x^
29. Let r be the radius of the sphere and dimensions of = -6 r- + Ax = -br + ■\-Ax
X 2nr nr
cuboid are Xy 2x and
3
d^r 9x9r^ Sir
Now, Surface area of cuboid Now, = -6r + + \2r = 6r + >0
dx^ /;r=3r
nr n
+ Surface area of sphere = Constant (given)
Hence, V is minimum when x is equal to three times
47ir"+2 -xa:+a:x2a:+2a:x- = k (constant) the radius of the sphere. (1)
3 3
Hence proved.
^ 4nr^+6x^=k
X

r
7 k-~6x^ k -6x^
-(0(1)
Now, on putting ^ ^ Eq. (ii), we get
An V 4tc An (x^^ + 2-x^ = 4tc x-'-^-x^
3
'V mm
●
4 T jc 3 y3) 3 81 3
Sum of the volumes, V = ~ nr + - x a: x 2x
3 3 2 J2n . 2 3/^44
--X — + 1 —~x + 1
47ir^ 2 3
+ -x'^
3 27 J 3 189
...(ii)
3 3
3 _2 3^233 466 3
”3^ [m (I)
x
A
y=—n
k-6x^\^ + -X
23 567
(1)
3 4tu 3
30- We have, /(j:) = sin x - cos ;c, 0 < a: < 2tc
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1

dV A 3(k-6x^\^(~\2x 2 /'(x) = cosx + sinx ... (i)

= -7t X- + - x3x^
dx 3 2 An 47t ) 3 For local maxima and local minima,
Put /'(x) = 0
k -6x 2 / -3x i.e. cosx + sinx = 0
= 27t + 2x^
4tc 7t cosx = -sinx (1)
tan X = -1 ^ X = 7t — or 2tc —
k -6x^ 4 4
=(-6x) + 2x^ (I)
An 371 In
X = or (1)
dV 4 4
For maxima or minima, put = 0
dx Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x,
we get
k-6x^
(-6x) + 2x^ =0 f" (x) = - sin X + cos X
4tc
3k
When X - , then
k — 6x^ k -6x^ A
2x^ =6x ^ X=3
4k 4k 3k . 3k 3k
/ = “Sin + COS (1)
x = 3r [using Eq. (i)] (l) 4; 4 4
dV n
Again, on differentiating W.r.t. X, we get = -sin K + cos K —
K
dx
4; 4J
d-v d k -6x^ . n n ^
+ 4x = -sin cos — <0
dx^ An A A
Application of Derivatives <3zD

In 771^ . In In
When X = — ,then /
//
= -sin + COS ~(x^+4x + 5)\ +2-2x+2^ +1
4 J 4 4
Vio Vio
7C 7C
= -sin 2n— +cos 2n — (x + 2 f +1
4J 4J => D = ...(i) (1)
. n n VIo
= sin — +COS— >0 (1)
4 4 On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
3n
dD 2{x + 2) + 0
Thus, x~ — is a point of local maxima and
4 dx Vio
dD
" is a point of local minima.
For extremum value of D, put = 0
dx
Now, the local maximum value,
3n . 37C 3tc
2{x + 2 )=0
= sm -cos
x = -2 (1)
4 4
TC 7T
\

Now,
d^D _ 2 >0
= sin TC cos TC
4) 4) dx'^ Vio
. n n \ 1\ 2 r- Thus, D is minimum when x = -2. (1)
= sin — + cos — = -p + -pT = — = V2 (I)
4 4 V2 V2 Now, = +7.x+2=(-2 +7(-2 )+2
and the local minimum value, = 4-14 + 2 = -8
In . In In
Hence, the point (- 2, - 8) is on the parabola, which is
= sin -cos
4 4 closest to the given straight line. (I)
7t TC
= sin 2jc cos 2tc — 32. Eel P be a point on the hypotenuse AC of right angled
4) 4) /S.ABC. Such that PL X AB and PL~a and
. n TC PM LBC and PM = 6.
= - sin cos —
4 4 Let ZAPL-^^ACB=Q [say]
1 1
i=-V2 (1) Then, ^P = a sec 6, PC = i cosec 0 (1)
V2 ^/2 Let I be the length of the hypotenuse, then
We know that, if/(x) be a 4 l = AP^PC
Enhancer function defined on an interval I V TC

and cel. Let / be twice differentiable at c. Then, l = a seed + b cosec 0,0 < 9 < —
(i) X = c is a point of local maxima, if f'(c) = 0
and/"(c) <0. 7 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. 9, we get
(ii) X = c is a point of local minima, if /'(c) = 0 (■ dl
and/"(c) >0. ' = a sec 0 tan 0 - 6 cosec 9 cot 0 ...(i)
dO

31. Given, equation of curve is y = x^ + 7x +2 and For maxima or minima, put

dl
= 0 (1)
equation of straight line is = 3a: - 3. dQ

Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola => <3 sec 0 tan 0 = Zj cosec 0 cot 0
y = x^ +7x+2. a sin 0 bcosQ
1/3

Let D be the distance of point P from straight line, cos^ 0 sin^ 0

then

|3a: - _v-3| 3a:->'-3

(1)

\3x-y-3\ |3a:-(;c^ +7x + 2 )-3|

VTo Vio (1)
(I)
174 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. 0, DP = -\llO^ -x^ [by Pythagoras theorem]
we get
Now, area of trapezium,
= a (sec 6 X sec ^ 9 + tan 0 X sec 0 tan 0) .=i- X Sum of parallel sides x Height
-b [cosec 0 (- cosec ^ 0)
+ cot 0 (- cosec 9 cot 0)] = i X (2x-M 0 +10) X VlOO^^
~a seed (sec^ 0 + tan^ 0)
= (x + \0)^|m^ ...(i) (1)
+ b cosec 0 (cosec 0 + cot 0)
71 On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x,
For 0 < 0 < —, all trigonometric ratios are positive. we get
(1)
dA (-2^)
Also, a > 0 and b>0. = (x + 10) ^lm-x^
d^l .
dx
2ylm-x^
- is positive. (1/2)
^^9 -X ^ -lOx + lOO-x^
1

=> I is least when tan 0 -

^|\00-x^
-2x^ -lOx + 100
...(ii)(D
^lm-x^
dA
For maxima or minima, put = 0
dx

-2x^ -IQx + lOO

= 0

.'. Least value of, ^lm-x^

l-asQcQ + b cosec0
-2 (x^ +5x-50) = 0
-2(x + 10)(jc-5) = 0
- a
V a
2/3
+ b
2/3

+ b
V a
2/3
+ b
2/3

x = 5ov-\0 (1)
1/3
a
Since, x represents distance, so it cannot be negative.
=V a
2/3
(IV2) Therefore, we take x = 5.

in AEFG, tan 0 = — t/3r-,sec9 =

1/3
V a
2/3
+ b
2/3 On differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
a a
1/3
Vl00-x^(-4x-10)
2/3 2/3 -2x
a + b -(-2x^ -lOx + 100)
and cosec 0 =
d^A 2^lm^
dx^ (VlOO-x^)^
Hence proved.
[by using quotient rule of derivative]
33. Let ABCD be the given trapezium in which
AD =BC = CD = 10 cm. (100-x^)(-4x-10)
Let AP =x cm -(-2x^-10x + 100)(-x)
MPD = ^BQC (100-x^)^^^
QB =xcm (1) -400x-1000 + 4x^ +10x^
D. 10 cm C,
+(-2x^-10x^+100x)
?o.97
(100
A < X cm —* p <—10 cm- Q X cm-» 8
2x^ -300X-1000
(1)
In AAPD, (100-x^)^^^
Application of Derivatives 175

d^A 2{5f -300(5)-1000 Now, =2)6a^ => y = ±6a

At X = 5,
dx^ Hence, the required points are {9a,6a) and {9a-6a).{\)
250-1500-1000 -2250
<0 35. Let r be the radius of the base, h be the height, V be
(100-25)
yi
is4il the volume, 5 be the surface area of the cone ABC and
0 be the semi-vertical angle.
Thus, the area of trapezium is maximum at x = 5 and A
maximum area is

0
A^=(5+\0)^\00-(5f [put X = 5 in Eq. (i)]
I
= 15V100-25 = 15 = 75^^ cm ^ (1) h

34. Let P{x, y) be any point on y^ = 4ax B C

Then, distance between (x, y) and (1 la,0) is given by
(1)
D^4{x-\\af -\-{y-^f 1
V --nr^h 3F = Ttr^h
= 4{x-\\af + / Then,
3

[from Eq. (i)J (l) [squaring both sides]

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get 9J/2
2.4
dD [2 {x-Ua) + 4a] nr
(1)
dx
2^1 {x - Wa)'^ +4ax and curved surface area, 5 = nrl
dD 2x -22a + 4a [■:l = yjh^+r^]
dx
2^j'(x^-]Aa)^~+Am S'^ =TZ^r^(r^ +h^) [on squaring both sides]
dD x-9a 9J/2
2.2
=n'r + r^ [from Eq. (i)]
dx
■yj{x-\la^) + 4ax
2 4
n r

Put
dD
= 0 => x-9a=0 =^x = 9a
9V^ 2.4
(1) —+ 7C r ...(ii)
dx r
dD
Now, differentiating both sides of
dx’
we get When S is least, then 5^ is also least. (1)

d^D d (dP^
Now, 4(5') = 18^2
—— + 4TZr
^ 2 3 ...(iii)
(1)
dr
dx^ dxydx, r

d
d X -9a
For maxima or minima, put -(S^)=0
dr
dx
-J(x-Ua)^ +4ox 18F^
— -f-47i'r^ =0
l[2(x-lla) + 4a]
^(x-lla)^ +4ax ~(x-9o)- r

2^j{x-na)^ +4ax 18K^ =4tcV^

(x-lla)^ +4ax 9V^ =2n^r^ ...(iv)(D

' d^D V(9a-lla)^ +4a-9a -0 Again, on differentiating Eq. (iii) w.r.t. r, we get
^ dx^ x=9a (9a-lla)^+4ax9a
dr^ r
1 \l/6
>0 (1) 9F^
4a'+36a^ V40a^ Atr =
271^ dr
So, at (x = 9a), D is minimum.
 176 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

So, 5^ or 5 is minimum, when r

3
=
256
^ =64
=27Z^r^/9 4
(1)
Taking cube root on both sides, we get
On putting =2‘K^r^/9 in Eq. (i), we get 1/3
r = (64)
27T^r^ =n^r‘^h^
r = 4cm (I)
2r'^=h^ => /j = V2 r =>
r Again, on differentiating Eq. (iv) w.r.t. r, we get
cot e=V2 from the figure, cot 6 = — d'^S . 51271
dr^ = 4tc + —^
r
r
0 = cot"' 42
At r = 4,
Hence, the semi-vertical angle of the right circular d'^S
\
51271
cone of given volume and least curved surface area is + 47t =8tc +47T =127t >0 (I)
cot
-1 dr^ r*4
64
0)

Hence proved. d^S

Thus, ~ > 0 at r= 4, so the surface area is minimum.
Concept If square of any area is maximum { dr
t Enhancer (or minimum), then area is also 3 when the radius of cylinder is 4 cm.
maximum (or minimum). ( On putting the value of r in Eq. (i), we get
36. Let r cm be the radius of base and h cm be the height , 128r 128
n= = — = 8 cm
of the cylindrical can. Let its volume be V and S be its (4)- 16
total surface area.
Hence, for the minimum surface area of can, the
dimensions of the cylindrical can are r = 4 cm and
/? = 8 cm. (1)
37. Let r be the radius, h be the height, Kbe the volume
and S be the total surface area of a right circular
cylinder which is open at the top.
(1)
Now, given that V = nr^h
Then, V = 12871 cm^ [given]
h = ~ ●●●(i) (1)
nr^ '
7Cr^/? = 1287C /2 = -^ ...(i)
We know that total surface area S is given by
Now, surface area of cylindrical can, S = 2%rh + nr^
S =2Kr^ + 2nrh ...(ii) [v cylinder is open at the lop, therefore
128
S =2nr^ +2nr [using Eq.(i)] (1) S = Curved surface area of cylinder
/ + Area of base]
256tc V
S -2nr^ + ...(iii) S =2nr + nr^
r

On differentiating both sides of Eq. (iii) w.r.t. r, V

we get put h — ^,from Eq.(i)
Tir
dS 256tc
= 47tr- ...(iv)d) 2V
dr r
2
S = + nr'^ (1)
r
dS
For maxima or minima, put = 0
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. r, we gel
dr
dS 2V _
25671 —-+2nr
47cr = dr r
2
r
Application of Derivatives <J7?)

dV a ^-a 2 ^
For maxima or minima, put
dr
= 0 => =\6(x^\b^ 2
a

IV
- + 27cr = 0 ^ V = nr^ [on squaring both sides]
r
\6b^
nr^h = nr^ -(aW-a^) (1)
[v V = Kr^h ] a'

h = r (1) On differentiating both sides w.r.t. a, we get

Also, d^S _ d f dS d (-2V

+ 2tc/-
d(A^) \6b^ 2 , 3.
'da - —(2a^a-4a^)
dr^ dr V dr dr\ a

d^S 4V ■ ^ dA^
(1) For maxima or minima, put =0
dr^ da

On putting r = h, we get 2 a^a~4a^ =0

d^S 4V 2a(a^-2a“)=0
= — + 2tc> 0, as /i > 0. (1)
dr^ -ir = h
h a
a =0, a = (1)
d^S
Then, — > 0 => 5 is minimum.
dr d~{A^) \6b^
Again, -(2a^-l2a^)
Hence, S is minimum, when h = r i.e. when height of da^ a

cylinder is equal to radius of the base. 2 ^ 2 r 2 ^

(1) d^-A 166 a
zr 2a^ -12x
Hence proved. ^ da^ a a 2 2
a =
ir
38. Let ABCD be a rectangle having area A inscribed in an
2 2
y = -646^ <0 (1)
ellipse —T + =1
a a
For a = ,A~ i.e. A is maximum.
Let the coordinates of .4 be (a, (3).
1-V
(-a. P) (a, P) Then, from Eq. (i), we get
a 2 \
a
b^
X'*- ->x 2 b

Pi
0
2
a
B
i-o.%) (a, -P)
r Greatest area = 4 ap = 4 ●
a
^=2ab (1)
-Ji' ^!2
Then, the coordinates of 5 = (a, ~P) 39. Let S be the surface area, V be the volume, h be the
C = (-a,-P) height and r be the radius of base of the right circular
D = (-a,^) (1) cylinder.
We know that surface area of right circular cylinder,
Area of rectangle, A = Length x Breadth
= 2txx2p =»^ = 4ap S = 2%r^ +2nrh ...(i)

a
2 \ S-2nr^
A = 4a- b^ 1- (1)
h = ...(ii) (1)
2nr

Also, volume of right circular cylinder is given by

V (a, p) lies on ellipse
V = nr^h
2 2

b^
a -a
S-2nr^
V = nr^ [from Eq. (ii)]
1
2
a
2nr
178 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dC
rS -2tiP
V = (1) For maxima or minima, put = 0
dx
2
iTih
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. r, we get (r-2x)=0
r
dV 5-6Tcr^
(1) r-2x-0
dr 2
r = 2x
dV
For maxima or minima, put =0 r
dr x = - (1)
2
S-6nr^
= 0 => S=6nr^ (1) Hence, the radius of cylinder is half of that of cone.
2

Also,
d^C _ d \2%h{r-2x)
From Eq. (ii), we get
dx^ dx r

,
h =
6nr^ -2iir^
h=2r 2nh -4nh
2nr (-2) = <0 as r >0 (1)
r r

Height = Diameter of the base 0)

C is maximum or greatest.
d^V _ d fdV\ d (S-6nr
2 >
r
Also, = -67tr<0
Hence, C is greatest atx= Hence proved, (l)
dp- dr V dr 1 dr 2 3

V is maximum. 41. Let the dimensions of the box be x and y. Also, let say
V denotes its volume and S denotes its total surface
Hence, V is maximum at h = 2 r. (1)
area.
Hence proved.
V S = Area of square base
40. Let VAB be the cone of base radius r, height h and Now, S =x^ +Axy + Area of the four walls
radius of base of the inscribed cylinder be x.
V Given, x~ +4xy = C^
'cx 2
— X
.v= ...(0(1)
.B' 4x
a
Also, volume of the box is given by

X D
V=x^y
A' 8
CVIS 2 ^
(1) -X
V=x^ [from Eq. (i)]
Now, we observe that 4x

AVOB-AB'DB
xC^ — X
3

VO OB V = (I)
4
B'D~ DB
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
if the triangles are similar, then their sides
dV C^-3x^
are proportional] (1)
dx 4
h h(r-x)
(1) For maxima or minima, put dV!dx = t)
B'D r-x r

-3x^
Let C be the curved surface area of cylinder. Then, = 0
4
C = 2jc {0C){B'D)
C^=3x^
2itxh (r - x) 2nh
C = (;x-x^) (1)
x = ClS
r r (1)

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

d^V d fdV d (C^ -3x^
dC 2nh Also,
(r-2x) dx^ dx\dx dx 4
dx r
Application of Derivatives 179

-6x -3x dA
For maxima or minima, put = 0
4 ~~2~ da

d^V 1 a
2
<0 = 0=>c^ 2
'=0
') 2
c - a -a -a
dx^ atx»C/V3 2
V? - a
2

=> F is maximum. (1) c

c^=2a^ => a =
C .
Now, maximum volume at = IS 4i
xC^ — X
3
d'^A _ 1 — a a
3

V = Now, 2^3/2
4 da^ 2 — a 2 (c' -a )
\3
I C c c
● c^- put X = 1
4[^/3 (1)

_ 1 [c^ 1_ 1 1 c
2
a

"4[^ 3V3J 4|_ 3V3 <0 (!'/.)

-1 Area of A45C is maximum and

” 4 ^ 3V3 6V3 b = ^l^ -a -a
2
=a (1)

Hence, the maximum volume of box is cu units.

Hence, the triangle is isosceles. Hence proved.
6V3
43. Let C denotes the curved surface area, ?● be the radius
(1)
of base, h be the height and Fbe the volume of right
Hence proved. circular cone.
We know that volume of cone is given by
42. Let a and b be the sides of right angled triangle and c
1 3F
be the hypotenuse. V = -Tzr^lj h= ...(i) (1)
3 7tr^
Also, the curved surface area of cone is given by
C = mi, where / = ■^r'^ + is the slant height of cone.
C = nr-Jr^ + h~
(1/2)
On squaring both sides, we get

From AABC, we have

C^=7tV (r^+h^)
c^=a^+b^ C^=^%^r^+K^-r^h^
1
Area of AABC, (A) = ~ a ■ b =
2 Let =Z

Then, ...(ii)
\2
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. a, we get 3F
Z = n^r‘^ +n^r~ [from Eq. (i)]
dA 1
— a
I
2+- ■ a
1 J-2a)
-
da 2 2 2
- a
9V^
Z = n^r‘^ +n^r^ x 2 A
(VA)
2 n r
1 2 a
— a (1) 9^2
2 — a
2 Z-Tl'^r^ + —
r
 180 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. r, we get V3 2

A=xy + —
dZ
(1/2)
dr ( 3
A~ y 6 —- y + — y (I)
For maxima or minima, put
dZ
=0 2-"j 4
dr

=> 471
\W^ .
r
—=0 47C^r^
r
3
X = 6-
^>-fromEq. (i)
ri
\2
1
A ^
A=6y—V H— y
3 2 >/3 0
47tV^=I8 -nr-/j V V=~nr-h ■^2'^ 4
3
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. y, we get
1
47C^r® =18x-7t^/-‘*/r dA
9 = 6-3 vH— (1)
dy 2
=2n^r‘*h^ ^lr^=h^
dA
h = 'Jlr For maxima or minima, put = 0
dv

Hence, height =v5 x (radius of base) (!■/,)

s ■Ji
6-3v + -—v = 0 ^ V 3 = -6

Also,
d'^Z d(dZ ^ {A4tc 1 r
—
18K^ / 2 ^2
dr'^ dr \ dr dr r
3
12
(1/2)
54F^ 6-V3
= 127t^r^ + 4

d^A dfdA
r \

d'^Z 54F^ Now, — 6-3y+— 3^

= 12jr^r^ + — >0 dy^ dy\dy dy\ 2
dr^
^ Z is minimum =i* C is minimum.
V3 -6 + V3
= -3 + <0
2 2
Hence, the curved surface area is least, when /? = \/5 /●.
.'. A is maximum. (1)
Hence proved. (I'/i)
12
NOTE If q} is maximum/minimum, then C is also maximum/minimum. Now, on putting y = in Eq. (i), we get
6-Vs
44. Let ABCD be the rectangle which is surmounted by an
equilateral AEDC. 12
x=6-~
2[6-^l3
36-6VJ-18
=> x =
6-VJ
18-6y5
*■' 6-V3 (1)

Now, given that

Hence, the area of the window is largest when the
Perimeter of window = 12m=>2x+2y+y = 12 dimensions of the window are
. = 6-' ...(i) (1) 18-6V3
Let A denotes the combined area of the window. 6-^/3
Then, A = area of rectangle and
12
y= (1/2)
+ area of equilateral triangle 6-VJ
Case Based Questions
1. A rectangular visiting card is to contain 24 sq cm of Based on the given information, answer the following
printed matter. The margins at the top and bottom of questions,
the card are to be I cm and the margins on the left and (i) Find the volume of water in the tank in terms of its
radius,
right are to be 1- cm as shown below :
CBSE 2024
(ii) Find the rate of change of radius at an constant
1 cm when r = 2yjl cm.

(iii) (a) Find the rate at which the wet surface of the
conical tank is decreasing at an instant when
1
1-^
1
1-;^
radius r = 2^2 cm.
2 2
cm cm

Or
1 cm

(b) Find the rate of change of height ‘A’ at an instant

1 cm
when slant height is 4 cm.
3. A volleyball player serves the ball which takes a
parabolic path given by the equation
7 13
1
''2
1
2 h(t) = -—t^ + — t+\, where /i(0 is the height of ball
cm cm

at any time t (in sec), {t > 0). CBSE 2023

1 cm

On the basis of the above information, answer the

following questions,
(i) Write the expression for the area of the visiting
card in terms of x.
(ii) Obtain the dimensions of the card of minimum
area.

2. A tank, as shown in the figure below, formed using a

combination of a cylinder and a cone, offers better
drainage as compared to a flat bottomed tank.

Based on the above information, answer the following

questions,
(i) Is h (/) a continuous ftinction ? Justify
(ii) Find the time at which the height of the ball is
maximum.

4. In order to set up a rain water harvesting system, a

tank to collect rain water is to be dug. The tank should
have a square base and a capacity of250 ar^. The cost
A tap is connected to such a tank whose conical part is of land is ? 5000 per square metre and cost of digging
full of water. Water is dripping out firom a tap of the increases with depth and for the whole tank, it is
bottom at the unifonn rate of 2 cm ^/s. The ^ 40,000 h^, where h is the depth of the tank in metres.
semi-vertical angle of the conical tank is 45°. X is the side of the square base of the tank in metres.
CBSE 2023 CBSE 2023
182 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Elements of a Typical Rainwater Harvesting System 6, Read the following passage and answer the questions
Catchment
given below.
The relation between the height of the plant
Conduit*^ (‘y in cm) with respect to its exposure to the sunlight
I is governed by the following equation y = 4x --x ,
1 2

Storage
where ‘x’ is the number of days exposed to the
Tank
facility sunlight, for X < 3 .
Recharge
facility

Based on the above information, answer the following

questions,
(i) Find the total cost C of digging the tank in terms
ofx.
dC
(ii) Find —.
dx
(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect to
5. Read the following passage and answer the questions
the number of days exposed to the sunlight.
given below.
(ii) Does the rate of growth of the plant increase or
decrease in the first three days? What will be the
height of the plant after two days?
CBSE Sampfe paper 2023

7. Read the following passage and answer the questions

given below.
In an elliptical sport field, the authority wants to
design a rectangular soccer field with the maximum
possible area. The sport field is given by the graph of
2

The temperature of a person during an intestinal

illness is given by /(x) = -0.1x" +mx + 98.6,
0 <x <12, where mbeing a constant and/(x) is the
temperature in °F at x days, CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023

(i) Is the function differentiable in the interval

(0, 12)? Justify your answer,
(ii) If 6 is the critical point of the function, then find
the value of the constant m.

(iii) Find the intervals in which the fiinction is strictly

increasing/strictly decreasing.
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
Or
(i) If the length and the breadth of the rectangular
Find the points of local maximum/local minimum,
field be 2x and 2y respectively, then find the area
if any, in the interval (0, 12) as well as the points function in terms of x.
of absolute maximum/absolute minimum in the
interval [0, 12]. Also, find the corresponding local (ii) Find the critical point of the function,
maximum/local minimum and the absolute (iii) Use first derivative test to find the length 2x and
maximum/absolute minimum values of the width 2 V of the soccer field (in terms of a and b)
function. that maximize its area.
Application of Derivatives 183

16 1
Or
(b)-
Use Second Derivative Test to find the length lx
and width 2y of the soccer field (in terms of a (c)3 (d)A
16
and b) that maximize its area.
(ii) If the train has travelled a distance of 500 km,
8. The fuel cost per hour for running a train is proportional then the total cost of running the train is given by
to the square of the speed it generates in km/h. If the function
fuel costs 148 per hour at speed 16 km/h and the fixed , . 15 600000 375 600000
(a) — v + (b)- i> +
charges to run the train amount to X 1200 per hour. 16 V V

150000 6000
(c) + v +
16 V 16 V

(iii) The most economical speed to run the train is

(a) 18 km/h (b) 5 km/h
(c) 80 km/h (d) 40 km/h
(iv) The fuel cost for the train to travel 500 km at the
most economical speed is
(a) X 3750 (b) X 750
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 (Term t)
(c) X 7500 (d) X 75000
Based on the given information, answer the following (V) The total cost of the train to travel 500 km at the
questions,
most economical speed is
(i) Given that the fuel cost per hour is /c times the (a) X 3750 (b) X 75000
square of the speed the train generates in km/h the (c) X 7500 (d) X 15000
value of/c is

Explanations
x =6 X cannot be negative]
1. (i) Let the width of the printed part be x cm
and height of the printed part be y cm. c/^A 44
Now,
Given, area of printed part =24 cm^ dx^ ~x^
xy = 24 d^A
At X = 6,
24 dx
y=
X Area is minimum when x = 6

From given condition, 24

y=- = 4
Width of the page = (x + 3)cm 6

Height of the page = (y + 2) cm Dimensions of the page are

Area of paper, =(x + 3)(>^ + 2) Width of the page = x + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9cm
f24 ) 72 48 Height of the page = y + 2 = (4 + 2) = 6 cm
= (x + 3) h2 =24 + 2xh h6 = 30 + 3xH
X X X
2. (i) £
72
(ii) We have, ^=24 + 2x + — + 6
X
h
^=2- — 45“/
dx x'
For maximum or minimum,
dA
= 0=i>2x^ -72 = 0 Let r be the radius and h be the height of conical
dx
part.
x^=36
Here, tan 45° = -=> \ = ~ => h = r
x = ±6 h h
184 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

The volume of water in the tank (i) Yes,

1 1 Since, h (/) is a polynomial function.
V = ~nr^/i = ~nr^ cm^ [V/? = /■]
3 3 So, it is everywhere continuous.
dV 3
(ii) /,'(o=-^(2o+y
2
(ii) = -%r
dt 3 dt
dr dV 13
-2 = — = -2 h'(t) = -7t + —
dt dt 2

dr -2 -2 -1 Also, h"{t) = -l
dt Kr^ K (2V2)^ 4?t For maxima or minima, put h' (t) = 0
13
[r = 2^|2 (given)] -7/ + —= 0
2
1
Hence, the rate of decrease of radius is cm/s. 13
4k -lt = -
2
(iii) (a) S = nrl 13
/ =
= Kr\lh^ +r^ = nr 14
13
= +r^; \-h = r] At/ = —, h"{t)<Q
14’
= ^/27t/●^
13 .
dS dr So,t = — is point of maxima.
dt
^|2K (2r) dt 14
13
dS Thus, at r = — the height of the ball is maximum.
14
dt dt
dS r-1 4. Given, x is the side of the square base of the tank
dt
= 2y[2ni2yl2) 4n
(in m) and h is the depth of the tank (in m).
K=2-Ji
Area of the base of the tank = x^ m^
= -2cm^ /s ...(i)
.-.Cost ofland=?5000x^
Or

(b) S = Krl S = Khl [vr = h] Cost of digging the tank =^40000/?^, where h is the
S =%h4h^ depth of the tank (in m).

S = ^l2Kh^ Total cost of the tank = X (5000x^ + 40000 )

dS dh Given, capacity of tank = 250 m ^
dt
-J2n (2/0 dt Volume of tank, =250
dS dh 250
= 2^l2Kh ...(i)
dt dt X

dS dh (i) The total cost C of digging the tank

dt
= 2V2ti(2a^) dt
250 \2
[since, ~r^ +h^ => =2h^ C(x) = 5000x^ +40000
Ix^
16=2/i^ => h =2-^12] = 5000 x^ +
8x625x100
dh x'*
-2 = Sn — [●.● from Eq. (i)]
dt
dh 1
cm/s
= 5000 x^+^
x'"
dt 4k

7 2 13 x^+5xl0^'
3. Given, /((^) = -t^ + —1 + 1 => C(x)=?5000 4
2 X
Application of Derivatives <J8|)

dC{x)
(ii) 6. (i)Given,
dx

= 5000
x\6x^ +0)-(x^ + 5 X10^) X Ax^ On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
X dy
^ = A-x
dx
2;c^-20xl0^:rM
= 5000 Rate of growth of the plant with respect to the
X
number of days exposed to the sunlight is 4 - x
-20x10^' dy
= 5000 (ii) = 4~x
5 dx
X

On differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get

5. (i) Given, function is/(x) = -0.1x^ +mx+98.6
d^y = -1 dy
< 0 =» — decreases
/ (x) is a polynomial function. dx^ dx
It is differentiable everywhere and hence,
So, the rate of growth of the plant decreases for the
differentiable in (0, 12).
first three days.
(ii) We have,/(x) = ”0.1x^ +//ix + 98.6 Height of the plant after 2 days
/'(x) = -0.2x + m
6 is the critical point of the function.
^ y(2) = 4x2-^-x{2f = 8 - 2 = 6 cm

x^
2
r(6)=o y
7. (i) Elliptical sport field is given by — + =1 ...(i)
-0.2(6) + m = 0 =❖ m = 1.2 a

(iii) We have, /(x) = -0.1x^+1.2x + 98.6 Y'

/'(x) = -0.2x + 1.2 = -0.2(x-6) (x.y)

Interval Sign of/'(X) b
2y
(0,6) + ve X
a

(6, 12) -ve

<■
2x
Hence, /(x) is strictly increasing in the interval
(0, 6) and strictly decreasing in the interval
(6, 12).
Let (x, v) be the upper right vertex of the rectangle.
Or x2 a
From Eq. (i), we have — =
We have, /(x) = -O.lx^ +1.2x +98.6 2 2
a a

/'(x) = -0.2x + 1.2 = -0.2(x~6) b [~2 2

y= — -\ja -X
/'(x)=0=>x = 6 a

Now, f" = -0.2 Length and breadth of rectangular field are 2x and
and/"(6) = -0.2<0 2y, respectively.
Hence, x = 6 is the point of local maximum and the .●. The area function A = (2x) (2y)
local maximum value.
^ = (2x) (2--^a^-x^ V v = —Va
b [~2 —X
2
/(6) = - 0.1 X (6)^ + (1.2 x 6) + 98.6= 102.2 a a

4bx
Now, /(O) = 98.6, /(6) = 102.2 and /(12) = 98.6 => A =
a
sja^ -x^, Xe (0, a)
Hence, x = 6 is the point of absolute maximum and
the absolute maximum value of the function at x = 6 (ii) We have area function A, as
is 102.2 andx =0, x = 12 both are the points of 46x
A =
absolute minimum and the absolute minimum value a

of the function is 98.6.

 4

186 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

Or
dA 4b -X
Now, X X -x^ 4bx 2
dx a 2 ^ We have, A — — X
-X
a

dA 4b -x^ +a^ -x^ 4h (a^-2x^) Squaring both sides of Eq. (i), we get
= — X
dx 2 \6b^x^ \6b^
a a
-X A^ =
a a
\ (
a a
2 x+ Lei A^ =Z
or
dA 4b vijr iT Now, A is maximum when Z is maximum.
dx a

dZ 2 . 3^
dA — (2xa^-4x^)
dx
For critical point, put = 0 a

dx
a = —— x(a + -Jlx) {a - ^Jlx)
is the critical point. a

dZ
(iii) We have. Now, — =0
dx
\ /
a a
a
2 x+ X -
dA -4b
X
/ V 42~ ^ = 2T
dx a 2
— X
d^Z d (32b^
Now, -ia^x-2x^)
For the values of x less than
a
and close to
a
dx^ dx a

>/2 2^
326^ a
dA a 2-6-
we have >0. 2
2
a
dx
a 326^
and for the values of x greater than and close to
V2 a

a dA 2 \
, we have <0. d^Z 32b^ a

dx 2
a 2-6-
a a 2
Hence, by the first derivative test, there is a local
a
maximum at the critical point x = 32b^
a

Since, there is only one critical point, therefore the 22b^

area of the soccer field is maximum at this critical -i-2a^) = -64b^ <0
a a

point X — a
Hence, aXx- , Z is maximum and here, A is
a 2a a
42
^2x = and.x = maximum.
42 V2 a a
2x — a42 and x = —p=
y-~
b
a
2 a ^ b a^ b a b "^42 42
a
b 1 ^^ b a b
=> y=~ a — =-x—=-—=
2b
2y = = b4i a 2 a 42 42
4i 2b
^2y = = b4i
Thus, for maximum area of soccer field, its length 42
should be a42 units and its width should be
Thus, for maximum area of the soccer field, its
b42 units. length should be a42 and its width should be b42.
Application of Derivatives /iS7

1200 3
8.(i) (d) Let the fuel cost per hour be x. (iii) (c) Here, c = + —V
V 16
Speed of train = v km/h
Given, x is proportional to square of speed On differentiating w.r.t. v, we get
in km/h.
dc
1200 ^
x = kv^ =>A =-^ V
dv 16

dc
Given, x = 4S and v = 16 For maxima or minima, put — = 0
dv
48 48 3
k = -1200
(16)' 16x16 16 2
.1=0
V 16
(ii) (b) Given, the fixed charges to run the train amount
to? 1200 per hour.
2 1200x16 =>v^=6400
Cost of running the train per hour, V
3
C] =1200 + j:
v = ±80 => V = -80(rejected)
<^1 = 1200 + —V- The most economical speed to run the train is
16
80 km/h.
Cost of running the train per kilometre.
(iv) (c) The fuel cost for the train to travel 500 km at the
1200 3
i.e. c = + — V Here, c = — most economical speed is
V 16 V
f 3
500 — v = 500x — x80
16 16

= ?7500
Cost of running the train 500 km
(v) (d) The total cost of the train to travel 500 km at the
600000 1500 most economical speed is
500c = V
V 16 1200
600000 375 500 — x80 =500(15 + 15) = ? 15000
80 16
V 4
 [CHAPTEf^ TEST)
1 Mark Questions 7. Let / be an interval disjoint from (-1,1). Prove that
1. If the sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at ( n
function/(x) = x + — is strictly increasing on/.
the rate of 4 cm/s, then the rate at which the area xj
increases, when side is 5 cm, is
8. Find the values of k for which
(a) 10 cm Vs (b) Vs cm^/s
10 J\x) = kx -9kx + 9a: + 3 in increasing on R.
(c) 10>/3 cm Vs (d)- cm^/s
9. Find the maximum value of the function
2. The total cost C(jc) (in ?) associated with the /{a:)=a:^ +2x^ -4jc + 6.
production of x units of an item is given by
C(a:) = 0.007;c^ -0.003x^ +15x + 4000. 3 Marks Questions
The marginal cost when 17 units are produced, is 10. A man 2m tall, walks at a uniform speed of 6 km/h
(a) ? 20.967 (b)? 21.967 away from a lamp post 6m high. Find the rate at
(c)? 81.968 (d)? 11.967 which the length of his shadow increases.
3. The function/(x) = 4sin^ x-6sin^ x + 12sinx + 100 11. Find the intervals in which the function
is strictly /(.Y)=sin‘* x + cos‘* xis strictly increasing or strictly
(a) increasingin n, — (b) decreasing in ~ decreasing.
\ 2 7 V2
12. Find two positive numbers x and y such that
(c) decreasing in
2 2
(d) decreasing in 0,—
2
X + >; = 60 and xy^ is maximum.

4. Which of the following function is decreasing on 5 Marks Questions

13. Find the intervals in which the function / given by
2
7 7

(a) sin 2x (b) tan X

/(x) = 4x -6x - 72x + 30 is strictly increasing and
(c)cos X (d) cos 3x strictly decreasing.
14. A wire of length 36 cm is cut into two pieces. One of
2 Marks Questions the pieces is turned in the form of a square and other
5. The volume of a cube increases at a constant rate.
in the form of an equilateral triangle. Find the length
of each pieces, so that the sum of the areas of the two
Prove that the increase in its surface area varies
be minimum.
inversely as the length of the side.
15. Prove that the area of a right angled triangle of given
6. Find the point on the curve y^ = 8x for which the hypotenuse is maximum, when the triangle is
abscissa and ordinate change at the same rate. isosceles.

Answers
1.(c) 2. (a) 3.(b) 4.(c) 6. (2,4) 12. 45 and 15
( 1
B.ke 0,- 9. 14 10. 3 km/h 13. f (x) is strictly decreasing in (- 2,3)
l 3
and /(x) is strictly increasing in (- o®, -2) and (3, oo)
I 7t 7C
11. Strictly increasing in the interval —, ~ I44V3 324
14. cm. cm
4V3+9 4V3+9
and strictly decreasing in the interval 0, —
4
Integrals
TREND ^ Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS ^ YEARS
Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

i'
1 Mark 1 1 3

TOPIC 01 Indefinite Integrals 2 Marks 2 1

3 Marks 1 2

4 Marks

5 Marks

6 Marks

1 Mark 1 1 4

TOPIC 02 Definite Integrals 2 Marks 1 1

3 Marks 1 3

4 Marks 2

5 Marks

6 Marks 1

TOPIC 1

indefinite Integrals
Integration is the Inverse These integrals are called indefinite integrals or general
Process of Differentiation integrals and C is an arbitrary constant by varying which
one gets different anti-derivatives of the given function.
In the differential calculus, we are given a function and we NOTE Derivative of a function is unique but a function can have infinite
have to find the derivative or differential of this function, anti-derivatives or integrais.
but in the integral calculus, we have to find a function
whose differential is given.
Properties of Indefinite Integral
Thus, integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
1. J [/(x) ± g (x)] r/x = I/(x) dv ± j g(x) dx .
Suppose, ~ [F(x)] = / (x), then j/(x)4rs=F'{x) -i- C. 2. For any real number k, k f(x)dx = k /(x) dx .
190 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

-1
3. In general, if/j,/2,●●●>/„ are functions and
k],k2,-- .,k^ are real numbers, then
18. J \+x"- (ir = cot ^ x+C

[*i /i (j:) + kj f2 (x) +... + kj'„ (^)] dx 1

dx = sec ' x + C
19.

= *1J /i (^)dx + k2\f2ix)dx+...+ k„j f„ (x)dx.

-1
20. dx = cosec 'x + C
Basic Formulae of Integrals x-<Jx^ -1
« + 1 dx
I. x" dx = -
« + l
+ C,« ^ —1 21. j a
2
-X
2
=sm - +C
a

ax
dx
2. e‘^ dx=^~ + C 22. = = log IX + ^x“ -a^ I + C
a
V? -a

a"
3. dx =
log a
+ C 23. = = log IX + ^jx^ +a^ I + C
+ a

4. f-tic = log|x| + C
X 24.
1
- dx = —tan
1 -1
/

-
\

+C
+x ^ a
5. sin X = -cosx+ C
1 1 a +x
25. -^.-log + C
6. cos X ^/x sin X + C 2
a -X
a -X

7. tanxa!x = -log]cosx|+C = log|secx| + C dx

y = ^log -
-a
26. + C
x^ - a x + a
8. cot X fir = log I sin XI + C = - log| cosec x | + C

9. sec X dir = log ] sec X + tan XI + C 27. ■Jx" -a^ dx = —2 ■\[^ -a

2

= logltan - + - 1+C
V ^ zy
a
i'^-log
, x + V:^
Pi - a ^ +C

10. cosecx^ir = log|cosecx-cotx| + C 2

Ja^ -x^ dx = — Ja^ -x^ +

a ●. -I
28. sin - + C
V 2 '' 2 a

= log tan- +C
2
■)jx‘^ + a^ dx = —2 + a~
7
29.
11. secxtanxdx: = secx + C
2

log x + -\/x^*+^
a
+ C
12. cosec X cot X dx = - cosec x + C 2
/i+i

13. |sec^xdr = tanx + C 30.

1 (ax + 6)
{ox^bY dx = - + C, /? ;* -1
a n +\
14. cosec^xdr = -cotx + C

15.
1
dx = sin“' x + C Integration by Substitutions
Substitution method is used when a suitable substimtion of
-1
16. dx =cos ' x + C variable leads to simplification of integral.
If / = /(x) dx, then by putting x = g(z), we get
1
17.
1 +x
J dx = tan 'x + C
Integrals 191

Substitutions to evaluate integrals of a -X

or
a +x
X = a cos 26

the form 'iw dx

a +x a -X

pVo x-a
or
yj{x-a){b-x) X = acos 0 + 6sin 6
b-x
1. If P and Q both are linear functions of x, then put
X a-x ●y ^
or X = a sin 6 or X = a cos 0
a-x X
2. If P is a quadratic and ^ is a linear function
of X,then put^ = r^. X
or
a +x
X = a tan 0 or X =: a cot
2
6
V a +x X
3. If P is a linear and ^ is a quadratic function
ofx, then put P = -.
t
integration by Partial Fractions
4. If P and Q both are pure quadratic of the form A rational function is a ratio of two polynomials i.e. of the
P =ax^ + iand Q = cx^ +d, then substitute x = -t and p{x)
form , where p{x) and ^(x) are polynomials in x and
g{x)
then c + dt^ -u^.
q{x) ^ 0. If degree of p (x) > degree of ^(x), then we may
Pix) Pi (x)
Integration using trigonometric divide p{x) by ^(x), so that
g(x)
= t{x) + where t (x)
identities
is a polynomial in x which can be integrated easily and
Sometimes when the integrand involves some Pi W
trigonometric functions, we use the following identities to degree of p^ (x) is less than the degree of q(x). Now
g{x)
find the integral:
Pi (x)
1
2sin^ -cosP =sin(/l + P) + sin(^ -P) can be integrated by expressing as the sum of partial
g(x)
2. 2cos^-sinP =sin(yl t P) - sinful - P)
fractions of the following types:
3. 2cos^ cosP =cos(^ +P) + cos(/I -B) px + q A P
1. -I- ,a^b
4. 2siny4 -sinP =cos(^ ~P) -cos(^ +P) {x-a){x-b) x-a x-b
2 tan A
5. 2sin-cos =sin2yl = ^ px + a A P
1 }-tan^ A 2. T = x-a
“
6. cos2A=cos^ A sin ^.4
1-tan^ A 3.
px^ -f- qx r A £ C
= 2cos^ A-\ = \ -2sin^ A - + -

1 + tan^ A {x - a){x - b)(x - c) x-a x-b x-c

1. sin^ A -
1 - co.s 2 A
^ px^ +gx + r _ A B C

(x a)^{x-b) X- a
{x-a) {x-b)
I +cos2/l
8 cos^ A = px'^ H- qx + r 4 -PX r
2 —. where
3sin^ -sin3y4 (x- u){x~-¥hx -f .ci a - ■ ox r
9. sin^ A =
4 X ~ + bx -f c cannot be factonsec: b-rch
3cosy4 +cos3^ f/r f
10. cos^ A - ● Inlcgrals of ihc j (
4 ilX hx ■

can be transfor :d into rta-v.

Some Special Substitutions
.MX,

2 b c \
ax^ + bx + c= a X +—X+-'
X = a tan 0 or a cot 0 a

X = a sin 0 or a cos 6
= a
/

x + —
b^- (c b2 ^

2a 4aM ■
^/7
a
2
- a X = a sec 0 or a cosec 6
 192 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

● Integrals of the types

PX+q
dxoi A = Algebraic function
ax~ + + c
T = Trigonometric function
px+q
dx can be transformed into standard form
E = Exponential function
V ax^ ●¥bx-¥c
d 2 [The function which comes first in ILATE should taken as
by expressing +^ = — {ax ■¥ bx+c)-\-B first function and other as second function.]
dx

= A{2ax + b) + B, NOTE (i) Keep in mind, ILATE is not a rule, as all questions of
integration by parts cannot be solve by above method,
where A and B are determined by comparing coefficients
and constants of both sides. (ii) It is worth mentioning that integration by parts is not
applicable to product of functions in all cases. For

Integration by Parts instance, the method does not work for Vx sinxdx. The
reason is that there does not exist any function whose
For given functions /(x) and g(x), we have
derivative isVxsinx.
[f{x)-g(x)]dx = f(x)- g(x)dx- {f'{x)- g(x)dx}dx
I II
Integral of the Type e’'[f(x) + ^(x)] dx
Here, we can choose first function according to its position
in ILATE, where If the given integrand is of the form e^[f{x) + f\x)], then
I = Inverse trigonometric function we can directly write the integral as
L = Logarithmic function Je*L/W + /'W]* = eVW + C.

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions
(a) secx- tanx+ C (b) S6CX+ tanx+ C
Multiple Choice Questions (c) tan x - secx + C (d) - (secx + tan x) + C
1 .v+2
1. — dx is equal to 5. 2 dx is equal to CBSE 2023
x(log x) CBSE 2024 x+2 1+2
(a) 2 + C (b)2 log 2 + C
(a) 2 log(log x)+C (b)--i~ + C x-i-2
2-'
logx (c)? + C (d)2--^ + c
log 2 log 2
(log xf 3
(c) + C (d) 3- + C
3 (log x) 6. is equal to CBSE 2023
6
dx X
2.The integral = is equal to + C (b)-.C
^ ^9-4x CBSE 2024
(c) bx''' + C (d) 6x^ + C
_i/'2x'l 2x'
(a) — sin + C (b) i sin -1
+ C 1
6 u V3 7-lff'{x) = x + ~, then/(x)is
,, -ir2x'\ ^ -i(2x\
X CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
(c) sin — +C
V 3 y (d) I sin 3)
+ C
(a) x^ + log IXI + C (b) ~ + log I XI + C

3.1f—/(x)
dx
= logx, then f(x) equals
CBSE 2023 (c)|+log|x| + C (d)|-logU| + C
A

(a)-i + C X
(b) x(logx-1) + C Very Short Answer Questions
(c) x(log X + x) + C {d)- + C S.Find e'^ (1 - cot x + cosec ^x) dx.
X

CBSE Sample Paper 2021

secx
4. dx equals
sec X — tan x
CBSE 2023 S.Find sin^ — cos — dx.
2) 2 Delhi 2020
Integrals 193

+1 X- 1
-5 2 - 3 sin X
10'Find [
10-^
dx.
Delhi 2020
25. Write the value of | eos^ a:
dx.
Delhi 2071

dx
11 ● Find 26. Write the value of sec x (sec x + tan x) dx. Delhi 2071
dx +X Delhi 2020

27. Evaluate
(logxf dx.
1
12. Find X All India 207 7

^ x(l+x^) Delhi 2020 tan * X

28. Evaluatp - dx.
All India 207 7
f sin ^ X - cos ^ X 1 +x^
13. Find dx.
sm X cos X All India 2077
29. Evaluate \(ax + b)^dx. All India 207 7
■2 2
Sin X - cos X
14. Find dx. (l + logxf
^ sin^xcos^x Delhi 2074C
30. Evaluate dx.
X Foreign 207 7; Delhi 2009
f sin® X re^-e-^
15. Find dx. 31. Evaluate dx.
cos X All India 20 MC
Foreign 207 7
dx
16. Evaluate 32. Evaluate
f cos
-dx.
^ sin^xcos^x Delhi 2074Q Foreign 2074 X Foreign 2017

17. Evaluate cos"”^ (sin x) dx. Delhi 20 7 4C c X ^-X^+X-1

33. Evaluate — dx.
X-1 Delhi 20 77 C
1
18. Write the anti-derivative of 3->/x+
^ / Delhi 2074 gg Hia CONCEPT
First, factorise numerator and cancel out common factor
19.Evaluate {\-x)^^x dx. Delhi 2072 from numerator and denominator and then integrate.

gg 1213 CONCEPT 34. Write the value of

1 - sin X
dx.
First, multiply the two functions and then use ^ cos^x All India 207 7C

x"dx = + C,n?i-1.
n+1 ●2cosx
35. Evaluate dx.
sin^x All India 207 7 C, 2009, 2008
20. Given, (tan x +● 1) sec x dx = e^ f {x) + C. Write
/ (x) satisfying above. All India 2072; Foreign 207 7 2 Marks Questions
H§a CONCEPT 36. Find CBSE 2024

Use the relation e* [f{x) + f'(x)] dx =e* f(x) + C and 1

37. Find jdx
simplify it. ●' 5 + 4x - X CBSE 2024

2 dx
21. Evaluate j l+cos2x dx. Foreign 2072
38. Find
x^ -6x + 13’ CBSE 2022 (Term II)

x+cos6x
22. Write the value of dx. logx
A
39. Find j dx.
3x +sin6x All India 2072C (1 + logx) CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
sec^ X sin2x
23. Write the value of dx. 40. Find dx.
^ cosec^ X Delhi 2012C, 207 7 ^|9-cos‘^ X CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
r dx
24. Write the value of 1
x^ +16 41. Find 2 2
dx.
Delhi 207 7
cos X (1 - tan x) CBSE Sample Paper 2027
 194 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

+1
42. Find dx. 59. Find dx
(x^+l){x^+2,) CBSE Sample Paper 2021 4e 2x
-4e’‘ -5 CBSE 2023

X
43. Find dx. 60. Find log(x^ CBSE 2023
x^ + 3x + 2 All India 2020

2
1
sec x 61. Find dx
44. Find dx. 'x {-Jx +1) (yfx + 2) CfiSE 2023
■\/tan^x + 4 Delhi 2019
I
71 n
62. Find dx
45. Find -^l-sin2;c dx ’4 — <x<—. ^ cos {x - a) cos {x - b) CBSE 2023
2 Delhi 2019
2
46. Find sin"'(2^)«^- Delhi 2019
63. Find I (l-x)(l+x^) dx CBSE 2023

■ tan ^ X ● sec ^x e'

47. Find the values of dx. 64. Find dx
1-tan^A: Delhi 2019
■^5-4e‘ -e^ CBSE 2023

48. Find the value of sin x ■ log cos x dx. Delhi 2019 X^ +X + 1
65. Find dx.
(x + lf(x + 2) CBSE 2023; Delhi 2014C
49. Findj-j3-2x-;c^ dx. All India 2019
dx
66. Find
sin^ a: + cos^ x
50. Find dx. ■j3-2x-x^ CBSE Sample Paper 2023
sin^ xcos^ X All India 2019

67. Find
(x^ +a: + 1) dx.
x-3
51. Find e^dx. (x'-i)
3 CBSE Sample Paper 2023
ix~l) All India 2019
X + l
x-5 68. Find dx.
52. Find (x^+\)x
j e^dx. CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 (Term II)
(x~3) All India 2019

53. Evaluate
rcos2x+2sin^ x 4 Marks Questions
dx.
cos^ X CBSE 2018 2
X
69. Find dx.

54. Findj
3 -5sin;c
dx. ■' (x^ +I)(3x^ +4) CBSE 2022 (Term II)
COS^ X CBSE 2018C
3x + 5
70. Find dx.
55. Find
j- e ^ -^1 + sin2x dx.
●'x^+3x-18 Delhi 2019
1+ cos 2x
CBSE Sample Paper 2018
COSX

71. Find the value of j (1 + sin x) (2 + sinx) dx. Delhi 2019

dx
56. Find f x^+x + 1
x^ +4x + 8 Delhi 2017 72. Find dx.
^ (x+2)(x^ +1)
dx
57. Find All India 2019, 2016, 2015, 2009C
●’ 5-8x-x^’ All India 2017 2 COSX
73. Find dx.
(1 - sin x) (2 -cos^ x) All /ndfo20I9
3 Marks Questions
2cosx
74. Find
58. Find j- 2x + l dx
dx.
(1 -sinx)(l + sin^ x)
■*(X + 1)'(X-1) CBSE 2024
CBSE 2018
Integrals 195

75.
4
87. Find
logl^:
Find dx.
●^dx.
J (x-2)(;c'+4) CBSE 2018C (x + \) All India 2015

secx sin (x - a)
76. Find dx. 88. Evaluate dx.
●' 1 + cosec X
CBSE Sample Paper 2018 ^ sin (x + a) Foreign 2015; Delhi 2013

77.
2x 89. Find -sin (3x+ 1) Foreign 2015
Find
jdx.
●' (x^+1) (x^+2) Delhi 2017 x'
90- Evaluate dx.
2x ^ (x^+4)(x^+9)
78.
Find j (x^+l)(x''+4) dx. Delhi 2017
Foreign 2015; Delhi 2073

91. Find |-(x^ +1K dx.

79. Find
COS0
d6. ●I (x + l)' Delhi 2015C

●' {4 + sin^ 0) (5-4cos^ 0) All India 2017 x +2

92. Evaluate dx.

{3 sin0 -2)cos0
yjx^ +5x +6 All India 2014
80. Find dS.
5x -2
5 -cos^ 0 - 4sin0 Delhi 2016 93. Find
1 + 2x + 3x
jdx. Delhi 2014C; Delhi 2013
(3sinx -2)cosx
Or Find dx.
x'
5-cos^x~4sinx 94. Find dx.

X
’’x'*+3x^+2 All India 2014C
81. Find dx. -1
XCOS ■ X
Delhi 2076 95. Evaluate dx.
2a- All India 2014C; Foreign 2074
82. (2x-5)e dx.
Find
●sin^ X +cos^ X
(2^-3)^ All India 2016 96. Evaluate dx.
^ sin^xcos^x Delhi 20 7 4C

83. Find
(x^+l)(x^+4) dx.
(xH3){x"-5) Foreign 2016
S ElfONCEPT
First, use =(a + bf - 3ab(a + b) to write numerator
XSin X
84. Evaluate dx. of integrand in simplest form and then integrate by using
Vi -X
2
Foreign 2076; Delhi 2012
suitable method.

ESpONCEPT ' 1 - sin 2x

97. Evaluate dx.
1 -cos2x Delhi 20 7 3C
First, putx=sintand then use integration by parts and
simplify it.
gg QiaFONCEPT
dx
85. Find First, use trigonometric formulae sin 26 = 2sin0 cos9 and
● sinx + sin2x Delhi 2075 cos 26 = l-2sin^6to write integrand in simplest form and
then apply integrationby parts to integrate.
§g B3F0NCEPT
First, simplify the integrand in such a form that 3x + l
numerator is in sin form and denominator is in cos form. 98. Evaluate dx.

Substitute cosx =f and then convert the given integrand J (x + l)'(x + 3) Delhi 2013C

in the form off. Now, use partial fraction in the integrand r 2x^+1
and then integrate it. Further, substitute the vaiue off 99. Evaluate dx.
and get the required result. ■ x^(x^ +4) Delhi 2073

-^-3x + l x^+1
86. Find f - dx. 100. Evaluate dx.

Delhi 2015
^ (x^+4)(x^+25) Delhi 2073
 196 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

cos 2a:-cos 2a ● +4
101. Evaluate c/x. 113. Evaluate (Jx.
cos X-cos a All India 2073 ■ +16 All India 2011C
x+2
102. Evaluate dx.
gg I3m CONCEPT
■Jx^ +2x+3 All India 2013
First, divide numerator and denominator by and
dx reduce the integrand in standard form.
103. Evaluate
x(x^ +3) All India 2013
x^+l
114. Evaluate dx.
104. Evaluate
dx ●’x^+1 Delhi 2011C
x(x^+l) All India 2013
r Sin X - cos x
115. Evaluate dx.
105. Evaluate
dx
■y/sin 2x Delhi 2011C
x(x^+8) All India 2013

3x + 5 6 Marks Questions
106. Evaluate — dx.
^ x^ — X ^ -x + 1 Delhi 2013C 116. Find
sinx

J ● 3 3
sm x+cos X
CBSE Sample Paper 2017
107.Evaluate sinx-sin2x sin3xric.
De/hi 2072 1
r 117. Evaluate dx.
ggEia CONCEPT sin"* X + sin^ xcos^ x +cos‘* x
All India 2014
It is a product of three trigonometric functions. So, firstly
we take two functions at a time and use the relation 118.Evaluate (^jcotx + ^Jt^^x) dx.
2sin4sin6 = cos{4-fi)-cos(4 + B)and then integrate it.
Ali India 2014; Delhi 2010C
1
2 110. Evaluate
108. Evaluate dx. j 4 T~
cos x + sin'^x
0-x)(l+x^) Delhi 2012
All India 2014

2
X

gg EH CONCEPT 120. Find j (x^+l)(x^+4) dx.

Delhi 2074C
Here, denominator is a product of two algebraic ● -1 -I
rsin X - cos
functions. So, firstly we use partial fraction method
then integrate it.
and 121.Find
sm X +COS
-1 iix,xe[0, 1].
X All India 2014C

1+sinx gg [Sm CONCEPT

109. Evaluate e^dx.
1 +COSX
All India 2012C First, use the identity sin"’ x + cos"’ x = — to convert
X integrand in terms ofsin"’ only. Then, integrate by using
110. Evaluate
jdx. substitution.
(xsinx+cosx) All India 2012C
X^ +1
111'Evaluate sinx<3(x. 122. Evaluate dx.
Foreign 207 7
(x-lf(x + 3) Delhi 2012
3x + 5
112. Evaluate dx. 6x + 7
-8x + 7 123. Evaluate dx.
Foreign 207 7 J V(t-5)(t-4) All India 2011
 i

[Explanations]
1
1. (6) For the integral j dx 5. (c)Wehavej2^-"^a^
jr{logA:)
Letx + 2 = r dx = dt [using the substitution]
Let log jc = /
2' 2(^ + 2)
1 d 1 2'dt = + C = + C
Then, — dx = dt ●: — {\ogx) = - log2 log 2
X dx X

1 1 6. (b) dx = x^dx
-1
-:^dx = r^dt== + C,
X (log at) t t x^
+ C
6
where C = constant of integration
1 -1 1
-dx = + C [*.● log X = /] 7. (^) Given,/'{x) = x + ...(i)
X
x(logx) logx
dx dx On integrating both sides of Eq. (i), we get
2. (6) Let / = dx = 1
^ V9-4x^ /'(x)(ix= x + - cic
X

Let 2x = t
r 1
1 /(x) X + — dx
dx = - dt ^ X
2
x'
f{x) =
1 r fix
^ +logjx| + C
8. Let/= e'(1-cotX + cosec^x) i/x
1 . -1 2x fix
= -sin ■ hC ■ = sin - + C I- ●' e'(1-cotx)
II I
fix + ●' cosec ^ X fix
2 3 a

= (1 - cot x)e' - (cosec ^ x)fix

d
3. (6)Given,—[/(x)] = Iogx
dx + cosec ^x fix
On integrating both sides, we get
= (l-cotx)^’^ +C
=> /(x)=f logx fix T , C ■ ^
/
X
\ /■
x
\
,
9. Let/= sin - cos - fix
●* 2 2
= logx [fix-f —(logx)
fix
fix fix
X l x
Put sin- = /=^ -cos —fix = fi/
r 1 2 2 2
=> /(x) = logx-x — ■xdx
●' X
I=l\t^dt (1/2)
=» /(x) = logx-x- fix
/=2- —+ C
=> /(x) =xlogx-X+ C 6

/(x)=x(logx-l) + C /=-
1
sin
. 6 ^
— + C
secx ■secx (secx + tanx) 3V (1/2)
4. ib) dx = dx x+ 1 AT-1
*' sec X — tan x f2 -5
(sec X - tan x) fix
10. Let I =
10^
(sec ^ X + sec X tan x)fix
1
I = j\2 AT _ifA
loJ 5U0
■dx

= J sec ^ X fix + sec X tan X fix tan X + sec X + C (1/2)

198 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1
/ = 2(5)"^—(2)"^ dx 14. Do same as Q. 13.
5
[Ans. tan a: + cot + C] (1)
1
/ = -2-5‘^log5 + -2"^log2 + C sin^ X
15.Let/ = dx= tan ^ X ● sec ^ a: c/x
cos X

/ = ilog2(2-^)-21og5(5-")
5
+C (1/2) Puttanx = r sec^xdx-dt
dx dx
11. Let / = => 1 = (1/2) tan^ X
I ‘t^dt = + C = +c [*.■ r = tanx] (1)
Vx +x ' 4x {\+4x) 7 7
1 dx
Put Vx +1 = r, then dx = dt 16. Let 1 =
i4x~ ^ sin^xcos^x
dt
7=2 =2log| r| + C ■ (sin^ X +cos^ x)
^ t dx [vsin^6 + cos^6=l]
^ sin^x-cos^x
= 2 log I Vx +11 + C [v /=Vx +l](l/2) (1/2)

12. Let 7 =
dx = (sec^ X+ cosec^x)c6r
x(l + x^)
dx
= |sec^x£7c+ cosec ^Xiiv
7 =
= tanx -cotx + C (1/2)

Vx
y+1 Alternate Method

1 -2
On dividing the numerator and denominator by cos'’ x,
Put - + \ = t'=^-~^dx = dt we get
X X (i/2)
1 rdt 1
f sec^x-sec^x
7 = dx
7=- --log|r| + C tan^ X
2-' / 2

1 1
7 =
■ (I + tan^ x) - sec^ X dx
7 = - - log -Y + l+C tan^ X
2 X

Put tan X = ( sec xdx-dt

1 X^+1
7 = - - log
2 X r\ + t^ r 1
7 = dt= \dt-v —dt

1 X
2 J ^2 " t

●f = rlog — + C 1
2 x^ + 1 (1/2)
I=t--+C
t
:„2 2
Sin X - cos X
13. Let7 = dx 7 = tan X - cot X + C [vr=tanx] (i)
sin X ● cos X
17. Let 7 = cos”’ (sinx) dx
sin^ X cos^ X
dx \
-1 It
sin X-cos X sin X cos X
cos cos -X dx
12
sin X cos X
dx
■'Lcosx sinx (1/2) = f --X dx [vcos ’{COS0)=0] (1/2)
■"U J
= (tanX-cotx) fl[x = J tanx £& - cotx tic
= log] sec x| - [- log! cosec xj ] + C
= -2 Jfrfx X dx

= log! sec xj + log I cosec xj + C 7C x'

X + C (1/2)
2 2
= log! sec X ● cosec x | + C (1/2)
Integrals 199

1 1
18.Anti-derivative of 3-s/x-f- 2
sec^ X cos a:
23.Let/ = dx = dx
1 1
3-Jx +
X
dx =2> 4x dx + j X
dx cosec 1

sin^ X
^(1/2).1 ^(-i/2).l Sin
● 2
X
= 3 + + C dx
(l/2) + l (-1/2) + ! ^ COS^ X
3/2 1/2 = tan^xdx= (sec^x-l)d!x
= 2(x + x )+C (1)
[v tan^0=sec^ 0-1]
19.Let/= (l-x)Vxi/v= (-Jx -x4x)dx » 2
- sec X dx- \dx = t?Lnx-x + C (1)
1/2
(I) dx dx
3 5 24. Let / =
x^+16 *^x^-i-(4)^
x"">
V x" dx = + C, n^-\ I
«+l = — tan“* —+ C (1)
4 4
dx 1
20. Given that (tanx+l)secxi/x = ■f{x) + C = —tan“‘ —+ C
L' a a

(sec X + sec X tan x) 4!x = / (x) + C f 2-3sinx 2 3sinx

25. Let / = dx =
■ secx + C = /(x) + C COS
2
X ■^vcos^x COS^Xy
●● ^^{/-(x) + /'(x)}dx = eVW + C = (2sec^ X-3secxtanx)iA:
d = 2 sec^xi/x-3 secxtanxtix
and here — (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
= 2 tan X - 3 sec X + C (1)
On comparing both sides, we get
26. Let /= secx(secx + tanx)iic
/(x) = secx (1)
2 = (sec ^ X + sec X tan x) dx
21.Let/ = j l-i-cos2x dx
2
= jsQc^xdx+ secxtanxi/x
dx [v cos20 =2cos^ 0 -1] = tan X + sec X -I- C (1)
2cos^ X
r(logx)^
= I sec ^ X (ic = tan X+C (1) 27. Let I =
X
dx

' x-hcos6x
22.Let/ = dx 1
3x +sin6x Put logx = r => -dx = dt
X

2
Put 3x +sin6x=:r
/ =
!(logxf - dx= dt
dt X
6x+6cos6x = —
dx (logx)^
= —+ C = + C [vr = logx](i)
dt 3 3
=> (x-l-cos6x)/ix = —
6
^tan-‘x
r 1 28. Let I -
^ 1+x
^dx
/ = V -r/x= log|x|+C
●'or D ●' X
1
Put tan ‘ X = r

-6 [ log I (3x^ +sin6x)| ] + C (1) 1

jdx = dt
[v t =3x^ +sin6x] 1+x
200 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

tan X
e
/ = 33. Let /= — dx
Y x-1
1+x

x^{x-l) + l(x-l)
= +C
[vje^dx = e^ +C] X -1
dx

tan * j:
= e + C [v t = tan”* x] (1) (x'+l)(x-l)
x~\
dx= {x^+\)dx
29. Let/= (ax + b^dx
x^
dt dt +X+C (1)
Put t = ax + b => = a ^ — = dx 3
dx a
■ 1 - sin X 1 sin X

/. /=
f/'
—dt =
1 +C =
(ax+ 6)'* +c
34. Let I ~
^ COS^ X
dx =
cos
2
X cos
2
X
dx

●' a a 4 4a

[v t = ax + b] (I) = sec ^ X iiv - sec X tan X itc

(1 + Iogx)^ = tan X - sec X + C (1)
30. Let / = dx
X
35. Do same as Q. No. 34. [Ans. -2cosecx+ C]
1
Put 1 + log x = t ^ — dx = dt 3 log sin X
X
36. Let, / = cos x e dx

(l + logx)^
/ =
●' X
dx ^\t^dt
^
=—
3
+C - cos^xsinxi/c

(1 + logx)^ On putting cos x = t ^-sinx dx = dt

+ C [vr = l + logx] (1) sinx dx = -dt
3

/ = - t^-dt = +C
31. Let / ■f 2v
+ e
-2x
dx
4

cos'* X
Put + e~^ = t + C
4
d
=> {2e^ ~2e-'^'^)dx = dt ●: — {e‘^) = ae 1
ax

dx 37. Let/ = ~dx

5 + 4x - X
dt
{e^ -e ^)dx = — 1
2
j dx
^Ix -2x 5+2-2x-x^-(2)^+(2)
dx = -1 f^_l logUI+C
e - e
I =
e
2x ,
+ e
-2x 2J t ~2 1
dx
5 + 4-(x^ +(2)^ -2-2-x)
1 2x -2x
= - log I e"* +e l+C [■.■t = e^+e~^] (1) 1 I
2
=1 9-{x-2) 2 *=l (3)2_(x_2)2
f cos
32, Let I = -dx
1 3+X-2
X
log + C
2x3 3 -X + 2
1 1
Put \/x =; => dx = dt => dx = 2dt
i4x~ <
dx 1 o +x
+ C
cos X -X 2=5^ a-x
/ = dx = 2 costdt
1 1 +x
= - log + C
= 2 sin r + C = 2 sin Vx + C [vr = VI] (1) 6 5-x
Integrals 201

dx dx -sec X dx = dt sec x dx = -dt

38. Let/ = (1)
x^ -6x + 13 ^ {x-3f +13-9 dt 1 1
/ = - = - +C = + C (1)
dx dx t 1 - tan X

^ (x-3)^ +4 ●' (x-3)^+2^ x^ +I

42. Let I = dx
1
= -tan
-1 x-3
+ C (1)
●’ (jc^+2)(x^+3)
2 2 Let A'" = _y
f log A A^+1
39. Let / = -dx y+\
(l + logA)“ Then,
(a^+2){a^+3) (r + 2)(/ + 3)
r logA + 1 -1 v+ 1 A B
jdx Again, let
(1 + logA) (T + 2){t + 3) y + 2 ■ >^ + 3
1 + logA 1 => y + l=^A{y + 3) + B{y + 2) ...(ii) (1)
dx
Hd + lOgx)' (1 + logA)' Putting y = ~2 and y=-3 successively in
Eq. (ii), we get
1 1
A (I + log a) (I + log a)
y dx (1) A = -l and B =2

On substituting the values of A and B in

On putting logA = f x = e‘ dx = e‘dt Eq. (i), we get
y+1 -I 2
1 1
... /=J 1+^ (1 + /)
— e' dt (y + 2)(y + 3) y+2 y+3
f a' +1 -1
dx=^ dx +
Now, we have a formula
■' J(x"+2)(.r'+3) a' +2 ■●a'+3
e^[f(x) + f'ix)]dx = e^f{x) + C ...(i)
1 -I
1
tan
A 2
tan
-1
il+c
So, here f{t) = =>/'(0 = ^/2 j V3 (2)
1 + r (1 + 0' A
43. Let 7 = dx
So, it is from Eq. (i). A ' + 3a + 2
1 A

The given integral = e' ■ + C= + C (1)

Again, \eXx = A — {x^ +3a+2) + 5
1 + r 1 + log A dx
sin 2a x = (h: + 3)A+B =^^x=2Ax + {3 A +B)
40. Let I - dx
V9 -cos'* A 2A=\and3A+B=Q

1 3
r sin 2a A = - and B = -
dx (1) 2 2
V(3)'-(cos'a)' dx
Putcos
●y
x=t -2cosAsinAt/A = if/
^ \r{2x+3)dx 3
2 a'+3a+2 2*^x'+3a + 2
=> sin 2a cTx = -dt
dt
0+C 2

-f# -r'
● -1
I = = -sin 2a+ 3 dx
3j where /j — dx and 12 = (1)
^ a' +3a + 2 ’ a' +3a + 2
2 \
cos A r lx+ 3
7=-sin ’ + C (I) dx
3 Now, 7] =
* A ' + 3a + 2
1 ● sec ^ x PutA^ +3x + 2 = t=i^{2x + 3)dx = dt
41. Let 7 = jdx = y dx (1)
^ cos' A (1 - tan a) ●' (1 - tan a) rdt
.-. 7 1
t
= log|0 + C'| =log|A' +3a + 2|+Cj
Now, put (1 - tan a) = t
202 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dx dx
and/2 “
x~ +3x + 2
=1 3V 9
46.Let I = sin ' (Zxr) dx
.Y + + 2-
2; 4
Let 2jy = _y => a: = — => dx = —
2 2
dx
1
/=- sin {y)dy
a: + 2^
2) 2)
1 1
3 1 = - sin = -ydy
JY H 2
1 2 2 x+i y
1
log
3 I
+ C2 = log x +2
4-C2
2x X + - + [integrating by parts] (i)
2 2 2
I 1 3 x-h\ 3 1 1 2y
/=:;log|x^+3x + 2|+-C|--log -rC2 ysin ' y + - = dy
2 x +2 2 2
Vi
1 3. x+ \
= - logi + 3jy + 21 — log + C
2 2 JY +2
= ~[ysm~' y + ^|\~-~^ + C] v ■^=2^fx+C a:

where C = - C, - - C, 1
2*2^ 2x + ^\-4x~ +C]
-I
(I) = -[2x sin [vy = 2A:] (I)
2 2
sec X
44. Given, dx tan ^ a: ● sec ^ a:
^jtan^ x + 4 47.Let/ =
' I - tan ^ X
dx

dt dt
Let tanA: = / => scc^a: = — => dx = 2
(1) Let tan ^ X = r
dx sec X

2 => 3 tan^xsec^xi/x = f/r

sec X ● sec ^ X dt
i/Y =
11
^jian^ x + 4 ^,2 +4sec^x
^
=> tan X sec dx = - ■ dt (I)
3
dt
= = logI/ + -J^^ +4|+C 1 r dt I 1 + /
V/^+2 r - log
2 1-r
+ C

oh- dx 1
= = log IX + -yx^+i^ I+C
a+x
log + C
-^x^ + a — X 2 2^2 a -X

1 1 + /
= log I tan X + ^tan ^ X + 4 | + C = 7 log
6 1-?
+ C

[v ; = tanx] (i)
Now, put the value of t, we get
45. Given, ^1 - sin 2x f/x
, 1, 1 + tan ^ X
= ■Jsin^^'+^os^lc^-2^ifrY'co^ dx / = 7 log
6 1 - tan ^ X
+ C (1)

[*.● sin ^ 0 + cos^ 6 = 1 and 2 sin 0 cos 0 = sin 20] (l)

48. Let / = I sin X ■ log (cos x) dx
- -^(sinx-cosx)^ dx= (sinx-cosx)(/Y Put cos X = t => - sin X «[y = i/r

V in the interval—<x < — ,sinx >cosx

7C 7t
I -~^\ogt dt = - (log t)-\dt
4 2

= - cos X - sin X + C = - (cos x + sin x) + C (1)

= - log £ \dt- ■ — (log r) Idt dt (1)
dt
Integrals ■- 203

rl
= - (log0‘^“ --tdt X (^-1) 2
■ dx
●' t e s
3

= -[rlog?- Idt] 2
I
● dx
= -[? ● log / - f] + C {x-\f (x-\)\ (I)
= ● log r + f + C
= ● if (x) + f'(x)} dx.
= - cos X log (cos jc) + cos X + C (1)
I -2

49.Let I = \yl3 -2x-x^dx where / (x) - janci/'(^) = (x-1)'

(;c-l)

= -yj-ix^ +2a'-3) dx = e^-f(x) + C

[V e^{f{x) + f'{x)]dx = e^f{x) + C]
= '^-(x^ +2x+~[^~)^dx X
1
-^+C
X

= '^-{ix + l)^-2^}dx
= e ■
T+C= (1)
(x-1)

= l^j2^-ix + \f dx (1)
52. Do same as Q. No. 51.
X

Now, put x +1 = / =i> dx = dt [Ans. -^+C]

(x-3)^
fCos2x + 2sin^x
53. Let/ = dx
1 (t
f ●>/2^ + 2 ^ sin -1
+ C COS^ X
2 2)
l-2sin^x+2sin^x
-1 ^ =1 2
dx

V }\^Ia^ -x^dx=-21, x^la^ -x^ +a^sin a

+c cos X

[■.● COS 2/1 = 1 - 2 sin ^ ^ ] 0)

^x + l
i (x + l)V3-2x -x^ +4sin
-I

2 ;
+ C 1
dx= sec ^ X d!x = tan X + C (1)
COS^ X
[V l=X + [] (1) 3-5 sinx
/ . 3 3 54. Let / = dx
r sin x + cos x
dx
cos^ X
50. Let I =
sin^ xcos^ X 3 5 sin X
dx
2 2
{ ■ 3
sm'^x cos' X Vcos X cos X/ (I)
dx
^ l,sin^ X cos^ X sin^ xcos^ X = 3 sec^xdx-5 secxtanxdx
sin X cos X = 3 tan X - 5 sec X + C (I)
dx
● . 2
Vcos^ X sin" xy (1) ^ J\ +sin2x
55. Let / = dx
= [(tan X ● sec x) +(cot X-cosec x)](/x 1 + cos 2x

= sec X ● tan X tic + cot x ● cosec x dx ●^sin^ X + cos^ X +2sinxcosx dx

l+cos2x (1/2)
= sec X + (- cosec x) + C = sec x - cosec x + C (1)
[●.● sin ^ 0 + cos ^ 0 = 1 and sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos 0]
■ (●v-3) .
51. Let/ = e dx
■' (A--1) 3

e
^ ^j{s\nx f cosx)^ dx
rg-^(x-l-2) 2cos^ X (1/2)
dx
J (X-1)' [●.' 1+cos20 =2cos^ 0]

● **r
204 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers ; MATHEMATICS

(sinx + COSX) 3=C(4)

dx
2cos^ X
C =-
1 sinx cosx
4
,r
dx
2*' 2~ On putting x = 0 in Eq. (ii), we get
Vcos X cos xj

1 r 2(0) + l = ^(0 + l)(0~l) + 5(0-l) + C(0 + l)“

= ^ e'^ (secxtanx + secx)dx 1=-A-B+C

Let/(x) = secX, then/'(x) = secxtanx A = C-B-1

1 r _3 3
= -e' secx + C 1
2 (I) ~4 2 4

[V {f{x)^r{x))dx = e^f{x) + C] Now, on putting the values of A, B and C in Eq. (i),

we get
dx
56. Given, 3 1 3
X ^ + 4x + 8 2x + l 4

Here, x^ + 4x + 8 =x^ + 4x + 4 + 4 (x + l)^(x-l) x+\ (:c+l)

,1X2

= (x + 2)'+(2)' 2x + l
/ =

Now,
dx dx ■'(X + 1)'(X-1)
x^ +4x + 8 (x+2)^ +(2)^ (1) -3 r dx 1 r dx 3 r dx

4 Jx + 1 2-' (;c + l) 2 4J x-1

— ^—
1 -! X +2 dx 1 -I
= -tan +c = —tan
2 2 ) x^ +a^
^log|x + l|+ij(x + l)"^u^
a a
(1)

57. Do same as Q. 56.

[Ans.
2\^
1
log
●721+ X + 4
■J2A-X-4
+ C] + ^ log ] X -1 ] + C
2x + l
-3 , , + ,1
-log|x l| + --'(x + 1)-' + -
3
58. Let / = ’ dx (-1) 4
■'(x + 1)'(x-1)
log|x-l| + C
2x +1 A B C
-3 1
(x + 1)'(x-1) (x + i) ■ (x + [) (x-1)
...(i) — log|x + l|-
2(x + 1)
+ ^log|x-lj
4
+C
2x + l
1
(x + 1)' (x-1) = 7[log|x-li-log|x
4
+ l|]- + C
2(x + l)
^(x + l)(x-I) + ^(x -1) + C(x +1)' 3, x-1 1
-log + C
(x + l)^(;c-l) x + 1 2(x +1)

=>2x +1 = ^ (x +1) (x -1) + S (x -1) + C(x +1)' ...(ii) m

log w - log « = log —
On putting x = -1 in Eq. (ii), we get
n

2(-l) + l = ^(-l + l) (-i-i)+5(-l-I) + C(-l + I)' 59. Let/ =

e
dx
-\ = -2B 4e lx
-4e" -5
I Put -1
B=~
2
=> e^dx - dt
On putting x = 1 in Eq. (ii), we get
dt
2(1) + I = ^(1 + 1)(1-1) + 5(1-1) + C(1 + 1)'
-4t-S
Integrals 205

dt 1 1 1
(l'/2)
^ -(if (/ + l)(r+2) / +l f+2
1 1
= log|(«-2) + V(<-2)"-(3)"| + C 1=2
w +1 r +2
dt

= \og\(e‘-2) + 4(^-2f-(if\ + C 1 f 1
= 2 dt- dt (1)
= log|(e' -2) + -/e lx
-4e^ ~5\ + C (I’/z) ' / +1 ^ t +2

60. Let/= log(A-"+1)£6i: = 2[log(/ + l)-log(r+2)]+.C

/ + !
= 2 log + C
= log(x^+l) x^dx~ —
dx
log{A:^+l) x^dx dx t + 2

[integration by parts] = 2 log + C [putr = -N/x] (1)

x' Vx +2
= Iog(x-+l) - dx 0)
V 62. We have,
1
x^
y l0g(x^ +1)-?3’^ x^ +1
dx
dx ^ cos(x - a) cos(x - b)
1 sin {(x - a) - (x - 6)}
.3 2 r( dx
1
sin{6 -a)^ cos (x - a) cos (x - b)
y l0g(x^ J \
+ x^ +1 dx (1)

sin (x-a)cos (x-6)

X , 2I c J r f 1 1 - cos (x - a) sin (x - b)
dx
— log(x +l)-j jx dx- dx + ^
dx
x^ +1 sin(6-a)-’ cos(x-a)cos(x-6)
Xc\ ,2 .. 2x^ 2 -I ^ 1
[tan(x - a) - tan(x - b)\dx (l‘/0
— log(x +1) t--x-tan x+C (1)
3 ^ 9 3 sin(^-a) ^
I 1
61. Let / = dx [ {m{x-a)dx- tan(x -
-Jx (Vx +1) (Vx + 2) sin{6-a) *'
Put 4x = t 1

1 I sin(6-fl)
dx = dt dx =2dt
2^/x X [- log |cos(x - a)\ + log |cos(x - h)\]-\-C
dt 1 cos(x - b)
1=2 (1) log + C (1!4)
(t + \) (t+2) sin(6-a) cos(x-a)

Again, let 63. We have.

I 2
dx
(t + !)(r + 2) z + l'^r + 2 ^ (l-x)(l + x^)
l = ^(t+2) + 5(/ + l) ...(i) 2
Let
On putting ? +1 = 0, we get (l-x)(l+x^) 1-^ 1+x^
1 = ^(-1+2)+ 5(0) 2 ^(l + x^) + (5x + C)(l-x)
24=1 (I)
(1-x) (l+-r^) (l-x) (l+x^)
On putting t+2 = 0=^>r = -2in Eq. (i), we get
=?> 2 = /4 + ^x^+5x-5x^+C-Cx
l = ^(0) + 5(-2 + I)
1 = 5(-1) 5 = -l => 2 = (^+C) + x(5-C) + x^(24-5)
206 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On equating coefficients of constant term, coefficient On comparing the coefficients of like powers of x
ofx and coefficients of X . from both sides, we get
A + C=2 A+C=l,

B-C=0 .-(ii) 3A+B+2C=l

and 2A+2B+C = i
and A-B=0 ...(iii)
On solving these equations, we get (1)
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
^=-2,5=1 and C=3
^ = 1,5 = 1 and C = 1
2 1 x + l
(1)
(1-x)(1+a:^) 1-x 1 +x^ From Eq. (i), we get
x + \
x^ +jr + l -2 1 3
2 1
dx + j l+;c jdx
_ +
dx -
^l-x (x + l)^(x + 2 ) x + l ' (x + l) x+2

x^+x + \ I
1 f 2x dx dx = -2 dx

2*’ 1+x -^dx

--log(l-x) + - + ^ l+x^ .’{x + l)'(x+2) Jx + l
dx dx
+ — + 3
-log(l-A:) + ilog(l+x^) + tan *j: + C (1) ●'(x + 1)^ ●'(x + 2)
1
= ~21og|x + l |- + 31og|x+2| + C (I)
e
X
x + I
64. We have, dx
dx
■\j5-4e^ ~e
2x
66. Let / -

Put £●* = r => e^dx - dt, we get

yj3-2x-x^
dx
dt dt / =

yjs-At-t^ *' -(t^ +4r-5 + 4-4)

(1)
Vs-(2x + x^)
dx
dt dt

sj- (t^+4t + 4)+9 ^l9-(t + 2f

(1)
^j3-{l+2x + x^ -1)
dx
/
● -I r +2 -t +2
= sin + C = sin + C (I)
I 3 3
dx
■ x^+x + \
65. We have.
hx + lf(x + 2)
dx
V3-(x + l)"+l
dx
X^ +X + 1 1 =
Given integrand
(x + l)\x+2 )
is a proper rational ●j4-(x + \f (1)

function. Let (x + \) = t ^ dx = dt
dt dt
Now, by using partial fraction, 1 =
+X + 1 A B c
let
T + x+2 ...(i)
(x + l)^(x+2) x + l ■ (x + l) / =sin
-i
r
t
\

+ C
x^ + x + l = ^(x + l)(x + 2) + S(x + 2 )+C(x + 1)^ v2y

=> x^ + x + 1 = A{x^ + 3x + 2) + B{x + 2 ) dx

^ +C
+ C(x^ +2x + l)
●●●J = sin
yay

^ x^ + X +1 = (A + C )x^ + (3A + B +2C )x x + l

.'. I — sin + C [vr = x + l] (2)
+ (2^+25+C) (1) 2 )
Integrals 207

67. Let I-
+ X +1)
dx
{Ax + B)x + C{x^ +1)
(x^-\) x{x^ +1)
3
X
dx
=> a: + 1 = (^x + 5)jc+C(x^ +1)
=» x + l=x^(^+C)+x5+C (1)

x(x^-l) + (2x + l) dx Now, equating the coefficients, we get

(x'-l) ^+C = 0,5=landC=l
2x + l Hence, ^ = -1, = 1 and C = 1
=> / = x + dx
(x'-l) On substituting the values of A, B and C in
2x + l Eq. (i), we get
I = xdx + dx ...(0 (1) r-x + 1 f 1
Jx^-l / = dx+ —dx [integrating both sides]
● +1 ●' X
2x + l
Now, resolving — into partial fraction as -I r2x-2 1
x" -1 dx + —dx
2 x^ +1 ●' X
2x + l A B
...(ii) 1 f 2x 1 1
(x-l)(x + l) x-1 x+1 dx + dx+ -dx

2x + 1 = ^{x + 1) + S(x -1)

"2J.v'+l ●'x'+l ●' X

2x + 1 ~x(A + B) + A -B
A + B=2ar\dA-B=l
^log(x^ +l) + tan”’ x + log|x|+C (1)

69. We will solve this integral by partial fraction.

On solving, we get
1
x^ Ax + B Cx + D
Let
A = - and B =
2 2 (1) (x^ +l)(3x- +4) ~ (x^ +1) (3x^+4)
On substituting the values of A and B in Eq. (ii), =>x^ ={^x-t-j5)(3x^ +4) + {Cx + D)(x^ +1) (1)
we get
= (3^+C)x^+(3S + D)x“+(4^ + C)v-!-'^!P - D
2x + i 3 1

(x-1) (x + 1) 2(x-l) 2(x + l) Equating similar terms, we get

3.4 + C=0, 35+D = l, 4^+C=0
From Eq. (i), we get
and 4B+D = 0
1 1 r 1
/ = X dx + - dx + - dx
J 2*'x-l 2*1 x + 1 On solving, v»
.. ^0, B=-l, C=0andD = 4 (»

/ =
y+ ^l0glx-l|+^l0g|x + l|+C Thus, / =
r

J(x2+1)
-dx

(3x- +4)
4dx

/ =
Y + i log 1X -1P + i logi X + 1 I + C J
dx

(x^+1)
+ -
4

3
dx

2 4
(1)

X +-

^;nogi(x-i)3
dx 4 f dx
f + -
68. Let / = f x'+l 3J \2

U'-
,/3
Now, by ■' '■ac .on, v^
^/3x
T + C (1)
2
(X- +l)x
208 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

3x + 5 \=2A^tA^B+Bt
70,Let / = dx
^ +3X-I8 \ = \{2A + B) + t{A + B) 0)
d 0 On comparing the coefficients of t and constant terms
Also, let3x + 5 - /( — +3x“18) + 5
dx from both sides, we get
3x + 5- /i(2x + 3) + 5 ...(ii) (1) 2^ + 5=land^+5=0

On comparing the coefficient ofx, we get A = 1 and B =-\

3 I
2v4=3=»^ = - /. 1 = dt
2 ●'11 + ^ 2+ t
and on comparing the constant terms, we get 1 1
dt- dt 0)
1 J(l + 0 ●'(2 + 0
B = 5~3A => 5=5-3 - = (1)
2 2
= log|l + r|-log|2 + 0 + C
From Eq. (ii), we get \ + t
= log + C

j(2x + 3) + ^
3x + 5 = 2 + t
...(iii)
I + sin a:
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get = log + C [v/ = sinx] (1)
2 + sin
3 1
-- (2x + 3) + ”■ x'^+x + l
/ = 2J 1 2 dx 72. Let / = dx
■' x^+3x-iS {x +2) {x~ +1)
3 f Zx + 3 1 r 1 By partial fraction,
dx + - dx (1)
2*'x^+3.r-I8 2^ x^+3x-]S x^ +X + I A Bx + C

{x‘ +l)(x+2)”(:r+2) x' +1

^log|x^+3x-18| +ij ^
I r 1
dx
3V +x + \ = A(x^ +\) + {Bx + C){x + 2)
x + - (I)
2) 4 Puttingx = -2,
^log|x^ +3j:-18| + ^^
1
- dx

x + -
3 ^9\- 4-2 + } = ^(5) + 0 => 5.4=3 => .4 = ^
2) 2)
Putting X = 0,
x + - 3')_9 0 + 0 + 1 = .4(0 + 1)+ (0 + C) (0 + 2)
2) 2
^log[x^+3x-18| + i-
1
+ C
3^ 9 =^l = /4+2C=> 1 = -+2C =}● 2C = - => C = -
2 - X -i— + - 5 5 5
K2J , 2) 2
and putting x = l,
f dx I -a
log- + C
l + l + l = 2/4 + (5+C)(3)
^x~-a^ 2a x + a

3=2A+3(B +C)

^loglx^ +3x-I8|+^log
x-3
+ C (1) [3 1
X +6 3=2 - + 3 B+-
(5 S) (1)
cosx
71.Let/ = dx
●' (l + sinx)(2 + sinx) 3--z=3f5+i
5 S)
Put sin X = r => cos X iix = ^^/
9 1 3 I 2
dt f A B — =3 B ^— - = B =^> 5=-
dt ...(i) (1) 5 5) 5 5 5
(1 + 0 (2 + 0 ^ I+r 2+t (2 1
-X + --
1 .4(2 + 0+ 5(1 + 0 X^ +X + 1 3 15 5J
Thus,
(l + 0(2 + 0 (I + 0(2 + 0 (x+2)(x^ +1) 5(x + 2) (x2 +1) (1)
Integrals ~ “ 209

+ .X +1 4

Now, I (x + 2)(x^+l) dx 75. Let / =

(x-2){x^+4)
dx

3 1 2x 1 f dx 4 A Bx + C
dx + - dx + - Again, let
J 5(;c + 2) 5-';c^+l sJa-^+I (;c-2)(:c^+4) (^-2) a^+4
3 1 1 A = A{x'^ +4) + (5;c + C)(x-2)
= - log |x +2| + - log 1 +11 + - tan“* jf + C
(I)
4 = x^(^ + S) + x(-25+C) + 4.4-2C (I)
2cosx
73. Let / -j (1 - sin ;r) (2 - cos x)
dx
On equating the coefficients of .v^, a: and constant
terms from both sides, we get
Icosx ^+5=0
dx (1)
^ (l-sinx)(l + sin^:r) -25+C=0 ...(ii)
Put sin a: = r cos x dx = dt and 4^-2C = 4 ...(iii) (1)
2
/ = dt On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
^ (1-0(1 + ^') A = ~, B =--andC = -l
2 A Bt + C 2 2
Now, let 4
(1-0(1 + ^^) \ + t^ / = dx (1)

2 = A{\-¥t'^) + {Bt + C){\-t) ...(i) (1)

J (x-2)(^2+4)
-1
— x-1
Putting r = 1 in Eq. (i), we get f 1/2
dx+[ — dx
J(x-2)
-> .

2 = 2^ => ^ = 1 ●' X*- +4

1 f dx X +2
Putting / = 0 in Eq. (i), we get dx

2 = .4+C=>2 = l + C=>C = l
2-' (.y-2) ^2{x^+4)
and putting r = -1 in Eq. (i), we get
^log|x-2|-iiog|x^ +4j
fiLc
2=2^ + (-S + C)(2) 1 1
— tan (1)
2 = 2-25+2 => 25=2=5-5=1 (I) 2 ^2,
1 t + \ 1
7=1 dt +
J 1-/ " 1 +r sec X dx cos X

1 1 f It 1 76. Let 7 = j 1 + cosec X 1

dx

dt + - ~ dt + 1 +
J 1-r l^\ + t M + 7 smx

sin X dx sin X cos X dx

- log |l - r| + ^ log |l + t + ^+^

(1/2)
●' cosx(l + sinx) ●' cos^ x(l+sin.r)
sinxcosiTx
- log [1 - sin x| + “ log |1 + sin^ x| ^ (1 -sin^ x) (1 + sin x)
+ tan''* (sinx) + C [vr=sinx] C sin X cos X dx
VT+lin^ ”
(1 -sinx) (1 + sin x)
^ 0/2)
= tan ' (sinx) + log 1 -sinx
+ C

[V a' = {a + b) {a - /))]
/... \
m

log m-\ogn = log — and n log m = log m 0) On putting sin x.= t => cos x iTr = dt, we get
n
t
I = dt
74. Do same as Q. 73. 0 + 0" (1-0
Vl +sin^ X t A 5 C
[Ans. tan ' (sinx) + log + C] Now, 7 + \-t
1 — sinx (i + /)^(i-0 1+/ (1 + 0
210 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

=> ? = ^(1 + 0 (I - 0 + 5(1 “ 0 + C(i + tf and AA+2B+C = \ ...(iii)

-1 From Eq. (i). A=-B
Putr = -1 => -1 = 25 =>5 = (I)
2 Put the value of A in Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Put t=\ -4B +3B +C = 0
1 = 4C => C = l/4 -B+C=0
Put r =0 B-C=0 -.(iv)
0=^+5+C and -4B+2B+C = l
\ /1 \
-1 1
=> 0= ^ + + -2B+C = \
2J 25 - C = -1 ●●●(V)
1 2-1 1
=> A=- (1/2)
2 4 4 4
Now, from Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
Hence, the required integral -5=1 5 = -1 (1)
r 1 \ .
1 1 1 f 1
dt + ~dt+- dt A=\ and C = -1
4J 1+/ 2 r (1 + 0
2 A
4’^ (1-0
(-1) (-1)
1 -1 -1 1 dt + -dt
J t+\ ^
= -log|l + r| + y -log[l-r| + C
X r + 2 ^ it+2)
1 + r 4
(1/2)
-1
(r+2)
= ^ log 11 + sin jf| + 2(1 + sin x)
1
= log|( + l|-log+|? + 2|- + C
-1

1
1 = log|( + l|-log|/ + 2| + + C
- log |1-sin x|+ C (I) (r+2)
1
[v t =sinx] => / = log|x^+1| - log|x^+2| + + C
2x (^'+2)
77. Let/ =
y dx
^ (x^ +l)(x^ + 2)
2x
Putx^ =t^2xdx = dt 78. Let/ = dx
dt ■' (x^+l)(x‘'+4)
^=1 (r + l)« + 2)^ Put x^ =t 2x dx-dt

1 A B C dt
Let 1 =
(t + \){t + 2f ^ + 1 ' t+2 ' {t+2f J (/ + !)(?'+4)
1 1 A Bt + C
Now,
(r + l)(r^+4) r+1 r^+4
^(t+2)^+5(/ + l)(/ + 2) + C(? + l)
l = ^(/^+4) + (5/ + C)(r + I)
(/ + 1)(? + 2)2 (1)
\ = A{t^ ^4) + {Bt^ -hBi + Ct-hC)
=> l = ^(r + 2)^ +5(r + l)(/+2) + C(r + l)
\ = t'^ {A + B) + t{B+C) + {4A + C) (1)
=> l = A(t^ + 4 + 40 + 5 (/^ +2r + r+2) + C(r + l)
On comparing the coefficients of t^, t and constant
=> l = ^(f^ +4/ + 4) + 5(r^ +3r+2) + C(f + l) terms from both sides, we get
=> l = r^(^+5) + /(4^+35+C) + 4^+25+C (1) ^+5=0 ...(i)
On comparing the coefficients of t^, t and constant 5+C=0 ...(ii)
terms from both sides, we get 4^+C=l ...(iii)
^+5=0 ...(i) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4^+35+C=0 ...(ii) A-C=0 ...(iv)
 211
Integrals

1 4
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get On putting A= and B - in Eq. (ii), we get
1 15 15
5^=1 => A=-
5 1 4
1 15 15
1 1
Then, C = - and B = - (1) 1 + l + 4t^
’ 5 5 (4 + /^)(l + 4r) 4+ / (1)

dt I 1 -1 4
Now, I = dt
●’ (? + l)(/^+4) *'5(t + l) {4 + r^)(l + 4f^) 15(4 + /^) 15(1+4/^)
(-l/5)/ + (l/5) dt 1
+
Now, 1 = dt
t'^ +4
(4 + r^)(l + 4/^)
-1 r 1 1
1 f J_lL dt -dt
5**/ + ! sK^+A (I)
15 ●' 4 + f ^ 15*' i + 4r
-1 1 4 1
1 1 t 1 dt
= -logU+l|~- — dt- dt 15x4*1 aV
+4 ●1 t^+4
(i)
1 1 1 1 t
= -logU + l|- - log 1+4| — tan
-\
+ C -1 I
tan
-1 1 J -tan -1 t
+ C
5 2 2 15 2 2'^15’l/2 1/2

1 1 dx 1
==iloglx“ +1|- 5 -loglx"* +4| = —tan -‘^+c
2 a a

(
1 x^ -1
+ C [v/=x^] —tan *2sin0 + C [vr=sin6]
-1 -i
--tan = — tan
2 2 30 2 15 (1)
(1)
COS0 (3 sin0 -2)cos0 d^
79. Let I = dd 80. Let 1 =
^ (4 + sin^0){5-4cos^0) 5 -cos^ 0 - 4sin0

■ COS0 (3sin0 -2)cos0 dQ

de
' (4 + sin^0)[5-4(l-sin^0)] 5 - (1 - sin^ 6) - 4sin0
COS 0 Putsin0 = /=J> cosddQ = dt
dQ
■I {4 + sin^e){5-4 + 4sin^0) . f 3/-2
dt 0)
5-(1_/2)-4^
● COS0 dQ
3/-2 3t-2
●' {4 + sin^e)(l + 4sin^0) dt =
jdt
J 4 + t^ -At Ui-2)
Letsin0 = / =5*cos0 dQ = dt
dt r3t-6 + A r3(f-2) + 4 dt
^dt = ^
(t-2f
(1)
Then, I =
^ (4 + r^)(l + 4?^) (r-2)
A B 3 4
1 -dt
dt +
Again, let ...(ii)
(4 + /^)(l + 4f^) 4 + r^ 1 + 4^^ J it-2) ' it-2)
-2+1
[by partial fraction] 4(r-2) + C (1)
= 3log r-2 +
-2 + 1
^ A B 1
At^ = 0, —+ —= ^ + 45 = 1 ...(hi)
4 1 4x1
V x” dx- + C,
n + \
* ^ A B 1 => 5/1 + 55=1 ...(iv)
At f = 1, — + — = —
5 5 5x5 (1) 4
= 3log /-2 - + C
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
1 4
(t-2) ^ + C
A- and 5 = —
= 31og|sin0 -2 |- (1)
15 15
(sin0 - 2 )
 212 Chapterwise CB5E Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

[●.' t = sin 9]
f 4x~ 4x~ -2 \e^ dx
81. Let/ = dr = dx
3 3/2 ^ 2
-.r ) (2jc-3)--
+ C (I)
3/2 3/2 2
Put x^'^ =a^‘^ t
● +l)(.t- +4)
83. Let/ =
4x dx = ^ a
dx
●'(jc^+3){x^-5)
3/2
(1)
2 3

2.3/2 (.r^ +l)(x^ +4)

- a Consider, and put;c^ = y
/ =
3
dt (x^+3)(x^-5)

Then, (x^+l)(x^+4) ^ (y + l)0^ + 4)

= -a''n
dt
(1)
(x^+3)(x^-5) (y+^)(y-5)
3 3/2

= +^y + "^ _ jy^ -2>'-15) + (7;^ + 19)

a

/ . \
2 f dt 2 . -1 t
^ /—= = “sm +c y-2>-15 y^-2y-\5
1
V ‘ /

= 1 +
7j^ + 19 7.V + 19
= 1 + ...(i) (1)
dx ● -1
/
X
\
/-2y-15 (t + 3)(>;-5)
= sin + C (1)
\cij 7j^ + 19 A B
Now, let us write
(T + 3)(v-5) y+3 y-5
2 . -1 x'^2
= -sin + C
3 a
3/2
a
3/2 7y + l9=^A{y-5) + B{y + 3)
On putting _y = 5, we get
3
2 . _ X
54 27
= -sin
I (1) 35 + 19 = 85 => B =
3 a 4

●(2x-5) g
2x
f (2x-3-2)^
2i and on putting jv = - 3, we get
82. Let/ = dx =
J (2x-3)^
dx
(2x-3)' -21 + 19 = -8^=>^ = (-2 ) _ 1
(-8) 4
r
-dx-2
T^ 7>^ + 19 1 1 27
Thus,
- (2x-3)*^ ^ (2x-3)
(>- + 3Xy-3) 4'(:i^ + 3)’^ 4 '(>;-5)
= 'e^(2x-3)-^dx-2 \e^ (2x-3)“^ dxI
(l)
...(ii)(l)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
{2x-3)-^Je^ dx (x^+l)(x^+4) I 1

- ■|4-(2x-3r' \e^ d^dx

dx
{Jc^+3)(x^-5) '"^4 {x^+3)
21 1
(1/2)
-2je^ (2x-3)-^dx 4 (x^-5)
[using integration by parts] (i) 1 1 27 I
Now, / = ]+-● - + dx (1/2)
r
4 (x^+3) 4 (x^-5)
= (2x-3)-'^ -2(2x-3)“^x2x-~ V
dx
dx 27 dx
-2(e^ (2x-3)-^ dx (1) = JJ //x + -1 — + —A^x^-S
4^x-+3 —
e^{2x-3)-'^ 1 dx 27 dx
+ 2\e^ (2x-3)-^ dx = x + -
■ 2 4-'x^+(V3) 4 ^ x^-{41)^
Integrals 213

I 27 1 -45~ - dt
^=1 (l-t^)(l+2:)
-1 X
= x +
4-J3
tan
V3 4 y- log -X + V5
2V5
+ C

dx 1 -1 f dx
tan — + C and —
a a) a
2
●'(1-0(1 + 0(1+20
1 -a
Now, using partial fraction,
log - + C 1
2a x + a let ...(ii)
(1-0(1 + 0(1 + 20 1-r'*^1 + / "^1+2^
1 -1 a: 27 X -V5
1 = (1 + /) (1 + 2 0 /I + (1 - 0 (1 + 2 0 ^
7IJ^8V^‘°^+V5
= x + tan + C (I)
4V3
+ (1-0 (l + 0C...(iii)(D
xsin
84. Let/ = ~dx
On putting t = -1 in Eq. (iii), we get

1 1 = (2)(-1)5
Put sin * a: = / ^ dx = dt (1)

On putting t = 1 in Eq. (iii), we get

I = t sin t dt
^ I II l=2-(3)^ A=-
6

Using integration by parts, taking t as the first function

and sin t as the second function, we get On putting f = - ^ in Eq. (iii), we get
d f 1 \ ( 1
/ = r sint dt- — (0 ● sin t dt dt (1)
dt 1= 1+- 1-- C
2)[ 2
= -tcost- {I X-cos t)dt 3 1
1= -X- C C =- (1)
2 2 3
= -1 cos / + cos / dt
B C
= - / cos f + sin / + C (I) dt + dt
3\-t J \+t ^l+2t
= -t
-\/l-sin^ t + sin r + C [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
[vcos^9=l-sin^0 =^-cos0 = Vl-sin^ 0] 1 r dt (_l)f_^
1
4r dt

/ = -sin“'a:-^1-a:^+JX + C (1)
6**l-r'^i 2j-'l + ;'^3-'l + 2^
1 logjl-fl 1 4 log|l + 2t|
[v t = sin ' a: =>jc = sin /] -log|l + f| + - +C
6 -1 2
dx dx
85. Let/ =
sinx+sinZr ^ sinx+2sinxcosx = \ logi 1 - ^1 + ;^ Iog| 1 + r| - ^ logi 1 + 21| + C
o 2 3

[v sin 20 =2sin0cos0]
= - logi 1 - cos XI + - logi 1 + cos X I
dx sinx 6 2
dx
●' sinx (1 + 2cosx) ^ sin^ X (1 +2cosx) 2
-log |1 +2cosx| + C
[multiplying numerator and denominator by sinx ]
[v t = cosx] (1)
f sinx
dx (1) ^-3x + l -x^ +3x-l
(1 -cos^ x) (1 +2cosx) 86. Let / = f - & = (-!) dx

Put cosx = ?

-sinx tic = 1-x- +3x-2

= (-l) dx
sinxdx--dt
214 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

r(d
l-x^ 3x-2 V u vdx = u vdx- (u) V dx dx
= (-l) dx I 11 *' ydx /

1
= log|x|- dx
3x-2 x+\ ;c(x +1)
= (-i)f + dx
-logi;t|
+ /i (say) ...(i) (1)
x + \
f 3JC-2
= (-l) -x^ dx + dx
Consider, /j =
dx

■' x(x +1)

= (-I)[/i +/2](say) ...(i) (1) Now, by using partial fraction method,

Now, /[ = -<^\-x~dx let

1 _A B
jc(a: + 1) -Y -y + 1

^[x-yjl-x^ +sin '(a')] + Ci ...(ii) (1) 1 = ^(.y + 1) + 5.y

On putting x = 0, we get ^ = 1
V j\Ja^-x^dx
V
= -2 xJa'^-x^
^
+a'^ sin -1

a
+ C
and again putting x = ~ 1, we gel 5 = -1 (1)

r 1 dx
3x-2 3x dx I dx = dx —
dx - dx-2 X x + 1 ●’ X Jx + 1
and 12 =
●’vi^ = log|x|-log|x + li + C ...(ii)
3 f -lx dx
dx-2j Now, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
-log|x[
/ = + log |x| - log |x + 11+ C
= -^x2-\/l-x^ -2sin“'(x) + C2
x + 1

-log|x|
dx = 247(^ + C x +1 + log^
x + 1
+ C

m
(1) *.● log ni - log n - log — (1)
1 n
and = sin ' X + C
sin(x-a)
88. Let / = dx
= -3^j\-x^ -2sin^^(x) + C2 ...(hi) ●I sin(x + a)
Put x + a = t
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
dx - dt (1)
+^sin"' (x) / =
fsin(r-fl - a)
dt —
sin {t -2a)
dt 0)
/ = (-!) sin t sin t
-2 sin
-1
(x)-3Vi^^ + Ci +C2 sin tcos2a -cos rsin2a
dt
3 .
{x)-^^jl-x^ +3^li-x^ + C,
-1 sin t
= -sin (1)
2
sin(^ - 5 ) = sin ..4 cos 5 - cos ^ sin 5 ]
where C = - Cj — C2 cos 2adt - sin 2 a ● cot / dt
loglxj 1
87. Let / =
jdx = ] log|x|- (x + i)
:^dx = cos 2 a [f] - sin 2 [log| sin r| ] + C,
(x + 1)
I II = (x + a)cos2a-sin2iJ log|sin(x + a)|+Ci
On applying integration by parts, we get [vr=x + a] (1)
dx c d dx = xcos2fl - sin 2 a log| sin(x + a)|+C,
/ = log|x|- — (log|xD- dx
where C = a cos 2 a + C 1
●'(x + 1)^ ^ dx J (x + 1)^ (1)
(1)
Integrals 215

89. Let / = sin (3jc +1) dx t = A{t + 9) + B{t + A)

^ 11 1
On putting t = -9, we get
= sin(3j: + l) e^dx- ■—sin(3x + l) e^dx-dx -9 =-SB
^ {dx ■' 9
B=-
[by using integration by parts] 5
2x
sin(3x + l)-e
- 3cos(3x + l)-~ dx (I) On putting t - -4, we get
2
-4
-A = SA=>A = (1)
sin(3x +1) 3 5
2
- 2-1 II
cos I {3x +1) -4 9
Thus,
(r + 4)(t+9) 5(r + 4) 5(? + 9)
e^sin(3x + l) 3
2 ^ [cos (3x +1) dx / =
^ (x^ +4)(x^ +9)
dx

d r '5
— cos(3x + l) e^'^dx^dx] (l) -4 9
■ [cfa: dx + dx (1)
●'5(x^+4) ●'5(x^+9)
[again by using integration by parts]
-4 dx 9 r dx
sin(3x +1) 3
2
- cos (3x +1) —
2 2
5 ^x^+(2) 5Jx2+{3)^
/ \
-4 1 -i x\ 9 t1 -i X ^
-●tan — +C
,2j'^5'3
●-tan
- -3 sin(3x +1) ● dx +Cj (1) 5 2 13
f 2
I
1 1 -1 ^
e sin(3x +1) 3 2x 7 fit = — tan - +C
^ / = ^ --e^cos(3x + l) ^ x^ +a ^ a a

2 4 / N
3 fx\ 2 -1 X
= -tan — tan + C (1)
sin(3x+ l)fic + C 1 5 3J 5 2)
(x"+l)
sin{3x +1) 3 2x ^ t ^ 91.Let/=
=> / = ^2 --e^'^cos(3x + l)--/-fCi (x + 1)

[from Eq. (i)] (x^ +l+2x-2x) dx (1/2)

13
1 =
^'^sin(3x + l) 3e'‘*^cos(3x + l)r+C (x + 1)'
1
4 2 4
e'‘
(x + 1)' -2x dx
^ __2e'^ sin(3x+
13
1) 3 e'"" cos(3x
13
+1) + C, (x + 1)'
2x
4C 1 1- dx
where C - (1/2)
(1)
13 (x + 1)'
x'
90. Let I = dx dx-2 ■ —

(1/2)
●' (x'+4)(x'+9) (x+1)"
2
X X x+\~l
Consider, and putx' = / = -2 e fit (1)
(x'+4)(x'+9) (X + 1)'
2
X 1 (-1)
Then, = e^ -2 dx
(x'+4)(x'+9) (/ + 4)(r + 9) {x + \ ) (x + 1)'
t A B 1 (-1)
Now, let (1) Now, consider / (x) = then f'(x) -
(t + 4){t + 9) (t + 4) (t + 9) x+r (x + 1)"
216 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

1
Thus, the above integrand is of the form dx
eVW+Z'Wl- 5V /, \2
1
x + -

I = e^-le"
1
+ C (1)
\2)
(:r + l)
sV nV
= log + C2
[V\e^[f{x) + f'{x)\dx = e^f{x) + C]
+ JC+-
2)
x + 1-2 ^-1
=i» 7 = + C=^ I = e^ + C (1/2) dx
V x+1 ) x + 1 = = log x + -a ^ +C
X +2
'^4? - a
2 r

92. Let 7 = dx

72= log x + ^ + +5x + 6 +C2 ...(iii) (1)

Now, let us write, (x + 2 ) as
On putting the values of 7j and 12 from Eqs. (ii) and
x + 2 = ^ —
dx
(x^+5x +6) + B (iii) in Eq. (i), we get

x + 2 = /4(2x + 5) + 5 7 = — [2 -Jx ^ + 5x + 6 + C[ ]
On equating the coefficients of x and constant terms
from both sides, we get
1 1
-^ log X + ^ + Vx^ +5x + 6 + Cj
2A -1 and 5A + B =2 A=~ and B = - (1) C1
2 2
— -^x ^ + 5x + 6 + 2
1 1
1, 5 ri-——; C,
-log x + ~ + Vx +5x + 6 ^
7 = dx 2^ 2 2
■yjx^ +5x + 6
1 2x + 5 I 1
7 — -^x^ + 5x + 6
olx' —
^ * -Jx^ +5x + 6 ^ -y/x^ +5x + 6 —2 log X + -2 + Jx^ +5x4-6 +C
1
= -7 (say) ●●●(i) C1 C2
2 ’ where C = (1)
2 2
f 2x + 5
Consider, 7| = d!x r 5x-2
93. Let 7 = y i/x
■\/x^~+'5x+^ l+Zx+3x

Putx^+5x + 6 = /=> (2x + 5)dx = dt Here, (5x - 2 ) can be written as

1
7 1 dt^l4t+C^ =2-^x^+5x + 6+Ci...(ii) 5x-2 = ^ —(i+2x+3x^) + 5
(1) 5x-2 = ^{2+6x) + 5
[v t =x~ +5x + 6] On comparing the coefficients of x and constant terms,
1 we get
and 12 = dx
5 = 6/i
-Jx^ +5x + 6
1
iix 6
2.5 , 25
Jx +2X-XX+6+
25 and -2=2A+B
2 4 4

1 B = -2A~2 = ~ 5-2 v^=5

iTx 3 6
5^^ 25 11
x + - + 6-
2j 4 3
Integrals 217

Then, from Eq. (i), we get t — At + .2A + Bt + B

5 11 A+B = \ and 2A+ B
(2 + 6^)
7 = ^^ 3
dx 5=l-^and2^ + l-^=0
l+2x + 3x^ A--\ and 5=2
11 /
1 -1 2 'i dt = 1 2 1

=> 7 =
f
- (2+6^)
6
7=-
J
2- V r +1 r +2
-
2 r+2
dt
J r+l
dt

^ l+2j:+3;r
jdx- ●' 1+2a:+3jc
2^ (I)
(I'/d
=> 7=7,-72 ...(h) 1
5 r 2+6x = -[21ogl/+2|-loglr + l|] + C
2
where 71
d*' 1+2.v+3a: 1
= log|/ + 2j--logU + l|-K:
Put 1+2x+3jc^=/ =» (2+6-r)(ir = t7r
5 fi// 5 5 = logi t + 2\-\og^|t + l +C
.-. 71 - =-logU|+Ci =-\og\l+2x+3x^\+C^
6 ●' r 0 o r+2 x^+2
= log + C = log +C (I'/j)
[v/ = 1+2x + 3a:^] (I) V/ +i +1
11 11
|vf=X^l
and I2 =
3J3x^+2x + 1 9-' 2 2x 1 95. Do same as Q. No. 84.
X + — + -
3 3
[Ans. -Vl - X
0 .1
cos X — X + C]
1
x +
sin^x + cos^x
Ilf dx 96. Let 7 = dx
__n j_ tan
-1 3
+ C2 ^ sin ^ X cos ^ X
9 J f 1
\2
2”9'^
x + -
3
+ -
9 3 V 3 => 7 =
●(sin^x)^ +(cos^x)^ dx
1 1 -1
sin^ xcos^ X
r cfr = — tan - +C
x^+a ^ a a (sin^ X + cos^ x)^
11 -1 3x+l <● -3sin^xcos^x(sin^x + cos^x)
tan + C2 (1) - dx (1)
3yl2 V2 sin^xcos^x
[*.* +b^ = (a+ b)^ -3ab{a + ^>)]
On putting the values of 7, and I2 in Eq. (ii), we get (1)^ -3sin^xcos^x dx
5 9 11 -! 3x + l sin^ xcos^ X
7 = -logI 1+ Zx + 3x^|- tan + C,
[●.' sin ^ 0 + cos ^ 0 = 1 ] (1 Vi)
6 3^|2 [ ^
where C = C, - C2 1 ■sin^xcos^x
-hsin^ xcos^ X dx-3
(1) dx
x^ sin ^x cos ^x
94. Let 7 = dx
●' x^+3x^+2 sin^ X + cos^ X
dx-3 \dx
^
Put
2 ^ dt , Mt
dt
x=r=^2x = — ^ xdx = —
sin ^ X cos ^ X
(1)
dx 2 ■2
sm X COS^ X
1 r t 1 r t dx-3 \dx
7=- dt = - dt sin ^ X cos ^ X sin^ xcos^ X
2*' t^ +3r + 2 2^ (r + 2)(r + l)
t A B = (sec^ X+ cosec^x) <7r-3 1 5x
Put [by partial fraction]
(/ + l)(/+2) r+1 r+2 =
*
sec
0
xdx+
C o
cosec xdx-3
C
\dx
r = ^(r + 2) + 5(r + l)
= tan X—cot X - 3x + C (!●/,)
218 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

lx 1 - sin 2x On integrating both sides, we get

97. Let / = e dx
J —cos2x f 3x + l
dx
1 -2sinxcosx Ux + \f(x + 3)
= \e^ dx (1)
2sin^ a:
= J\^-dx-
/ 1 2

(x + \) jdx- ^{x + 3) dx (1)

V1 -cos 20 =2sin^ 0
-2+1
and sin20 =2sin0cos0 (^ + 1)
/=21og|x + l|- — 21og|x+3|+C
(-2-M)
^ e^(cosec^x-2cotx)(j!x: (l'/0

= 2 log
x+1 1
+ C (1)
- f cosQc^xdx - cotxiic x + 3[ (x + 1)
2-' I II
m
log w - log w = log —
cosec^xfix- f- cosec^xiic dx n

2 J J 2x^+1
- cot X dx
99.Let/=: dx
^ x^ (x^ +4)
[by using integration by parts]
2x^ +1
= ^ [-e^ cot X + 2 cot xdx] + C -
<y

cotxftc Consider, and put X =t and then

x^(x^ +4)
2x^+1 2f + l
cotx+ cotxdx- cotxdx + C and by using partial fraction,
2 x^(x^+4)”^(/ + 4)
we get
cot X + C (IH) 2r+l A B
2 _ —] => 2/+l = ^(r+4)+5r (1/2)
3x + l t{t+4) t t+A
98. Let I = dx
■' (x + l)^(x + 3) On comparing the coefficients of t and constant
3x + l A B C
terms, we get
Again, let 7+ 1
(x + l)^(x + 3) (x + I) (jc + l) (x+3) 2 = A+B and \ = AA=i> A= —
4
1 7
B=2-A=2~ 0)
3x +1 — v4 (x +1 )(x + 3) + 5(x + 3) + (7(x + 1 4 4

3x + l = ^(x^ + 4x+3) + 5(x+3) + C(x^+l+2x) 2x^+1 1 7

Thus, 7+
3x + l = (^+C)x^ +(4^ + 5 +2C)x x^(x^ +4) 4x 4(x^4)
+3^+35+C(l) { c dx 7 r dx
/=- (1)
On comparing like powers of x from both sides, 4J x^ 4-'x^+4
we get /. N
I 7 1
^+c=o + -x-tan - +c
4x 4 2 2J
4^ + 5+2C=3 and 3y4+35+C = I
/ \
dx 1 -I
tan - +C
On solving, we get ^ +x^ a \aj

^=2,5 = -land C=-2 (1) 1 7 -1

h — tan - +C (I'A)
Eq. (i) becomes 4x 8 \ 2)
3x + l 2 1 2 100. Do same as Q. No. 99.
(x + l)^(x + 3) (x + 1) {x + lf (x+3) 1 -1
/
X
\
^
Ans. tan H tan - +C
14 2; 35 5)
Integrals 219

cosZx-cos2 a f ● 3x + 5 3x + 5
101.Let/ = j cos X-cos a
dx 106. Let I -
-X ^ -x+\
dx -
^ x'^(x-l)-\{x-\)
dx

(2cos^ x-l)-(2cos^ a-1) dx

=J 3x + 5 3x + 5
cosx-cosa
I (x-l)(x^-l) dx- j (x-l)(x-l)(x + l)
dx

[●.' cos 2 0 = 2 cos ^ 0 -1 ] (1)

3x + 5
2(cos^ x-cos^ a) dx

●’ (cosx-cosa)
dx
^{x-\)\x + \)
■ 2 (cosx -cosa) (cos x+cosa) Now, do same as Q. No. 98.
dx
(cosx-cosa) 1 x + 1
Ans. - log — +C
x-l x-1
-b~ ={a+b)(a-b)] (1)
= 2{cosx+cosa)dx 107. Let 1 = sinxsin2xsin3x dx

=2 cosxffx + cosa Idx = - sin X (2 sin 2x sin 3x) dx

/ =2(sinx+xcosa) + C (2) [multiplying numerator and denominator by 2]

102. Do same as Q. No. 92. = - sin X [cos(2x - 3x) - cos (2x + 3x)]iJ^v
[v2sin A sin 5 =cos (/I -5) - cos (/I + 5)] (l)
Ans. ^jx^ +2x+3 + log (x + 1) + ^jx^ +2x+3 +C
103. Let/= '
dx x
4

dx
^ sinx[cos(-x)-cos5x]4/x
●' x(x^+3) x^ (x^ +3) 1 f
= - sin X (cos X - cos 5x) dx [v cos(-x) - cosx]
[●.● multiplying numerator and
denominator byx'^]
Put t=x^ => dt = 5x^ dx = i2Jfsinxcosxrfx--2Jfsinxcos5x dx (1)

f dt If 1/3 1/3 1
1 = dt
2sinXcosx dx-— (2sinxcos5x)dx
■ 5/(r+3) S’* / f+3 4J

[by using partial fraction] (l) [multiplying numerator and denominator by 2]

1
[ 1_ dt 4J
sin 2x dx-
- J {sin(x + 5x) +sin(x - 5x)}dx
5J3 t /+3
2 sin A cos A = sin 2A and
1
= -[logU|-log|/+31] + C (1) 2 sin ^ cos 5 = sin {A-^B) + sin {A-B)
15
1 1
log® —^ +C (1) sin 2xdx--4 j\ [sin 6x + sin(-4x)] dx (1)
15 r+3 4 j
1
1
5
sin2xo'r-—4 ●’f (sin6x-sin4x)fii:
log -r + C [V t=X^] (I) 4J
15 x'+3
[●.● sin (-0) = -sin0]
1 x' -I cos2x 1 -cos6x cos4x
104. Do same as Q. No. 103. Ans.-log + C + C
x^ +1 4 2 4 6 4

-cosax

105. Do same as Q. No. 103. sin ax dx =

a
+ C

X
Ans. - log + C —cos2x cos6x cos4x
(x’+8)
1/3
+c (1)
8 24 16
220 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

2 j X 1
108. Let / = dx e' tan- + -sec
2
dx
(i-x)(i+x'') 2 2 2;
We know that
By using partial fraction.
2 Bx + C
let
A
...(i) . e^U{x) + f\x)\dx = e^ f{x) + C (1)

(l-:r)(l+A:^) 1-^ 1+x^

2 ^(1+x^) + (^a: + C)(1-x) Here, /(j:) = tan^ => /"(x) = ^sec^- 2
(1)

(l-x){l + x^) (l-x)(l + x') 1 — tan — + C (1)

2
2 = .4(l + x^) + (Bx + C)(l-x) X
2

110.Let/ =
2-A-\-Ax‘^ + Bx + C - Bx^ -Cx jdx
(xsinx+cosx)
2=^{A-B)x^ +{B-C)x + {A + C) (l) xcosx
=> / = ■ X sec xdx ...(i) (I)
On comparing coefficients ofx^,x and constant terms (xsinx+cosx)^
from both sides, we get Putxsinx + COSX = t
^-5=0 ...(h) (xcosx+sinx-sinx)tic = => xcosxdx = dt
B-C=0 ●...(hi) xcosx
and A+C = 2 ● ●●(iv) - dx (say)
(xsinx + cosx)
On solving Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
^=l,5=landC=l
■ _ -i _ -1
(1)
^ t xsinx+cosx
Now, Eq. (i) becomes
2 1 x +1 [v t =xsinx +cosx] (1)
(l-x)(l+x^) 1-x 1+x^ Now, integrating Eq. (i) by parts, we get
xcosx
2 r 1 x + 1 7 = X sec X ●
/ = dx- dx + (1)
(l-x)(l + x^) J 1-x ’’ 1+x I
(xsinx+cosx)
II

(“1)
= -log 1-x + ^dx + ●'
1 +X" 1+x
y^x = X sec X ●
xsinx+cosx

-dx
1 r 2x 1
= - logj 1 - XI + - - (1 ● sec X +x sec X tan x) —; (1)
2J 1+xjdx-\- ●'
-dx
xsinx+cosx
1+x
1 , -1
-xsecx xsinx dx
-log [l-x|+-log|l+x l+tan x + C (1) + sec X 1+
xsinx+cosx ●’ cosx xsinx+cosx

-xsecx

c7x = log|/(x)| + C + sec ^ X cic

■ ■' fix) xsinx+cosx ●'

X X -X sec X
1+2sin-cos - + tan X + C (0
1+sinx xsinx+cosx
109. Let / =
*' 11+cosx
dx -
J 2 ^
dx
2cos 111 ● Do same as Q. No. 89.
2
1 ^ ,
● A = 2sin
. sin0 O ● —cos
® ®
— Ans.-e (2smx-cosx) + C
2 2
(1)
and 1+ COS0 = 2cos^ —
e 112. Do same as Q. No. 92.
2

n1
Ans. 3V^^-8x + 7+171og!(x-4)
2X X ^ ,
-sec - + tan- e dx
2 2J V(x-4)2-9| + C +
Integrals 221

+4 => / = -logj(sinA:+cosx)
113. Let/ = dx
■'x‘’+16 + ■\j(sin X + cos x)^ -11 + C
On dividing numerator and denominator by we get [v r = sin X + cos x] (i)
4 ^ 4 ^ = -logi (sinx + cosx)

/ = dx = dx
+ Vsin ^ X + cos ^ X + 2 sin X cos x -11 + C
x^ +
16 / ^\2
4 = - log I (sin X + cos x) + -y/sin 2x | + C (1)
x^. + -8 + 8
x^J \xJ sinx ● sin x/cos ^x
116. Let / = c/x: = dx
4 ^ ^ sin^ X + cos^ X sin^ X cos^ X
1 + 7^
X y COS^ X
+
cos^ X
-
(1/2)
dx (1)

X —
4V + 8
[●.● divide numerator and denominator by cos^ x]
xj f tanxsec^ X dx
4 4 'l ^ tan ^ X +1
Put X = / => 1 + —: dx = dt
V x^ On substituting tanx = / and sqc^ xdx = dt, we get (l)
dt dt
^=J t^+S U^+(2^^2f
(1)
1 =
t
dt —
t
dt (1/2)
^P+l ●^ (/ + !)(/'-r + 1)
1
tan
-I
+ C 1 r 1 1 r t+l
dt ~\— dt
2^ 2V2 3-'/ + ! +i
dx 1 (x\
= — tan
1
- +C 1 1 r(2/-l)+3
--)og|r+li + - dt
' ^ a^+x^ a ya) 3 b’'
(I)

4^ 1 1 r 2t~\ 1 1
X —
log I / +11 + - dt -\— dt
1
tan
-1 X
+ C V ? = x-
4
3 6^^ - t + l'" ’ 2^ -t + {
2^/2 2S X
1 1
-log|r
3
+ l| + -log|r^
o
-r + l|
I -1 'x^ -4 1 r 1
tan + C (2) + dt (1)
2v5 2^ , 2-’ / 1 ^2
/

+
1 -1 x'-l 2
114, Do same as Q. No. 113. Ans. tan + C
V2 xV2 [●.' / ^ -1 + \ = z => (2t -\) dt = dz]
sm X - cos X smx-cosx
. f 2/-1
115. Let/ =
^sin2x
dx =
’ ●y/l + sin2x-l "■ t^-t+l
dt='\— = \o%\z\ = \og\t^ -? + l|]
●' 2

sin X-cos X

●^sin ^x + cos^x+2sinxcosx-l ilog|r + l| + iloglr^-/ + l|

3 o

[v sin^0+cos^0=l] 1 2t-l
+ tan (1)
sm X - cos X
dx (1) -Ji
-J(sinx + cosx)^ -1 dx 1 -1 X
= — tan ‘ —h C
Put sin X + cos X = / => (cos x - sin x) d!x: = dt ■ Jx'+a' a a

-i//
.'. I = = -10g t+yjt^ -1 +C (1) I
= —3 log |tanx + 1| + -6 log I tan^ X - tanx + 11
1

1 2 tan X -1
dx
= = log X + - a ^ +C + tan + C [v r = tanx] (1)
V3
■

-a
 222 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

1
117. Let / = dx On dividing numerator and denominator by in RHS,
^ sin'^ ;c+ sin^ xcos^ ;r H-cos'^ a: we get
1 1
On dividing numerator and denominator by cos*^ x in 1 + 1 +
RHS, we get 1=2 dt = l dt
1 1
sec**jc ● (sec^ jc) {sec^ ;c) + -2 + 2
/ =
^ tan X + tan ^ jr +1
dx =
^ tan'*x + tan^;c + l
dx{\) )
1
Puttanx = r => s&c^ xdx = dt 1 +

=2
t^J dt (1)
and sec" X = 1 + tan^ x = 1 + (1) / 1
\2
t-- + 2
1 t
1+ -r
l + r'
/ = dt = dt (1) 1 1
^ tu-r+\ I Again, put t — = y ^
t
1 + — dt = dy
t
dy 2 -1 >'
1=2 +c
divide numerator and denominator by t ] j => f = tan

1 1
/+(^/2) V2
1 + 1 + / \
dx I -1
dt = dt (1) = — tan - +C (1)
1
I
\2 ■ ●'x2+^2 a
t^ + --2+2+1
r- ' + 3
t 1
t-
1 t 1
1
= V2 tan
-1 V
+C ●:y=t — (1)
Again, put u = t - ~ =5- 1+ dt = du
t
t t^
du 1 /2-1 tan X -1
1 =
-1 u
= -yj2 tan ' + O — ^12 tan ' + C(l)
1=^^ = tan +c
-^^laiTx
u^+{^/3) VI
dx -\
/ \ [v/^ =tanx]
= — tan - +C (1) I
■ ^x^+a^ a \aj 119. Let / = dx
^ cos'* X + sin“* X
1
1 -1
/-●●●
t 1 On dividing numerator and denominator by cos'* x in
tan + C ●/ u = t-~
RHS, we get
V3 V3 t
sec'* X (sec^ x)(sec^ x)
^=1 l + tan^x dxPI = I + (tan^ x)^
dx

1 -1 t^ -1
tan + C
V3 ^/3^ sec^ X (I + tan^ x)
1 = dx (1)
1 -1 tan^x-1 l + (tan^ x)^
+ C
^ VI
tan (1)
VI tanx Put tan X = r

rl + /'
t = tan x] => sqq} X dx = dt I = jdt (1)
1 + r
118. Let/= [VcotX + Vtanx]f/x: = yjtanx (l+cotx)nb:
Again, dividing numerator and denominator by in
2t
Put tan X = => sec^ x dx = 2t dt =^ dx = (1) RHS, we get
l + f'* I 1
1 + —- 1 +
[ V l + tan^x = sec^x=>l + r'* =sec^x]
7 = dt = dt (1)
2t r ^'+1 1 1
\2
1= t \ +— dt => 1=2 dt (I) t^+~+2-2 t- + 2
*’ ?'*+! t t
Integrals 223

1 I d
Again, put / - - = w => 1 + ^ dt = du (1) =2 sin t tdt- \ — (sin ' t) tdt\dt
t ) [dt J
du I -1 u [using integration by parts]
Then, I - tan + C
u 1
1
= 2 sm t- — — dt (1)
dx 1 2 Vl -/ 2 2

●●■J = — tan
a
+C

= /^ sin ' t +
-i
dt
1
] -1
/ = tan + C (1) 1
= r^sin -1‘ / + Vl-t^ dt - dt (1)

1
u-t — -1 tyl\-t^ 1 . -I
+ -sm ‘ t - sin / + C1
t = sin ‘ t +
2 2
/'.2 2
1 r -1 a
V fVa^ - dx = —2 'ia^ -x^ +
-I
=> / = tan + C sin”' —+ C
2 rr

2 < ^ l.tir
/ =
1
tan
-1 tan X-I
+c (1) and I = sin ^ x + C
'Jl tan x
n. 1
t = tan x]
2J
sin r + -
2
t^l-~t^ + Ci (1)

120. Do same as Q. No. 90.

1
[\■t = ^^x]
Ans. - - tan
1

3
2
X + - tan”' — + C
3
X

2
^[(2j:-l)sin ‘ Vx + V^VT^] + Ci
I
sm
■ -1
X - cos X /, =-[(2x-l)sin
2
i
Vx +Vx-x^ ] + C[ (I)
121. Let/ = dx
^fx + cos ^ yfx
sin
On putting the value of/j in Eq. (i), we get
We know thatsin"' ^fx +cos“' Vx =tc/2 2
/=-[(2x-l)sin
7C
-1
Vx+Vx-x^]-x + C,
-1 7C ● -1
COS X = sin
2 4
where C = —Q (1)
7C 7C
sm Sin X
12 dx
122. Do same as Q. No. 98.
:.I =
tc/2 3 1 5
Ans. - log IX -11 - + - log IX + 31 + C
2(x-l) 8
2 sin * \/x — — n
^^dx = - ' 2 sin
-1
X— dx
123. Let/ =
6x + 7
dx
n It ●' 2J
2
V(x-5)(x-4)
6x + 7
4 r . 4 r . dx
sm
-1
^fx dx - f l</x = — sm
-1
Vx dx — x ^ -9x + ^
7t ●' n

4 Now, do same as Q. No. 92.

=> 1 = — l,1 -X ...(i) (1)
7C
Ans. / -
where / 1 - sm
■ -1
~Jx dx
9 9V 1
+ C
Put 4x = t=^ x = t^ and dx = 2tdt
..341og x-- + ^^x--j 4

/i sm
● -1
■ t2tdt = 2 sin ' t-tdt
11
TOPIC 2
Definite Integrals
rb
A definite integral is denoted by /(at) dx, where a is called Step in Resubstitute for the new variable and write the
●'o
integral in terms of the original variable.
the lower limit of the integral and b is called the upper
Step IV Find the values of integral obtained in
limit of the integral. The definite integral has a unique
value.
Step III at the given limits of integral and find the
eb
difference of the values at the upper and lower
Also, we define / (a:) dx as the area of the region bounded limits.
Ja

by the curve y = f (x), a<x<b,ih,QX-axis and the ordinates

x = a and x = b. Properties of Definite Integral
There are following properties of definite integrals:
Fundamental Theorem of b h
(i) f{x)dx= f{t)dt
Integral Calculus
●fa ●fa

ra

1. First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus (ii) ●fa

f(x)dx = 0
Let the area function be defined by ^(x) = ●fa / (x)dx ■ fb Fa

(iii) f{x)dx = - f{x)dx

for all X > a, where function/is assumed to be
■'a

continuous on [a, b], then A' (x) = /(x) for all x £ [a, b]. (b rc cb
(iv) Ja
/(x)iic = Ja /(x)^6: + Jc
/{x)dx, where a <c<b
2. Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
Let / be a continuous function of x defined on the (v) f{x)dx= Ja f{a + b-x)dx
Ja
closed interval [a, b] and F is another function, such
that —
dx
F{x) - f (x) for all x in the domain of /, then (vi) \lf{x)dx=\lf{a-x)dx
JO JO
rb Fla Fa

Jfl
f{x)dx = [F{x) + C]t=F{b)-F(a). (vii) JO
f{x)dx= JO
f(x)dx+ JO f(2a-x)dx
This is called definite integral of / over the range ●a

[a, b]. (viii) f{x)dx

-a
fb
NOTE In f(x)dx, the function/needs to be well-defined and continuous
« 0
0,if /(x) is an odd function i.e./(-x) = -/(x)
in [o, b]. For instance, the consideration of definite integral
is erroneous, since the function / expressed by 2 JO /(x) dx. if/(x) is an even function
/(x) = x(x^-1)’''^ is not defined in a portion -1<x<lof the closed i.e./(-x) = /(x)
interval [-2,3].
Fa
■la
2 JO^ f{x) dx, if /(2a - x) =/(x)
Evaluation of Definite integrals (ix) Jo
f(x)dx =
0, if/(2a-x) = -/(x)
by Substitution NOTE The value of the definite integral of a function over any particular
b
To evaluate ●fa
/(x)dx by substitution, the steps could be as interval depends on the function and the interval, but not on the
variable of integration that we choose to represent the independent
follows
variable.
Step I Consider the integral without limits and substitute If the independent variable is denoted by f or u instead of x, we
X = g(>') to reduce the given integral to a known form.
simply write the integral as f /{t)df or [ /{u)du instead of
Step II Integrate the new integrand with respect to the new
variable without mentioning the constant of «
*’/(x)dx. So. the variable of integration is a dummy variable.
a

integration.
Integrals 225

Some Useful Results 4. Sum to n terms of a GP is

. . /?(«-!) a(r"-l)
1. I+2 + 3+-- ■+{«-o=—— ,if r>l
r-1
5„ =
w(«-l)(2«-l) a(l-r”)
2. 1^+2^+3^+..-4-(«-1)^ = 6 L 1-r
where a - first term and r - common ratio.
3. l^+2^+3^+--- + («-l)^ =
2

PYQs Previous Years Questions

Mark Questions fk-2|
7. — dx,x^2is equal to
Multiple Choice Questions -V- CBSE 2023

(a)l (b)-l (c)2 (d)-2

1. Thevalueof ArjArl^icis K

-1 CBSE 2024 6
71 1 , . ,
(a)i (b)i (c)-^6 (d)0 8. Jsec“
0
X - —
6j
OX is equal to
CBSE 2023

n
(a) 4
V3
(b)-4
V3
(c)V3 (d)-V3
2. If value of f cot 9 cosec^ 0 dQ is
K
9. For any integer n, the value of
sin^x
4 CBSE 2024
Jo
e cos^{2« + I)x dx is CBSE 2023
(a)i (b)-i (a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)2
71
(c)0 (d)-^ Assertion-Reason
8
2 3
j\0-x
10. Assertion (A) -p= ;= dx = 3
3. If
-2
x^dx = k
0
+ 1 x^dx, then the value of k is
2
-X

CBSE 2024

Reason{R) f{x)dx= f{a + b~x)dx

(a) 2 (b)l (c)0 (a)i CBSE 2023

(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A),
4. The value of log x dx is
I CBSE 2024 (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A),
(a)0 (b)l
(c) e (d) e log e (c) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect,
4 (d) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect.
5. (e^ + x) d!x is equal to Very Short Answer Questions
0 CBSE 2023
●n/2
8 8
, , 15 + e 11. Evaluate X sin X dx.
.-jt/2 CBSE Sample Paper 2021

, - e® -15 - 15
12. If [x] denotes the greatest integer function, then find
r3/2
a
Jo
[x^]dx. De/hi 2020
6. If 3x^ i/x = 8, then the value of‘a’is 2n
0 CBSE 2023
13. Evaluate sinx dx.
(a) 2 (b)4 0 Delhi 2020
(c)8 (d) 10
 226 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

14. If
●a dx n
= —, then find the value of a. 33. Evaluate
f2 \X\ dx.
\ + 4x^ 8 Delhi 2020
X Delhi 2019

r4
15. Find the value of j X - 51 3 Marks Questions
Jl All India 2020
n cosx
e
16. Evaluate y dx. 34, Evaluate dx
J2 Delhi 2017 cosx
+ e
— cosx

0^ CBSE 2024

17. Evaluate xe^ dx. n/2 ^

Jo Foreign 2014 35. Evaluate e' sin X dx
Jo CSSE 2023

ri 1
18. Evaluate dx. fi
36. Evaluate dx
All India 2014C Jl/3 4
X CBSE 2023
●X

19. lff(x) = Jo
t sin t dt, then write the value of f' (x). & laia CONCEPT
All India 2014 Take the term outside the cube root.
r4
20. Evaluate ~^dx. AH India 20 J 4 37. Evaluate
r3
{|(A:-l)| + |(A:-2)|}tit
Jl CBSE 2023

■nl2
21. Evaluate frt/2 1 -sin2A:
Jo
(sinj:-cosA:)<3[x:. Delhi 2014 38. Evaluate dx
Jn/4 1 -cos 2a: C8SE 2023
●e- dx
22. Evaluate r4 1
X log X All India 2014 39. Evaluate dx
●*' ^2x + \-^2x-l CBSE 2023
f2 X^-\
23. Evaluate dx. ritl4
Jl
X All India 2014C
40. Evaluate log(l + tan x)dx
Jo
rn/4 CBSE 2023; CBSE Sample Paper 2023
24. Evaluate tanjc dx.
Jo Foreign 2014
41. Evaluate dx

25. Evaluate ^ -j4-x^ dx. 4x+^4-x CeSE 2023

All India 2012
r2?t 1
1 e" 42. Evaluate :—dx.
Jo sinx
26. Write the value of dx. 1 +e CBSE 2023; All India 2073
Jo 2x
1 + e Delhi 2012C
rit/2
3 1 43. Evaluate 2 sin X cos x tan (sin x) dx.
Jo
27. Evaluate -dx.
J2 X Delhi 2012 CBSE 2023; Delhi 2011
■n/3 dx
ri 2a: 44. Evaluate
28. Evaluate
Jo
1 + a:
■^^/^1 + Vtanx
All India 2011C, 2008
CBSE Sample Paper 2023, All India 2011

2 Marks Questions Q13CONCEPT

rl 2-x fb b
Use the property f(x)dx= f(a + b-x)dx
29. Evaluate J ^ log^ 2 + x
dx.
CBSE 2023
Ja Jo

(2
45. Evaluate |x^ -x\dx.
30. Evaluate|^a:{1-a:)" dx. CBSE Sompfe Paper 2021
J-i
CBSE 2022 (Term II); Delhi 2020,2016; All India 2010
f2ri 1 46. Evaluate
●4

31. Evaluate e^dx. Jo

X -\\dx.
Jl X 2x^ CBSE Sample Paper 2023
All India 2020

32. Evaluate
rn
2
(1 - X ) sin X ● cos X dx.
2 47.
Evaluate! -3x^ +2xj dx.
J-jt Delhi 2019
CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
Integrals 227

® Eam CONCEPT 62. Evaluate

jt/3 sinj: + cosx
dx.
Jjc/6
Firstly, find one factor of Integrand, then divide the
Vsinlx All India 2014C; Delhi 2011
Integrand with that factor of get all the factor. rn/2
63. Evaluate JO
siriAT^ic.
Delhi 2014C
2
■2 X
48. Evaluate dx. ■7C/2 sin^x 1
-21 + 5-’^ All India 2016 64. Prove that Jo
sinx +COSX
dx - log(^+l).
All India 2014C

4 Marks Questions 65. Evaluate j^[|x-2j+|x-3|+|x-5|](fc. Delhi 2013

49 Evaluate J-2
f V5-4x-x^ dx. CBSE 2022 (Term II)
® [Sia CONCEPT
xsinx First, we redefined the integrand of the integral between
50. Evaluate dx.
the given limits [2,5]. After that integrate and simplify it.
'l 1 +COS" X
r4
Delhi 2020, 2017; All India 2013,20122011C, 2009C, 2008
r<j ■a
66. Evaluate ^ [|x|+|x-21 + |x-4| ]d!x.
JO Delhi 2013

51. Prove that JO f{x)dx = Jo f {a -x) dx, hence

'K xsmx
67. Evaluate ^ [|x-1| + |x-2|+]x-3|](36:. Delhi 2013
evaluate dx.
Jo 1 +COS^ X Delhi 2019
® laia CONCEPT
ra
Here, the power of numerator is greater than the power
52. Prove that Jo
f(x)dx= JO^ f (a -x) dx. of denominator. So, first we add and subtract 1 in
numerator and use formula (ct^ -b^}=(a~b}{a + b)to
rn/2 X
and hence evaluate dx. simplify it and then integrate it.
Jo sin X + cos X All India 2019
rn/2 X+Smx
7t 68. Evaluate dx.
x + Jo 1 +COSX All India 2011
Jt/4

53. Evaluate -— dx.

J - It/4 2-cos 2x CBSE Sample Paper 2018
●4
6 Marks Questions
54. Evaluate Ji
(jx-l| + |x-2| + |x-4|)£6r. fit/4 sinX +COST
dx.
69. Evaluate
All India 2017; Delhi 2011C *’0 16 + 9sin2x CBSE 2078

●n X
X tan X dx.
55. Evaluate
'It
dx. 70. Using properties of integral, evaluate ●'o 1 + sinx
●'0 secx + tanx
CBSE Sample Paper 20 7 7, Delhi 2010
All India 2017, 2008; Delhi 2014C, 2010; Foreign 2014
rn/2 X sin X cos X
71. Evaluate dx.
fit 7t Jo
56. Evaluate JO - sin --vx dx. sin'’ X 4-cos'’ X
14 Delhi 2016
Delhi 2014, 2011; All India 201OC
r3/2
it/4 smx -f cosx
57. Evaluate Jo
jxcos7tx|r3!x:. All India 2016 72. Evaluate dx.
JO 9-Fl6sin2x
fit X Foreign 2074; Delhi 2014C, 207 7
58. Evaluate dx.
'’0 1 + sin a sinx Foreign 2076 ■It X
73. Evaluate dx.
fit
Jo a ^ cos^ x + b^ sin^ x
59. Evaluate Jl
(cos ax -sin bx)^ dx. Delhi 2075 Foreign 2014; All India 2009

■lt/4 dx ■it/3 dx
60. Find 74. Evaluate
Jo
cos^ xV2sin2x All India 2015
Jn/6
1 + ^Jcot X De/hi 2074

fIt/4 7C

61. Evaluate
■It/2 cosx
dx. 75. Prove that Jo
(VtanX + -s/cotx)dx = -Jl ■ 2 Delhi 2072
J-it/21 + ^-v Foreign 2015
 [Explanations]
/o\
27 8 19
1. We know that —+ - =k — .j—
-l<;c<0 3 3 UJ 3
X
/o^
0<;c<l 35 8 19
— = k — H

^> -l<x<0
3 [3) 3
I I
X\X\=< 2 /'o\
x~, 0<j:<1 k
●1 ●0 fi
{3) 3 3 "3
Now, J-i x\x\dx = -x^dx + x^dx
J-i Jo
k^-x-^k=2
to 3 8
-x^ e
+
3 3 4. (6) Let I ~ log jc
-1-1 -io

^[03-(-l)3] + i[|3_o3] =
e

logx-1 cic = (A:logA;)f - x-—dx

e
1

X
II
1 1 1 I
--+-=0
3 3
=(e log e- log 1)- (x)f log e-O-(e-l)
fi
J-i
x\x\dx=^0 =e-e+l=l

Tt

2
5. -\-x)dx = Jo e^'^dx + ^^xdx
2. (a) Let 1 = cot 6 cosec^ 9 dQ Putting 2x = t ^ 2 dx = dt
dt
dx = —
2
4

Lower limit When x = 0, then ^ = 0

On putting cot 0 = L we get
Upper limit When x = 4, then r = 8
-cosec^ ^ dQ = dt
2
cosec^ ^ d^ = -dt I dt X
e — +
Jo 2 2
K 7o
When 6 = —, r = 1
4 1 f« 1

2 Jo
e' 4/? + -(x^)^
2
0
n
Q^-t=0
2 1 1
0 0
= -{e‘)l+-(l6~0)
2 2
t dt
1 1
I = -{e^-e^)
2
+ -(\6)
2
0
1 1 I
2
= - 0 —
2 2
= -(e^
2
-l) + 8
/I

e'^-1 + 16 e*^+15
3. (a) We have, x^dx = k x^dx+ x^dx 2 2
-2 0
fa

6. (a) Given ’Jo 3x^ dx = % => sfJO x^dx=S

= k +
r_3
3 3 3 a
7-2 V /o V /2 = 8 => 3 -0
3 3
27 70
27 8
= k --0 +
3 I 3) 3 3 3 a 3 =8 => fl=2
Integrals 229

71/2
l^-2| -{x-2)
7-(d) dx = dx ”***-Let I = sinxdx
\x-2 -1
x-2
-n/2

Let /(x) = x" sin x

(-l)^ix = -(x)!.i=-(l + l) = -2
f{-x) = {-x)^ sin(-x)
7t = -x^ sinx [v sin (-0) = -sin 0]
6 / ^' = -fix)
®-(fl)Let/= sec^ x dx
0 6J So, fix) is a odd function
rt/6 tt/2 a

K
tan X [v sec^xfl[x = tanx + C] x^sinxiiv = 0 v /(x) tir = 0, if/(x) is odd
-nil - <7

(1)
% IX 71
= tan -tan 0 3/2
6 ■6 41 '3/2

71 1
*'2.Let/= [x^'\dx = ^^^dx+ ^
0
\dx + 2dx

= 0 + tan —= r-
6 -E
:_2
= 0 + [x]f+[2x]f
®‘(Z))Let/= JO e cos ^ (2m + l)xd!x
sm X

= ^_1 + 3_2V2
/=2-a^
en

Jo
cos^(2n + l)(7X -x)iij: (1)

9
ea
ea
Common
[V f{x)dx = ]^f{a-x)dx] Mistake
Herex^ is not varying from 0 to
;^2
’7t
instead x is varying from 0 to
[cos (2h + 1)(7C - x)]^ dx
Sin X
e
Jo
PK
■2n

Jo
JT [cos{(2n + i)n _ (2n + l)x} f dx 13. Let 7 =
Jo
|sinx| iic
2n

Jo
e [-cos(2« + I)x]^ dx sinxdx- sinxdlx
‘n ;_2 0 n

cos^ {2n + \)x dx ...(ii)

sin X
I e
JO 27C
= [-cosx]5 +[cosx] n

27=0 =>7=0 [Added Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

= -[cOSTt -C0s0] + [cos27t -COSTt]
10. ■8 -^/lO-X dx ...(i) = -[-l-t] + [l + l] = 2 + 2 = 4 (1)
id) Let 7 =
^ Vx +^10-x ea dx 7X
14. We have,
■8 ^lO-(lO-x) dx
Jo l + 4x^
”■'2 7l0^ + Vl0-(10-x) i[tan-‘ 2x\l = —8
7X
=> tan
1
2a- —
7t

4
●8 4x~
dx -.(ii) 7X 1
●“ -^10-x + Vx 2 a = tan — => 2a = l=^(2= —
4 2 (1)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

27 =
;.^10-X + Vx dx = liic
15-Let 7 =jjV-5liic ●4

2^10-:t+Vx
. 2
Jl
-(x -5) dx [v|x-5l = -(x-5),x<5]

27 = [x]^ =8-2=6 7 =3
4
2

—-5x
16
-20 -fi-5
Thus, Assertion and Reason both are correct and 2
Jl
U y U
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
 230 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

9 15 f4 a:
- -12 + - 20. Let/ = dx
2 2 +1

3' V 1 Put;c^ -¥\-t 2xdx = dt-^ X dx = —

dt
Let / =
J2
3^dx = [3']^ 2
logs /2 logs
1 1 18
Lower limit When x = 2 , then t =2^ +1=5
[3'-S'] = (27-9) = (1)
logs logs logs Upper limit When x = 4, then / = 4^ +1 = 17 (1/2)

^[logUI]^’
ri x2
17. Let/ = xe' dx / = -dt =
0
5 7T~2J5 t
dt
Put;c^ =t^2xdx = dt=^dx = 1 1 (\1
2x
= -[logl7-log5] = -logl Y
Lower limit When x = 0, then r = 0
Upper limit When x = \, then t -1 log m - log n = log —
. ( (1/2)

/ =
fi t
^_1 rl e' dt rJr/2
2x~2Jo
xe
Jo 21. Let / = (sinjc-cos;c) Ja:
Jo
r7C/2
(1) => /=- (cos a: - sin x) dx
Jo

fi 1
18. Let / = dx Now consider, /(x) = cos jc Then, f'{x) = - sin x
Now, by using [/(J^) + f'(x)]dx = e^f{x) + C,
1 1
= [sin“* x] 0 i/x = sin ’ x + C we get / = - [e'^ cos x]

= sm I - sin 0 cos - + / cos(0) = 0 + l(l) = l (1)

7T 7T 7C
= sin sin— -sin"* (sin0) = — 0 = - re ' dx
2J ^ ’ 2 2
(1)
22. Let I =
X log X
●X
1
1p. Given, /(x) = JO t sin t dt Put log X = r => - i/c = £//
I II X

d
● X
Lower limit When x = e, then t = log e -1
= t sintdt- — (t) sin t dt dt
dt
J 0
Upper limit When x = e^, then t - log = 2.
r2 dt
[using integration by parts] .'. / = — = [log I r j = log 2 - log 1 = log 2 (1)
41 t
r X

= [;(-cosO]o - Jo (-cosOt^^ 23. Let / = r2 x'-l 2 I

-T—dx= X - - dx
Jl
x^ X" /
= [-rcos r]5+[sin l2 \ /
x^ 1 (2)^ 1
= - X cos X + 0 + sin X - 0 = sin X - X cos X + - + - + -
2 X 2 2 2 1
Thus, / (x) = sin X - X cos x (1/2) Jl / V

1 1
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get = 2+- -+1 =1 (1)
2J V2
/"(x) = cosx- X —(cosx)
dx
+ cosx —(x)
dx 24.
Let / = tanx£/x = [log|secx|]J^'*
[by product rule of derivative]
= cos X - [x (- sin x) + cos x] = log| sec ^ I - log| sec 01
= cos X + X sin X - cos x = x sin x (1/2)
= log|A^| -Iog| 1| =^log2
2
(1)
Integrals 231

l2 ni
(●2
25. Ja-x^ dx= —Ja~x^ +~sin ' — (;c" -x'^^^)dx =
Jo ^ 2^ 2 2 Jo n+l n+2
0 Jo
2

V '4a^-x^dx = -^a^-x^ +
a . -I ^
sin —vC 1 1 («+2)-(/7 + 1)
2 2 a -0 = (1)
n+1 n+2 (n + 1) {n+2)
.71 ^ 7T
= 0 + 2sin ' l = 2sin -i sm— =2x —= 7C (1) 1
2; 2
(« + !)(«+ 2)
X
1 e
26. Let I =
2x dx= Jof dx
31. Let/ = r2 n 1_' dx
Jo
l + e I+ («■')' l
Jr 2x^.
Put =t dx = i/r 1
Put 2x = t => x = -t
2
Lower limit When a: = 0, then t = 1
1
Upper limit When x -1, then t = e (1/2) dx = -dt
●e dt 2
Now, I - = (tan ^ t)f
●*' 1 + /^ Lower limit When x = l, then t = 2
= tan“* e-tan"' 1 Upper limit When x-2, then 7 = 4 (1)

- tan
-1 ( e-1)
/ =-
. f42 2] , ^
T e dt
l + e 2-^2[/ ;2j
t4
-I TC-j; -1 1

=U7V
-i I t
V tan x-tan j^ = tan (1/2) e‘ dt = -e

\ + xy t
J2

27.
^ -dx =[log|x|]^ =log3-log2 = log^
2 X 2
[●.● e' {f {x)+f' {x)} dx = e" f{x) + C]

V log m-log71 = log— (1) (1)

n 4 2 4 ^
■Tt

28. Do same as Q. No. 20. [Ans. Iog2] 32. Let / =

J-7C
(1 - x^)sin xcos^ xdx
2 — X
29. Let /(x) = log Again, let /(jc) = (1 - ) sin x cos ^ x
"{2 + x
2 + x^ 2-x
f (-/c) = [ 1 - (-21^) ^ ] sin (-x) cos ^ (-x)
/(-x) = log^ loge = -f(x)
2-x 2 +x = (1 -x^) (-sin x)cos^ X
So, /(x) is an odd function. = -(l-x )sinxcos x = -/(x) (1)
ri 2-x f (x) is odd function.
logs dx = 0
J-i 2 + x /=0
fa

30. Let 7 = x(l-x)"£6ir [●●● a

f (x) =0, if /(x) is an odd function] (l)
0
r2 1*0 ^1 2 1a:| ,
33. Let / = dx + — dx
-1 X JO ;c
(i-x)(i-(i-x)rd^
■2 X -X, X<0
=i:
0
— dx + - dx IXI = ●
a a
X 0 X [JC, x>0
V f{x)dx= f{a-x)dx
0 ■2
0 0
j-i
-\dx +
Jo
\dx =[-x]?i +[x]o
(1 -x)x"£/x- (1)
= [0-(l)] + [2-0] = -l+2 = l (2)
0
232 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

x!/3
f 1
cos j:
e
34. (a) Let I = COST - cosx
dx
+ e ●1
0^ \x
~ dx
Jl/3 X
4

^C0S(JC -x)
1 = n1/3
1
.0 ^cos(7c-x) ^-cos(n-X) X —-1
■1
vx
a
4
dx
J|/3
V f{x)dx= f(a-x)dx X

0 0 xl/3
1
- cosx
e ri \x
dx ...(ii) dx (1)
- cosx cosx Jl/3 3
0^ + e X

1
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get On putting — = /
cosx - cosx
x'^
2/= f- cosx -cosx
dx- \ - dx -2 , , dx dt
e + e =>-=-- (1)
0
X X ^

= [x]S=7t
Lower limit When, x = -, then / = 9
7C 3
/=-
2 Upper limit When x-\, then t =1
35. Let / = r'2_x
1/3
e sin X d!x: fl (^-1) 1 ;i
Jo / = dt^- {t-\f^dt
J9 (-2) 2J9
Here, e'*^sinx^/r nl

1/3 + 1
rf d 1 (t-1) 1 3
- sin X dx- — (sinx) e^dx dx 1
2
+ 1
3 9
[using integration by parts]
3
= [sin;ce'^- (cosx e'^) c/x]
8
'' d ' 3 3
= sinxe’'- cosxf - —(cosx) e^dx dx (0-8'*^^) = — (-16) = 6 (1)
^ ^\dx ●' ) 8 8
3

= sin xe^ - [cos x +1 sin jc e^dx~\ 37. Let/ = Jj {|(x-1)| + |(;c-2)|}c/a:

= e^ (sinx-cosx)- sinxe^dx For l<jc<3,|x-l|=x-l
i<x<2, |j:-2|=2--x
=^2 s'* sinxcic = e'^(sinx-cosx)
2<x<3, |x-2|=x-2 (1)
■3 r2 r3
1 =
=> sinx dx = -
2
(sin x - cos x) (x-l)iix+ ^ (2-x)dx+ ^(x-2)dx
/ \3 2^2
/. I =
fK/2 1
sin X n[r = - [e^ (sin x - cosx)] 0
n/2
-X + 2x-~ +
(x^ -2x
Jo 2 2 2 2
/I /2

^2 V
sin —-cos—
2 2/
-e‘^(sin0-cos0) =>/=
(9
--3
1
-_1
\
+
f
4 —
4^
2 ; V2 / V 2J
1
=
2
+1) (2) .2—0 + T9—6. 4
--4 (1)
. 2j U 2

36. Let / =
■1 (x-x')‘^^ dx
Jl/3 4 [5 1 1
X = (4-2)+ 2— + --2 =2 + - + - = 3 (1)
2j V2. 2 2
Integrals' 233

ml 1 -sin 2a: i 1
38. Let/ =
Jtc /4
dx = -[27-3^^^
6
+7^^^ -1] = -(26-3^^2
6
+7^^^) (1)
1 -cos2a:
●n / 4
40. Let/ =
1 - sin 2a: 1 — 2 sin a: cos AC log(l + tanA:)d!x-
Now, dx= e~^ dx Jo
1 -cos 2a: 2sin^ X en / 4

0
log[l + tan (71 / 4 -x)] dx
1 2x 1 2 sin X cos X
dx
2^ ^ Vsm
~rT~
X sin^ X 71
Ian - tanx
rn / 4 4
1 log 1 + dx (1)
=- (cosec^x -2cot x) dx Jo
1 + tan
7C
tanx
4

= - f e^cosec^xttc - f cotx dx (1) rn! 4 1 - tan X

log 1 + dx
Jo 1 + tan X
^ 2x C 2 t r( Cdi 9 * r 9
= - e cosec x dx- — (e ) cosec x dx dx rn/4 2
2 \dx
log dx
Jo 1 + tan X
cot X dx
rn / 4

1 Jo
[log 2 - log(l + tan x)] dx ...(ii) (I)
= - [e^ (- cot x) - 2e^^ (- cot x) dx^ - cot x dx
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
rrt / 4
= -e^(-cotx)+
2
e^’^cotxiiv- e^'^coixdx 2/ = 40I log 2 dx
rn / 4
1 rt/4
-e^ cotx (1) 2/= log 2 JO lc^x = log2[x]o
2

I ( 7t
1 =— cotx) n/4
mi
= log2 --0
2 ^4
I 7t 7t 7C
Jt/2
e
n
cot e cot — / = -log2 (I)
2 2 4

I 1
(0-^"^2)^-^«/2 (I)
2 2 41. ■3 V4-X
Let 7 = ...(i)
39. Let/=f“'
1
d!x ●' 4x +^4-x
^2x + \-^2x-l ■3V4-(4-^ dx
■4 ■yjlx + l +^2x -1 dx
Ji
t/4-x +^4-(4-x)
(2x + l)-(2x-l) b fh
f{x')dx= ●^a
f{a + b-x) dx] ■
= -2 Jif{(2x + l)‘^^ +(2x-l)^^^}fl[« (1)
r3
dx ...(ii) (!■/.)
1 ff4
(2x +1)‘^2 dx + (2x -1) dx
Jl
74"-^ + Vx
2lJ\
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3/2 3/2
1 1 (2x + l)
+ -
1 (2x-l)
(1) 21 =
■3r74 dx
2 2 3/2 2 3/2
Jl /I
Jl
Vx +-yl4-~x
r3

= ^-x^-x^[{(2x + \f^}t+{{2x-\f^}U 27 =
Jl
l/7x = [x]f
=3-1=2
= i6 [(9)3/2 -(3)3/2 ^(7)3/2 _(j)3/2] 7 = 1

0
234 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

fin dx n n 2n
42.Let/ = --1 + - -1
0
\ + e
sinx
4 4 4

n
fin dx ra ■a
1= --1 (1)
=> / =
JO sin (2n -jr)
V JO
f\x)dx = JO f(a-x)dx
\ + e
n
dx
(1) 44.Let/= 3
In dx (In e
sin.v
6
1 + -Jtmx
=> / = dx -(ii)
0
●'0 e
-sinjT sinx TC
\-\-e + 1 dx
^ /= ^
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
JR
Vsinx
6 I +
fin dx In e
sin.r
Vcosx
1+1 = dx (1)
Jo sin;c Jo smj:
1 + e l +e
=» / = j Vcosx dx ...(0(1)
21 =
(In (1+g^"^) dx Vsinx + ^|cosx
6
Jo

fin
2n cos
(n—I K X dx
21 =\^ \dx = [x] 0 = 271-0
=> 1=
n

3
6 3

/ =;: (2) JR
7C 7t 7C 7T
6 Sin — H X +, cos - + X
43.Let 1 =
rn/l
Jo
2 sin X cos X tan * (sinx)cii: i 6 3 6 3

Putsinx = 7=> cos xdx = di " ● a f{.x)dx= Jflf f{a + b-x)dx

Lower limit When x = 0, then / = sin 0 = 0
7t
TC 7C rt cos X dx
Upper limit When x = —, then t = sin — = 1
=> 1= 3
JR
■1 7t 71
1=2
Jo
7 X tan ^ t dt
-1
(I)
6 ^sin 2
-X +., cos
V u
X

Applying integration by parts, taking tan t as 1st

^ Vsinx dx ...(ii)(D
function and t as Ilnd function, we get -v/cosx +-s/sinx
6

-1
f\ 1 7^
1=2 — X tan ‘7 -2 , X — dt On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 ●’01 + 72 2
yVcosx + Vsin X dx
-lo
21 =
d 1 - Vcosx +^Jslnx
— (tan ’ x) = 6
dx l+x2 n n

n K K

72 -I
-jl
■I 72 2/ = Jrf3 ldx = [x]^
■‘r = 3 6 6
1=2 — X tan
2
‘7
Jo
1 + 7
jdt (I) 6 6

0 TC
/= —
1 -1 11+72 _j 12
7 =2 X - X tan dt
2 1 + 72 R
7t
Hence, 3
1 + 72 1 -6 1 + Vtanx 12

1:
TC
7=lx- dt (1)
4
1 + 72 l + /2^ 45.
2
|x
3
-x|ah: = J-i
-rO
jx^ -x\dx
J-i
TC fl 1 rl 1*2
/ = - 1- dt + JO |x^-x|d!x+ Jl |x2-x|<7x
4 JO 1 + 72J
On limits [-1, 0],x^ -x>0
/= —-[7-tan"' 7]J) = —-1 + tan"'(1)
4 4 |x^ -x| = x^ -X
Integrals 235

On limits [0, 1], - x <0 48. Let / =

X"
dx
■'-2 1+5"
1^' -X | = -{x'-x) = (x-x')
On limits[1, 2],x^ - x>0 |x^ — x -X
(1)
f2 (2-2-x)^ dx
0 . r* 'X 1
J-2 1+52-2 — .V

J-1 (x - x) ^/x + ^ (x - X ) d)i: + ^ (x - x) i/x Fh

[v f{x)dx= /(a + ^-x)^/x]
Ja ●fa
●> 0 -il
X
4
X x' x'’ X
4
X
+ + ■2 X
4 2 2 4 4 2 dx (1)
J-i -lo *'-2 I+ 5-"
1 1 1 I 1
f2 5"
+ — + (4-2)- => / = X" dx -00(1/2)
4 2 2 4 4 2
●'-2 5"+l
1 1 , 1 , 3 11 (2) On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 4 4 4 4 / .t >
2
46. Do same as Q. No. 45. [Ans. 5] 21 =
x~ dx= _^x~ dx (1)
-2(5" +1
47. Let I = Jx^ -3x^ +2x| dx 27 = 2 JOf X ■ cbc
Let/{x) = x^ -3x^ +2.V v /(0)=0-0 + () = 0 7 f2 T 1*2 ●,
Fvx
'■
is even, so
j_ 2
x
“ i7x = 2j^x^ dx] (1/2)
=i> X -0 = x is a factor ofx^ -3x" +2x
X 8
x^ -3x^ +2x 1 = -(2^
3
-0) = ”3 (1)
Now, = x~ -3x + 2 3
Jo
X

■1
-3x" +2x = x(x^ -3x + 2) = x(x -1) (x -2) (l) 49./ =
J-2
Vs - 4x -X" dx
■2
7 =
-I
|x(x-l)(x-2)1^7x = V^ - {x^ + 4x + 4) + 4 dx
= j[j9-{x+2 f dx
0 1
7 = |x (x -1) (x ~2)\dx+ JO IX (x -1) (x - 2)j dx (1)

f2 Letx+2 = / => dx = dt
+ J1 |x(x-l)(x-2)ti/x
Lower limit When x = -2, then 7 = 0
[by property (iv)]
●0
Upper limit When x = 1, then t = 3 (1)

7=-
J-i (x^-3x"+2x) £/x + ^(x^-3x“+2x)i7x .-. 7 =
JO

/.M3
(x^ -3x^ +2x)dx t
Ji
= - rV3^ +-3^sin -1
(I)
4 nO .4
2 2 v3>^Jo
X , 3 2 X 7 “I
X +x + -X +x" 9 . -1
9 71 9tu
4 4 =0 + -sin 1-0 = -- (1)
J-I Jo
2 2 2 4
2
4 n
X X sin X

4
-x'+x^ (1)
50. Let 7=j 1 +COS“ X dx
0
...(0

1 1 (tc -x) sin(7t -x) dx

= _ 0 + 1 + 1 + --1+1 -(0) => 7 =
14 ■| 1+cos^(tc-x)
' / \ f FU
16 1
f{x)dx= f{a-x)dx
8 + 4 --1 + 1 Jo 0
I 4 u
’● (7t -x)sinxdx
1 , 1
+ l + l+--l + l + - = - + - + - = —
1 , 1 1 9 1 1 11 (1)
...(iO (1)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0
1 + cos^ X
 236 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 21 = n

■7t sin X
dx
Jo
Jt
sin X fir n r sin X 1 +COS^ X
2/=7C => / = - r—fix (1)
Q 1 +COS^ X 2 0
1+ COS X
/ = -
7E rrt sin X
dx (1)
2a a 2 1 +cos^ X
Using f{x)dx = 2 f{x)dx, if/(2a - x) = /(x) Putting cos X = / - sin X fir = dt
0 0

7t/2 Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 1

sinx
1 = -x2 f dx
2 i 1 +cos^x Upper limit When x = 7C, then / = -1
7C r-1 dt _ 7E 1*1 dt
Now, I = -
ii+7"2J-i 17^
nil
sinx 2 Ji
/ =7t fir
1 +COS" X
-[tan 'r]!., =y[tan ‘(l)-tan ‘(-1)]
0 (1)

Put cos X = t, then - sin xdx = dt

n n n n n 7t^
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = 1 (I)
2 4 2 2 4
7C
Upper limit When x = —, then t = 0 a ●a

2’ 52. To prove JO
f{x)dx = Jo
f{a ~x)dx
0
-dt ●a

/ = 7C / =-7i[tan * RHS =
Jo
/(a-x)fir
●'l + r'
Put a - x = t
=> / =-7t[tan“'0-tan"* 1]
■)
dx = -dt
n n~
=> /=-7C 0 Lower limit When x = 0, then t - a
4 4
(1)
●a ‘a Upper limit When x = a, then t = 0
51^ To prove Jo
f(x)dx = Jo
f(a-x)dx ●a eO

ra Jo
f(a-x)dx = - Jfl f(t)dt
Consider, RHS = f{a-x)dx
Jo ●a

Jo
f{t)dt = Jo
f(x)dx
Putting r = a -X, then dt = -dx
= LHS
Lower limit When x = 0, then t = a
●a

Upper limit When x = a, then t = 0 Hence, Jo

f{x)dx = Jo f{a - x) dx Hence proved.
●0 a

Now, RHS = -
Ja f{t)dt = ^^ f{t)dt Now, let I —
rn/2 X
dx ...(i) (1)
Jo
●a
(sinx+cosx)
Jo /(x)f;6: = LHS Hence proved, (i)
n
71 xsinx -X
Now, let / = dx rn/2
Jo 1 =
1 + cos^x Jo
dx
71 7t
(71 -x) sin (tc - x) dx -X^ +COS ■
112
/●rt sin -X ■

Jo
\2J
1 +COS^ (Jt ea ●a

‘a ●a V JO
f(x)dx = Jo
f {a -x)dx
Jo
f{x)dx = Jo
f{a-x)dx
7t
rn (tt-x) sinx fir X
■n/2
Jo
I +COS^ X / = dx
Jo
(cos x +sin x)
rn sin X dx n X sin X fir
= 7t
Jo
1 + COS ^:X
-I 1 +COS^ X
(1) 71
X
n/2 2
/ =7t
Jo
'71 sin X dx
[from Eq. (i)] = Jo (sin x +COS x)
fir -(ii) (1)
1 +COS^ X
Integrals 237

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get n fn/4 1

dx = — x2
7T CJt/4 1
dx
K nil dx 4 J-Jt/42-cos2x 4 ●'0 2-cos2x
2/=-
2 *'0 I, sin jc + cos a: 7T rn/4 1
dx
7T rrt/2 dx 2-^0 2 - cos 2a:
7=-
4 JO sin a: + cos a:
Hence, 1 - TC [-JiM 1 dx
% f7t/2 dx 2 ●'0 2-cos2a:

4 Jo / \
7t r7c/4 I
2 tan - dx [v cos 20 = l-2sin^ 0]
2) 2) 2 1 +2sin^X (1)
+
/ N
,
1 + tan
2
- 1 + tan^ - n rn/4 sec^ X
dx
2) 2) 2 Jo 1 + tan" X + 2 tan " X
/.. \

sec
2
[dividing numerator and denominator by cos^ x]
7E fTt/2 2}
f \
dx (1) 71 rn/4 sec^X
4 Jo dx
1 - tan ^
X
+2 tan - 2 Jo l + 3tan^x
2) 2)
Put tan X = r ^ sec x dx - dt
K fl 2dt
, where r = tan —
4 ●'0 (1-/2 +2/) 2 Lower limit When x = 0, then t - 0
7t
7C
[x = 0 =» / = 0 and x = — =^> / = 1] Upper limit Whenx = —, then / = l (1)
2 4

7t fl 1 7C rl 1 7t 1 fl 1
dt
2 J«l+3/ 2^^=2
dt — X-

2J» [(V2)^-0-l)^] 3 JO / 1> n2

+ /"
■)

I
■S
7U I V2 + (/-l)
log 7t
2 2^ (^/3)[t an ' ^l3t]
1
0 0
6
7C V2+I dx 1 i
log (1) = —tan + C
4y[2 V2-I ●' X^ a \aJ
71

{S){tan '^/3-tan *0) = -^(-\^) -^-0

71
x + —
rn/4
53.Let / = — dx 6 6 \3
j-7t/42 -cos2x
7t 71 V37t^
rn/4 X
dx-^ —
7U rn/4 dx (^/3) 0)
J-rt/4 2 -cos2x 4 J-n/4 2-cos2x
6 3) 18
X
54.Here, |x-l|, lx-2 | and |x-4| occurs.
Let /(x) = Now, define the absolute function as
2 -cos2x
X -1, X > I X — 2, X>2
|x-l| = ; k-2|=«^ -(x-2),
|-(x-l), x<l
-X -X
=^/(-x) = =-/(x) X<2
2-cos2(-x) 2-cos2x (I)
Hence, / is odd. X - 4, X > 4
and |x - 4| = ●
●n/4 X -(x - 4), X < 4
dx = 0
J-n/4 2-COs2x
1
Let/= ^ (|x-1|+|x-2|+|x-4|)£7i:
Let g(x) =
2 -cos2x
= j,\l-11-H ^ - 21-H- 4|) ^/x
1
and g(-x) =
2-cos2x
= g(x) + ^ (|x-l|+|x-2|+|x-4|)c6i:
Hence, g is even. + ^ (I X -1 l+l X - 21+1X - 4|) (1)
238 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

n
= {(j: -1) - (x - 2) - (;t - 4)} -[-1-1-0 + 0 + 71-0]

71
{(x -1) + (x -2) - (x - 4)} dx [71-2] (!)
2

{(x -1) + {x -2) - (x - A)]dx (1)

rn
2x sin■ (^—
56. Let I = e +X dx
Jo
■2 r3 tA
{-X + 5)(ic + (x +1)iir + (x + \)dx
71
Again, let/, = e~ sin —+ x dx
-x'
r
X
2
14
+ 5x + + x + +x 0) ii
2 2 2
/i '2 n
7C r d . 71
= sin —I- X * e^' dx - ^ sin + x e^'^dx'^ dx
-4
+ 10
-1 A (9
—+5 + -+3
^^ f4
-+2 V4 dx u
I 2 J K2 U 12
[using integration by parts]
16 (9
+ —+ 4 - +3 7t 7C
dx U)
12 / V2 = sin — + X cos — + X
14 2 1.4 2
15
= 16 —9_^ (1) e
If
7T 'I 1 f 7t
2 2 2 2” 2 — sin —hx e
Zx
cos — +X dx
7t X tan X
2 U 2*' 14
II i
55. Let / = dx (i)
●'0 secx + tanx 2.V /
e . 7t
— sin —h-x
■7t
(71 -x) tan(7C -x) 2 U
=> / = dx
Jo
sec (7t - x) + tan(7C - x)
1 7C 7t
fa fa cos Hx -sin —+ x — dx
[v JO_f{x)dx= JO 1\a-x)dx] 2 14 2 U ) 2
(●n (tc -x) tanx [using integration by parts]
=> / = dx ...(ii)
secx + tanx
(1) .
7t 7T
sin —Hx — cos —+ x
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 14 4 U
rn 71 tan x
21 = dx 7C
secx + tanx - f sin + x dx (1)
4 J U
7C frt tanx(secx - tanx)
=> /=- dx 7t 7t 1
2 *'0 (secX + tanx) (secX - tanx) =>/ i - 2 sin —H X - cos + x > — /
4 (4 14 4
[rationalising]
[from Eq. (i)]
71 fft (tanxsecx - tan x)rfx
1 7C 7C
2 Jo (sec X - tan x) =» /i +— /, = ■2sin —Hx —cos —+x ●
(1)
' 4 4 4
[v ia + b) {a-b) = a'^ -b^]
5 e-^ K K
7C rrt tanxsecx-sec x + 1 - I ● 2 sin — +X - cos —h x >
dx 4 ‘ 4 14 14
2 ●'0 1 (1)

[V tan^0=sec^0-l] /, 2sin
7t
+ x —cos
7t
—Hx > (I)
7C
u 14
= — [sec X - tan X + x]"
2
7C
/=[/l] 0
2
[(secTC -tanrt + 7c)-(sec0-tan0 + 0)] nn

r 7t 7C

K
●2sin —Hx -cos —+x >
= — [sec 7C - sec 0 - tan 7t + tan 0 + 7t - 0] 5 14 14 Jo
2
Integrals 239

1 n 71 Now, from Eq. (i), we have

e'"<2sin —+ 71 -cos —hK nl/2 -]3/2
5 U ^4 sidtca: costtx Afsinjcx cos 71X
I = X
TC 7C 7C 7C^ Jo
7C
Jl/2
-^^●l2sin —hO -cos —1-0 ■
1 14 14 (—
\ sin—I
. K 1 rCOS —
7t
\ /

0 +
cos O'

1 7C 271 2 2 / V 71^
- e <-2sm —+ COS— s2sin —-cos —^
5 1 4 4 4 4
/
3 .
— sin — + —
3tc 1 3ti:

1 1 _\ 2ti: 2 7c 2 COS ^
1 I 1
e‘N-2x ^-1 S2x
5 ^ 4i' 1
— Sin—h—cos —
. 71 1 7C

271 2 7C- 2j
1 1 1 I I -3 1
- ^2"
5
V2J ^/2. 271 2tc 271

1
[e"" +1] (1)
1 1 3 1 _ 5 1 _ 5tc -2 (1)
5^/2 2tu 7t 27T 2JC 2ti 2tc^
●3/2 '71 X

57. Let I = 58. Let/ = dx

Jo
IX cos Ttr I dx ●^0 1 +sinasinjr
Consider, .vcos tly = 0 (●71 (tt-j:)
dx
.V = 0 or cos TiY = 0 ●●o l + sinasin(7t-jr)
7C 37T 5ti ni (I

A = 0 or Ttx =
i’T’T ■ JO.f{x)dx = Jo f(a -x)dx
nn ■71
(Tt-X)
●: cos = 0,n being an odd integer dx ●..(ii)
2 0 1 + sin a sin A
1 3 3 sin(7T - a) =siiiA
A = 0 or A = - ●●● 0 < A < -
2’2 2
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 3 [●71 7t ■K dx
A =0, 21 = dx - 71 (1)
2’2 ●*0 1 + sin a sin A 1+sinasinA
!
dx
So, let us divide the integral at a = - (1)
= 7C
(●71
(1/2)
2 JO

1 1 +sina
2tan(A/2)_
A cos 71 A, 0<A<-
2
1 + tan ^ (a / 2)
Note that | a cos tc a | = ■ 1 3
-X cos 7C A. - <A <-
n
I + tan ^ (a / 2 )dx
-n
2 2
1 7t 1 3
JO
l + tan^(A/2 ) + 2sinatan(A/2)
[●.● 0<a<-=>0<7D:< — =»cos7Lr>0 and -2 < a < -2
2 2 (●Tt sec^(A I2)dx
7t 37t = 71
^ — < 7I.V <
2
=> cos TtA < 0] JO
tail ^ (a / 2) + 2 sin a ● tan(A / 2) +1
2
X 2-^1; j
■3/2
Put tan = / sec dx = dt
Now, |AC0S7iA|a'r + 1/2
IA cos TtA I (ic 2 2 2

■i/2 r3/2 2 A ,
sec — dx = 2dt
xcosnxdx -
Jl/2
xcQsnxdx ...(i)(i) 2
Jo

SmTLY sin Tu: Lower limit When a = 0, then t = 0

Let / X cos Kxdx=x dx
I II 71 7T
Upper limit When a = 7i, then t —> 00

[using integration by parts] 2dt

ASinTCA cos TtA 21 = % (I)
JO
(1) +2sina ● t+\
7t tc'
240 .Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dt
■Tt/4 dx
=> 1 ~K eo.Let I = Jo
JO
r +2sina ● ? + sin^ a +cos^ a cos^ xV2sin2.T
f Jt/4 dx
[v sin^9+cos^0 = l](l/2) Jo
dt
cos^ :rTy2(2sinxcosA:)
= n
[': sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos 0]
JO
(r + sina)^ +(cosa)^ 1 rrt/4 dx

7C ? + Sin a
2 Jo COS
3
jccos
1/2
X sin
● 1/2
x
-1
tan dx
COS a cos a
1 i*Jt/4
''Jo
2 Jo cos
7/2
X sin'^^ X
dx 1 -1 (x 1 f7C/4 sec
4
X
= — tan +c dx
a \aj “2J0 7
--4
● 1/2
7E cos^ X sin X
[tan (00) - tan"* (tan a)]
cos a [dividing numerator and denominator by cos'* x]
4
7t n 1 flt/4 sec X
dx
— a (I) 2 Jo ●■1/2
cosa|_2 cos
fit

5gLet I - J-JC (cosax-sin6;c)^iic I fjt/4sec^x(l + tan^x")~dx

fit
2- ●'0 ' tan’^^f
J-n
(cos^ ax + sin^ ix-2cosaxsin^x)/tc
fit fit
[\- sec^0-tan^0 = l] (1)
j-jt
(cos ax + sin bx)dx-2 J~n cos ax sin bx dx
Puttanx = t => sec^xdx = dl
= 7,-/2 (1)
Now consider, Lower limit When x = 0, then f = tan 0 = 0
2 2 n n
h = J-jt (cos ax + sin bx) dx [be an even function] Upper limit When x = —, then t = tan — = 1
4 4
= 2 JO (cos ^ ox + sin ^ 6x) dx
●a a - dt (1)
J-a
f{x)dx = 2 JO f (x) dx, if /(x) is even] 2 Jo t
1/2

●71 l + cos2ox l-cos26x 1 fl -1/2

= 2
Jo
dx
2 Jo
(t ^t^'^)dt (1)
2 2
(1)
I'ji

Jo
(1 + cos 2 ox +1 - cos 2 bx) dx = -

●71
2 ■ 5 0

Jo
(2 +cos2ax-cos2bx)dx ii
1/2 1 5/2
r ‘ +-t
sin 2 ax sin26x 5
2x + 0
2a 2b /o 5/2
-0
sin 2 an sin 2 bn 5
— 2tc + -0
2a 2b 1 6
=1 + -= (1)
sin 2 an sin 2 bn 5 5
= 2tc +
2a 2b (●71/2 COSX f0 cos X 7t/2 COSX
n
6*1 Let 7 = dx- dx + dx
and 7-, =2 (cosaxsin/?x)f7r [be an odd function] J-7r/2i + g^ J-7l/2| + g^ Jo
\ + e^
J-7t
●a a In first integral, putx = -t=>dx--dt
= 0 J-a f{x)dx = 2)^ f (x)dx, if f (x) is even TC 71
Lower limit Whenx = —, then t = —.
0 , if fix) is odd 2 2

(1) Upper limit Whenx = 0, then 7=0 (1)

sin2a7C sin2Z7Ti:
/=/j _/2=27t + '0 cos? 7t/2 COSX
2a 2b (1)
.'.7 =
J7r/2 -t
i-dt) + Jo
dx
1 + e

/
Integrals 241

■n/2
fnl2 cosr rit/l COSX
63.Let I = sinATfix
dt + dx 0
Jo 1 Jo
\ + e^
1 + --
e
I
0 a
Now, ●'l
fx^sinxcix
l!
= -x^cosx+2 ●● xcosxcic
I II
Ja
f{x)dx = JO^ f(x)dx
[using integration by parts]
t
Tt/2 e cos t
dt +
rnl2 COSX
dx = -x^cosx + 2[x(sinx)- l-(sinx)fife: ]
Jo Jo
e‘ +1 1+ (?-'■
= -x^ cosx + 2(xsinx + cosx) (1)
jt/2 e' COSX ■n/2 COSX
dx + dx (1) r7c/2
Jo +1 Jo
1 + e'^ / = sinxiZv
JO
rb tb n/2
V ■fa
f{x)dx= f{t)dt = [-X ^ cos X + 2 (x sin X + cos x)] 0 (1)

/_\2 / _ \
7C TC n . Ti n
■n/2 (1 + <?'^)C0SX en/2 COS + 2 —sin—+COS—
dx = cosxdx
Jo Jo
(I)
2) 2) 2 2 2)

. 7C
-2(0+cos0) (1)
11/2
= [sinx] 0 = sin 0 =1 (1) TC^ 7t
2 xO + 2 + 0 -2(0 + l) = 7t-2 (1)
4
fn/3 smx+cosx
62j-etI = Jn/6 dx
sin^ X
■J^nTx
rn/2
64.Let / =
Jo
dx -.(i)
smx + COSX
Put sin X-COSX = /
71
=> (cos X + sin x) dx = dt (1/2) sin^ -X
■n/2 U dx
K => 1 =
Jo
Lower limit When x = ^, then 71 7C
6 Sin X +COS -X
u
. 7C 71 1-V3 fa fa
7 =sin COS — =
6 6 2 2 2 V JO
f{x)dx=- JO f{a-x)dx
7t
COS^ X
Upper limit When ^ ~ y ’ ^^en => / =
Jo
■n/2
dx ...(ii) (1)
COSX + sin X
. 7T 7t S 1 V3-1
7 = sin cos — = (I)
3 ■■■ 3 2 ~2~ 2 ' On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
rn/2sin^ X +cos^ X
Also, (sinx-cosx)^ =t^ 21 = dx
Jo smx + COSX
sin ^ X + cos ^ X - 2 sin X cos x = t^
■n/2 1
1 -sin2x = 7^ 21 = dx
Jo sin X + COSX
sinZx = l 7^ (1/2) [●/sin^ 0 +cos^ 0=1]
V3-1 V3-1 ■n/2 1
dt 21 = dx
1 =
JI-V3
2
= [sin-' (1) Jo
2tan(x/2) l-tan^(x/2)
1 + tan ^ (x/2) 1 + tan ^ (x/2)
2 2

● -1 V3-1 l-^/3
= sm -sin 0 0
2 2 2 tan - 1 - tan^
2 2
sin 0 = — andCOS0 =
V3-I 1 ^/3-l 0 0
= sin + sin 1 + tan ^ ●' 1 + tan^-
2 2 2 2

[vsin * (—x) = -sin * x] ■n/2 sec ^ {x/2 ) dx

V3-1
= 2sin
-1
(1)
Jo
2 tan(x/2) +1 - tan ^ (x/2)
2 J
242 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

25 9^
Put tan - = ? dx - dt ^ scc^ -dx =2dt 10 -(2-4) + 9 (6-2)
2 2 2 2
K2 J 2J
Lower limit When a: = 0, then / = tan 0 = 0 25 ^ (9 25
+ —-15 —9 + 25 (10-2) (I)
7C 7T
^2 2 2J
Upper limit When x = — , then r = tan — = 1. (1)
2 4
25 9 25
■1 2dt dt 8 + -4 +[8-6]+ 8
27 = = 2 2 2 2
2t + ]-t^ JO
-[t^ -2/-1] 9 19 23
dt dt = - + - + 2 + - = — + 2 = (1)
= 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2
JO
-[(?-!)'-l-l] (V2)^ -(r-l)2 66. Do same as Q. No. 65. [Ans. 20]
nl
2 V2 + r-l 67. Do same as Q. No. 65. [Ans. 5]
log
2V2 V2-t + l Jo 68. Let 7 =
fTt/2x + sinx
Jo 1 +COS.Y
dx 1 a +x
log + C X
- Y 2 2a a - Y jc +2sin - cos
f 7C/2 2 2
=> 7 = (1)
V2+0-1 Jo
log -log 2cos^ -
/2 ^^-l + l V2-O + ! 2

● ^ ^ ● Q 6
1 V2~r sin 0 = 2 sin — cos —
log 1 - log (t) 2 2
V2+1 2 0
and l+cos0=2cos -
2
1
log [V logl=0] 1 rn/2 f7C/2
V2 + ! V2+I xsec
2 ^ J
— OX + tan — dx (I)
2 Jo I II 2 0 2
-1 2-1
log - [v (a-T7)(a + 6) = a^ -7)^] I
Trt/2

■Ji (>^+i) 1 - X sec ^-dx

-1 1
2 2 Jo
log =>27 = ^ log(^/2+l) r7t/2 —
i7 j- 2 —dx
^ ,
(^ + 1)^ V2 (y) sec dx
Jo fir 2 )\
1
=> 7 = log (V2 +1) Hence proved, (l) ●TC/2

4i~ +
JO
tan - dx
2

65. For, 2 <x <5, ix-2| =a:-2 [using integration by parts]

T7t/2
2 <Y <3, |^“3| = -x-3 tan
X
tan
X

■71/2
2 2
3<jc<5, |y-3| = a;-3 =>7 =-^ X ●
2 1 Jo
and 2<x<5,|y-5|=5-x (1)
2 Jo 2

.-. 7=Jj|x-2j+|x-3| + !x-5|]ah- +

rK/2
Jo
X
tan - dx
2
r.‘5 3

= (x-2 )c7x + ^(3-x)o5: X

-|7t/2
■rt/2
X , ■ji/2 X
r5 fS X ● tan — tan — dx + tan —(Tx (I)
Jo Jo
+ J^ (x-3)a!x + J^ {5-x)dx 2Jo 2 2

l5 2 1^ t5 7C 7t
x' X
2
x“ — tan 0
-2x + 3x-- + -3x + 5x- 2 4
2 2 2 2
J2 . 2 J3 J2
7C Tt
(1) ●: tan — = 1 (1)
2 4
Integrals - - 243

en!A smx+COSX 7t
69. Let / = dx - X cos X sm A'
Jo 16 + 9sin2x rnll
=> I = dx ...(ii)
●Jt/4 sin A + cos A Jo
cos'^ A + sin'* A
dx
Jo
9(2sinAC0SA) + 16 K n

'it/4 sin A + cos A ■.'COS 0 =sin0andsin 0 =cos0 (1)

dx 12
Jo
-9(-2 sin A cos a ) +16
■n/4 sm A + cos A
dx On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Jo
-9(sin A+cos A-2sinAcosA-1) +16 2/ = -
n rn/2 coSASmA
dx
2 JO sin** A + cos'^A
[v sin^0+cos“0 = l](l)
n cK/2 sm A cos A
(●rr/4 sm A +COSA -dx
/=-
Jo Y
(1)
4 Jo (sin^ a}^ + (1 -sin^ a)
25 -9(sinA -cosa)
[va^ +b^-2ab = (a-bf] Put sin ^ A = / => 2 sin A cos x dx = dt
Put sin A - cos a = /■ =5> (cos a + sin A)tti' = dl dt
sin A cos X dx- —
2
Lower limit When a = 0, then / = -1
n Lower limit When a = 0, then / = sin 0 = 0
Upper limit When a = —, then t - 0
4

dt dt
Upper limit When a~—, then t =sin^ ~2 = 1 (1)
■0
=ir (1)
2
J-i
25-9/- 9 J-i 7t ri 1 dt
-t'^ /=-
4 Jo 2
0
5 7C ri
+1 => /=- dt (1)
1 1 8 Jo ^(i + /2-It)
= -x —
9
2x
3 log I -1
(1)
Tt 1
dt
=> / = -
3 3 J-i 8 Jo 2/^ -2/ + 1
dx 1 a +x 1
= —log + C JL f' dt
a~ -x^ 2a a-x 16^0 t^
1

2
nO
1 5 + 3/ 1 2^ 7t rl 1
= — log = — log 1 - log - dt (1)
30 .5-3/ 30 ● I8j 16-^0 /,\2
1
/,\2
1 1
/- -/ + + -
1 1 UJ {2J 2
= — 0-log- [V log 1=0] 1
30 4 K
=> /= — dt
16 JO / \2 /,\2
1 1 1 1
= 30 log 4-'] = 30 log 4 log w" = n log m] (2) / - +
2) 2)
1
70. Do same as Q. No. 57. [Ans. 7t] 1
/ - -
rt/2 A sm A COS A 7t 1
71. Let l = \l
2
dx ...(i) => /= — tan
sin'* A +cos'* A 16 1/2 1

a 'Q 2 ; Jo
Using JO
/ (a) dx = Jo
f{a-x) dx, we get
1 1
7C ■ (^ TC - dx = — tan * - +C (1)
— A sm - A cos -A ^ x^ +a J a a
■71/2 2 V2 u dx
1 = 1 1 \
Jo Tt -]
Tt Tt 2 0--
● 4
-A +COS'^ -A
=-> / = — tan ' 2 1 — - tan
sm
u ^2
8 2) ~ J
244 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

K
=> /= —[tan *(l)-tan *{-!)] => /=—
n
tan
bt dx 1 X
tan ‘ — + C
n ab a
Jo
a a
V tan ^(-l) = -tan '{!) = - 4
7C -1

, 71 7C 7C
=> / = — [tan oo
- tan 0] (1)
I =— 1 ab
(1)
8 4 4 16
-1 -1 n 7t
●/ tan <» = tan tan —
1 7T Jt

72.Do same as Q. 69. [Ans. — log3] ^ 1= 0 2J 2

20 ab 2
rn X andtan"^ 0 = tan“' (tan0°) = 0
73Xet / = dx
JO
a^cos^ x + b^ sin^ x 7t^
1 = (1)
1 =
rn
(K-X) 2ab
dx
Jo
a cos (n-x) + b sin (%-x) 7C
74.D0 same as Q. No. 44. Ans. —
f** f(x)dx =
0 .>0
f(a - x)dx 12
r7C/4
■rt
(71-.X)
dx ...(ii) (I)
75.Let / =
Jo
(Vtanjc + Vcot^yjc
Jo
a^cos^jc + 6^sin^x
tn / 4 ■s^nA: Vcos ■
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Jo
Idx
Vcosa: Vsinx
21 =
(a: + 71 - at)
●n

dx jc/4 (sinjt: +COSA-)

Jo
a ^ cos^ x + b^ sin^ x dx
rrn dx .^sinlc'cosx
2/ = 7lfJO
a^ cos^ X + sin^ X
= J2 JOf7t/4 (sin AT + cos x) dx (VA)
Now, we know that V2 sinxcosAT
●2a ●a 7C/4
(sinx + cosx)
Jo
f{x)dx = 2 Jo fix) dx, if f (2a ~x) = fix) dx
y]\ +2sinxcosx -1
JO

Here, cos^ (tc -x) + b^ sin^ -x)

2 2 2 2
fit/4 (sinx + cosx)
cos x+ b sin x (1) dx
JO
yj\ - (1 -2^nxcosx)
●Kfl dx
2I=2n ■Ji/4
(sinx + cosx)
Jo
a ^ cos^ x + b^ sin^ X = V2 JO dx (1'4)

On dividing numerator and denominator by cos^ x,

-^l - (sinx -cosx)^
we get Now, put sin X - cos X = r (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
fK/2 sec^ X Lower limit When x = 0, then 7 = -1
2/=271 dx (1)
JO
+ b^ tan^ x 7t
Upper limit When x = —, then t = 0 0)
Put tan X = 7 => sec^ X dx = dt 0 dt
/ = V2 ^/2[sin ’ 7]
0
-1 (1)
Lower limit When x = 0, then f = tan 0 = 0
7t 7t
Upper limit When x = —, then 7 = tan —
. 2 2
^ 00
(1) = '\^[sin”' (0) - sin”’ (-1)]
dt
I = K = V2[sin'’(0) + sin“‘ (1)]
Jo
a^+b^t^
dt 7t dt Hence proved, (l)
= 7t
2
Jo
a^ +ibt)'^ ^2 Jo /_^2
a
+ 7^
b)
Integrals 245

Case Based Questions

1. For a function /(x), if /(- a:) =/(x), then /(x) is an 2. If/(x) is a continuous function defined on [0, a], then
even function and /(- x) = - /(x), then f (x) is a odd
'a

j\x)dx = f {a -x) dx.

function. Again, we have JO Jo

a On the above information, answer the following

y 0
if/{x) is even questions.
●a f{x) dx
- a
0, (i) is equal to
if /(x)is odd o/(x)+Aa-x)
On the above information, answer the following
(b)f (0-
-a
(a) a (d) 2a
questions.
(i) f{x) = x^ sin X is a (ii) lif{x) =
sin X - cos X
then f — - X is
(a) even 1 4- sin X cos x’ U
(b) odd
(c) Neither even nor odd
(a)/W (b)-/W (c)^
f(x)
(d)2/-(x)
(d) None of the above K

(ii)
fTt (iii) ^ f(x) dx is equal to
-7t
/(x) dx is equal to

(a) -
K
(b) 271 (c) -
n
(d) 0 (a)^2 (b)^4 (c)0 (d) None of these
4 2

(iii) If ^x) = X sin X, then x sin X dx is (iv) If ^x) = log(l + tan x), then g -- x is equal to
-It U j

(a) log 2 - ^(x) (b) g(x) - ^ log 2

(a) 71 (b) 2jt (c) 3ti (d) 4ti
-nl2
(iv) I
-~nl2
sin XI dx is equal to
(c) gix) - log 2 (d) ^ log 2 + ^(x)
(a)0 (b)l
(c)2 (d)3 (v) 4 g(x) dx is equal to
JO
n/2
(v) -Ji/2
sin^ X dx is equal to (a),y log 2
71
(b) - log 2
8
(a)0 (b)l 7t
(c) - y4 log 2 (d) - - log 2
(c)2 (d) 71 8

[ Explanations^
1. (i) (6) We have,/(x) = x^ sinx = 2[{-xcosx}o +{sinx}o]
^ /(“-^) = (~a:)^ sin (-x) = -x^ sinx = -/(x) = 2[-7CCOS7t] = 27C
.‘./(x) is odd function, (iv) (c) Let h{x) = | sin x |
(ii) (d) Since, /(x) is odd function, then h(~x) = \sm (-x)l
●n
- i - sin XI = I sin X j = h{x)
f (x) dx = 0
●●-Tt
.●. /7(x) is even function.
(iii) (b) We have, g(x) =x sin x eit/2 ■7C/2

J-n/2
I sin XI dx = 2 JO I sin XI dx
^(- x) = (- x) sin (- x) =x sin X = g(x)
rit/2 k/2
.●.g(x) is even function. =2 sinx dx = 2[-cosx] 0
JO
●n . rn
.xsinxox = 2 xsinxdx 7t
J-'i JO
=2 -cos —+cos0 =2
It 2
= 2 [x(-cosx)] 0
Jo
(- cosx)ldx
246 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

■jt/2
(v) (a) Let ^(x) = sin^ x Now, I - JO
f{x)dx
k{-x) = sin'’ (-x) = (sin(-.t))^ = (-sinA:)^ fn/2
f(n H-x)dx
= -sin^ x = -k{x) JO

rn/2
k{x) is odd function. 21 =
Jo
{f{nl2-x)-¥f{x)dx
●ft/2
sin^ X dx = 0 cn/2
0dx=0
J-K/2
Jo
●a
fix) 1=0
2. (i) (b) Let / = Jo
dx
f(x) + f(a~x)
(iv) (a) We have,
f(i
f(a-x)
/ = dx g{x) = log (1 + tan x)
Jo f{a~x) + f{a-ia-x)) n 7t
●a .. ^a
-X =log 1 + tan ~ -X

/ = dx ...(ii) V 4 y V 4
Jo
f(a-x) + f(x)
71
tan - tan X
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 4
‘a = log 1 +
21 = 71
Jo 1 + tan tan X
4
1
I =- a I - tan jc
2
= log 1 +
I + tan a;
(ii) {h) We have,
sin X - cos X 2
/{^) = = log
1 + sin X cos X 1 + tan a:

sin
7t
— X -cos
7C
X
= log 2 - log (I + tan x) = log 2 - ^(a:)
7t 12 K2 (v) {b) From Part (iv), we have
■ ■ ^2
— X
K 7C 71
1 +sin - - X cos — X
g --X =log2-^(A:)
\2 2 V 4
cos a:-sin a: sm X - cos X ■ft/4 7C fft/4 ■ft/4
-X dx = \og2dx- g{x)dx
1 + cos a: sin x 1 + sin A" cos X Jo Jo Jo

■n / 4
= -f(x) ft/4 7T

Jo
g(x)dx = \og2 - -0
Jo
g(x)dx
(iii) (c) From Part (ii), we have V ^
fjt / 4
./' \2^-x ) =~f{x)
71
2
JO
g{x)dx=~ log 2

/f^-^l+/W=o
ffC/4 7t

V /
Jo g(x)dx=~ log 2

i
 [chapter] TEST
1 Mark Questions 1

r{x^-xy
1. (sin'^ -cos'* x)f/,v equal to 7. Evaluate
5
dx
X
^ ^ cos 2x sin lx
(a)- — + C (b)-- + C rt

sin 2x
+ C (d)-
cos lx
+ C 8. Evaluate -Jl + smlx dx
0

It

2
2. If = ^5-'" +C, then/: is equal to tan^ X
9. Evaluate dx
1 ‘.cot’
0
A: + tan^ jc
(a) (b)-2 log 5
2 log 5

(c)^- (d)^ 3 Marks : \ r "i C

log 5 log 5 2x
-1
10. Evaluate sin dx
3. x^jl + x^dx is equal to [+x^
1+ 6x + l
(a) +c (b) yj\ + X^ + C 11. Evaluate dx
^j\ + x^ 3
^^{x-5)(x-4)
3 It
{\ + x^-y
(c) 3{\ + x^)^+C (d)
3
+ C 2
sin^ X
12. Evaluate dx
■i sin X + cos

4.
■ -v/tan X 0

dx equal to
smA:cosA:

13. Evaluate /(x)^ic, where/(A:)=i.T + l| + |A:| + |.Y-l|

(a) lyjsec X + C (b) 2^ tan x + C -1

(c)^ + c + C
■Jtan X ●y/sec X 5 Marl
1
2 Marks Questions 14. Find log(logA:) + dx
(logx)“
5. Evaluate
● (x +1) (a: + logA:)^ dx
X +x
X
15. Evaluate dx
x"*-9
6. Evaluate xcosxdx

Answers
1.(b) 2. (a) 3.(d) 4.(b) I { 9^ I—
11.6V;c^-9x+20 + 341og V X--2 / +^|x^ -9x + 20 +C

5 (^ + ^og^)^
3
+ c 6. xsinx + cosx + C
1 X „
12. 10g|^S+l| 14.xlog(logx)- +C
5
logx
7.1 1-
1 H
+ C 8. 1 9.-
n

15 1, x'
15. ^logix‘’-9| + ^log
4
x^ +3
10. 2x tan“‘ x~log(l + x^) + C
Application of Integrals
TREND
ANALYSIS i 3 YEARS Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
Types of Questions 2024 2023 i 2020

1 Mark 1

TOPIC 01 Application of Integrals 2 Marks

3 Marks

4 Marks

5 Marks 1 1

6 Marks 2

Concept Reloted to Bounded Area Some Important Points

(i) If area lies below A'-axis or left of 7-axis, then it is
1. The area bounded by the curve y = f (j:), the Af-axis
negative and in such a case, we take its absolute value
and the ordinates x = a and x = /j is calculated as
rb h because the area of region is always positive,
Area = ydx - f{x)dx b fd
Ja
i.e. A = f {x)dx or A = f{y)dy
Ja Jc

(ii) It may happen that some portion of the curve is above

X-axis and some is below the X-axis, then the area
bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis and the
ordinatesx = a andx = 6 is given by Area -\A^\ + A2.
X' Yt
0
x=a
^^2
X'
0 x=b
2. The area bounded by the curve x = /(y), the 7-axis
and the lines y-cand y = r;/ is calculated as r
●d rd
Area -
Jc
xdy=\Jc f{y)dy (iii) The area of the region bounded by the curve
y = /(x), X-axis and the linesx = a andx = > a)
rb fb
is given by the formula : Area = ydx = /(x) dx.
= f{y)
(iv) The area of the region bounded by the curve x = (j) (y),
7-axis and the lines y = c, y = r^ is given by the
rd rd
X'. ^x formula: Area = xdy = (J) (y) dy.
0 ■r -fC *c
 PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Marks Questions 5 Marks Questions

1. Area of the region bounded by the curve y^ = 4x and 8. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
the X-axis between x=0 and x = 1 is CBSE 2024 4x^ + =36 using integration. CBSE 2024

(a)^ (b>3 Additional Questions

(c)3 (.1 9. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = cos X between jc = 0 and a; = 7i.
2. The area bounded by the curve y = ^[x, Y-axis and 10. If we draw a rough sketch of the curve y = ■^x-i in
between the lines y = 0 and y = 3 is CBSE 2024 the interval [1,5], then find the area under the curve
and between the lines x = 1 and a: = 5.
(a)2V3 (b) 27
(c)9 ■(d) 3 11. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y= ■yjl6~x^ and X-axis.
2 Marks Questions
12. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
3. Sketch the region bounded by the lines 2x -i- y = 8, y = I a: - 21, a: = 1, X = 3 and X-axis.
y = 2, y = 4 and the Y-axis. Hence, obtain its area using
integration. CBSE 2023
13. Find the area bounded by y = -x^ -h2x + 3 and y = 0.
14. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola
4. Find the area of the ellipse x^ + 9y^ =36 using
=4 ax, its axis and two ordinates x = 4 and x = 9 in
integration. CBSE Sample Paper 2021
first quadrant.

3 Marks Questions 15. Find the area bounded by the line y = x, the X-axis
and the lines x =-I andx = 2.
5. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded
by y = /^jx (m > 0), X = I, X = 2 and the X-axis. CBSE 2023 16. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
x^ -I- y" =16 and lines y = l and y = 2.
6. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded
by the curves y = |x + l| + l,x = -3,x = 3 and y = 0. 17. Find the area bounded by the curve x = 4- and the
Delhi 2014C 7-axis.

7. Sketch the graph of y = | x + 31 and evaluate the area 18. Find the area of region bounded by the curve y^ = 4x
under the curve y = j x + 31 above X-axis and between and the line x = 4.
X = - 6 to X = 0. All India 2011
 .2^

[^Explanations^
A
... f ●H,
H
'V
X [ V

1 1
1. (6) We draw the curve = 4y and the ^-axis = - [32 - 8 -16 + 2] = - (10) = 5 sq units
(1)
between y - 0 and y = 1.
4. We have, the equation of the ellipse
2 ●y^=4x Y^ +V =36
y2
0 x=1 = 1 =^> = 1
36 4 6
r + 2^
-2

Thus, the area of required region = 2 ydx (0. 2)

= 2 JOf VSy i/Y =4JO y^x/y (6,0)

t1
3
3
y2 8
= 4 ]2 _o =- sq units (I)
3 3 3 6

L 2 Jo /. Required area = A^^ydx

2. (c) Given curve is >^ = Vy ●6 2 4 f6
= 4
JO 6
y36-x^ dx = —3 ●'0 ●^36-y^ tj!Y
Required area is
t6
3^3 4 Y
^27 sin
=
0
X- dy =
0 /o
— ^”0 =9squnits 3 2 2 6Jo
4
4
- — ^0 + —
36 sin
. -1 1-0 =-xI8x-
n
(1)
3. Given lines2x-\- y-%, y = 2, y = A 3 2 3 2

1 (0, 8)
Y
= 127t sq units

0
5. Given, equation of curve y - mx{m > 0), y = 1, 2
-p »y*4
A e
^y=2
y=mx

X'- ■*X
0 x=lQ.
(4. 0)' x*2
4X
2x+y=8 A B

r (1)

/. Required area
= Area of the region ABCDA ir
(2)
4
^(S-y 1 f4
= h xdy = h dy = (8 - y) dy
2 ) 2 J2 Required area = Area of the region ABCDA
7l4 ●2 4 1
1 r {mx) dx =m = m
= - 8y Ji 2 2 2
2-^2 -12

1 16 2^ = m 2—
^ 1^ =-wsqunits
3
8x4 8x2 2J 2 (1)
2 2) 2
Application of Integrals — 251

6. Given, curves are A sketch of = | x + 3 j is shown below:

{x + \) + \, ifx + l>0
y=lx + ll + l = - ...{i) X

- {.V + 1 ) + 1, if x +1 < 0
-<>
■V

JC+2, ifAT>-l B
93^
(-6,3)
if < -1 2
-f-
1
x = -3 A 0(0. 0) X
X=3 -6 -5 ^ ^3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
...(iii)
r
and, >> = 0 ...(iv) (1) (1/2)

Eq. (ii) represents the line parallel to K-axis and Here, >' = .v + 3 is the straight line which cuts A'and
passes through the point (-3,0). y-axes at (-3,0) and (0,3), respectively.
Eq. (iii) represents the line parallel to T-axis and Thus, y = .Y + 3 for .Y >-3 represents the part of line
passes through the point (3,0). which lies on the right side of .y = - 3.
Eq. (iv) represents A'-axis. Similarly, y = - .y - 3, .y < - 3 represents the part of line
Now, Eqs. (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) can be represented in y = - JY - 3, which lies on left side of x = - 3. (1)
graph as shown below: Clearly, required area
= Area of region ABPA + Area of region PCOP
-3 rO

J-6 ^
(-.Y-3)(iY+
'
(jy + 3)<Yy
J-3'' '
0 n-3 tO
2 2
x=-3 x=3
--3a- + —+ 3x
2 2
J-6 J-3
r (1)
9
r3
-+9 -(-18 + 18) + 0 9
Clearly, required area = ^ (- x) <Yy + j-i (x +2 ) dx
y 2 \2
t3
2
X x' 9 9
+ + Zy — +(9+9)
2 2 2 2
J-3
= 18-9
1 (9 n
+ 6 --2
=9 sq units (1)
; V2
2 2
8. Given curve is 4x +y =36
. 21 3 ,,
= 4 + — + - = l6sq units
2 2 ^ 4x^
= 1
36 36
Hence, the required area is 16 sq units. (1)
2 2

7. First, we sketch the graph of X

+ -
V
= 1
9 36
y = |x + 3j
X + 3, if x + 3>0 We know that the standard equation of ellipse is
y = |x + 3 ■>

-(x + 3), if x+3<0 X V

= 1 ..(ii)
a
x + 3, if x>-3
y = |x+3|=- (1/2)
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
-x-3, if x<-3
a ^ =9 and b~ =36
So, we have y = x + 3 for x > - 3 and y = - x - 3 for
x<-3.
a = 3 and 6 = 6
252 Chapterwlse CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Here, we see that a < 6, so the vertical ellipse will be

fonned.
T
B (0, 6) n 3JC/2
X'- -*X
0
*1
, 9 36

X'<- ■>X Y' (1)

0 A (3, 0)
It
rn

Required area = JO2 cos a: cix + COS xdx

jjt
2

Y',
= [sinx]S^2 +|[sinA:]J/2l (1)

Now, required area = 4(Area of region OAB in . n . 7t

sin -sinO + smir-sin—
first quadrant) 2 2

= [1 - 0] + 10-1| = 1 + 1 =2 sq units (I)

=4 ydx
0 10. We have, equation of the curve

4 [27^ x^dx
0 On squaring both sides, we get
2 2 / =;c-l (I)
.. .V
2^9
X
= 1- — => y=
36 9 Now, sketch the graph of given curve.
Y ●'X = 5

= 8jV9 -x^dx
(5,2)
y = Vx- 1
0

l3 X' il ■»x

= 8 X
2 9 . _,fx
H—sin
O
(1.0) (5.0)

2 3
-'jo

2 / \
ir (1)
Ja~ -x^dx = — Ja^ -x^ +
a X
sin
V 2 ^ 2 \aj Area of the shaded region

3 t 9 3 9
= ^ -Jx -^dx
= 8 -V^ + -sin — 0 — sin~' 0 3/2 V
2 2 3 2 (x-1)
3/2
M
=8 0+-X--0
2 2 2 ● 16

= ^[(4)
3/2
-0] = -x8
- —
= — sq units
97T ^ 3 (1)
= 8x
4
11. We have, y = y\6~^
= 18tc
On squaring both sides, we get
Hence, the required area is 1871 sq units.
/ =16-x^ + / =16
9. We have, y = cos x and lines x = 0, x = 7t
Let us sketch the figure of the curve which represents
Draw the rough sketch of the function cosx. a circle. (>’^0)
Application of Integrals - 253

tv
13. Intersection points of given curves with^-axis are
c (0. 4) (-1,0) and (3,0).

X' X
Required area = ^ {-x~ +2x + 'i)dx
J-1
B (- 4. 0) 0 A (4, 0)

r (1)
X'<-
Area of the shaded region
(-1
= Area (BOACB) = J-»4
J\6-x^dx
ir
(I'/O
“ -x^dx
t3
2x^
= -J\6-x^ +8sin -1 (x\r (1) 3 2
+ 3x
J-i
2 ^ u 'J-4
1 32
= -9 + 9 + 9 + 1-3 = — sq units (l*/z)
■-Jl6-16
2^
+ 8sin"'f-
U
13 3

14. Given equation of parabola is y =A ..v, its axis is

-4
+ 8 sin K = 0 and vertex is (0, 0).
V 4
Also, given ordinates x = 4 and x = 9.
n 7C
The bounded region in I quadrant is ABCDA.
= 2x0 + 8x —+ 8x— s=87tsqunits
2 2j (1) ^ B
C

x=9
12. Required area = ^ |x-2|(/x X'-
y

vt

(I'/d

v*=r V4 ax dx
■9

Required area - - J4
X'-

X
[V / = 4^2x => y = as >> is in I quadrant]
Y
(2)
= 2-Ja 4xdx = 2-Ja
ja 3/2
M
Ji {l-x)dxA- ^{x-2) dx
= 2V^x^[(9) -(4)'^']
3/2
3
2^ X^
= 2x-^ + -2x

= |V^[(3") _ (22)3/2;,
2 2 3/2
Jl J2

3 3

= ^V^[27-8]=^V^{19)
=2 +2 = 1 sq unit.
2 2 (1)

Alternate Method
76 {—
= — yja sq units
Required area = Area of txAOB + Area of IxODC (1)
1 1
=-xlxl+ - xl xl = l sq unit. . 76^/a
2 2 ^ (2) Hence, the required area is — sq units.
3 (f/z)
254 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Y
15. We know that y = xis the line passing through the
origin and making angle of 45° with the X-axis as
shown in the given figure. y=2
Now, we have4o find the area of the shaded region. dy

* '

r (2)

-|2
4' . -1 r
= + sin
2 4
(VA)
2 2 (\ I
Required area = Area of OA CO -i- Area of OB DO = -^16 -4 -l-8sin“*— -Vl6-1 +8sin”' —
rO tl 2 4 [2 4
ydx+ JO ydx \
-1 K 1
= 2^f3+S X — -■J\5 +8sin"‘
[●.● area OACO is below the X-axis, 6 V2 4)
so we take its absolute value]
45T -1 1
rO 2 + 8 sin - sq units (1)
xdx + xdx 2
JO

X X
17. We have, x = 4- y^
+
2
J-i
2
Jo
y^ =-x + 4
1 4
y^=-(x-4)
0— + --0 ■y
2 2
A

1 4
— —i—
y e(4,0)
2 2
X'-
0 dx
5
= - sq units y=-(x-4)
c
r
Hence, the required area is - sq units.
(l'/2)
which is the parabola of the form Y = - 4aX. (I)
16. The area of the region bounded by the curve
+ y^ =16 and lines y -1 and y = 2 in I quadrant is Its vertex is (4, 0) and it is symmetrical about X-axis.
given by Required area = Area of shaded region
r2
A = xdy = 2 (Area of region OABO)
r4 j»4 I
= 2 vdx =2 J4-X dx
JO ' Jo ''

[here, we take a horizontal strip] [●.● X = 4- y^ => y = -^4-x, as yis in I quadrant]

 255
Application of Integrals

It is clear from the figure that, the region for which we

Jo ^ ' have to find area is OBCAO. Also, the region OCAO
3/2 r is symmetrical about X-axis.
Now, let us find the intersection point of curve and
3/2
L Jo line.

On putting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i),

0
we get
/=4(4) = 16=>;^ = ±4
_f[(4-4) 3/2
-(4-0)
3/2 (1)

Thus, line and curve intersect at two points (4, 4) and

(4^ -4). So, coordinates of point A are (4, 4), as it is in
:_1[0-(4)3'2] I quadrant.
4 3/2 Now, area of bounded region OACBO
:-X(4)
3 = 2 (Area of region OACO)
32
= -x8 = — sq units [since, parabola is symmetrical about the X-axis]
3 3 ^ 4

= 2 JO ^ (parabola) iic
32

Hence, the required area is ^ sq units. (2)

= 2
●4
2-x'^^ dx
0

18. Given curve is a parabola, = 4x ...(i)

= 4 x^'^dx [v =4x y = 4^
which is of the form of T ^ = 4aX having vertex (0, 0) Jo

...(ii) r. .3/21'’
and given line is x = 4.
Y, A(4, 4)
=4 ^
3/2
Jo
=4j[x^'^r„
X = 4 =r[(4)3/2_0]^%(2')'^'
(0,0) 0 c
X'-* ^
64
=-x8 = — sq units
3 3

y2 = 4x . 64
B(4, -4) Hence, the required area is — sq units.
(1/2) (I’/d
 cS:

. H

^CHAPTEI^ TEST
!■ 'I

1 Mark Qi>vstions 8. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
1. The area of the bounded region by the curve y = sin x, X = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and Y-axis is the first quadrant.
the X-axis and the line a: = 0 and X = 71 is
9. Find the area of the region bounded by y = | x -11 and
(a) 4 (b)2
y = l.
(c)0 (d)I

2. The area of the region bounded by the curve 3 Marks Questions

y = jx-2|,x = I, X = 3 and X-axis is
(a) 4
10. Find the area under the curve y = x^ -4x, the X-axis
(b)2
and the line x =2.
(c)3 (d)l

3. The area of the smaller segment cut off the from the 11. Find the value of k for which the area of region
circle X +y =9byx = lis bounded by the curve y = 8x^ -x^, the linex = 1 and

(a)^(9sec-‘3-V8) (b)9sec”'(3)-Vs x = k and the X-axis is equal to ^ sq units.

x'
2
(c) Vs-9 sec”'3 (d) None of these y
12. Using integration find the area of ellipse — = 1.
16
2 Marks Questioi— 13. Find the area bounded by the curve x = 8 + 2y - y^,
4. Determine the area under the curve y = -x^ the T-axis and the lines y = -l and y=3.
included between the lines x = 0 and x = a.
5 Marks Questions
5. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
71 14. Using integration find the area of the region bounded
y = sin X between the ordinates x = 0, x = — and the by the line y-1 =x the X-axis and the ordinates
2
X-axis. x = -2 andx = 3.

6. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 15. Sketch the graph y = Vx+l, 0<x<4 and find the
y = X +1 and the line x = 2 and x = 3. area of the region enclosed by the curve X-axis and
the line x = 0 and x = 4.
7. Find the area bounded by the curve y-x^, the
X-axis and the ordinates x = -2 and x = 1. 16. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = x{4 - x), the X-axis and the line x = 0 and x = 5.

Answers
16
1.(b) 2. (d) 3. (b)
2
10. — sq units
3
11.k = V8-"Vl7
a
4. — 71 sq unit 5. 1 sq unit
4 92
12. 12tc sq units 13. — sq units

6.’— sq units . — sq units 17

2 ^ 4 14. — sq units
28
15. — sq units
g 3
8. “ {4 --Jl) sq units 9. 1 sq unit
16. 13 sq units
Differential Equations
TREND
ANALYSIS i 3 YEARS. Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

1 Mark 1 1 1

TOPIC 01 Order and Degree of 2 Marks

Differential Equations
3 Marks

4 Marks

5 Marks

6 Marks

1 Mark 2 1

TOPIC 02 Solution of Different Types 2 Marks

of Differential Equations 1
3 Marks 2

4 Marks 2

5 Marks

6 Marks

TOPIC 1

Order and Degree of Differential Equations

Differential Equation e.g. dy I -2=0.
An equation involving independent variable, dependent dx dx^
variable, derivatives of dependent variable with respect to From any given relation between the dependent and
one {or more) independent variable and constant is called a independent variables, a differential equation can be
differential equation. formed by differentiating it with respect to the independent
dy d^y variable and eliminating arbitrary constants involved.
e.g. x — +xy—7 + 4 = 0.
dx dx^
Order of a Differential Equation
Ordinary Differential Equation Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the
An equation involving derivatives of the dependent highest order derivative of the dependent variable with
variable with respect to only one independent variable is respect to the independent variable involved in the given
called an ordinary differential equation. differential equation.
 258 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

NOTE Order of the differential equation cannot be more than the number of (iii) If the given differential equation is not polynomial equation in its
arbitraryconstantsin the equation. derivatives, then its degree is not defined.
dV + sin ^ = 0 .
Degree of a Differential Equation dx^ dx

here we cannot defined the degree because differential equation is

The highest exponent of the highest order derivative is not in a polynomial equation,
called degree of a differential equation provided exponent (iv) If the differential equation have radical (like etc) and
of each derivative appearing in the differential equation is
a non-negative integer.
1 1
NOTE (i) Order and degree (if defined) of a differential equation are always fractions like — etc then to find degree, first made
positive integers,
dy’ dV
(ii) The differential equation is a polynomial equation in derivatives.
dx
f"dx^ )
it free from radicals and fractions by simplifying it.

;(
PYds Previous Years Questions
● -ii-

1 Mark Questions 6. Degree of the differential equation

dy
Multiple Choice Questions sinx-hcos — = is
dx CeSE 2023
1. The order of the differential equation case 2024
(a) 2 (b)l
r/V -sin
. (d^y = 5 is
(c) not defined (d)0
dx^^ \dx^J 7. If m and n respectively, are the order and the degree of
(a) 4 (b)3 (c)2 (d) not defined
the differential equation = 0, then m + nis
2. The order of the following differential equation dx Vriry
\5
d^y dy equal to CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
= 4 log is
dx dx"^ CBSE 2024
(a) I (b)2
(c)3 (d)4
(a) not defined (b)3
(c)4 {d)5 8. The degree of the differential equation
3

3. The order and degree (if defined) of the differential

1-h
dy ^ d‘^y. IS
\3

equation,
dy ● (dy]
= xsm —
. ,
respectively
dx dx^
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
dx^ dx dx

are CBSE 2023

(a) 4

(a) 2, 2 (b)I,3 (c) 2 (d) Not defined

(c) 2,3 (d) 2, degree not defined
4. The order and degree of the differential equation Very Short Answer Questions
\2
1 + 3 —
dy d^y 9. Find the degree of the differential equation
dx 4—j
dx
respectively are CBSE 2023 \2
dy
1 + = x.

(d)l,2 dx
(b) 3, I (c)3,3 Ail India 2020

5. What is the product of the order and degree of the 10. Find the order and the degree of the differential
\3 equation
d^y . dy
differential equation jsin y + cosy = Vy ?
dx dx
CBSE 2023
2 d^y = *^1 + dy
(a) 3 (b)2 dx^ dx
Delhi 2019
(c)6 (d) not defined
Differential Equations 259

11. Write the order and degree of the differential equation 15. Write the degree of the differential equation
\2 \4
d^y dy\' = dy d^y = 0.
+x 0. + 37
dx^ dx dx dx^ Delhi 2013C
Delhi 2019, 2013

12. Find the order and degree (if defined) of the

2 Marks Questions
differential equation
\2
d^yr dy d^y 16. Write the sum of the order and the degree of the
+x — = 2x^ log
dx^ ^
2 ,1^
dx All India 2019
following differential equation — — =5
dx\dx j
13. Write the degree of the differential equation CBSE Sample paper 2022 Term //
\4
dy
+ 3x
d^y = 0.
dx dx^ Delhi 20 T 3
17. Find the sum of the order and the degree of the
following differential equations.
14. Write the degree of the differential equation
d^y dy
{
dy + x^ =0 dx C6SE Samp/e Paper 2017
+ 7
[dx^ ) dx
Delhi 2013

Explanations]
1. (fl) Given differential equation is The given differential equation is not a polynomial
equation in derivatives of 7, so its degree is not
d'y -sin. {d^y\
—r =5, defined.
dx^ dx^ \2

4. {b) Given, differential equation is I + 3 —

dy = 4^
The order of a differential equation is the highest dx dx^
order derivative it contains:
The highest order derivative occuring in differential
d^y ■ ■ d^y .
The highest order derivative in given equation is
dx"^' equation is —y,
dx
so its order is 3.
The order of differential equation is 4. Also, it is a polynomial equation in derivatives and
2. (c) Given differential equation is d^y . , . , . ,
highest power raised to j IS 1, so Its degree is 1.
d^y + x dy dx
= 4 log
dx^ dx dx“^ 5. {b) Given, differential equation is
The highest order derivative occurring in the d^y_._ dy
sm 7 + — cos 7 = V7
d^y dx^ dx
differential equation is 7-,
4
so its order is 4.
dx The highest order derivative occuring in differential
3. {d) Given, differential equation is - .d^y
equation is , so its order is 2.
dx^
(d^y
\3
+
dy ■ ( dy
dx^ dx
=xsm
dx Also, it is a polynomial equation in derivatives and
d^y. .
The highest order derivative occuring in differential highest power raised to
dx
y is 1, so Its degree is 1.
- .d^y
equation is , so its order is 2. Hence, the product of the order and degree of the
dx'^ above differential equation 2x1=2.
 260 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

6. (c) The given differential equation is not a polynomial derivatives so its degree is 1, which is the power of

equation in —. Therefore, its degree is not defined. (1)

dx dx^

Common 11. Do same as Q. No. 10. [Ans. Order = 2 and degree = 2]

When a differential equation is not a
Mistake polynomial in derivatives its degree is 12. Since, highest order derivative occuring in the
not defined. So, be careful to find the degree of a d^v
differential equation when it is not defined. differential equation is therefore order is 2 and as
dx
the differential equation is not a polynomial in
7. (c) Given = 0
derivatives, therefore its degree is not defined.
’ dx Vfir
13. Given, differential equation is
f d (dy
=> 4 — — — = 0 dy d^y = 0
dxj dx + 3.X
dx dx^
= 0 Here, highest order derivative is d}y! dx^, whose
Itivj dx^
degree is one. So, the degree of differential equation
From Eq. (i), we get m =2 and n -1 is 1. 0)
/« + « = 2 +1 = 3 14. Do same as Q. No. 13. [Ans. 3]
n3/2
15. Do same as Q. No. 13. [Ans. 1]
dy d^y
8. (c) 1 +
\dx dx'^ 16. Given, differential equation is — — =5
dx\dx
On squaring both sides, we get

dy d^y
\2 ^ =5
1 + dx^
dx dx^
Now, from Eq. (i), highest order derivative present in
the given differential equation is 2.
.'. Degree = Power of .’. Order = 2
dx^
\2 and the exponent of highest order derivative is 1.
dy
9. We have, 1 + — = x
.'. Degree = 1
dx
So, the required sum is 2 +1 = 3
Degree =2 (1)
17. Given, differential equation is
10. Given, differential equation is
\2l ^ d~y dy d^y 3^
dy + (l+x) = 0=> - + (1 +x) -
= 0+ dx dx dx dx
dx^ dx
On cubing both sides, we get
Since, highest order derivative occurring in the 1 3
d^y \d\ dy
(1)
differential equation is
dx
j therefore order is 2 and as dx dx

given equation can be expressed as a polynomial in Hence, the order is 2 and degree is 3. So, the sum is 5.
(1)
TOPIC 2
Solution of Different Types of Differential Equations
Solution of a Differential Equation To check that given differential equation is homogeneous
dy
A function of the form >^=(l)(.v) + C, which satisfies given or not, we write differential equation as — = F{x, y) or
dx
differential equation, is called the solution of the
dx
differential equation. — -F{x, v) and replace xbyhc,y by Xy to get the function
dy
General solution
Fix,y) = XF(x,y).
The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as
Here, if power of X is zero, then differential equation is
the order of the differential equation, is called the general
homogeneous otherwise not.
solution of the differential equation, i.e. if the solution of a
differential equation of order n contains n arbitrary Solution of homogeneous differential equation
constants, then it is the general solution. To solve homogeneous differential equation of the form
Particular Solution dy
^-F(x,y) ...(i)
dx
A solution obtained by giving particular values to arbitrary
constants in the general solution of a differential equation, we put y = vx
is called the particular solution. dy dv
— = v + a: —

Methods of Solving First Order and

dx dx

in Eq. (i) to reduce it into variable separable form. Then,

First Degree Differential Equation y
solve it and in the final result put v = — to get required
Variable Separable Form
X

solution.
dy
Suppose a differential equation is — = y). Here, we NOTE If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form of
separate the variables and then integrate both sides to get
^ = F(x,y), where F(x,y) is homogeneous function of degree zero
dy
the general solution, i.e. above equation may be written as th^n we make substitution x = vy and we proceed further to find
dy the general solution as mentioned above.
-^ = h(x)-kiy).
dx
dy Linear Differential Equation
Then, by separating the variables, we get ^h(x)dx. General form of linear differential equation is
k(y)
dy
Now, integrate above equation and get the general solution ■^+Py=Q
dx
as K(y) = H{x) + C
1 where, P and Q are functions of x or constants.
Here, ^(y) and H(x) are the anti-derivatives of and
k{y) or ^+P'x
dy
= Q' ...(ii)
A(jc), respectively and C is an arbitrary constant.
where, P' and Q' are functions of yor constants.
Homogeneous Differential Equation Then, solution of Eq. (i) is given by the equation
dy f{x,y) is said to be
A differential equation — = yxIF= (g,xlF)dl:c + C
dx g {x, y)
\Pdx
homogeneous, if /(x, y) and g (a:, y) are homogeneous where, IF = Integrating factor and IF =
functions of same degree i.e. it may be written as
/ ..\ Also, solution of Eq. (ii) is given by the equation
x"f
(y f -
y

dy \xj yxj
= F
y ^xIF = j(Q'xIF)(iy+C jp'dy
dx y y X where, IF = Integrating factor and IF =
X"g g
\Xj X
 PYQs Previous Years Questions
1 Mark Questions 9. Write the general solution of differential equation
dy
Multiple Choice Questions dx C8SE Somple Paper 2020
1. The general solution of the differential equation
dv 10. Find the integrating factor of the differential equation
= e^-^-^is
dx CBSE 2024
y dx
(a) e'^ + e ^ = C {h)e~^ ^e~y = C
4x -Jx dy Delhi 2015
(c) =C (d) 2e^~y

2. The integrating factor of the differential equation. 55 oaacoNCEPT

/, 2^ ^ First, write the given differential equation in the form of
O-T )-r-^yx^ciy dy
dy CBSE 2023 — + Py =0. Then, determine integrating factor by using
dx
1 1 1 1
(a)^ (b) (c) (d) formula, =
>--1 1-/ /i-T^
11. Write the integrating factor of the following
3. The solution of the differential equation — + — = 0 is differential equation.
x V

CBSE 2023 (l + >^^) + (2a-y-cot y) —

dx
= 0.
All India 2015

(a)I + I = C (b) logx-log >' = C

X y 12. Write the solution of the differential equation
(c) xy = C id) x+y=C ^=2-r
dx Foreign 20] 5
4. The number of solutions of the differential equation
dy __ y + l when XO =2, is 13. Find the solution of the differential equation
CBSE 2023
dy =x^e-^y
dx All India 2015C
(a) zero (b) one
(c) two (d) infinite
2 Marks Questions
5. The general solution of the differential equation
ydx - xdy = 0 is C6SE Samp/e Paper 2023 14. Find the general solution of the differential equation
{a)xy=C (b)x = C/ 1
log — =ax + by.
dx
(c) y=Cx (d)y=Cx^ CBSE 2022 (Term II)

Very Short Answer Questions 15. Solve the following differential equation
dy
6. How many arbitrary constants are there in the
dx
=.X ^ cosee y, given that XO) = 0
particular solution of the differential equation
CBSE Sample paper 2021
dy
= -V;X0)=i?
dx CBSE Sample Paper 2021 16. Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
7. For what value of n is the following a homogeneous dx All India 2019
dy X^ - y
differential equation — = ●)
dy
dx 1
A' y-¥xy~
■’ ■
17. Solve the differential equation cos — =a,(aeR).
dx
CBSE 2018C
CBSE Samp/e paper 2021

8. Find the integrating factor of the differential equation 18. Verify that ax^ + by~ =1 is a solution of the
dy ^ 2
X— +2y=x^. differential equation x{yy2 + yf) = yy\
dx All India 2020
CBSE Sample Paper 2018
Differential Equations 263

dy 2
3 Marks Questions — + jvcotA: -
dx 1 + sinj: CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
19. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
33. Find the general solution of the following differential
—
dx
- 2xy = 'ix^e^ ;X0)-5- CBSE 2024
equation
xdy ~(y + 2x^ )dx = 0 CBSE Sample Paper 2021
20. Solve the following differential equation
x^dy+ y(x + y)dx = 0 CBSE 2024
4 Marks Questions
21. Solve the differential equation given by
34. Solve the differential equation
X dy- ydx--yjx^ + y^dx=0 CBSE 2023
. ' y^dy
/ A
y
xsin — — + x - ysin = 0.
22. Find the particular solution of the differential equation yxjdx \Xj
7t
— + sec“ X- y = tanjc-sec .r, given that ^^(0) =0 Given that x = 1, when y = ~.
dx CBSE 2023 2 All India 2020

23. Find the general solution of the differential equation 35. For the differential equation given below, find a
2 2
(xy - X )dy - y dx CBSE 2023 particular solution satisfying the given condition
24. Solve the following differential equation. (x + 1) —= 2e"-^ +1; y = 0whenx=0.
dx Delht 2020
y
dy
xe^ - ); + x =0
dx CBSE 2023 36. Find the general solution of the differential equation

25. Find the general solution of the differential equation ^+i=

dx X X Delhi 2020

(x^ +\) —
dx
+2xy = 4x^'^ CBSE 2023 37. Solve the following differential equation.

26. Find the general solution of the differential equation xdy- ydx = ^jx^ + y'^dx, given that _y = 0 whenx = 1.
Delhi 2019; All India 2011
^(xy-)=2y(\
dx
+ x^) CBSE 2023 38. Solve the differential equation

27. Solve the differential equation (1 + x^) —+ 2.x^-4x^ =0,

dx

xdy - ydx = -^jx^ + y~ dx subject to the initial condition ;^(0) = 0. Delhi 2019

CBSE 2023; CBSE Sample Paper 2023, 20

39. Solve the differential equation
28. Solve the differential equation
dy 2x
= x^ +2
ydx + (x - y~)dy = 0 CBSE Somp/e Paper 2023 dx 1+X Delhi 2019

29. Find the particular solution of the differential equation

40. Solve the following differential equation.
X—
dx
- y^x^e"". [given, ;^(1) = 0]. dy y
CBSE 2022 (Term II) X = y-x tan —
dx {xj All India 2019
30. Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy 41. Solve the differential equation
^-r = >'(log>'-logx + l).
dx CBSE 2022 (Term II) dy X +J^COSX
dx 1 + sin X
31. Find the general solution of the following differential All India 2019

dy ■
equation X— = y'-xsm — . 42. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dx V /
£?■' tan y dx + (2- ) sec" y dy = 0,
CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
n

32. Find the particular solution of the following given that y = ~ when x = 0. CBSE 2018

differential equation, given that y = 0 when ^ ~

264 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

43. Find the particular solution of the differential equation dy b

v = ;c —+ — (*)
dx dy
—+ tan X = sin x, given that y = 0, when x = — ■
dx 3 dx
CBSE 2018; Foreign 2014
If no, then find the solution of the DE(*)
44. Solve the differential equation 55. Check whether the following differential equation is
(x^ - y^)dx-\-2xydy = 0. CBSE 2018C homogeneous or not.
2 dy
45. Find the particular solution of the differential equation X xy = \ + COS—,x
dx X

dy 1
(i+x^) dx
+ 2x7 = —, given that = 0, when x = 1. Find the general solution of the differential equation
1+x
using substitution y= vx. CBSE Somple Boper 2017
CBSE 2018 C; Foreign 2011
56. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
& 1332 CONCEPT (1 - y^ )(1 + log|x|)f3!j: + 2)17 i/y = 0 given ^hat 7 = 0,
when X = 1.
First, divide the given differential equation by(x^ +1) to Delhi 2016

convert it into the form of linear differential equation

and then solve it.
57. Find the general solution of the following differential
equation
Ian ■ y dy
-1
46. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (l + 7^) + (x-.e dx Delhi 2016
ye^dx = (7^ +2xe^' )dy, y(0) = 1 CBSE Sample Paper 2018
58. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
47. Show that (x - y)dy= (x +2y)dx is a homogeneous
2ye^‘^dx + {7 - 2xe^^^ )dy = 0, given that x = 0, when
differential equation. Also, find the general solution of
the given differential equation. CBSE Sample Paper 2018 7 = 1. All India 2016

Or
48. Show that the family of curves for which
dy _^x^ + 7^ * 0 ^
Show that the differential equation
IS given by x - 7 ~cx. lye^'^dx + {y-2xe^’^ )dy = 0 is homogeneous. Find
dx 2xy Delhi 2017
the particular solution of this differential equation,
49. Prove thatx^ - 7^ =c(x^ + 7^)^ is the general given that x = 0, when 7 = 1. Delhi 2013

solution of the differential equation

(x^ -3xy^)dx = (y^ -3x^7) J7, where cis a parameter. SSeu CONCEPT
Delhi 2017 First, replace x by Xx and y by Xy in F(x,y) of given
differential equation to check that it is homogeneous or
50. Solve the differential equation not. If it is homogeneous, then put x ~vy and
dy ● ● , , , ^ — =v + y — and then solve it.
X — + 7=X ● cos X + sm X, given that 7 = 1 when x = —. dy dy
dx 2
Delhi 2017; All India 2014C
59. Solve the differential equation
51. Solve the differential equation .. . ..dy dy
7+x = x-y—
(tan"' X- y)dx = {\ + x^)dy. All India 2017
dx dx All India 2016

52. Find the general solution of the differential equation 60. Solve the following differential equation
ydx~{x+2y~)dy=0. All India 2017 y^dx + (x^ -xy+ y^)dy = 0 Foreign 2016

53. Find the general solution of the differential equation 61. Solve the following differential equation
= smx (cot"' y + x)dy = {[ + y^ )dx Foreign 20? 6
dx All Indio 2017,2016
62. Solve the following differential equation.
54, Can 7 = cpc + — be a solution of the following dy iw
a X l-7-x+Ji7COt 0, X 0
dx
differential equation ? CBSE Sample Paper 2017 Delhi 2015C, Delhi 2011C, All India 2012C
 I

Differential Equations -265

63. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 73. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
satisfying the given condition. (dy\
log — =3x + 4y, given that = 0, when a: = 0.
x^dy + (xy+ y^)dx = 0, when XI) = 1 dx All India 2014
All India 2015C, 2013C; Delhi 2010
74. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
64. If X-^) is a solution of the differential equation 2 2
X (1 + y ) iir - (1 + a: ) = 0, given that ^ = 1, when
2 + sinx^ dy = - cos X and XO) = h then find the x = 0. All India 2014
1 + V J dx
75. Solve the differential equation
value of . dy 2
\2, Delhi 2014C
X log|x + y = - logjx|.
dx X Foreign 2014; Delhi 2009
65. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
76. Solve the following differential equation.
tfy_x(2log |x| + l) ' y'\
dx sin ^ cos y ’ xcos = ycos — +x;x?i0
V X J dx U; All India 2014C
given that y = ~y when x = 1.
Delhi 2014
77. Solve the differential equation
2 2 "^ 2 2

66. Solve the following differential equation (x - yx )dy + (y~ +x y ) etc = 0, given that = 1,

-1)^+2;^ =^
when X = 1. Foreign 2014
■,X^\
dx -1
78. Solve the following differential equation
Delhi 2014; All India 2014C, 2010
dy
—— y = cos X, given that if x = 0, y = 1.
67. Find the particular solution of the differential equation dx Delhi 2012C

dx + ~ dy = 0. 79. Find the particular solution of the following

X
differential equation, given that x = 2, y = \
given that y = \, when x = 0. Delhi 2014
x—+2y
dx
= x^,{x^0). Delhi 2012C
68. Solve the following differential equation
dy^ 7 2 80. Find the particular solution of differential equation
cosec X log \y \ — + x" v =0. Delhi 2014
dx ^y ^ 2
1-_VCot X = 2x + X cotx
dx
gg \3M CONCEPT n
X 0, given that y = 0, when
First, separate the variables, then integrate by using Delhi 2012C
integration by parts.
81. Solve the following differential equation
dy dy n
69. Solve the differential equation
dx
+ >’cotx=2cosx,
dx
1- >’COtX
= 4x cosec X, given that = 0, when ^ ^ ●
7C
Delhi 2012C; All Indio 2012; Foreign 2011
given that ^ = 0, when ^ y ■ Foreign 2074
82. Find the particular solution of the following
70. Find the particular solution of the differential equation differential equation
dy y dv
X
-y + xcosec — = 0 given that = 0 when X = 1. xy— = {x+2){y + 2) ;^ = -l whenx = I.
dx dx Delhi 2012

All India 2014C, 2011

83. Solve the following differential equation
71. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy
2x^ —
dx
-2xy+ y^ = 0 Delhi 2012
dx
=1+x+ + given that ;’ = 0 whenx = 1.
All India 2014
84. Solve the following differential equation
72. Solve the differential equation
—
dx
= 1 + x^ + +x^y^, given that y = l, whenx =0.
tan"'j:
{\ + x^)^
dx
+ y=e Delhi 2012
All India 2014
266 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

85.
Solve the following differential equation 94. Show that the differential equation — = 2
IS
dx xy-x
dy TZ
— + y sec X = tan jr, 0 < x < —
dx 2) All India 2012C homogeneous and also solve it. All India 2075

Solve the following differential equation gg Bia CONCEPT

dy
x(x^-l) dx = ^ = 0, when x = 2. All India 2012
First, consider — as equal to F(x,y). Then, replace x by
dx
Xx and y by Xy on both sides, we get
Solve the following differential equation F{x.y)^X°Fix.y).
(1 +x^) dy + 2xydx =cotx dx, wherex Puty =vx and convert the given equation in terms ofir
All India 2012, 12C, 11 and X, then separate the variables and integrate it.
88- Find the particular solution of the following Further put v = -
X
and simplify it to get the required result.
^y ■ fy]
differential equation x y + x sm — = 0, given that 95. Find the particular solution of the differential
dx [x J
when X = 2, y~n. All India 2012 equation (tan *' y-x)dy=(l + y^) dx, given that x = 1
when y = 0. All India 2015

Solve the following differential equation.

96. Solve the following differential equation.
(1 + y^) (1 + log IX i) iic + X r/y = 0. Delhi 2011

■Jl+x^ + y^ +xV^ +xy^ = 0

' dx
6 Marks Questions Foreign 2015, All India 2010

Find the particular solution of the differential equation 97. Solve the following differential equation,
\ r / \
y
(x - y) — = X + 2y, given that when x = 1, y = 0. y-x cos
y
dy+ ycos — -2xsin
y
dx^O
dx
\xj \xj
All India 2017, 2013C
Foreign 2015
91.
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy xy 98. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
- given that y = I, when x = 0. {3xy+ y^)dx + {x'^ +xy)dy = 0, forx = land y = l.
dx x^ + y Delhi 2015 Delhi 2013C
99. Find the particular solution of the following
0 EiaCONCEPT differential equation given that y = 0, when
First, consider the function of differential equation as x = l:(x^ +xy)dy=(x^ +y^)dx. Delhi 2013

~ = F — .Puty=vx and convert the given differential 100. Show that the differential equation
dx \x) / .A
V
equation in v and x.Further, integrate it and substitute X—sin — +x-ysin — =0 is homogeneous. Find
V = — to get the required solution.
dx yx)
X
the particular solution of this differential equation, given
/
92. 2 y thatx -1, when y = —.
Show that the differential equation xsin ^ -y dx 2 Delhi 2013

+x dy=0 is homogeneous. Find the particular solution ■ Find the particular solution of the differential
TZ dx ')
of this differential equation, given that y=“ when x = l. equation hx cot y=2y+y cot y, (y i*0), given that
dy
All India 2015C, 2014C, 2013; Delhi 2011C TZ

93. x=0, wheny=—.

Solve the differential equation All India 2013

dy K
102. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dx -3ycotx = sin2x, given y = 2 whenx = y.
All India 2015C
(tany-x) dy=(1 + y^) dx, given that x = 0, when
All India 2013
y = 0.
 [^Explanations]
t
, ■-.i'.ifnXTi-';: I

dy On integrating both sides, we get

^ (a) Given, dx
r dy dx
dy
■e>' ^ y+\ a:-1
dx
log(>'+l) = log(x-l)-iogC
1
e'^dx = X-]
dy
e- C{;;+I) = (jc-1) => C =
y+\
e^dx = e ^dy when X = 1 and y = 2, then C = 0, so required solution is
e^dx= e~^dy X -1 =0 hence, only one solution exist.

=-e~>’+C g (c) We have,

ydx - xdy = 0
=> e^+e~y=C
xdy - ydx
which is the required solution. dy _ dx ...(i)
2 {d) Given, differential equation is y X

/I 2^dx dx y ay On integrating both sides of Eq. (i), we get

(1 - >> ) — + yx = ay ^ — +
dy dy ] - y 1+/ f dy dx
●' X
On comparing with the linear differential equation y

dx y ay log|>'| = log|x| + logC

— + Px- Q, we get P = - and Q =
dy 1-;; log|y| = log|x|C
\y\=\x\C
Integrating factor (IF) = y = ±Cx
■y —dt y = Cx
On putting \- y~ =^-2ydy= dt ydy = —^
1 g In the particular solution of a differential equation, the
--log' _ 1 1 number of arbitrary constants are always zero. (I)
IF = e = e

V'-/ j For the given differential equation to be

homogeneous, degree of (x^ - y" ) and {x~y + xy^)
3 (c) Given, differential equation is must be same and also degree ofx^ and y" must be
dx dy
—+ —=0 same. (I)
X V
n =3
On integrating both sides, we get
dx dy 8. We have, x—+2v = x^
dx
+ ^=0
* X ●' V dv 2
— + — V=X
logx + log 7= dx X ■

log (x_y) = k [●.■ log(w ● n) = log m + log n] which is a linear differential equation of the form
xy = [■.■ logg A = B ^ A = e‘^] dx
=^xy~C, where C - e* 2
Here, P = — and Q=x.
4 ib) Given, differential equation is
X

2
dy _yy\ dy dx j--dx
dx
Integrating factor = e ^ _^,21og.v _^iog.<-_^2 (I)
X -1 y+\ X -1
268 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

dy 12 Given, differential equation is

Q We have, — =
dx

dx
■e^
dx On separating the variables, we get
dy 2^ dy = dx
= e^dx
(1/2)
On integrating both sides, we get
On integrating both sides, we get
2^dy= dx
e^^dy= e^dx
2^
= x + C1
=> -e~^ + c = e?" => + e~^ = c (1/2) log 2
10 Given, differential equation can be rewritten as 2^ -X log 2 + C, log 2
dy y 2^ = X log 2 + C, where C = C^ log 2 (1)
dx 4x -Jx
13 Given, differential equation is
dy , y dy
--=x^e-^y
dx

which is a linear differential equation of the form On separating the variables, we get
dy 1 e^^dy = x^dx
— + Py = Q, here P - and Q =
dx X X
On integrating both sides, we get
e^^dy= x^dx
Integrating Factor, IF = e 0)
4

11 Given, differential equation is 2

= —+
4
C,' =2e-y =x‘^ +4C,‘
dy
(I + y") + {2xy - cot y) = 0.
2e^y + C, where C = 4Ci (1)
dx

The above equation can be rewritten as 14 Given, differential equation

dv 1
{cot >'-2xy) — = 1 + y .log (^y)
— =ax + by
dx dx

cot y - 2xy _ dx dy
^^ax^by [●/ log m = n => e" - m]
(1 + /) dy dx

dx _ cot 2xy dy
— = e
ax

dy \ + y- \ + y'^ dx

dx 2y cot V On separating the variables, we get

T +— = T 1
dy \ + y^ \ + y^ (1/2) dy = e^ dx
(1)
which is a linear differential equation of the form
dx 2y cot y On integrating both sides, we get
— -\-Px = Q, here P = j and ^ = 1
dy 1+ T 1 + /' J dy - dx
2y
^dy
Now, integrating factor = e
\Pdy e-h’ e‘^
= —+ C
-b a

On putting \ + y^ = t ==> 2ydy= dt

e~by e‘^
di General solution is = — + C.
1 -b (1)
= =/ = ! + /
a
IF = e (1/2)
Differential Equations 269

15. dy Again, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

We have, = x^ cosec y
dx + yyi)=^ [v y2 =d^y/dx^]
1
dy = x^dx a+b(yf +yy2)=0
cosec y
a = -b{y)^2 + y\) ...(ii) (1/2)
On integrating both sides, we get (l)
1 On putting a = ~ b (y}>2 + y\ ) in Eq. (i), we get
I cosec _>' dy= - x^dx -b{y)’2 + yf)x + byyi =0
sin_vf2y= x^dx => ^{-(>^2 + =^
X
4 .V (yy2 + y\) = yy\ Hence proved. (l)
-cos v = + c
19.
4 Given differential equation is
It is given that y= 0 when x = 0.
^-2xy = 3x^e"^^
%

-cos0 = 0 + c => c = -l dx
4 dy
which is of the form — + Py=Q
— cos y~~^ dx

4
Here, P =-2x and Q -3x'^e'^
cos y = \ — (1)
4 .V

16. [Pd\- -2\xdx 2 -x~

The given differential equation is \¥ = e ■' =e ■' =e ^ - e

dy ^=e X V
● e- and the solution of differential equation is given by
dx dx

dy = e^ ■ dx
yxIF = J(exIF)tic + C ■*.

-;c2
e~^'dy = e^dx (1)
yxe = j(3;c^ ■e'^ )Xe dx + C

On integrating both sides, we get = [3x~dx + C

e~^'dy = dx -e +C
X
3 ^
= 3 + C
3
which is the required solution. (I)

17. dy
Given, equation is cos = a
yx.e
— .r
' =x^ +C
dx
Now, when x = 0, then y = 5
dy -1
which can be rewritten as — = cos a
5e‘’ =0 + C=>C=5
dx (1)

dy = cos ’ a dx ye
— X
' =x^ +5
On integratig both sides, we get Which is the required solution.
cos ' a dx 20.
Given differential equation is

^ = cos
-1
a-x + C x'^dy-¥ y{x + y)dx = 0
which is the required solution. (1) x^dy + {xy-\- y^)dx=-0
18. x'^dy = -{xy+ y- )dx
0 7

We have, ax~ + by~ = 1

2
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x ,we get dy yx + >'
2
2ox + 2by =0 [●.● y, ^ dyidx] dx \ ^
2 {ax + by y^)=0 / .A / \2
dy y y
ax + byy\ - 0 ...(i) (1/2) ●●●(i)
dx ^x ) ^
 270 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dy which is a homogeneous differential equation as

which is a homogeneous, as — = / —
dx \x, dv y'] dy — V + x—civ .
— = F— on putting ^ = va: => in

dy dv . dx ) dx dx
On putting y= vx and — = v+x— in Eq. (i), we get Eq (i), we get
dx dx
dv dv
V +x— =-V-V
dv 2 V +x = v + Vl + v^ =>a: ■n/i +
dx dx
dx
dv dx
dv
X = -2v-v^ X
dx

1 1 On integrating both sides, we get

● dv = — dx
2v+v^ X
f dv dx

1 1 + v
T=i a:
dv=^ — dx
v(2 + v) X

2 1
log V + Vl + = log| a: I + C
dv- — dx
2v(2 + v)
log- + Jl + ^ =log|A:| + C
X

[vv = ;;/x]
11 1 1
dv = — dx
2i V V +2 X

I 1 => log
y + yjx'^ +/ -logx = C
^ ‘ f
=> -\-dv--\ dv = -j-dx X
2 V 2' v+2 X

1 1
log
y-i-^jx^ + y'^ =C (1)
- log I V t - - log 1 V + 2 ( = - log IXI + log C x'
1 V C [●.● log m - log n = log(/» / Aj)]
-log = log —
v + 2 X

[if log y = x, then y = e'^]

V C x^
log = 2 log -
v+2 X
y + yjx^ + y^ =x^
V C
v+2 \X J
where A=e (1)
22.
^2 Given, differential equation is
X (c
y \xj dy 2 2
+2 1- sec X- y = tan x sec x
X dx

y C
\2 On comparing with the linear differential equation.
y + 2x \x J
dy ^ ^
— + Py = Q,we get
dx
which is the required solution.
21. P=sec X and ^ = tanx-sec x
Given, differential equation is r
Pdx fsec^xfir
xdy - ydx = ^jx^ + y~dx
tan.r
Integrating factor (IF) = =e
(1)

Now, the solution of given differential equation is

{y + yjx^ + y^ )dx =x dy
y(l¥)= iQxl¥)dx + C
=l+ ...(i) (1)
dx X => ye
tan.r
= lanxsec^xe tan.T
dx + C ...(i)
 271
Differential Equations

In RHS of Eq. (i) on putting V

— - log y + log X = log jr + C
tanx = t =^sec^ X dx = dt X

y
ye
tanx
te’dt + C --logy = C

which is the required general solution.

'\ — (t)\e'dt\dt +C
(1)
= t e‘dt-
^ dr ' 24. Given, differential equation is
[using integration by parts] vLx dy
xe- -y + x— =0
dx
ye
lan.t
= te
I
\-e‘dt+C = tr -e' +C
tanx tanx tan.t ^=2
ye = tanjt e - e + C [v t = tanx] dx X

= e^^"^{tanx-l) + C This is a homogeneous differential equation. (I)

dy dv
= e“‘'‘'(tanjr-l) + C
tanx
=> ye ...(ii) (1) On putting y = vx=> — = v+x--—
dx dx
Also, given that y(0) = 0
From Eq. (i), we get
On putting jc = 0 and y = 0 in Eq. (ii), we get dv dv
V

0 = -l+C^C = l v + x — = v-e x-~- = -e

dx dx
tanx
.'. ye ==e“"^(tanx-l)+l dv dx
0)
which is the required solution. 0) e JC

On integrating both sides, we get

Common do not forget to find the value of dx
Mistake integral constant in cases of particular c dv
solutions of differential equations. e
i’
●' X

23. Given, differential equation is e '’dv = -\ogx + C

2
dy
—V
y -e = -\ogx + C
2
dx xy-x
=~log;r + C
This is a homogeneous differential equation. e-y'^^\ogx-C
dy dv
On putting y=vx=^ — = v+ .x — which is the required solution. (1)
dx dx
25. Given, differential equation is
From Eq. (i), we get

v + x— =
dv V
2..2
X (x^ +\)~
dx
+ 2xy = ylx'^ +4
dx vx 2-x2 v-1

xdv V
2
2-v^+v V
dy lx Vx^ +~4
dx"^ x'^ ->r\
V
■y=
v-1 v-l
x^ +1
dx v-1
v-1 dx On comparing with the linear differential equation
dv = — (1)
V X dy
-r + Fy = 0, we get
dx
On integrating both sides, we get
f v-1 1 dx 2x 4x'^ +"4
V
dv = \—^\ 1 — dv =
●' X
P =
x^+1
and 2 =
x^ +1
(1)

2x
v-logv = logx + C (t)
\Pdx I .t-+i
Integrating factor (IF) = e =e

--log —= logx + C glog(x2+l)^^2^j (1)

X X
272 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Now, the solution of given differential equation is 27. Given, xdy - ydx = + y'^ dx
y(IF) = j(gxIF)(£c + C X dy = + y^ dx + ydx
+4
y(x^+\) =
x^ +1
xx^ +Icir + C X dy = (yjx^ + y^ + y)dx
dy +y +y
=> (x^+l)_y= yjx^ +‘^dx + C dx X
...(i) (1)

(x^ +^)y = ^^x^ +4 +^{og x + Vx^ +4 +C Now, putting y=vx

dy dv
= v+x

(x^ +I)_y = -^Vx^ +4+2logx + Vx^ +4 +C dx

From Eq. (i), we get

dx

which is the required solution. (1)

26. Given, differential equation is V +x— =

dv 7? + V^X^ +VX
dx X

^(xy^)=2y(l+x^)
dx dv xJ\ + v^ +VX
v + x— =
dx
dy + —.
] 1+x^
x

=> x-2;;^ + /=2;;(l+x^)=» ^ v= dv

dx dx 2x X
v + x— =
dx
-^/Tm^ + V
On comparing with the linear differential equation
dv
. dy
— + Py = Q,we get X—=7^+v
dx
dx
dv dx
1 1+x- ...(ii) (1)
P =
2x
and^ =
X
(I)
Vi+ X

Integrating factor On integrating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get

1 (■ dv c dx
jPdx \—dx
(IF) = e (1)
yjl + V^
= e
●' X

Now, the solution of given differential equation is

2 ^
logj v + ^Jl + v~ j = logjx| + logC,C>0
1+x
x-y = X dx + C 2
y y y
X
log “+11 + ~ = log| XI + log C v = —

^ V x^ X

1 1
- + x ^^xdx + C = + x
3/2
dx + C
-
X logi + ^j^~+ y^ I - log! X j = logi x j + log C
Vx ■ y = l4x +"X^^^
5
+C log I y + ^Jx^ + y^ | = 21og|x| + logC = log(x^ C)
which is the required solution. (1) y + -\jx'^ + y~ =±Cx^
I
Concept
Enhancer
If differential equation is of the y + yjx^ + y^ — Kx^, [where, K = ±C]
form — + Py = Q -.(i) which is the required general solution. 0)
dx
where, P and Q are functions of x or constants. 28. Given, ydx + {x- y^)dy = 0
Then, solution of Eq. (i) is given by the equation
ydx + xdy - y~dy = 0
yxlF = j(QxlF)dx + C
where, IF = integrating factor = ydx + x dy= y^dy
Differential Equations 273

dx
jy—+x =
dy dx
= ^ log^ + 1 -●(i)
X \ X

dx X dy dv
-T^- = y On putting y = vx and = v + x — in Eq. (i), we get
dy y (1) dx dx

which is of the form, dv

V+X = v(l0gv + l)
dx dx
+ Px = Q
dy dv 1 I
X — = V log V ^ dv = — dx
1 dx vlog V x
(1)
P = — and Q = y
On integrating both sides, we get
1 1 1
l-dy dv = dx
Here, IF = -e^ (1) ●’ V log V x

Now, required solution is given by log|logv|=log|x| + C (1)

x(IF)= Qmdy + C Required solution is

X}’ = dy + C log log - =log|x| + C

\xj (1)
+ C 31.
3
Given, differential equation is
(1)
dy . y
dy X — = y-xsm —
29. Given, equation is ;c—- y = dx X
dx
dv y . y
dy y .r or — - sm — ...(i) (1)
— = xe dx X X
dx X
Eq. (i) is a homogeneous differential equation.
Eq. (i) is a linear differential equation.
dy dv
dy On putting y = vx=^ = V + x — in Eq. (i), we get
On comparing Eq. (i) with — + = 0, we get dx dx
dx
dv
1 v + x — = v-sinv
P = - and Q = xe^ dx
X
dv dx

IF = e
{Pdx =e
J-;'^
^
1
(1) sm V X
X
dx
Particular solution is cosec vdv = - ...(ii)
X

yIF= Qxl¥dx + C On integrating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get

1 1 dx
y.-Tz xe ' -~dx + C cosec V dv = —
X X ●' ●'X

y V
log j cosec V - cot v| = - log| x| + log AT, A" > 0 (1)
+C=>- = (^^ +C) 0)
X X
[here, log/f is an arbitrary constant]
Atx = l, then >- = 0 log| (cosecv - cot v)x| = log K
0 = e‘ +C I (cosec V - cot v) x| = AT
C = -e=^ y = xe^ -xe (1) (cosec V - cot v) X = ± A^
30. Given, differential equation is cosec
y y
cot— x= C V v= -
y
(1)
X
dy X X

X —= y(logy-logx + l)
dx which is the required general solution.
274 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

32. Given, differential equation is dy 1

y = 2x ...(i)
2 dx X
dy
+ >’COtX =
dx 1 -f sin A' Eq. (i) is a linear differential equation.
Eq. (i) is a linear differential equation. On comparing Eq. (i) with ^
dx
+ Py = Q,v/c get
dy
On comparing Eq. (i) with — + Py = Q,we get 1
dx P = — and Q = 2x
X
2
P = cot X and Q (1)
1
1 + sin A {pdx -1

IF = e j =e X log.v-_ ^log(Ar) = (a)-' = -(D

A
\Pdx fcotxiir loo sin i
IF = =e^ =smA
The solution is >’ TF = ^(IF) dx + C
Now, the general solution is given by
1 1
2ax— dx + C
y(IF)= Q(l¥)dx + C yx- =
X X)
sin A
>’sinA= 2 dx y f 2dx + C
1 + sin A A

f sinA + 1-1 1 y
y sin A = 2 dx = 2 1 dx = 2a + C
1 + sin A 1 + sin A A

y = 2x^ +Cx (1)

I 34. Given, differential equation can be written as

ysin A = 2 1- dx

^=y 1
7t
1+COS A ...(i)
12 dx X . y
sin-
A

y 1
1
ysin A =2 1- dx LetF(A, y) = -
. y
A^
2cos^ — sin
A
4 2

1 2^ —
^ - dx 1 1
ysinA = 2 1--
-sec
Now, F(Xa, V) = 'T = 1°
4 2
■ f^y
sm —
X .
sm —'
y

n ?LX x-J
=> ysinA =2 a + tan - +C
U 2 = X°F{x,y)
71
It is a homogeneous differential equation.
Given that y = 0, when x- —
dy dv
Now, on putting y=vx — = v + a-—
n n dx dx
Hence, 0 = 2— + tan— +C=>C= -—-2tan—
[4 8j 2 8 1
.'. From Eq. (i), we get v+a — =—-
dx X VA
Hence, the particular solution is sm
\x J
if
y = cosec a 2-< a + tan
(7t X * —
71
— + 2 tan —
7t
(1) dv I 1
I 4 2 => V + A = V- => sin vdv = — dx (1)
dx sm V A

33. We have, On integrating both sides, we get

xdy- (y + 2x^)dx-0 -cos V = - log|A| -C

U) =>-cos = -log|A|-C
dx
\xj
Differential Equations 275

(y^ On integrating, we get

cos — =log|A:| + C ...(ii) (1)
f dv fdx r e~-''dy dx

n h-e-’’ ●' X
(1)
Given that ;c = 1, when v = —
2
/ _ \
log(l -e ●’’) = log xC
n
cos - =logll|+C ^ 0=0 + C =Cx (1)
2 /
C=0 e ^ =\-Cx^~ y- log(l - Cr)

On putting C =0 in Eq. (ii), we get _v+ log(l -Cx) = 0 (1)

(,.\
y Given, differential equation is
= log|x| +0 (1)
xdy-ydx = -yjx'^ + dx
cos
\X)
35.
Given, differential equation is (y + ^jx^ +y^)dx=xdy ■)

dy ;
(;C + l)-f =2e"''’ +1 ...(i) (1/2)
dx dx X X

dy 2 + e-^ which is a homogeneous differential equation as

^ (x + l)^ = dy
/
y
A
dx e>‘
dx VXy
dx
dy = dy dv
x + 1
+2 (1) On putting y = vx —
dx
= v + x—
dx
in Eq. (i), we get
On integrating both sides, we get dv

f dx
V +x— = v +
dx
^|\ + v^
dy =
●' e-'' +2 x + 1 dv dv dx
X—= -Jl + v^ (1)

log(e’’ +2) = log(x + l) + logC

dx
^j\ + v^ ^
On integrating both sides, we get
=> log(e-^+2) = logC{x + l) dv
_ r dx
e^'+2 = C(x + l) ...(i) (1) T J X
' ^j^ + v
Also, given = 0, when x = 0
=> log IV + + = log IX1 + C
On putting x = 0 and y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
+2 = C(0 + l)=^C=l + 2 = 3 dx
(1)
= = log\x + y^ +C\
On putting C in Eq. (i), we get yj Cl^ +X
+2 = 3(x + l) and — = log|x| + C
” X

e^’=3x + 3-2 2
y y y
=3x + l=>y=log(3x + l) (I) => log - + J+ — ~ log |x| +C VV=^ (1)
^ V x-^ X

Common
Mistake Bg careful in finding the general
solution and particular solution of a
y + ylx^ + y^ -log|x[ = C
=> log
differential equation. General solution contains an X

arbitrary constant whereas particular solution contains

particular value in place of arbitrary constant y + yjx'^ +y^
X
36. dy 1 _ e-^' dy _e^' -1 log = C
We have.
dx X x dx X X
/ ^
m
dy dx
log m - log n = log —
(1) n
-1 ^
 276 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dy 2x
y + ^x^ + y- if log y = x, 39. Given, y = x^+2
2 dx i+x^
X then y = e^
This is a linear differential equation with
=> y + ^x^ + y^ =x^ -e^ -2x
P = -?ix\dQ = x^ +2 (1)
...(ii) (!) 1 +X'
-2x
dx
where A = e^ f Pdx x^ + \
IF = -e
2x
Now, as y - 0, when x = 1 -J dx
1
x- + \
= e -g-logU' + l) = (1)
= A-I ^ A=\
x^+\
1 1
On putting the value of A, in Eq. (ii), we get y ' (^'+2)- dx + C
●) (x-+\) ●’ (x'+l)
= x~.
[using >'■ (IF) = g -(IF)t/j: + C]
which is the required solution. (1/2)
y {x^ +1) + 1
38. Given, differential equation is .r^+1- +1
dx + C (1)
t.

(l + jt^) —+2xv-4.v^ =0 1
dx 1 dx + dx + C
x^ +{ ^ x~ + \
dy 2x 4x^
=f> T = y -1
dx \ + x^ \ + x^ =: a: + tan x +C
x^ +1
which is the equation of the form
y = jii:(;c“ + l) + (tan“' x)(x^ +1)+C'
dx [■: C' = C-(x^ +\)\ (I)
2jt Ax^ 40.
Given, differential equation is
where P =
\+x
Y and 0 = (1) / \

- a: tan

J
It - dy
X — = ^ “ .X tan
(y dy X)

Now, IF = e
1 +x
glog(l+x2) ^^^^2 (1)
dx W dx X

The general solution is ^^y— tan y

...(i)
dx X \xj
4x^
y{l + x^)= ' (l+x^) dx + C
which is a homogeneous differential equation as
(1+^') / \
dy
— = F
J'

(l + ;c^)y = J 4x^dx + C dx \xj

4x^ dy dv .
+ C On putting_v = vx => — = v + x— in Eq. (i), we get (I)
dx dx
3
4x dv dv
- + C(i+x^)
-I
v = ...(i) im V + x — = V — tan V ^ X
dx dx
- — tan V

■ 3(1-f-x^)
dv dx
Now, j^(0) = 0 tan V X

4-0^ dx
+ C<l+0^)
-1
0 = => C = 0 cot V dv = — = COt V (1)
X tan V
3(1+0“)
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get On integrating both sides, we get
r dx
4x^ cot V dv = —
y= X
3{l+x^)
log I sin V | = - log |x| + C (1)
which is the required solution. (1/2)
['.● cot V dv = log I sin VI ]
 Ill
Differential Equations

logisin vi + log|x| = C tan y

log — = C
log 1X sin VI = C e--' -2
[●.● log m + log t2 = log nw ] m

y ●: log m - log n = log (1)

log X sin — -C v = — ynj
X X

tan y
● c ■ y A - e~ log w = M => /« = ]
=^xsin —= e =5-xsin —= v4 [■.●e^=A] -2
X X

. y A ● ^-i
A tan y = e^ {e^ - 2 ) (1)
sm —= — y = xsm K
X X \X
Now, it is given that y~~^ when x = 0
which is the required solution, (1)

dy X ycosx tan —= e‘" (e** -2 )

41 Given, — = 4
dx 1 + sin X 1 + sin X
l-e‘^(l-2 ) => =-l
or, dy ^ y cos x X

dx 1+sinx 1 + sin X Thus, the particular solution of the given differential

dy equation is tan y = 2 - . (1)
which is in the linear form, — + Py = Q, where
dx 43^ Given, differential equation is
cosx X -

p = Q=- im —+2vtanx = sinx

1 + sin x’ 1 + sin X dx

f cosx
— - - dx
which is a linear differential equation of the form

f^Py=Q.
1 + sm X
Now, IF = e (1)
dx
and the general solution is Here, P = 2 tan x and ^ = sin x
y(l+sinx)= -xdx-\-C * IF ~ ~ e~^ tanxcZv _ ^2log|secx| (1)

[vy(IF)= Q{\V)dxyC]{\n) _ ^logsec^x [vmlog« = log«"']

logx
X
2
= sec^ X [ve = X]
=> y(l+ sinx) = - —+C (1)
The general solution is given by
42. Given, differential equation is yxIF= {Q'X\V)dxyC ...(i) (1)
tan yr/x + (2 - e'^)sec^ ydy = ^
>^sec^x= (sinx-sec^x)iir + C
which can be rewritten as
1
tan yc/x = {e^ -2)sec^ ydy ysec"x= sinx-
cos^ X
dx-\-C

sec^ y
dy=-^
e" -2
dx
ysec^x= tanxsecxiir + C
tan y

On integrating both sides, we get y sec^ X =sec x + C ...(ii)

7C
■sec“ y
tan y
dy=\-^
*' -2
dx Also, given that y = 0, when x = —-
71
log I tan y| = log I - 21 + C (1)
On putting y = 0 and x = y in Eq. (ii), we get
iix = log|/{x)l + C
.■ ^ fix) Ox sec —=sec —!-C
3 3

log I tan y|-log \e'~^ -2\ = C 0=2 + C => C = -2 (1)

 278 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On putting the value of C in Eq. (ii), we get 45_ Given, differential equation is
1
;^sec^ X = sec x-2 (x ^ +1) — + 2xji' =
dx x^ +l
>^ = cos;i:-2cos^x
On dividing both sides by (x^ +1), we get
which is the required particular solution of the given
dy lx 1
differential equation. (1)
dx ^ x^ +1 y=
(x^+l)'
(1)

44. Given, differential equation is

2 2
(x — y )dx + 2xydy = 0, which can be rewritten as which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy 2x 1
~ y^)dx- -Ixydy — + Py=Q, hereP = and Q =
dx x^ +1
r 2x
y dx
-I
dy_x^~y^ y^-x^ \xj Now, integrating factor, IF = e e
/ -A ●●●(i) (1)
dx -2xy 2xy y
2 (1)
\xj
putx^ +\ = t=i’2xdx = dt, then
In RHS, degree of numerator and denominator is r 2x 1
dx= ●' -f// = log| r| = logjx^+I
.^x^+I
same.
t
It is a homogeneous differential equation and can be
written as So, the required general solution is
/ A
dy .y X IF = (Qx\'P)dx + C
=/ -
dx xj 1

dy dv .
y(x'+l)= ■ jx{x^ +\)dx^C (I)
Now, put y = vx and — = v + x — in Eq. (i), we get (1)
dx dx 1
v(x^ +1)= ' dx + C
dv -1 ●' x^+1
V +x— =
dx 2v y(x^ + l) = tan”* x + C
dv V 2-1 y2 -l-2y2 2-1
X— = — -v =
—V
when X = 1, then v = 0
dx 2v 2v 2v -K
.●.0 = tan“‘ 1 + C => C =
2v dx 4
dv = - (1/2)
y2 +1 X
It
Now, _>'{x2 +l) = tan
-1
X [from Eq. (i)]
On integrating both sides, we get 4

r 2v dx which is the required differential equation. (1)

dv = -
y2+l ●’ X
46. We have, ye'dx = (y^ +2xe' )dy
10g|v2 +l| = -log|x|+logC dx
2 -y 2X dx 2
= y e ^ ^ -x = y2g ...(i)(D
dy dy y
.. f/W dx = \og\f{x)\+C
y

^ fix) This is a linear differential equation with

2

=> log
y
= -Iogtx|+logC V v = -
y
(1)
p=- — and Q = y^e~^
X

l-dy 1
y2 +;c2 IF = c _g-21og.v = y
-2

=> log 2 ● X = log C y

X

x(IF)= e(IF)^>’ + C
/+x2
X
= C^ y^ +x^ = Cx, /' \
1

which is the required solution. (1/2)

= f y^e X jdy + C (I)
 279
Differential Equations

-1 2v-2 dx
1 dv-
e~^ dy + C 2 , + V +1 X
)
X
-n2v-2+ l-l dx
dv -
-e-y +C ...(ii) (1)
2 2 ) +V+1 X
(1)

-n2v + l-3 dx
It is given that j;(0) = 1 i.e. y = 1 when x = 0. dv = —

On putting x = 0, v = 1 in Eq. (ii), we get 2 J +V + 1 X

2v + l -2)dv ~ldx
0 = -e"‘ +C ^ C=- dv +
e V ^ +V + 1 1
+2vx- + LY 3 X

2 I2J 4
+ -
1
On putting C = - in Eq. (ii), we get
e
On integrating both sides, we get
X 1
-3dv r -2dx
1 (2v + l)cfv ^
-e~^ +-
e (1/2)
v^+v + 1 ^ 1 V3
X

v + - +
x = y^(e
-1
-e-y) 2) 2

Hence, the required solution isx = >’^ (e

-1
-e-y). (1) I
v + -
3x2 -1 2
If differential equation is of the log(v^ +V + 1)- tan
Enhancer
form ~ + Rx = S ...0)
V3
dy \ 2 ■)
where, R and 5 are function of y or constants. = -21og |x| + C
Then, solution of £q. (i) is given by the equation
v + x y/x + 1/2
=> log - 2V3 tan -1
xxiF = |(SxlF)dx + C, Vx V3/2
\R-dy
where IF = Integrating factor = e
+ 2 log I X I = C
47. Given, differential equation is 2J^^ + x
log {y^ + yx +x^) —2V3 tan
-1
= C
(x - y)dy-{x+ 2y) dx Vsx
/ .A
dy _x+2y _ l + 2(y/x) = / -
y 2y + x'
...(i) (1) Hence, log (y^ + yx + x^) - 2-J3 tan
-1
or = C
dx x-y i-(y/x) vXy yj3x
Hence, it is homogeneous differential equation. which is the required solution. (I)

dy = V + x dv 48. Do same as Q. No. 44.

On putting y = vx => dx
dx
49. Given, differential equation can be rewritten as
The Eq. (i) becomes dy x^ -3Ay^ ...(i)
dv
v + x — =
l + 2v X dv _ 1 +2v - V
dx y^ -3x^y
dx 1-v dx 1 - V (1/2)
This is a homogeneous differential equation, so
X dv l + 2v —v + v^ v^+v + 1
On putting y = vx
dx 1-v 1-v
dy = V +x —
dv
1-v dx dx dx
dv = —
v^ + v + 1 X
Then, Eq. (i) becomes
On multiplying numerator and denominator of LHS by dv x^ -3x(vx)^
v+x—- = r z
(-2), we get dx (vx)^-3x^ (vx)
-iy-2)(i-v)
dx
dv = — dv l-3v^ dv l-3v^
2 J V" +V + 1 X V +x — =
dx V ^ -3v
X
dx
=
-3v
- V
280 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

dv l-3v^-v“*+3v^ which is a linear differential equation of the form

X
dx ^ -3v dy 1 sinx
V
Py = Q ^ here P = — and Q = cos x +
dx X X

dv 1-/ 1
(1) \-dx
dx -3v IF = e<'’*=e^ = =x

^^-3v dx The genera] solution is given by

- dv =
I-v X yxlf=\{Qxl¥)dx+C (1)

On integrating both sides, we get cosx +

sinx
xdx + C
r(v^-3v ^ J

■ 1-v"
dv=\^ *’ X yx = (x cosx + sin x)dx + C
3
V xy= xcosxdxy sinxd!x + C
f jdv~3 ●' 1-v
- dv~\ogx + logC ●■■(ii) j I II j

xy = x cosx^ic- — (x) cosxdx dx

-log (l-v‘’)-^log 1-v^ = logx + logC
14- ^ dx

(1) -I- sin xdx + C

[using integration by parts]

^log (l-v'’)
14-
= log(Cx)
V
1-v^ ji7 = xsin X -(|l sin X a[x) - cosx 4-C
= X sin X 4- cos X - cos x 4- C
(1 + v^)^
^log (l-v^)(l + v^)x = log(Cx) xy = X sin X 4- C

-1-1/4
y = sinx4-C — ...(i) (1)
X
(l + v^)^
=i- log = log Cx K
(i-vy Also, given that at x = y; y = 1
(14-V^)^ -4
= (Cx) (1) On putting ^nd y = 1 in Eq. (i), we get

(l + y^ /x^)^ 1 I = l4-C--=^C=0 (1)

[v y=v-x] 7T

(l-y'/x')2 On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get

1 y = smx

x\x^-/f C^x^ which is the required solution of given differential

equation. (1)
-1

(x'-y2) = C'(x^4-y')2 51. Given, (tan x - y) dx = {I + x^) dy

[taking square root] dy _ ion ’ x - y dy _ tan ' x 1
y
(x2-y')=C, (x'-^y“)^
dx
(i+TT dx \+x^ 1 + x^
-i

where C 1 = C^ dy 1 tan X
Hence proved, ...(i) (1)
dx 1 +x 1 4-X^
50. Given, differential equation is
dy which is a linear differential equation of the form
X 4- y = X cos X 4- sin X -1
dx dy 1 tan ■ X
— + Py = Q, here P = y and 2 = l4-X^
dy y sinx dx 1 4-X
— 4-— =CO^X 4-
dx X X
dx
-1
tan X
[dividing both sides by x ] Now, IF = = e
(1)
Differential Equations 281

/. The general solution is given by Now, the general solution of given differential
equation is given by
yl¥=\QlF dx+C
-1 tan
-1
X
y(IF)=f(IF)-^ab: + C
tan tan
ye ● e "ohr + C -X

1 + x^ y-e e ^ sin X i/x + C

On putting tan ^ x - r Let / =

●' II
e ^ sin X- dx
I
...(ii)
1 (1)
-dx = dt
1 +x
By using the method of integration by parts,
we get
tan"'j:
ye t e'dt+C = t-e' - 1-e' dt + C -X
e ^
(1) 7 ● ^
/ =sinx — cosx dx
[using integration by parts] (-1) (-1)

=> ye
tan
^=t-e‘-e' +C = - sin X + e ^ cos x dx
II I (1)
-1 -1
tan -1 tan tan
^ ye =tan xe -e ●' +c Again, by using integration by parts, we get
-X
tan 'j- e~^ * ^
['.● t = e ] 1 = -sinx e ^ +cosx - (-sinx) — dx
-1 -1 (-1) ^ (-1)
^ - (tan ‘ X - l)e
tan tan
=» ye ^+C (1)
= -sinxe -cosxe - e ^ sin X dx
52. We have, ydx-{X’¥ly^)dy=Q
dx
= - sin X e - cos x e”^ - I Eq. (ii)]
=x+2y^ 2/ = - e~'^ (sin x + cos x)
dy
dx 1 e"^
— — x=2y (1) => 7=- (sinx -Hcosx)
dy y (1)

which is a linear differential equation of the form Then, from Eq. (i), we get
dx -1 e'-*'
— -\-Px = Q, here P = and 2 =2y. ye" ^ (sin X + cos x) + C
dy y
1
IF = e = g-log>-^l (1) .V =
^ (sinx + cosx) + Ce'^ (1)

b
Hence, required general solution of the differential ...(i)
54. We have, y = ax +
equation is a

xIF= {Q-lY)dyyC On differentiating both sides w.r.tj:, we get

1 1 dy
— -a (!'/*) ●
=> xx —= 2yx —t/y+C dx
y y (1)
On substituting the value of a in Eq. (i), we get
— = 2y+C => x = 2y^ +Cy dy b
0) y = x—+ —
dx dy
dy
53. We have. — y = sin X, which is a linear differential dx
dx
equation of the form
Thus, y = ax + — is a solution of the given differential
dy a

+ Py = Q, here P and g = sin x dy b

dx
equation y = x 0)
/ dx dy
= e-'jPdx
IF =e^
[(-!)<& =e
dx
282 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

55. Given, differential equation is (l + log|;c:|) dx +

2r
jdy = 0
2 dy (y^ X
\-y
X -A7 = l +COS — ,x^0
dx \xj [dividing both sides by x(l ~ y )] (i/2)
It can be written as On integrating, we get
/ \ / .A
y y rri- +. loglxi ■

1 +A^ + COS I +COS dx + -dy = 0

dy y \xj
...(i) (1)
u ^ J h-y
2 2
dx X X X
(log|A:|)^
=> log 1^1 +
2
-Iog[l-y^| = logC ...(i) (1)

l + cos —
^y^ Also, given y=0 and x = 1
\xj
Let F{x, y) = — + -log|l-0| = logC (1)
X

=> 0+0-0 = logC ^ logC=0

Xy On putting log C = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
l + cos
Xy Xx (log|j:|)^
Then, F(Ajc, X.y) =
Xx
log|x| + -log|l-/| = 0 (1V4)
(Xx)- 2

57. Given, differential equation is

/ .\
y
(1 + y^) + (a: - e
tan
1 +COS
dx
y \Xj
= - + ^F{x,y) (1)
X It can be rewritten as
-1
/, 2 ^ tan
(1 + y ) — +x-e ^ =0
dy
Hence, the given DE is not a homogeneous equation.
-1
dv dv dx 1 tan -y
Now, on putting y = vx and = v + a: — in Eq. (i). or
—+ = Y
dx dx
dy (1 + y^) 1 + y^
we get
dv 1 + cosv [dividing both sides by (1 + y^)]
v + x = v +
dx X
2
It is a linear differential equation of the form
dv 1 dv dx dx
= — dx => — + Px = Q.
1 +COS V dy
2cos^ - ^ -1
2 tan ■y
1
(v Here, P = - and e = - (1)
sec^ - dv =
2)
4* (1) 1+ y 1 + y-
jPdy
On integrating both sides, we get Now, integrating factor, IF =
1
V
2 tan — = 2^6 -I
tan ■ y
2 X
= e = e (1/2)

y 1 y .'. The general solution of linear differential equation is

2 tan — = vv = - (1)
2x X given by
xxIF= {Qx\^)dy + C
56. Given, differential equation is
-I
(1 - y^)(l + log |x|) t/x +2xydy = 0. tan _ ( S
tan ■ y
tan
-1
y
=5>x X e xe dy + C (1/2)
On separating the variables, we get 1+/
Differential Equations 283

tan
-1
- y _
^2lan 'y dv 2v^'’-l 2ve"-l-2ve'’
xe dy + C >'-r =
●' 1 + r dy
V
le 2e^

1 -dy
On putting tan * y=/ -dy = dt in 2eVv = (1)
y
i + :i;
Eq. (i), we get On integrating both sides, we get
-1

y =je^‘dt + C
tan
xe (1) ^2e'' dv=- —=>2e^=-log y+C
-1
tan ■ 7 _
xe X
2
2e^'^' +log| v| = C vv = - ...(ii) (1)
-I
2 tan
-1
xe
tan ‘ y
2
+ C [v/ = tan * (1) Also, given that a: = 0, when y = \.
58. On substituting x=0 and y=\ in Eq. (ii), we get
Given, differential equation is
2 y e^'y dx + {y-2xe^'y )dy = 0. 2e*^ + logll|=C=>C=2
It can be written as On substituting the value of C in Eq. (ii), we get

dx _ 2xe'*^.^-^ - y 2e^^y + log I I =2

dy 2ye'"‘y which is the required particular solution of the given
X
differential equation. (1)

59. dy dy
2xey - y We have, y + x — = x- >’
dx dx
Let F(x,y)= X ^ dy dy
X 1- y— = x - y
y dx dx
2 ye
dy _x- y
dx x+y
On replacing x by Ax and y by A^ both sides,
we get This is a homogeneous differential equation.
\x
dy dv. ^
On putting y=vx^ — = v + x — in Eq. (i), we get
2>a £*■●>■ -Xy dx dx

dv X — vx
F (Ax, A.y) = lx ^ v + x~ = (1)
dx X + VX
Xy
2Xye
dv 1 - V 1-v-v-v^ l-2v-v^
=> X— = — V =
dx I + V 1 + v 1 + v
\.Qxe^‘y -y)
=> F (Ax, A,y) = 1 + v 1
X(lye-'^) civ = — clx
v^+2v-l X

= X‘> [F(x, ;-)]

On integrating both sides, we get
Thus, F (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree t 1 + v 1
zero. dv = - - dx (1)
v^ +2v-l ●' X
Therefore, the given differential equation is a
homogeneous differential equation. (1) 1 7
^ - log i V +2v -11 = - log IXI + log C
To solve it, putx = yv
dx dv
— = V + y— in Eq.(i), we get V —(v^ +2v-l) = 2v+2 = 2 (v + 1)
dy dy dv

dv 2ve'’-l 1 7
v + _y— = => - log I V +2v-l| +log |x| = log C
dy
V
2e
284 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

61.
log| +2v-lj + 2log|x|=2logC We have, (cot ^ y + x)dy~{\-¥ yP')dx

=5- log -1 +Iogx^ =logC^ (l)

dx _ cot"* y + x
X
dy \ + y^
[put v = y/X and « log w = log m"] dx 1 cot
-1
3^
— +
T r (1/2)
dy
=>Iog
Z -1 x-=logC^
^ +y J 1+y
This is a linear differential equation of the form
dx
[': log m + log « = log ?nn] --+Px = Q.
dy
y^ +2^-x^ =C^ -1 cot
-1
y
Here, P = and Q =
y^ -Vlxy-x^ =C[ where, Cj =C^ (1) i +r 1 + y' ■
60.
We have, y^dx + (x^ -xy+ y^)dy = (i -J
1
2^^ - 1
l + y cot 'y
l¥ = e = e
dy
...(i)
dx x^-xy + y^ Now, the solution of linear differential equation is
given by X■ IF = {Q.y\¥) dy + C
This is homogeneous differential equation.
-I
dy dv . cot V
cot y cot
-1
y
Now, on putting y=vx=^ — = v + x in Eq. (i). xe
dy + C ...(i)(l‘/h
dx dx ■' (1 + /)^
we get 1
-I
dv -V
2_.2
X
On putting cot ' y = t ~dy = -dtm Eq. (i),
V +x 1+V
(1)
dx x^-vx^+v^x^ we get
dv -y2 cot ' y te' dt+C
v + x— =
xe (1)
dx 1-v + v^
= (/-1) + C
2
dv —V dv -V - -1 -1

(l-cof'y) + C
cot cot
X— — ~ V =>x— = xe
dx l-v + v^ dx 1-v + v^
['.● / = cot ' y]
1-v + v^ 1
which is the required solution. (1)
dv = — dx (1)
v(l + v^) X 62.
Given, differential equation is
On integrating both sides, we get dy r.
X — + y- x + jtycotx = 0,x?*0
dx
' 1 + v^ V
dv - dv = -
Above equation can be written as
v(I + v^) ●' v(l + v^) ^ X
dy
1 1 1 X h y(l + xcotx) = x
dv- -dv ~ — —dx dx
*' V M + v ●' X
On dividing both sides by x, we get
log[ vj - tan * V = - log| x| + log C (I) dy 1 + X cot X
-r + y =1
vx -1 dx X
log — = tan ■ V
C \
dy 1
— + y - + cot X = 1 (I)
vx
tan * V dx \x
= e
C
which is a linear differential equation of the form
y. =gtan-’(>-/x) [●.' VX = y] dy
-f+ Py = 0.
C dx
tan ^{ylx) 1
.-. |y| = Ce , which is the required solution, (l)
Here, P =i- + cot x and Q -1 . i
X
Differential Equations, 285

f( I + cot J dc On integrating both sides, we get

\¥ = e 3
\Pdx J V-r. — glogkl + log sin.r
j* dv rdx

1 ●’ +2v ●' X
V — d!x = log Inland cot j: c/x = log |sin x|
●' X
dv f dx
_ gloglxsinxi [●-● log m + log n = log mn] ●' +2V + 1-1 *' X

IF =x sin X (1) dv _ f
=>

J (V + 1)2_(1)2 ^ X
The solution of given linear differential equation is
jxIF= f(exIF)tic + C 1
-log
v + 1-1
= - log|x| +C (1)
v +1 + 1
>> X X sin X = 1 X X sin X c6c + C
dx 1 I ^ - a

X sin x dx + C log - + C
>' ● X sin X =
I II ■ Jx' - a 2 2a x + a

_V xsinx = x sinxolr 1 , V
-log — = -log|x|+C
2 v +
sin X dx dx + C

3'
[using integration by parts] 1 X y
= -log|x| + C
=> y X sin X = - X cos x - 1 (- cos x)dx + C (1) 2 log ^ +2
put v = —
X

^ y X sin X = - X cos x + cos x dx + C 1 y

= -Iog|x|+C ...(ii)
=> yxsinx = -xcosx + sinx + C 2 log y + 2x
On dividing both sides by x sin x, we get Also, given that x = 1 and y = 1.
-xcosx + sinx + C
T = On putting x = y = 1 in Eq. (ii), we get
xsin X
1 1
= -logl + C
y = - cot X H
1
1-
C
2 log 1+2
X X sin X

which is the required solution. (l) ^log ^ =-logl +C =>C = ^logi

63. Given, differential equation is [v log 1 = 0] (I)
x^ dy + {xy + y~)dx = 0 On putting the value of C in Eq. (ii), we get
=> X dy = -{xy + y )dx 1 V
, 1,1. 1
xiog
2
"i.
v + 2x -loglx| + -logj
~{xy+y^) _[y_^y
2
dv
2 1
dx X X x^ y
log = -21og|x| + log-
y+ 2x
which is a homogeneous differential equation as
/ -A
dy
— = F
dx
y
log
y

y + 2x
=iog[xr^+iogi
\xj
dy dv . [v«log|w| = log|m|” ]
On putting y = vx => — = v+x—in Eq (i),
dx dx
y 1 1 1
we get log = log
y + 2x
dv , 2X 2
v + x — = -(v + v ) =>x — = -v —V -V y 1
dx dx
log = log
dv dv dx y+ 2x
=» X = -V ^ -2v => (I)
dx v^+2v -X log m + log n = log mn ]
286 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

I
65.Given, differential equation is
y
— y-'ix^ = y + 2x
y + 2x 3x
dy _ x(2 log |a:| + 1)
y(3x^ -\) = 2x dx sin V + 7COSV
2x On separating the variables, we get
y=
3x^ -\ (sin y+ _ycos >-) dy = x{2 log |a:| + 1) f/x

which is the required particular solution. (I) ^sinydy + ycos ydy = 2x\og\x\dx + xdx (1)

Given, differential equation is On integrating both sides, we get

64.
2 + sin X dy sin ydy+ >>cos>'c/v
= -cosx.
dx

1 cosx
= 2 xlog[x|fir+ X dx
I
dy = - dx
1 +y 2 + sin X
d
On integrating both sides, we get -cos v+ y cos ydy- \—(_y) cos ydy\dy
dy
1 f cosx
dy = - dx
Jl + y 2 + sinx r\.d C ] ^
= 2 log|x| xdx- —(log|x|) X dx> dx + —
dx 2
log 11 + I = - log |2 + sin XI + log C (1)
[by using integration by parts] (1)
put 2 + sin X = / cos X alx = dt,
r cosx cdt -cos ysin s\n ydy
then dx= — - log I r I + C 2
2 + sin X 1 x' X
2

= log|2 + sinx| + C ^2 ylogixj- X 2

■ dx
2

log |1 + y\ + log|2 + sinx| = logC - cos y + sin _>' + cos y

log (|1 + _v| |2 + sinx| ) = logC 2

[●.● log m + log 77 = log mn ] = x^log|x|- xdx + ^

(1 + y) (2 + sin x) = C ...(i)
Also, given that at x = 0, y = 1. vsin v = x log X +—+C
51 I 2 2
On putting x = 0 and y = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
j;sin y = x^ log |x| + C -.(0(1)
(l + l)(2 + sinO) = C => C = 4 (1)
7C

On putting C = 4 in Eq. (i), we get Also, given that = —, when X = 1.

(1 + >’) (2 + sin x) = 4 71

On putting ^ x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get

2 + sinx
7t .
4
— sin
= log (1) + C
-1 2 J
y=
2 + sin X
7t
4 - 2 - sin X C =-
2
Vsin.— = 1, log] = 0
y=
2 + sin X
On substituting the value ofC in Eq. (i), we get
2 - sin X
:v=
2 + sin X
2-sin
7C
(1)
>^sin 3’ = x log |x| + y
7t 7t 2
Now, atx = —, y which is the required particular solution. (1)
2) 7t
2 +sin 66:Do same as Q. No. 45.
2
7t 1 x-I
● ^ ,
vsm —= 1 (1) Ans. y(x^-l) = log + C
^[2] 3 2 x + 1
Differential Equations 287

67.Do same as Q. No. 65. = -x^ cosx+2 cosxdx

[Ans. = xe^-e^ +1]
- ■ — {x) cos X dx ■ dx
68.Given, differential equation is ●' [i/x ●*
dy 2 2 = -x^ cosx + 2[xsinx- sinxiix]
cosecx log I _y| bx y =0
dx
It can be rewritten as = -x^ cosx + 2xsinx + 2cosx + C2 ...(iv)(D
dy
, 2 2 On putting the values of/[ and 12 from Eqs.(iii) and
cosecx log I — ~-x y
dx (iv) in Eq. (ii), we get
On separating the variables, we get
—+ C| =x^ cosx~2xsinx
log I >^1 -2COSX-C2
— dy = dx
cosec X
(1 + log I :vl)
= x^ cosx~2xsinx
On integrating both sides, we get 3^
-2COSX-C2 - Cl
(i + iog|:Fi) = x^ cosx-2x sinx
3^ ^
●' cosec X
3^ ~ 2 cos X + C

/, =-/j ...(ii) (1) where, C = - C2 - Ci

log|3^i which is the required solution of given differential
where, /, -
equation. (1)
x^
69. Given, differential equation is
and 12 =
cosec X
= J X ^ sin X (ix dy
— + cot X = 2 cos X
dx
r logl 3^!
Consider, /, =
3’ which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy dy
On putting log y=t=^ y-e‘, then = dt ~^ + Py=Q
dx
y
Here, P = cotxand0 = 2cosx
I1 - t e ' dt = t e ' dt - — {t) e ' dt dt = ^iFzzsinx (1)
●' dt
The general solution is given by
[using integration by parts]
-/ yxIF= i\V.yQ)dx + C
= -te {-e ‘) dt
y sin X = 2 sin x cos x dx + C
= -1 e~^ + \ e~' dt = -1 e~‘ ~e~‘ +C|
loglyl ysinx= s\n2x dx + C
1 ...(iii) (1) cos2x
T 3^ vsinx = - + C ...(i) (1)
2
-I
1
/ = log 1 y\and e n
y
Also, given that y = 0, when y●
and/, = x^sinx^/x
I II
On putting x = and y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
2 ' * ^ 2 '

^+C
n
= x sinX fix “ — (x ) sinx dx dx cos 2
dx n
0 sin — =
[ using integration by parts] 2 2
COS7C 1
= X ^ (- COS x) - [2x(- cos x)] dx => C-
2
=0 => C + - = 0
2
[v COSJt =-l]
1
+ 2 Jf XI cos X dx
2
= -x cosx C = - (1)
11 2
288 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get 71. Given, differential equation is
cos2jc 1 dy
3’ sm jc = - ~^
dx
= \ + x + y + xy
2 2

2y sin x + cos 2x + \= 0 dy
— = 1(1 + a:) + 3/(1 + a:)
dx
which is the required solution. (1)
dy
70. Given, differential equation is -i- = (\ + x){\ + y) ...(i) (1)
/ dx
dy y
x y + xcosec — =0 On separating variables, we get
dx ' I, X ^
1
dy y
f -A
y dy = {\ +x) dx -(ii)
— + cosec = 0
dx X
On integrating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get
[dividing both sides by x] f 1
/ \
y dy= (l + x)cix
dx X
cosec ...(i) ●'l + y

which is a homogeneous differential equation as log |1 + yj =x+—+C ...(iii) (1)

/ -A
dy )
— = F
dx \xj Also, given that y = 0, when x = 1.
On putting y = vx, On substituting x = 1, y = 0 in Eq. (iii), we get
dy dv. 1
— = V + X — in Eq. (i), we get logjl+0| = l + - + C
dx dx 2

dv vx vx 3
y + x cosec C = - [V log 1=0] (1)
dx X X 2

V + x
dv
= V - cosec V
Now, on substituting the value of C in Eq. (iii), we get
dx
dv
X — = - cosec V =>
dv -dx
(t)
logll + y|=x + y-^
dx cosec V X
which is the required particular solution of given
On integrating both sides, we get differential equation. 0)
dv dx r dx
sin V dv = 72. Do same as Q. No. 57.
- cosec V X X
Hint Given, differential equation is a linear
-cosv = -log|x| + C
y y differential equation of the form — + Py = Q and its
dx
-cos —= -log|xj+C V = —

solution is given by y ■ (IF) = J ^ ■ (IF) + C,

X X

y
cos —= (log|x|-C) ...(ii) (VA) where IF =
X

[multiply both sides by -1 ] 2 tan ' x

(an-'x ^
Also, given that x = 1 and y = 0. Ans. y e + C
2
On putting above values in Eq. (ii), we get
cos0 = log|l|-C 73. Given, differential equation is
1 = 0-C dy
log — =3x + 4y
dx
C = -l \

y dy — + 4V
cos- = logjx| + l [from Eq. (ii)] dx
X

which is required particular solution of given dy

(1)
differential equation. iVA) dx
Differential Equations 289

On separating the variables, we get On substituting the values ofx and y in Eq. (i), we get
1

^4v
dy = dx
^log|l + (l)'|=^log|l + (0)Vc
On integrating both sides, we get
ilog2 = C [V log 1 = 0]
dy= dx => + C ...(i) (1)

On putting C = ^ log 2 in Eq. (i), we get

-4 3

Also, given that y = 0, when x = 0.

On putting y = 0 and x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
g-4(0) ^3(0) ilog|l + y^i = ilog|l+.vV^log2
+c
-4 3 log 11 + y^l = log 11 +x^i + log 2 (1)

I
= - + C [V e-«=^'=l] => log 11 + y^l - log 11+x^| = log 2
4 3
1+/
1 1 log = log2
C = - 1+x^
4 3
m
1
C = - log m - log « = log —
(I) n
12

On substituting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get i±z! = 2=»l + y^ =2+2x^

l+x^
e^_l_
-4 3 12
y^-2x^-l = 0
4e^^ + 3e~^^ -7 = 0 which is the required particular solution of given
which is the required particular solution of given differential equation. (1)
differential equation. (t)
75, Given, differential equation is
74. Given, differential equation is dy 2
(xlog|x|) —+ y = -log |x|
x(l + y^) tic - y(l + x^) t/y = 0 dx X

x(l ■¥ y^)dx = yi\+x^)dy On dividing both sides by x log x, we get

dy y 2 log|x| 2
On separating the variables, we get
dx xlog |x| log|x[
y
dx (1)
(1 + y^) which is a linear differential equation of first order

On integrating both sides, we get and is of the form — -\-Fy = Q.

dx
V X 1 2
jdy = dx
Here, P = and Q = — (1)
M+y (i+x^) X log |x x^ ●
1 '> \ 7 I
dx
- log 11 + y I = - log 11 + X I + C ...(i) .xio^xl _ glogi logjr i

put 1 + y^ =u=>2ydy = du. 1 1

v/ = dx, put log I x| = / => — tic = dt
r .1 1 ^ X log |x X
then
^dy = 2 u
du = - log I u I
:.l = tit = log I r| = log I log XI
^ t
and put 1 + x^ =v=>2xdx = dv.
1 r 1 1
IF = log IX [V e“^^^=x](I)
●' '-^dx =
then -tiv = - log I V i
1+x^ 2-' V Now, solution of above equation is given by

Also, given that y = 1, when x = 0. (1)

yxIF= f(0xiF)tic + C
290 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

f 2 dy
>'log 1-^1 = “ log\x\dx 78.We have, y- cos x
X dx
II 1

r 1 This is a linear differential equation of the form

ylog|:c|=2 logj^: ydx dy
x~ + Py = here P = -1 and ^ = cos x
rfd 1 dx
^(logkD-
dx X
■y dx dx
[ by using integration by parts] The general solution is given by
1 1
/
1 yxIF= ^(IFxQ)^/x + C
^ ylog|x|=2 log|x|- dx 0)
V X ●' X V xj
y ■ e~^ = J e~^ cos x + C
=> ylog[x|=2 --log|x| + f4r«ix:
x^
Now, e"'^cosx(i!x = e"^ sinx+
I
e'^sinx^ir
1
II II
2 2
ylog|x| = --log|x| --+C, [integrating by parts]
X X

which is the required solution. (1)

= e ^sinx-e '*^cosx-
I e cos X dx
76Po same as Q. No. 69. => 2 e ^ cosxdx = e ■*(sinx-cosx)

Ans. sin —= log |x]+C e ^ cosxdx = -e ^(sinx-cosx) (2)

X

77Given, differential equation is On substituting this value in Eq. (i), we get

(x^ - yx^)dy + {y'^ +x^y^)dx=0 y e~^ = (sinx-cosx) + C ...(ii)

x^ (l-y)dy+y^ (\ + x^)dx=^0 On putting x = 0, y = 1 in Eq. (ii), we get
-x^ y)dy = y^ (l + x^)fic -0
1 ● e (sin0-cos0) + C
x'^ iy-^) dy = y^ (1 + x^)rfx
1 3
v-1 1 + x^ . 1 = -(-1) + C=>C = - (1)
--^dy = — dx (1) 2^ ^ 2
y X

On integrating both sides, we get On putting C = ^ in Eq. (ii), we get

y-1 -X 1 -:c .(sinx-cosx)
. ^ 3
~e +-
r^y=i x^
ye
2 ^ 2
y

1 1 1 / ■ ^ 3 ^
-dy-
- y
dy= ^\-^dx+
x^
\dx y^ -(sinx-cosx) + -e
2^ ^ 2
which is the required particular solution. (1)

logj y| + — = — + X + C ...(i) (1) X

y X 79Po same as Q. No. 50. Ans. y = —
4
Also, given that y = 1, when x = 1
dy 2
On putting y = 1 and x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get 80.Wehave, — + ycotx = 2x + x cotx,(x5t0)
dx
log|l[+l = -l + l+C
This is a linear differential equation of the form
C =1 (1) dy
~^^Py = Q.
On putting the value of C in Eq.(i), we get dx

log|y| +
1-Zl + X+1 Here, P =cot x andg =2x+x^ cot x.
y X
= =glog|3in.>:| (1)
which is the required solution. (t)
Differential Equations 291

The general solution is given by C=-2 (1)

j'IF = J(IFxg)i/x + C On putting C = -2 in Eq. (i), we get

>'-21ogj y + 2| = x + 2 Iog|x| -2
=> y-sin = (2x +x'^ - cot A‘)sin jc r/.v + C
which is required particular solution. 0)

= 2 J;csin:c£ic+ cos xdx + C 33 Given, differential equation is

= 2 a: sin X sin a: - f 2a- sin X iir + C 2x^ dy -Zxy + = 0=^ ...(i)
dx dx X 2x^
y sinx = x^ sinx f C ...(0(1)
which is a homogeneous differential equation as
n / A
On putting ^ ~ and y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get dy y
^ =F (1)
dx \xj
/_\2
7C K n 7t^ dy dv
0 ● sin — = ● sin — + C => C = - (1) On putting vx ^ — = v + x in Eq. (i),
2 UJ 2 4 dx dx

—7C^ we get
On putting C = in Eq. (i), we get dv dv 2dv 1
=> v+x — = v => X— = ■)
— dx
●> dx 2 dx 2 V X (1)
7C"
V- sin X = x^ sin X —
4 On integrating both sides, we get
2dv r 1 t -■)
2 TC^
‘'’ — dx => 2 V ^dv = log|x| + C
y^x -- cosec X
X

-1
2v
[dividing both sides by sin x] (l) = - log|x| + C (1)
-1
Do same as Q. No. 80.
-2
\ Ans.
\ 9 2
y = 2x cosec x- —cosec x V
= - log|x| +C

-2x y
dy = - Iog|x| + C V =
X
g2Wehave, _xy— = {x+2)(y + 2) .y

-2x = >'(-Iog|x|+C)
On separating the variables, we get -2x
ydy x + 2 y=
dx (1) -log|x| +c
T+2 X

which is the required solution. (1)

y + 2-2 ( 2
dy= 1 + - dx
84Given, differential equation is
y+2 X)
dy
2 Ldy= f,1 + —2 dx
= l+x^ + y^ +x^y
1- dx
y+2 X)
dy
dx
= l(I+x^) + y^(l+x^) (J)
On integrating both sides, we get

1-
2 ) rf 2"\ dy
= (l+x')(l + y')
dy= 1 + — dx 0)
dx
y+2 \ X)
On separating the variables, we get
=> y-21og|y + 2| = x+21og |x|+C ...(i)
dy
Given that y = -1, when x = 1 = (l+x^)a'v (1)
l+y-
On putting x = 1 and y = -1 in Eq. (i), we get
-l-21og(l) = l+21og|l| + C On integrating both sides, we get
dy
-1 = 1 + C
= ’(l + x^)nh:
 292 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

tan
-1
y-x-\— + C dy 1

dx a:(x-1)(x + 1)
Also, given that y = 1, when x = 0.
[va' b^^{a- b){a + b)]
On putting .r = 0 and ,v = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
dx
tan"4 = C dy =
;c (x -1) (jc +1)
7t
tan *(tan7i/4)=C tan — = 1 On integrating both sides, we get
4
dx
C = 71/4 (1) dy =
X (x -1) (x + 1 )
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
y = I+K ...(i)
-1 x' 7t
tan ' y = x + + — dx
3 4 where. 7 = (1)
^ x(x-l)(x + l)
x^ 7t
y = tan x H 1— By using partial fraction method,
13 4 1 A B C
let — — +
which is the required solution. (1) x(x-l)(x + l) X x-1 x + I

g5 Given, differential equation is => l = ^(x-l)(x + l) + 5x(x + l) + Cx(x-l)

dy
— + ysec X = tan x => l = ^(x^-l) + 5(x^+x) + C(x^-x)
dx
On comparing the coefficients of x , x and constant
which is a linear differential equation of first order and
is of the form tenns from both sides, we get
dy A+B+C=0
...(i)
dx B - C =0and -A = 1

Here, P = sec X and ^ = tan x (1) A=-l

On solving above equations, we get

lF = e _^|secA:dr _ ^log| secj:+tan x| 1 1
A = -I, B = - andC = -
[v SQCX dx = log {secx + tanx I+ C] 2 2’
1 1/2 1/2
IF = sec X + tan x 0) then
x(x-l)(x + l) X ^x-1 x + 1
(1)

The general solution is yxIF = |(QxlF)^7v + C On integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
^ y (sec X + tan x) = tan x ● (sec x + tan x) dx 1 1 f dx 1 dx
/ = dx = \ — dx-¥-2*’ + -
C C o ^ x(x-l)(x + l) X x-1 2*' x + 1
=> y(^cx + tanx)= secx tanxi7x+ tan xdx
1 I
C 0 7 = -log|x| + -log|x-l|+-Iog|x + l|
=> y(secX + tanx) = secx + (sec x~\)dx (1)

=> y (sec X + tan x) = sec x + tan x — x + C On putting the value of / in Eq. (i), we get

[●.● sec ^x tTx = tan X + C] y = -log|x| + ^log|x-l|+^log|x + l[ + 7: ...(ii)

On dividing both sides by (sec x + tanx), we get Also, given that y = 0, when x = 2.
C
X
On putting y - 0 and x = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
y = l- (1)
sec X + tan x sec x + tan x
0 = - Iog2 + i2 logl + -2 log3 +
gg Given, differential equation is
1
K = log2-ilogl-^log3
dx dx x(x^-\)
Differential Equations 293

K = log2-IogV3 [v log 1 = 0] 88.

We have, x
dy
- >; + .vsm
y
=0
dx X

A: = iog^ (1) / -A
y
+ sm = 0
dx X \x)
On putting the value of K in Eq. (ii), we get
1 1 2 [dividing both sides by x] ...(i)
y=
- logi ^ I + - log k -11 + - log I ^ + 11 + log ^ This is a homogeneous differential equation as
I-
which is the required solution. (1) dy
= F (1)
87. dx \xj
Given, differential equation is
{1 + x^) dy -Vlxy dx = co\ x dx [vx^O] dy dv
On putting y = vx^ — = v +x — in Eq. (i), we get
dx dx
(1 + x^) Jy= {cot ;c ~2xy) dx dv
v +x v + sinv = 0
On dividing both sides by (1 + x^), we get dx

cot X — 2xy dv
dy = dx X— +sin V = 0
1+x^ dx

cotx
dx
+ _ cosec V dv + — = 0 (I)
(I)
dx l+x^ l+x^ X

On integrating both sides, we get

which is a linear differential equation of 1st order and
dx
is of the form
cosec vdv+ — = log C
" X
dy
-r + Py^Q => log I cosec V - cot VI + log X = log C
dx
2x cot X x(cosec V - cot v) = C
Here, P - - and^ =
l+x l+x'
X
r cosec f — -cot
{y = C
2x \xj \xjj
ipdx 2^
l¥ = e ●' =e
[+x
giogn+^-i ^,+^2 (1) y
...(ii)(D
put\+x^ = t ^Zxdx = dt, then
X

2x dt On putting x = 2 and y = 7C in Eq. (ii), we get

jdx = ■' t
- log 111 = log I 1 + X I
/ 1+X 2 cosec
K
-cot
K
= C^ C=2
2) 2)
The solution of linear differential equation is given by
yxIF= f(0xIF) dx + C On putting C = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
/ \

y
cotx cosec -cot
y{l+x^) = j l+x jX{\-i-x^)dx + C
X
yXj
which is the required particular solution. (1)
y(l+x^)= cotx dx + C (1) 89.
Given, differential equation is
2
y(l + x ) = log I sin XI+ C (l + /)(l + log|x|)ah:+xa[v = 0
[v cotx dx = log I sin x| + C] On separating the variables, we get
1 + log IX dx =
~dy
On dividing both sides by (1 + x^), we get X
1+/
(1)

log I sin XI C
T= On integrating both sides, we get
1 + x^ 1 + x^
j-1 + log |x dx = -
dy
which is the required solution. (1) X
M+/
 294 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

f 1 , f log|x dy 91.
Given, differential equation is
\-dx-^ dx = -
●'l + y dy xy X
-1 2
...(i)
log|;ci + /, + = -tan ...(i) (1) dx y

f log|:r|
where, /, = dx
X which is a homogeneous differential equation as
J-. /● -A

On putting log|x| = t dy y
— = F (1)
1 dx
dx = dt
X dy dv
Now, put y=vx^ — = v+x — from Eq. (i).
dx dx
^1 = tdt = — + C
2 we get
dv V dv V

(logkl)^ X--= -r - V (1)

dx i + v^
2
+ C1 (1) dx l + v^
2
dv v-v-v^
On putting the value of /, in Eq. (i), we get X— =
dx 1 +
-1
log|x|+ + C = - tan y dv
3
2 V

[where C =C, h-AT] dx 1 + v^

-i Goglxl)^ 1 + v^ dx
tan y=- log|A:| + + C -dv = — (1)
2
V^ X

(log|x|)^ On integrating both sides, we get

>^ = tan -log|x|- -C
2 r( 1 1 dx
dv^
\v V ●' X
which is the required solution. (1)
1
90.
Do same as Q.No. 59. y + log|v|=-log|x|+C (1)
2v
The general solution is
1 y^ y x' y y
log|x| + C = --Iog —+ - + 1 - + log - =-log|xl + C putv = -
2 [x^ X 2y ^ X X

x'
+ ^^3 tan“ 1 - + logi y\- log|x| =- log|x| + C
V ^ 2y
On putting x = 1 and >> = 0 in Eq. (i), we get m

●●● log = log m - log n

1 n
0 + C = “ log (0 + 0 +1) + a/s tan “ 2

c =
n -^
2y
+ \og\y\=C ...(ii) (1)
2V3
Also, it is given that y = \, when x = 0.
^[log (/ +xy + x^)
71
logx + From Eq. (ii), we have
2V3
0 + log{lj = C=> C=0
x + 2>;
~ \ogx^] + -j3 tan
-1
On putting C = 0 in Eq. (ii), we get
VSx
x^ x^
7t 1 2 2 - + log[yi=0 => logl>'| =
-log{x +xy+;; ) 2y 2y'
2V3
.r2
x + 2v
+ Vs tan -1 2

s.X y
y = e^'’
which is the required particular solution. which is the required solution. (1)
Differentia! Equations 295

92. Given, differential equation is dy

93. We have, 3>^cotA: = sin2A: ...(i)
1- - dx
a: sin — - y dx+xdy = Q
This is a linear differential equation of the form
■-2(1
sin ...(i) (1)
dy
-f- + Py~Q, here P =-3 cotx and Q ~sin 2x. (i)
dx X dx

\pdx - 3 f cot X
Let F{x, >') = — -sin^ — IF = =e ^
X X

On replace a: by Ax and yby X>>both sides, we get jp ^ g-3.log I sin x| ^^loBlsinxr^ ^|sin^|-3 ■ (1)

F(Xx,Xy) = -sin^ Xy y
sm
■ '2 y
—
The general solution of differential equation is given
Xx Xx x X by
= X^F(x,y) yxl¥=\{l¥xQ)dx + C
So, the given differential equation is homogeneous
y ■ (sin = (sin x)~^ (sin 2x) dx + C
„ ■ ^y dv
On putting y = vx=^ — = v+ a: in Eq. (i), we get 2 sin X cos x
dx dx dx + C
dv dv sm a:
v + A:^ = v-sin^ V => X — = -sin^v
dx dx
dx + C ...(i) (1)
dx
cosec ^ vdv = - (1) ,sin^ X
X ■
On putting sin a^ = r =>cos x dx = dt in Eq. (i),
On integrating both sides, we get we get
* ^ r dx -1

_y-(sinA)^=2 ●' -^+C=2x

cosec vdv + — =0 t
●' A +c
r -1
-cotv + log|A| = C
(y\ y
y(sinA) ^ t
-cot — +log[Al = C V V = —
A
_2
y(sinA)"^ = sin X + C [put t = sin a]
^ y = A -cot"* (logA -C); which is the required
solution. (2)
y= - 2 sin ^ A + C sin ^ A ...(ii) (ivi)
The solution of differential equation is K
On putting ^ ^rid y = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
-cot — + log]A| = C ...(ii)

K
2 = 2sin^—+ Csin^—=^2 = -2-l + C-l
2 2
Also, given that T = when a = 1.
C = 4

On putting a = 1 and y = -^ in Eq. (ii), we get y = - 2 sin ^ A + 4 sin ^ a, which is required particular
solution. (1'4)
7t
-cot - +logl = C=^>C = -1 cot — = 1
94. Given, differential equation is
4 J 4

On putting this value of C in Eq. (ii), we get dy

...(i)
-cot — +log|A| = -l
dx Ay-A^
2
.V
/ \ Let F{x,y)^
l + log|A|-COt — =0 xy-x^
\x )
Now, on replacing a by Aa and yby Ay, we get
which is the required particular solution of given
A^y^
2
0 J'
differential equation. (2) F (Aa, Ay) = = A = AV(a, y)
(Ay-A^) Ay-A^
296 Chapterv/ise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

-1

Thus, the given differential equation is a -e‘ +C

tan y _ tan
X ■ e t e‘dt ^ xe
homogeneous differential equation. (1)

dy dv Solution of differential equation is

Now, to solve It, put = vx => — = V +x — -i 1

>'(tan“‘ ;^-l) + C
tan ■y tan
dx dx xe = e

From Eq. (i), we get Also, it is given that x-\, when y = 0.

2 2

V +x— —
dv V X
(1)
Therefore, we have 1 ■ = e® (0 -1) + C
dx vx
2
-X 2 v-I
\ = -{ + C^ C=2
2
dv V + V
Hence, the required solution is
X — = - v =
dx v-1 v-1 -1 -1

■^(tan”’ _V“l)+2.
tan ‘ y tan
xe = e

dv V v-1 dx
X dv- — -d) 96. Given, differential-equation is
dx v-1 V X

On integrating both sides, we get Jl+x^ +y^ +x^y^ +xy^-Q

dx
1
1-- dv={-^^ ^\{l + x^) + y^(\ +,x^) = -x>»--
dy
V X dx

v-log|v| = logIxl + C (1) dy

y
Va+;c')(i+/) = -xy—
dx
y y
--log = log|x| + C V = — (1)
dy
■ ^^ll +y^ =-xy dx
X X X

y
--logjy| + log|x| = log X +C
X
y
= dy =
VhV dx (1)
m
X
log — = log m - log n + y
n j

On integrating both sides, we get

-^-iog\y\ = C rVl+x^
X y
= dy^-i~ 2
■X dx (1)
which is the required solution. (1) X

95.Given, (tan“* y-x)dy = {l + y~)dx On putting \ + =t and 1 + x' = U

2

dx
(1+/) + x = tan y 2ydy=dt2ind 2xdx = 2udu
dy dt

dx X tan“ y ydy=~^^ and X dx = u dll (1)

dy \ + y^ \ + y^ 1 j* dt u
■ u du
1 tan
-1
y
2^t7
P(y) = , Q{y) = 2
1+/ 1+/ 1
t
-1/2
dt = -
U
du
dy 2
n \P{v)dy l + v^ tan
-1

f(w'-l + l)
1/2
Integrating factor = e^ =e ^ = e y 11
du (1)
Solution of equation is 2 1/2 1^ 2-1

X X IF = j 2 ^ IF + C" 2-1
du-j^
1/2 U
t du
-1 «2-l -1
tan
-1
' y _ (■tan ' y tan
-1

=> xxe X e dy
^ \ + y^ ^1 + y~ =- du-
1
jdu
On putting tan ^ y = t
-1 ●'«2_(d
[V ! + /=(]
Differential Equations 297

i
-\jl + = - w - i2 log
w-1
+ C (1) -log
2
v^-2sinv =-log I x| + log C]
w + I
d
t4 'y
dx 1 X -a
●/ — (v - 2 sin v) = 2v - 2 cos v - 2(v - cos v)
-h - a x + a
+ C dv

C,
log -yjv^ -2sin V = log
●= --^14-x^ -“2 log ■\/l +x^ — 1
(I)

^1 +
X
+ C
■Jl + x^ +1 -2sin V =
CI

X
which is the required solution. (1)
2

97. Given, differential equation is --2sinf^l c1

r
/ A X X X
y y
y-x cos dy+ j^cos — -2xsin dx = 0

/ -A / \
>’^-2x^sin — =c 1 (1)
.y
2xsin - JV'COS
dy
/ \

dx
/
y
\ => y^ -2x^ sin ^ =cr [on squaring both sides]
yxj
y-x cos
yxj f A
y
/
y
\
y
/
y
\ y^-lx'^sio x y
= C, where C =C^ (1)
2 sin — cos
dy yxj X yxj
y -A ●●●(i) 98. Given, differential equation is
dx y y
— cos
X
(3xy + y^) dx(x^ +xy)dy = 0
yxj
It can be rewritten as
[divide numerator and denominator by x ]
which is a homogeneous differential equation as dy 3x>' + y^ dy a: x^
dy ...(i)
=F ^ . dx x^ +xy dx
1 +
dx yx) X

dy dy
On putting ^ = vx ^ = V + X — m Eq. (i), we get which is a homogeneous differential equation as
dx dx / A
dy = F y
dx X)
dv 2sinv-vcosv dy dv
v + x— - (1) On putting y = vx — = v + x—
dx V - cos V dx dx
in Eq.(i), we get
dv 2 sin V - V cos v
X — - V dv 3v + v^
dx V “COS V v + x — =
dx 1+v
dv 2sin V - vcos V - +vcosv 2 ^
X — = (1) dv 3v + + V + V
dx V - cos V x — = (1)
dx 1 + v
dv 2 sin v —
X dv 'Iv'^ +4v
dx V - cos V
dx 1 + v
V — cos V dx
dv = - (l + v)tfv dx
V.
V
■
^ - 2 sin V X

2(v^ +2v) X

On integrating both sides, we get

/ On integrating both sides, we get
V - cos V dx

^ -2sin V dv = - j X
(1) f 1+v
dv = -
f dx
...(h) (1)
V
■'2 (v^+2v) ●' X
298 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Again, put +2v = z=> (2v +2 )dv = dz 1 + v 1

dv = — dx (1)
dz 1-v X

(1 + v )dv = —
On integrating both sides, we get
Then, Eq. (ii) becomes, 1 + v rl
dv= — dx
j* 1 frz _ dx
(1)
J 1-v ●’ X

● 2^2z“ X
2
1 -1 + — frv = log IXI + log C
-log|z|=-logjxl + loglC| 1-v
4
- V - 2 log (1 - V ) = log IXI + log C (1)
i[log|z|+ 41og|x|]= log|C| => -v = 21og(l - V ) + log|x|+logC
log|zx^| = 41og|C| -v = log(l-v)^ +log{C|x|}
zx ['.● log w + log n = log mn]
zx
—V
= log{Clx|(l-v)^} (1)

c, =C‘' Clxl(l-vf=e
—V

where
^2
x\v^+2v) = Cy [put z = v^ +2v]
C|x| 1-
y
●●●(ii)
4(/ 2y
X
y
X = C1 put V = — ...(iii) (1) On putting x = 1 and 7 = 0 in Eq. (ii), we get
^ J X

C-l(l-0) = e‘’=> C = 1 (1)

Also, given that = 1 for x = 1.
Thus, the required solution is
On putting x = 1 and y' = 1 in Eq. (iii), we get \2

Ixi l-^ = e~^'^

1
1 1

C, =3 (1)
(x-y^)2=!xk-^^^ (1)

So, on putting Cj =3 in Eq. (iii), we get which is the required particular solutions.
100.Given, differential equation is
.44 =3
+ . fy
/ .A

X —sin — = jvsin -X
dx X \xj
y^x^+2yx^=3 (1)
^=l 1
...(i)
which is the required particular solution. dx X . y
sin —
99.We have, (x^ +xy)dy~{x'^ + y^)dx X

2 'i
dy x'^ y dividing both sides by x sin
y
2 X
dx
X +xy
1
This is a homogeneous differential equation. Let F{x,y) = ^
X . y
dy dv sin —
On putting ^ = vx^ — = v l+x in Eq. (i), X
dx dx
we get
On replacing x by Ax and y by Xy both sides, we get
dv x^+vV
V +x— = (1) y 1
dx X^ +X-XV F (Ax, Ajv) -
Ax
= X^F(x,y)
● y
sin - sm -
dv 1 + v^ 1 + v- — v — v Ax X
X — = — V =
dx 1 + v 1 + v 1 + v So, given differential equation is homogeneous. (2)
Differentia! Equations 299

dy dv The solution of the differential equation is given by

On putting ^=va: — = v+x in Eq. (i),
dx dx
;cx IF = Q.y\V dy + C (1)
we get (I)
dv 1 dv 1 xsin>'= (2_>’+_y^ cot _y)sin >’Jv+C
v+x— = V- a: — =
dx sinv dx sin V C C
=2 y^mydy+ y~ cos ydy+C
dx ^ I II
sin V dv--
X = 2 >’sin y dy-\- y^ y dy
On integrating both sides, we get
fl 2 f
r dx — y cos ydy dy+C
sin vdv = ~ J {dy
●' X
[using integration by parts]
—cos v=- log|x|+C
= 2 ysin ydy+ y~ sin v- 2vsin ydy + C
-cos —= -log X+C put v=— ...(ii) (l‘/2)
X X
=2 jvsin sin _y-2 ys\nydy-¥C
TC
Also, given that x = 1, when T - ~- => xsin j’= sin v+C ...(i) (2)
71
7t
On putting x = 1 and y = —\Vi Eq. (ii), we get Also, given thatx=0, when

On putting x = 0 and v = ^ (0^ we get

/ _ \
71
-COS = -log 1 +C
u
( \2
-0=-0+C
71 ■ ^ ^
0 = Sin—f-C
C=0
2J 2

On putting the value of C in Eq. (ii), we get 7t' r ● —

^ = 11
C =- . sm (1)
y 4 2
cos —= log X
X
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
which is the required solution. (!'/*)
2 ■

101. Given, differential equation is xsin>' = >^ sinj^--^

dx
—+xcoty=2y+y^ cot y, (y?*0) 2 7t^
dy x= y
4
cosec y

which is a linear differential equation of the form which is required particular solution of given
dx
+ Px=Q, here P=cot y and ^=2y+y^ cot y (1) differential equation. (1)
dy
102. p)o same as Q. No. 95.
^^log^1 ^ ^
-I
IF =
[Ans.x = tan“* y-l + e
— Ian
300 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Case Based Questions

"^'An equation involving derivatives of the dependent (ii) Which method of solving a differential equation
variable with respect to the independent variables is helped in calculation of the time of death?
called a differential equation. A differential equation (a) Variable separable method
dy (b) Solving Homogeneous differential
of the form — = F{x, y) is said to be homogeneous if equation
dx
(c) Solving Linear differential equation
F(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero, (d) All of the above
whereas a function F (jr, y) is a homogenous function
(iii) If the temperature was measured 2 h after
of degree nifF (Xjc ■ A,y) = X, qF (.r, y). To solve a
11:30 pm, will the time of death change? (Yes/No)
homogeneous differential equation of the type
( (iv) The solution of the differential equation
dy dT
= F(x,y) = g — we make the substitution y = v.t
dx xj = k{T - 70) is given by,
dt
and then separate the variables. (a)log|T-70|= /ei + C
Based on the above answer the following questions, (b) log IT - 70 I = log \kt\+ C
(i) Show that (;r" - y~ )dx + 2xy fry = 0 is a differential ic)T-lQ = kt + C
{d)T-lQ = kt + C
dy y
equation of the type — = g — (v) If / = 0 when T is 72, then the value of C is
dx \x ^
(a)-2
(ii) Solve the above equation to find the general (b)0
solution. CBSE 2023 (c)2
(d) log 2
2- A Veterinary doctor was examining a sick cat brought
by a pet lover. When it was brought to the hospital, it 3. Polio drops are delivered to 50K children in a district.
was already dead. The pet lover wanted to find its time The rate at which polio drops are given is directly
of death. He took the temperature of the Cat at proportional to the number of children who have not
11:30 pm which was 94.6°F. He took the temperature been administered the drops.
again after 1 h; the temperature was lower than the By the end of-2Dd-week half the children have been-
first observation. It was 93.4°F. The room in which the
given the polio drops. How many will have been given
Cat was put is always at 70°F. The normal temperature the drops by the end of 3rd week can be estimated
of the cat is taken as 98.6°F when it was alive.
using the solution to the differential equation
The doctor estimated the time of death using Newton dy
= /t(50 - y), where x denotes the number of weeks
law of cooling which is governed by the differential dx
dT
equation: oc
{T - 70), where 70°F is the room and y the number of children who have been given the
dt
drops.
temperature and T is the temperature of the object at On the basis of above information, answer the
time t.
following questions CBSE Question Bank

Substituting the two different observations off and t (i) State the order of the above given differential
made, in the solution of the differential equation equation,
dT
= k{T - 70), where X is a constant of proportion, (ii) Which method of solving a differential equation
dt dy
time of death is calculated. can be used to solve — = A:(50 - y)l
dx
On the basis of above information, answer the (a) Variable separable method
following questions, CBSE Question Bank (b) Solving Homogeneous differential
equation
(i) State the degree of the above given differential (c) Solving Linear differential equation
equation. (d) All of the above
Differential Equations 301

(iii) The solution of the differential equation (a) log 50 (b) log ^
50
dy
= ^(50 - y) is given by, (c) 50 (d) - 50
dx
(v) Which of the following solutions may be used to
(a) log 150 - y I = /w; + C
find the number of children who have been given
(b) - log 150 - y I = +C the polio drops?
(c) log 150 - y I = log I efK I + C (a) = 50 -
(d) 50 - y = /ij: + C (b):y = 50-e*^
(c)y = 50(l-e-^)
(iv) The value ofC in the particular solution given that
(d)y = 50(e*'-l)
y{0) = 0 and k = 0.049. is

[ Explanations]
■ -■> '■
i

2v -dx
1. (i) Given, differential equation is dv =
(x^ - y^)dx + 2xydy = Q +1 X

on integrating both sides, we get

dy -{x^-y^) y^-x~
dx 2xy 2xy log +1 = - log X + log c
( . 2 \2 2

x^ .V
-1 ^ log — + 1 =-logx + logc
\X) X

2^ y- +x
■5 2

Uy ^ log X =logc
X
I
In RHS, degree of numerator and denominator is
same = C
x
It is a homogeneous differential equation and can
be written as /+x^ = cx

fy
dy which is the required solution.
dx Vx ^ 2. Given, different equation.
(ii) Given, differential equation is dT dT
oc
(r-70) => = kdt
r-70
(x^ - y^)dx+2xydy-0 dt

dy (x^-y^) y^-x^ (i) Degree of the given differential equation is 1.

...(i) (ii) {a) Given differential equation is solved by variable
dx Ixy Ixy
separable method,
This is a homogeneous differential equation
(iii) No; The time of death of Cat is 11:30 pm.
^ . dy dv
On putting y=vx=> — = v+ x Time of death is not depend on temperature
dx dx
.'. Time of death not change,
From Eq (i), we get dT
dv v'-l (iv) (a) We have. = k{T-Id)
V +x ●
■#
dt
dx Iv dT
= kdt
dv V 2-1 r-70
X— - — — V
dx 2v
On integrating, we get
y2 -l-2y2 -V 2-1
log \T-10\ = kt + C
2v 2v

t.
302 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

(v) {d) Now, log I r - 70 I = /t/ + C (iv) {b) Now, - log(50 - y)=kx -vC
When ; = 0, r = 12, we get On putting = 0, = 0 and k = 0.049, we get
log(72-70) = 0 + C -log(50-0)=0 + C
=> C = log 2
C = - log 50 = log(50)~' = log —
dy 50
■y Given, differential equation is — =k(50- v).
dx (v) (c) Solving differential equation, we get
(i) Order of the given differential equation is 1. - logg (50 - _v) = Ax + C
-la-c
(ii) (a) Method of solving differential equation (50-y) = e = e ■ e-'“ =Ae~‘^
— c

dy
— = ^(50 - _v) is variable separable method. [put =A]
dx
-kx -kx
=> 50-y = Ae => y = 50-Ae
(iii) (b) Given, differential equation,
dv When X = 0, = 0 then
-= = k{50-y) 0 = 50-Ae^=>A=50
dx

dy y = 50-50e
-kx
= 50{\~e-^)
= kdx
50 - y The solution used to find the number of children
On integration, we get who have been given the polio drops is
- log 150 - y| = kx + C y = 50(l~6^-^"^).
 [CHAPTEI^ test)
1 Mark Questions dy
9 Solve 2{y + 3) - xy— = 0, given that = -2
n3/2 dx
dy d'y..IS
1 Order of the equation 1 + 5 — = 10
10 Find the integrating factor of the differential equation
dx, dx^
(a) 2 (b)3 (c)l . (d)0 ●3^ = 1
dx
2 The order and degree of the differential equation
dy 2 3 Marks Questions
y^x , are
dx dy! dx
(a) 1,2 (b)l,3 {c)2, 1 (d) 1, 1
11 Solve(x-l)^=ZvV
dx

3 The degree of the differential equation 12 Find the particular solution of the differential
\3
— 1 +
dy + —
1
+ is
equation;c{l + y'^)dx- y{\ + x'^)dy = 0, given that
dx 2\ ^dx j 3! ^dx, y = \, whenA: = 0
(a) 3 (b)2 (c)l (d) Not defined 13 Find the general solution of the differential equation
4 The order of the differential equation whose solution — +3e^''y = \
dx
is y = acosji: + bsinx + ce~^, is
(a)3 (b)l (c)2 (d)4 14 Solve the differential equation
5 Solution of = x, when x = 1 and j = 0 is X dy = {2y + 2x^ +x^)dx
(a) y = x(logx~ 1)+ 4 (b)y = x(log.x-l)+3
15 Solve the differential equation
(c) y = x(logx+l)+ 1 (d)y = x(Iogx-l)+l
dy
cosx ● + 2 sin X ● y = sin a: ● cos x
dx
2 Marks Questions
6 State whether y = e~^ (x + a) is a solution of 5 Marks Questions
dy
differential equation + y=e ^ 16. Solve the differential equation
dx
dy = cos x(2 - _ycosec x)dx given that y = 2, when
1 Write the solution of differential equation n
x = —
{e" +e~^)dy = {e^ -e~^)dx 2

dy 17. Show that the differential equation

8 Solve the differential equation — = ysin 2x given
dx
(v' )dy = 3xy dx is homogeneous and solve it
that XO) = i

Answers
3x
1.(b) 2. (a) 3.(c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 13. = e^ +C

14. ;; = x'* +X^ logX+Cx^

.

sin“ j
6. Yes 1, y = log + e~^ + C Z. y = e

9.x^(;^ + 3)^ 10. e

3x
15. jf = cosx + Ccos^x
fX3 2 \ 1 , 3
X
16. _ysinx = ---cos2x
. + -
11. logy —2 1 hX + logX — 1 +C 2
gy ^3 2 j 17. /(4x'-/)'=C
12. / -2x^ -1 = 0
Vector Algebra
TREND m
YEARS Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
ANALYSIS^
Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

1 Mark 1 1 1

TOPIC 01 Algebra of Vectors 2 Marks 2

3 Marks

4 Marks

"5 Marks

6 Marks

1 Mark 1 2 ' 2
TOPIC 02 Product of Two Vectors 2 Marks 1

3 Marks 1

4 Marks 1

5 Marks

6 Marks 1

TOPIC 1
w,

Algebra of Vectors
Scalars and Vectors 4

from where the vector AB starts, is called its initial point

Those quantities which have only magnitude but no and the point B, where it ends, is called its terminal point.
direction, are called scalar quantities or scalars. Those
A e
quantities which have magnitude as well as direction are
called vector quantities or vectors.
Magnitude of a Vector
Representation of Vector
The length of the vector AB or a is called magnitude of
A directed line segment has magnitude as well as direction, —;—> —» » —»
AB or a and it is represented by | AB | or j a | or n.
so it is called a vector and denoted as AB or simply as a
and read as ‘vector AB' or ‘vector a'. Here, the point A NOTE Since, the length is never negative, so the’notation |o]<0 has no
meaning.
Vector Algebra 305

Position Vector
A A

(ii) If a =Oji + aj + Ojk, then and Oj are called direction

Let O (0,0,0) be the origin and P be a point in space having ratios of o.
coordinates (x, y, z) with respect to the origin O. Then, the (iii) If it is given that /, m and n are direction cosines of a
vector OP or r is called the position vector of the point P vector, then // + m]+n k = (cosa)/ + (cos P)j + {cos y)k
) ^ is the unit vector in the direction of that vector, where
with respect to O. The magnitude of OP or r is given by a, p and Y are the angles made by the vector with the
positive direction of X, Vand Z-axes, respectively.
\OP\=\7\ = ->]x^ + y^+z^
NOTE Generally, the position vectors of points A 6, C, etc. with respect to
^ ^ ^ Types of Vectors
origin are denoted by a, b, c etc., respectively.
1. Null vector or zero vector A vector, whose initial
and terminal points coincide i.e., its magnitude is
Direction Cosines zero, is called a null vector and denoted as 0.
If the angles a, P and y made by the vector OP with the Zero vector cannot be assigned a definite direction as
positive directions of the coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ it has zero magnitude otherwise, it may be regarded as
respectively, then cosine values of these angles i.e., cos a,
having any direction. The vectors AJ, BB represent
cos p and cos y are known as the direction cosines of OP the zero vector.

and are generally denoted by the letters /, m and n, 2. Unit vector A vector of unit length is called unit
respectively i.e. vector. The unit vector in the direction of
/ = cosa, m =cosp,« =cosy -»
a
a \sa-
From the figure,
y
and cosy = ^
a
cosa = —, cosp = 3. Coinitial vectors Two or more vectors having the
171 r r
same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
y
and n = —
4. Equal vectors Two vectors are said to be equal, if
, w =
—» —» —* they have equal magnitudes and same direction
r r r
regardless of the position of their initial points.
x = lCrr\,y = m\ r land z = n\ r \
—»

NOTE If 0 = 5, then | o | = |b j but converse may not be true.

Thus, the coordinates of the point P may be expressed as
5. Negative vector A vector having the same magnitude
(/I /● I, w| r|,«| r I). f but opposite in direction of the given vector, is called
—*
I
negative of the given vector.
The numbers /| r\,m\ r\ and « | r j are proportional to the —> —

e.g. Vector BA is negative of the vector AB

direction cosines are called direction ratios of vector r.

and written as BA = — AB.

6. Collinear vectors Two or more vectors are said tdbe

collinear, if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions,

e.g. a and b are collinear, when a = X b,

where X is some scalar.
7. If the value of a vector depends only on its magnitude
and direction and is independent of its position in the
fiOTE
space, such vectors are called free vectors.
x^ + y^ + z^^l

-T
 306 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Addition of Vectors NOTE ForanyscalarX,,A.-0 =0,

1. Triangle law of vector addition Properties of Scalar Multiplication

If tw'o vectors are represented along two For vectors a, b and scalars p, q, we have
sides of a triangle taken in order, then -> ->

their resultant is represented by its third (i) p{a+b) = pa+pb (\\){p + q)a= pa+q a
->
side i.e. in A^5C, by triangle law of (iii) p{q~a) = (pq)a
vector addition, we have
—»

BC + C4 = BA To prove a is parallel to b, we need to show that a = X b,

where X is a scalar.
NOTE The vector sum of three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0.

2. Parallelogram law of Components of a Vector

vector addition The position vector of any point P{x, y, z) with reference

If two vectors are represented along to O is given by OP (or r) = xi + yj + zk, where i and k
the two adjacent sides of a are unit vectors along the X-axis, 7-axis and Z-axis,
parallelogram, then their resultant is respectively.
represented by the diagonal of the This form of any vector is called its component form.
parallelogram through the common point. In the
parallelogram OABC, we have Here, x, y and z are called the scalar components of r and
OA + OC = OB xi, yj and zk are called the vector components of r along
the respective axes.
NOTE Both laws of vector addition are equivalent to each other.
1. Two dimensions If a point P in a plane has
Properties of Vector Addition coordinates (x, _y), then OP =x i y j, where / and J
—>

(i) Commutative For vectors a and b, we have are unit vectors along OX and (97-axes, respectively.

Then,|^j = V^^ + /
^

a-\- b = b + a.
-t -» -»
Yf
(ii) Associative For vectors a, b and c, we have
i
a + (^+ c)-{a+ b)+ c.
^ >

(iii) Additive identity For any vector a, a zero vector 0 is

—> ^ ^

its additive identity as a+ 0 = a. 0

(iv) Additive inverse For a vector a, a negative vector of

2. Three dimensions If a point P in a plane has
a is its additive inverse as a + (- a ) = 0.
(v) The associative property of vector addition enables us
coordinates (x, y, z), then OP = x / + y y + z X, where
A, A ^

iyj and k are unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ-axes,

—»

to write the sum of three vectors a, b and c as

respectively.
—* —> ^

a + b+ c without using brackets.

Then, | OP\ = ^x^+y^+z^
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar .z

Let a be a given vector and X be a scalar, then y.z)

^

multiplication of vector a by scalar X, denoted as X a, is

also a vector, collinear to the vector a whose magnitude is
^ ^

I X| times that of vector a i.e. | X a| =( X| | ^7| and its direction I

is same as a, if X >0; opposite of a, if X <0and zero 'X
vector, if X =0.
Vector Algebra 307

■»

Important Facts and magnitude of P, P2 i.e. | Pi -P21 distance between two

^ —y

If we have two vectors a and b, given in component form points)

as a = a^i + aiJ + and b - b[i + b2j + b^k and X be = ^(X2-x^f+(y2-y))+(^2~^\)^

any scalar, then
A

(i) a + b = (ai +bi)i +(^2 +^2)^ + (^3 +^3)^

/S

Section Formula
-» ->
Position vector OR of point R which divides the line
(ii) a-b = {a^ ~b^)i +(^2 -^2)7+(«3 “ —>

segment joining the points A and B with position vectors a

(iii) Xa = (Xoi)i +(Xu2)j + {Xa2,)k and b respectively, internally in the ratio w:«is given by
-4
(iv) (3 = iff <3i =61,^2 =^2 <^3 “ ^3 mb + na
OR =
m + n
(v) a and b are collinear (or parallel) iff
a n
1 ^2 m 4 <■ 4

= — -X (non-zero scalar) h
h *3 -4

A (a) R{OB) B(b)

For external division,

Vector Joining of Two Points

-»

mb - na
OR -
If Pi (x:i, yi, z,) and P2 (^2, ^2 > ^2) points, then m - n

m
the vector joining P, and P2 is the vector P\P2- n 4

OP2-OP1 ={x2i +yij + Z2^ )-{x\i +yiy + 2,^) A (a) Bib) R{OR)
NOTE Position vector 0^ of mid-point R of the line segment joining the
—♦ -T*
I.e.
P1P2 = {X2 -^1 ) /■ + (^2 - Pi ) y + (^2 - ^1 ) ^ —♦ —* ^ 0 + b
points A(a) and B(b) is given by OR =—-

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions r
3. Two vectors a =a^i +02] + a^k and
-4

Multiple Choice Questions ^ ^ A

-4 -4
b =b^i + 627 + b^k are collinear, if CBSE 2023

●j ^ The position vectors of points P and Q are p and q. (a) czjbi -I- £?2^2 ^3^3 ~ ^
respectively. The point R divides line segment PQ in (b)^= ^2 _ ^3
the ratio 3 : 1 and S is the mid-point of line segment b, b2 b3
PR. The position veetor of S is CBSE 2024
(c) ,fl2 - bi,Clz - ^3
(d) -I- ^2 *^3 ” + ^2 ^3
—»

(a)i^
p + 3q
(b) —y A A A A —y
4
4^ If a + b = i and a =2i -2j +2k, then | b \ equals
-4
CBSE 2023
5p-\-2q
(c) (d)
4 (a)Vu (b)3 (c)Vi2 (d)Vn
2. The magnitude of the vector 6i - 2j + 3k is CBSE 2023 5. A unit vector along the vector 4i - 3k is CBSE 2023

1
(a)l
(a)i(4i-3k)
(b)5 7 (b)j(4i-3k)
(d)^(4?-3i)
1
(c)7 (c) (4i~3k)
(d)12 V7 Vs
 308 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

6. In AABC, AB =i + j -¥2k and AC =3/ - j + 4k. If D is Very Short Answers Questions

3 -
mid-point of 5C, then vector AD is equal to CBSE 2023 12. Find a unit vector in the direction opposite to - — j.
(a) 4/ + 6k (b) 2i -2j + 2k CBSB Sample Paper 2021

(c)l-J + k (d) 2i + 3k 13. Vector of magnitude 5 units and in the direction

TZ opposite to 2i + 3y - 6^ is
7. If a vector makes an angle of — with the positive
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2020
directions of both X-a.xis and F-axis, then the angle —» —»

which it makes with positive Z-axis is CBSE 2023 14. Give an example of vectors a and b such that ] a ] = | ^ [
K 3rc
(a)- but a ^ b.
(b)- CBSE Sample Paper 2018 .

15. Find the position vector of a point which divides the

{d)0 ^ ^ —> —>

jom of points with position vectors a - 2 b and 2a + b

externally in the ratio 2:1. Delhi 2016
8. Unit vector along PQ, where coordinates of P and Q -
respectively are (2,1, -1) and (4,4 - 7) is CBSE 2023
-»

16. \i a = Ai - j + k and b =2i -2j + k, then find a unit

(a) 2l + 3J-6k (h)-2i-3j + 6k
vector parallel to the vector a+ b. All India 2016
, , 2/ 3] 6k ... 2i
(d)-
7 7 7 1 1 17. The two vectors j + k and 3 i - / + 4 ^ represent the
two sides AB and AC respectively of AABC. Find the
9. Position vector of the mid-point of line segment AB is
length of the median through .4. De/hi 20I6; Foreign 2015
3i +2j -3 k. If position vector of the point A is
2/ +3y - Ak, then position vector of the point B is 18. Write the direction ratios of the vector3 a +2 b, where
CBSE 2023 -»

, , 5 ^ 5 7 a = i + j - 2k and b = 2i -Aj+ 5k. All India 2015C

(a) -1 4- - - (b)^4/ +J-2k
2 2 2
19. Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the
I
(c) 5/ + 5J- lie (d)-
2 2
vectors 2i +3J -k and 4i - 3j + 2k . Foreign 2075

20. Find a vector in the direction of vector 2i - 3j +6k

10. ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals intersect at E.
which has magnitude 21 imits. Foreign 2014
Then, £A + EB + EC + ED equals to
CBSE Sample paper 2023 55 ISlfcONCEPT
(a)0 (b)AD (c)2BD (d)2AD To find a vector in the direction of given vector, first of
—^ ^ A A
all we find unit vector in the direction of given vector
11. Assertion (A) The vectors a =6i +2j -8^, and then multiply it with given magnitude.

^ = 1 Of —2j -6k, c =4i -4j + 2k represent the sides

21. Find a vector a of magnitude 5^/2, making an angle of
of a irght angled triangle. 7C 71
— with ^-axis, — with F-axis and an acute angle 0
Reason (R) Three non-zero vectors of which none of
two are collinear forms a triangle, if their resultant is with Z-axis. All India 2014
zero vector or sum of any two vectors is equal to the
third. CBSE 2024 22. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct vectors a = 2/ +2j -5k and b = 2i + J - lie.
explanation of (A), Delhi 2014C
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R)^s not the
correct explanation of (A), 23. Find the value of p for which the vectors 3f +2j + 9k
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect. ^
and i -2pj + 3k are parallel. All India 2014
(d) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect.
 309
Vector Algebra

24. Write the value of cosine of the angle which the vector a point N which divides the line segment LM in the ratio
2 : 1 externally. AW India 2013

a = i +j + k makes with F-axis. Delhi 2014C

33. Find the sum of the vectors a = i -2J + k,

25. Find the angle between .Y'-axis and the vector / +J + /c. ^ ^ A ^ ^ A A
All India 2014C b =-2i +Aj +5k and c =i -6j -Ik. Delhi 2012

26. Write a vector in the direction of the vector i -2j + 2k 34. Find the sum of the following vectors
that has magnitude 9 units. Delhi 2014C ->

->
a i -3k, b=2j -ic, c -2i - 3j +2k
= i Delhi 2012

27. Write.aunit vector in the direction of vector PQ, where

35. Find the sum of the following vectors
P and Q are the points (1,3,0) and (4,5,6), respectively. -»

a = I / —2j, b = 2i —3j, c = 2i + 3k Delhi 2012

Foreign 2014

CONCEPT 36. For what value of a, the vectors 2/ -3j + Ak and

ai +6J -^k are collinear? Delhi 2011
First, find the vector PQ by using the formula
(X2 -Xi)/ + (y2 - Vi) j +{Z2 -z^)k, then required unit vector ggisaa CONCEPT
PQ
is given by If Q and b are collinear, then use the condition q =Xb,
where X is some scalar.
PQ|
n '■ K
28. If a unit vector a makes angle — with /, — with / and 2 Marks Questions
4

an acute angle 0 with k, then find the value of0. 37. Find all the vectors of magnitude 3^^3 which are
Delhi 2013
collinear to vector i + j + k. CBSE 2023

29. Write aunit vector in the dirgction of the sumof vs^tprs

38. Position vectors of the points A, B and C as shown in
'’'^'& = 2ix- j 4-JZk and b = - i + j + 3 k. Delhi 2013 —^ ^

the figure below are a, b and c, respectively. CBSE2023

30. \f a = xi‘'+2j - -zk and b -3i - yj + k are two
A(a) B(^) C(c)
equal vectors, then write the value of x + y + z.
Delhi 2013 5 ^ ^
If = - AB, then express c in terms of a and b.
31. P and Q are two points with position vectors
39. Let /,, m,, ; / = 1, 2, 3 be the direction cosines of three
^ ^ ^

3 a - 2 b and a b, respectively. Write the position

vector of a point R which divides the line segment mutually perpendicular vectors in space. Show that
PQ in the ratio 2 : 1 externally. All India 2013 /i1 /«] «i
AA' = where A - h m2 «2 ■
—»

32. L and M are two points with position vectors 2a — b h ^2 ^3

^ ^
CBSE Sample Paper 2017
and a +2 b, respectively. Write the position vector of
 [^Explanations]
i

1?-V:
> ●
c ‘vCf

1- {d) Position vector ofP, OP = p 5. (b) Let a =Ai -3k

-» —»

Position vector of Q, OQ = q Now, unit vector along a is

Since, point R divides line segment PQ in the ratio 3:1. a 4/ -3k Ai-3k
a =
Position vector of point/? is
-4 a\ V(4)'+(0)'+(-3)^ Vf6 + 9
OR =
30^ + lOP 3^ + jt?
3 + 1 4
vS s' ’
Also, S is the mid-point of line segment PR.
6* {d) By using the triangle law of vector addition, we
Position vector of point S is have
■>

-> 3q + p => BC = AC- AB

OP + OR 4
OS =
l + I 2 = (3i -j+4k)-(i -hj + 2k) = 2i -2j+2k
—» —» -*
1
BD=-BC [given]
4p+3q+ p 5p + 3q 2
8
=i-J+k
2. (c) Let a =6/ -2j +3k In /SABD, by using triangle law of vector addition,
we have
Magnitude of a = \a\ = +(-2)^ +(3)^
= V36 + 4 + 9=V49 = 7
~AD = ^+^^iC^-j+2k) + i(-j + k)--2l+3k
7. (c) Let the required angle be 0.
3.{i) We know that the two vectors a =a^i +^27 +<23^ TC n
/=cos —, w = cos — and n = cos 0
A A 1
4 4
and b = b] / + 627 + are collinear iff—
/>2 ^3 We know that /^ + + /r = 1
^ ^ A A
2 tc 2 ^ 2 rt ,
4.{b) Given, a + b = i and a - 2i -2j +2k => cos —+COS —+COS 0=1
4 4
^ ^ ^

Let b =b]i + biJ + 63/:

i2 + i+cos^0
2
= l=» cos^0=O=>0 = —
2
Now, a + b-i
8- (r/) Given, points are /^(2,1, -1) and Q(4, 4, - 7).
=> (2z -2J + 2k) + {bii +/»27 + ^3^) = ^ +O7 +0^
Here, .v, = 2, y, = I, z, = -1
^ (2 + 6j) / + (— 2 + 62 )y + (2 + />3) A =; + Oy + 0^ and X2 ~ 4,-^2 = 4, Z2 = - 7
On comparing the coefficient of i, j and k, we get
So, vector Pg = -Xt)i+ {^2 - J'l )j + (^2 - 2, )A
2 + /j, =1 =>/7i =-l
= (4-2)i+(4-l)j + (-7 + l)i
— 2 + /?2 —0^^2
and 2 + 63 =0=>63 = — 2
= 2i+3j-6>t
Magnitude of given vector
b =b^i + b2j + bj^k ■=-i+2j-2k
|P^| = V2^+3^+(-6)^
\b\ = ^|(-lf +(2f +(-2f =Vl + 4 + 4 = ^/9=3
= -^4 + 9 + 36 = = 7 units
 311
Vector Algebra

If these three vectors forms right angle triangle, then

Hence, the unit vector in the direction of PQ is
they satisfy the Pythagoras theorem.
—» ^ —> —♦ —
PQ li+^j-6k 2^ 3 ^ 6 2
+b^ ox =c^ -¥b^
= — i +-J —k i.e. c -a

7 7 7^ 7
\PQ
or b^ = a

9. (b) Given, position vector of the mid-point of line

segment = 3i + 2J - 3k and position vector of point Now, \~S\=^6^ +2^ +{-Sf
A=2i+3j-4k.
= ^36 + 4 + 64^^Jm=2^|^
Let M be the mid-point of line segment AB
and position vector of B is (xi + yj + zk). \~b\=^\0^ +(-2f +(-6f
=^m + 4+36=4m=2^l^
A{2j + 3i-4k) M(3f+2/-3^c) B{xi + yf + zk)
By mid-point of line segment, we have I C 1=^4^+(-4)^+2^
x+2 ^ ^
2
=3=>x+2 = 6=»x = 4, = ^16 + 16 + 4 = 7^ = 6
-¥ -»
V +3 a + c = b
Here,
^^ = 2=i-y + 3 = 4=>y=l Thus, they represents the side of triangle.
z-4
and = -3
2 Also,|a|2+ |1l^ =\t\^
z — 4 = —6^z = -2 Hence, the given vectors forms right angle triangle.
Hence, the position vector of point 5 = 4/ + y - 2k. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct.
-*
3 ^
10. (a) We know that diagonals of a rhombus bisect each .● 12. Let a So, any vector in the direction opposite
other.
-* —»
^ 3
to a is given by b a =—j
4

6=^ V
b
^3 'I ^
4 4

£v4l = |£C|and|£Z)| = |£5 So, the required unit vector is j. (1)

4

EA =-EC and£Z)=-£5 13. Unit vector in the direction of 2i + 3y - 6A: is

2i + 3y —6k 2/ + 3y - 6k
['.● they are opposite to each other]
V(2)"+(3)"+(-6)" 74 + 9 + 36
=j> £^ + £C = 0 and ££ + £5 = 0

On adding both the equations, we get = — {2i + 3y — 6A)

(1/2)

EA+EB + EC + ED = 0 .'. Vector of magnitude 5 units in the direction opposite

11. (a) Given vectors are to2i + 3J - 6k is — (~2i - 3y + 6k). (1/2)
7

a =6i + 2j — sic 14. Let a-i+j and b = i - j.

-¥

b=l0i-2j-6k
Then,la| = 7l^ +1^ =^^ and l = 7l^ + (-1)^ =V2
-4
-4
and c=4z-4y+2^ i.e. a\=\b\, but a ^ b. (1)
312 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

■* Alternate Method
15. Let given position vectors are = a -2b and —» ^ —»
-» Given, AB =J + i and AC = 3?~ ] + 4k
OB=2a + b.
Now, BC - BA + AC =- AB + AC
Let OC be the position vector of a point C which
= -(j + k)^{2i -j + 4k)
divides the join of points, with position vectors OA
= 3i ~2j +3A
and OB, externally in the ratio 2:1. (1/2)
4

2 0B -\OA
OC = [by external section formula]
2-1

2 (2fl + i)-l(fl-2I)
1
-*

= 4a+2b - a+26 = 3a+4A (1/2)

(1/2)
16. Given, vectors are Since, AD is median.
-» 1 1 - ^ 3.^3''
a =4i - j + k, 6=2/ - 2j + k BD = -(SC) = -(3/-2y+3A) = -/-y+-A

a+~b = {4i-J + k) + {2l-2J-i-k)

—> —> —»
Now,
Now, AD - AB + BD
= 6/ - 3y + 2k ^ 3,^ 3, 5-
=j+k+-i -j+-k=-i+-k
and |a+6| = V(6)^+(-3)"+(2)^ __2 2 2
= -v/36 + 9 + 4 - V49 - 7 units —» f 3 \2
Length of AD =-^ -
(1/2) +
2 2
The unit vector parallel to the vector a + 6 is
V^7x^/2 17
— units (1/2)
a+ b 6i-3j+2k 2 2
1 —»

a+ 6| 18. Clearly, 3 a +2 6=3 (/ + j-2k)+2 (2/ -4y+5A:)

(1/2) = (3/ + 3y - 6A) + (4/ - 8y + 10^)
17. Given, AB = j + k and AC = 3/ - j + 4k = 7/-5y + 4/t (1/2)
—»

Hence, the direction ratios of vector 3 a + 2 6 are 7,

- 5 and 4. (1/2)

19. Let a =2i -k and b =4i ~3j +2k

Now, sum of two vectors,

a+ 6 = (2/ +3y-^) + (4/ -3J +2k) = 6i +k (1/2)

AB + AC
Clearly, median vector, AD = a+ b
2
Required unit vector =
{j + k) + {3i-j + 4k) 3/ +5/t
I ^1
2 2 (1/2)
6i +k 6i +k _6i + k _ 6 (1/2)
Now, length of median = | AD +1^ V36 +1 -\^7
/-,\2 /
3
+ 20. Let a = 2 i - 3j + 6k
vu V2j 2^ 2
Vr7xV2 17
Then, a
| = /(2)'+(-3)'+(6)2
— units
2 2 (1/2) = 3/4 + 9 + 36 = V49 = 7 units (1/2)
Vector Algebra 313

The unit vector in the direction of the given vector a is 24. Given, a =i + j + k

a Now, unit vector in the direction of a is

a — = —1 (2 / “3y^ +6k) = —7 i ~ —7-^7
j — it —»

\a a -
a / +y+^
V(l)"+(1)'+(!)'
—»

Now, the vector of magnitude is equal to 21 units and a

in the direction of a is given by i+j + k 1 - 1 . 1 .-

k
(2-i-
'■ 3 . 6 ■ S
21a=21 -j+-k = 6i-9j + m (1/2)
7 ij ^
Cosine of the angle which given vector makes with
n n 1
21. Here, we have / - cos —, w = cos — and n = cos 0 T-axis is (1)
4’ 2 V3
1
=5. / = , m = 0 and n - cos 0 25. Let a = i + j + k
Now, unit vector in the direction of a is
We know that, /^ + =1 —»

a -
a 1 +j + k .
a =
i+j+k
\2
V3
1
+ (0)^ + «^ = 1 => -2 + n^ = {
1
1^1 Vl'
V 4i~)
1 1 a —
+-Fy + -p^ (1/2)
=> « = V3 V3 V3
2 2 V2
So, angle between ^f-axis and the vector
[*.● 0 is an acute angle with Z-axis] 1 1
-1
1 7t / +y + is cos a = => a = cos
cos0 = => 0= -
4
^/3 ^/5 J

1 1 [v a -/i + my + andcosa = /
Thus, the DC’s of a line are 0 (1/2)
V2”V2' ^ a =cos"' /] (1/2)
—* 26. Do same as Q. No. 20. Ans. 3/ -6j +6k
Vector a =\ a \ (li + mj +nk)
27. Given, points are P (1,3,0) and Q (4,5,6).
1
= 5>/2 /■+ (0)y + k [v| a| = 5'72, given] Here, =1, yj =3, z, =0andx2 =4, y>2 =5, Z2 =6
V2 41~ )
= 5/+5if (1/2) So, vector PQ = (X2 - -^i) ( + {yi ~ Tt )J + (^2 “ )*
1 = (4-l)/+(5-3)y + (6-0)A
22. Do same as Q. No. 19. Ans. (4/+3y-l2^)
13 = 3/ +2y +6^ (1/2)

23. Given, 3/ +2y -\-9k and i - 2pj + 2k are two parallel .-. Magnitude of given vector
vectors, so their direction ratios will be proportional.
= =^9 + 4 + 36 = ^49 = 7 units
3 ^___9 2 3
1 -2p~'i ^ -2p~ \ Hence, the unit vector in the direction of PQ is
1 PQ 3/+2y+6;f
1
3^ 2 ^
= - / + - J +-k
6 r
(1/2)
(1)
= p = -- 7 7 1^ 7
PQ

Common in these questions students commonly 28. Here, we have

Mistake 7C 7t
use 0 ■ b = 0, but if they are parallel / = cos m-cos — andn = cos6
3 4
use

02 b2 C2 1 1
=> I = -,m = and n - cos 0
2 V2
 314 - Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

We know that /" + =1

/ , \2
1
.
1
\2
1 1
37. Let 'r =1 +J + k
+ + =]=>n2 =1 —
\2J V2 4 2 = +l2+l2
2 4-1-2 1 1 1
n
4
= -=>« = + -
4 2
(1/2) Now, unit vector of r = P = -^ / + 1 + -^k (1)
I
^/3 VJ
cos 0 = ± -
2 All the vectors of magnitude 3^|3 which are
1
But 9 is an acute angle, therefore cos 9 = - collinearto r.

1 ^
3^3 -p 1 1 r
7C / +-=j+^k = 3/ +3y +3^ (1)
0=-
3
(1/2) V3 V3 WJ
1 - 5 « ●t
29. Do same as Q. No. 19. Ans. Enhancer
We know that.

unit vector r = —

30. Given, a = b xi +2j - zk =3i ~ yj + k |r!

and magnitude of r = |r | =
On comparing the coefficient of components, we get
X = 3 , y = -2, z = -1 38. Given condition is,
Now, j: + _v+z = 3- 2-1 = 0 0) —» 5 —> ^ —* 5 ^ ^
AC =— AB ^ c — a - -(b-a)
^●1 —^ ^ 4
● Do same as Q. No. 15. Ans. -a + 4 b
^ ^ ^ ^ ^

4(c-a) = 5(Z>-a) =» 4c-4a=56—5a

32. Do same as Q. No. 15. Ajis. 5 b —» -» -» —»
A A A 4c=56-5a+4a
33. Given, vectors are a = i -2j + k,
-> 1
4c=56-a c = -(5A-«) (2)
b=-2i+4j+5k and c -i ~6j -7k.
-»
/1 ^”1 /1 h h
Sum of the vectors a, b and c is
39. Given,/^ = I2 m2 ri2 .then/I'= mi m2 m3
a + /) + c = (i - 2y + ^ ) + (- 2 z + 4y + 5A^)
Z3 m3 «3 «i «2 «3
+ (i-6J-7k)
= -4j-k (1) Also given, ,L, m,- «,●; i = 1,2,3 be direction cosines of
mutually perpendicular vectors, so
34. Do same as Q. No. 33.
Ans. 3i - J -2k if + mf + nf = Zlf = for each i = 1,2,3
35. Do same as Q. No. 33. and 11 Ij + mj ttij + n,- tij = "Lli Ij =0(i^ J)
Ans. 5i - 5j + 3k for each /,y=l,2,3 ...(ii) (1)
A A A I1 /”i «i l\1 I2 ^3
36. Let given vectors are a = 2 2 - 3y + 4^^
^ ^ ^ Now, AA' = h m2 «2 mj m2 m3
and b -ai + 6y - 8 ^
h m3 «3 «i «3

We know that vectors a and b are said to be collinear,

—> —^
1.1,1J 11,J
if a = A’ ● ^ , where A: is a scalar. zif
2 /-3j + 4A' = 2t(af+6y-8^) (1/2) zifij Ilf
On comparing the coefficients of i and j, we get 1 0 0
1
2 = ka and -3 = 6k => k = - 0 1 0 [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2
1
0 0 1
2 = — a =i>a=-4
2 (1/2) =h (l)
TOPIC 2

Prdouct of Two Vectors

Dot (or Scalar) Product of Vector (or Cross) Product

Two Vectors of Two Vectors
If0 is the angle between two non-zero
If0 is the angle between two non-zero vectors a and b.
then the scalar or dot product, denoted by a- 6, is given by non-parallel vectors a and b, then the cross n
—> —>
a- h = a Z>|cos0, whereO<0 <n. product of vectors, denoted by ax 6, is
NOTE given by
(i) a- b is a real number,
-n
> ^ ^ ^ ^ a
(ii) If either a = 0 or ^ = 0, then 6 is not defined and in this ax i =1 a| I Z)|sin6 «, such thatO<0 < 7i,
case, we define a- b =0 —i

where w is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b,

Properties of dot product of ^ ^ A
such that a, b and n form a right handed system.
two vectors
NOTE
(i) ax b is a vector quantity, whose magnitude is
(i) a- b = b- a [i.e., dot product is commutative] |ox^| = |o||^| sin 0.
—♦ -»

(ii) (a 0) = 0 (ii) If either a = 0 orB = 0, then 6 is not defined and in this

(iii) a-(b + c) = a- b + a- c [distributive property] case, we define a x^ = 0.
(iv) If a and b are perpendicular to each other, then
' —>

a ■ b = 0, converse is also true. Properties of cross product of two vectors

(i) Unit vector n which is perpendicular to both the
—» a- b
(v) Projection of a on b = and projection of b on vectors a and b, is given by
1*1 -»
—> —> a X 6
a- b f? = ±
a =

a
\ a X h\

(vi) Angle between two non-zero vectors a and b is (ii) Relation between dot and cross-product is
(a- by +1 ax = I a\^ \ b\^.
—»—*

a ● b -! a- b
given by cos 0 = or 0 = cos
—*
(iii) Angle between two non-zero vectors is given by
a |-| b a \-\b
a X b ax b\
sin 0 = or 0=sin
(vii) a- a =1 a I ^
a b all b|
(viii) i ■ i = j ■ j = k -k = \ or |?|^ =|y'|^ = \k\^^\
(ix) i ■ j = j ■ k = k ■ i =0 (iv) a X a = 0
-4 —¥

(v) a X b =- b X a [not commutative]

(x) If a + a^j + a^k and b = b^i + bij + b^k, then
—» —>

a ■ b = a^b^ +^^2*2 (vi) ax{b+c) = axb-\-axc [distributive property]

—»

(xi) (K - a) - b = X{a - b) = a-(X- b), where X is any scalar, (vii) X{ax b) = (k a)x b ~ ax(k b)
“4 ^ ^ ♦

(xii) If0 =0, then a- b =| a|| b\\ if0 = tc , then (viii) If a is parallel to b, then a x b = 0 and converse is
also true.
a- b =-\ a\\ b\.
 316 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Or
k J

Two non-zero vectors a, b are collinear iff ax Z> = 0

(ix) If0 then \ ax b\ = A

(x) If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a (xiv)j xi - -k, k xj = -i andi xk = - j

-*

parallelogram, then its area is given by | ax b\. (xv) If a =a^i +a2j + ^^3^ and b = b^i +^2^
-» i j k
(xi) If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a triangle, -4

1 -» then a X b = a 1 02 a-i

then its area is given by = j | a x 6 j. 6]

A
^2 ^3
A ^

—»
= (‘^'2^3 “'^3^2)^ +(^^3^1 “^1^3)7 +(^1^2 -02b\)k
(xii) If and d2 represent the diagonals of a
1.^ ^ (xvi) If A, B and C are the position vectors of plane ABC,
parallelogram, then its area is given by ^ | x c/2 t- then the unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC is
4

ABxAC
(xiii)/ X i = j X j k X k = Q

and i X j = kj x k = i,k x i = j \AB xAC\

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions -4

4. If 9 is the angle between two vectors a and b, then

Multiple Choice Questions a ■ b >0 only when C8SE 2023

■ The sine of the angle between the vectors 7C

/S A A A A (a)O<0<- (b)O<0<-
2 2
a = 3/ +j+2k and b = i + J +2k is CBSE 2023
(c) O<0< 71 (d)O<0<7t
(b)-^ 5. The area of a triangle with vertices A, B, C is given by
421
C6SE Samp/e Paper 2023
id) 4 (a) \ ABxAC (b) -2 I ^ X I
-» -»
1 1
2* a and b are two non-zero vectors such that the (c)-IACxAB (d)-\ACxAB
—» -4
4 8
projection of a on is 0. The angle between a and b
IS CBSE 2023 6‘ The scalar projection of the vector 3i - j-2k on the
7U vector / + 2j - 3>k is CBSE Sample Poper 2023
(a)- {b)7l
7
7E
(d)0
(a)-^
VI4
(b)-
14

^ 7Z
(c)4
13
3- If the angle between the vectors a and ^ is — and —»

-4 —»
7. If two vectors a and b are such that] a | =2,1 6 | = 3
a X b\ = \, then a ■ b is equal to CBSE 2023 -4 -4

and a ● = 4, then | a -2 61 is equal to

(a)-l (b) 1
1 CBSE Sample paper 2023
(c) (d)V2 (a)V2 (b) 2V6 (c) 24 (d)
V2
 317
Vector Algebra -

S, lfa=4i+ 6J and h =3] + 4k, then the vector form of 19, If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a+ b+ c = 0, then
^ «
write the value oi a- b + b- c + c- a. Foreign 2016
the component of a along b is CBSE Somple Paper 2023
18 - 18

(a)-y(3/ + 4A) (b)^(3y + 4*) 20. If| a X 6 1^+1 a-= 400and \a | = 5, then write the
18 a a 18 a —>

(c)j(3i + 4k) (d)^(2/+4;)

25
value of| 6[. foreign 2076

9. The value of X, for which two vectors 2i - j -^2k and 21. Ifa=7/+y-4^ and 6 =2i +6J +3k, then find the
3i +X] + ic are perpendicular is CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023 projection of a on b. Delhi 2015,2013C

(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d)8 22. If b and c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors,
10. If(2i +6y+27^)x(/ + pj + =0, then the then find the value of 12 a + i + 31. All India 2015

values of p and q are CBSE Samp/e Paper 2020

27 23. Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors
(a) p = 6 and q-21 (b) p = 3 and
—»! A ^ A A

a =i + j + k and b = i + J. All India 2015

27
(c) p = 6 and 9 = ~ (d) p = 3 and q = 27 ss 13^oncept
First determine perpendicular vectors of a and b, i.e.
Very Short Answer Questions
axb. Further, determine perpendicular unit vector by
11. Find the area of the triangle whose two sides are -♦ V
represented by the vectors 2 i and - 3j. axb
using formula
CBSE Somp/e Paper 2027
|oxb|
12. Find the angle between the unit vectors a and b, given 24. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides
that I a + b I =1. CBSE Samp/e Paper 2027
are represented by the vectors 2 / - 3 k and 4y + 2
13. Find the projection of the vector i - j on the vector foreign 2075
A A

/ +y. De/hi 2020

—»

25. If a and b are perpendicular vectors, | a + b | = 13 and

14. If a is a non-zero vector, then find the value of a {= 5, then find the value of | b |. All India 2014

{a-i)i +{a- J)J -^{a-k)k. Delhi 2020

26. If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + b is also
15. The magnitude of projection of (2i + / + A:) on
a unit vector, then find the angle between a and b.
(/ - 2j + 2k) is CBSE Sample Paper 2020 Delhi 2014

16. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors a and 27. Find the projection of the vector / + 3j
A A ^
Ik on the
vector2/ -3j +bk. Delhi 2014
b, having the same magnitude such that the angle
9
between them is 60° and their scalar product is 28. Write the projection of vector i + J + k along the
CBSE 2078
vector J. foreign 2074

29. Write the value of the following

17. Find A. andp, if (/ + 3J + 9k)x(3i -Xj +[Jc) = 0.
All India 2016 i x(J + k)+ J x(k + i) + k x(i + j) Foreign 2014

—>

18. Write the number of vectors of unit length 30, If a and b are unit vectors, then find the angle
—> A A A

perpendicular to both the vectors a —2i + j +2k and between a and b, given that {VJ a is a unit
Delhi 2014C
b =j + ic. All India 2016
vector.
 318
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

—»

3*1 Jf I a j = 8,1Z) I = 3 and \a x b\ = \2, then find the angle 43. If a = 4i - J + k and b -2i - 2j + k, then find a unit
between a and b. AW India 2014C vector along the vector a x b. CBSE 2023

32. Write the projection of the vector ^ =2l -J + Jt on the

—i

44.1f r =3/ ~2j +6k, then find the value of

^ A A

vector b = i +2J +2A-. Delhi 2014C (r X j)-{r xk)~\2. CBSE 2023

33 Write the value of X, so that the vectors

45.1fa, b, c are three non-zero unequal vectors such that
a
= 2i +Aj+/c and b = i -2J + 3k are perpendicular
a ■ b = a ■ c, then find the angle between a and b - c.
to each other. Delhi 2013C, 2008
CBSE 2023
—» -»

34.1f a and b are two vectors such that a

+ Z)| =j a\, then 45. If a =i - j -hlk and b =5/ - j + 'kk, then find the
-»

prove that vector 2 a + b is perpendicular to vector b. value of X so that the vectors a + b and a - Z) are
Delhi 2013 orthogonal. CBSE Sample Paper 2023
-> —»

35.Findj x\, if for a unit vector a, (;c +a) = 15. 47.Find I a: |, if (x - a) ● (x + a) = 12, where a is a unit
All India 2013 vector. CSSE Sample Paper 2023

35.Find X, when projection of a = X/ + J +Ak on 48. Write the projection of the vector (b+ c) on the vector
.' A A A

b=2i + 6j +3/f is 4 units. Delhi 2012 a, where a = 2i - 2 / + /c, Z) = / + 2/ - 2k and

-» —>
c = 2i - j + 4k.
37.1f a - a =0 and a- h = 0, then what can be concluded CBSE 2022 Term II; All India 2013C

about the vector h ? Foreign 2011

49.1f a and b are unit vectors, then prove that
●' 0
\a + b\ = 2cos —, where 0 is the angle between them.
38.Write the projection of vector i - J on the vector i + j. 2 CBSE Somple Paper 2022 (Term II)
All India 2011
5Q.Find the area of the parallelogram whose one side and
a diagonal are represented by coinitial vectors
2 Marks Questions /-_/■ + k and 4 i + 5k, respectively.
-»
CBSE Sample Paper 2021
39.if the vectors a and b are such that | a | = 3, | 61 = -and
^
—» 5*j Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the
a X bis2i unit vector, then find the angle between a
^ A A A —> A A

—^
vectors a =4i +3J +k and b =2i - J +2k. Delhi 2020
and b. CBSE 2023; Delhi 2014; All India 2010 -4 -» —»

52.If a + b + c =0and j a| = 3, | Zj| = 5, | c| = 7, then find

4Q.Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides ^ ^ -> -♦

the value of a - b ●¥ b- c ■¥ c- a.
A A ^

are determined by the vectors a = i - j ■h3k and CBSE Sample Paper 2020
—*

b=2i-lj + k. CBSE 2023 53.Find| | and| Z? |, if | o | = 2| Zi | and

4*1.If a = i + j k and b = i +2j + 3k, then find a unit {a + b)-{a - Z)) = 12. Delhi 2020

^ ^ ^ ^

vector perpendicular to both a -h b and a - b. 54.1f the sum of two unit vectors a and 6 is a unit vector,
CBSE 2023 then show that the magnitude of their difference is ^^3.
Delhi 2019, 2012C
42. If the projection of the vector i + j + k on the vector

pi +j - 2k is then find the value of p. 55. if I a I =2,1 Zj I = 7 and a x b =3i +2J +6k, then find
CBSE 2023
the angle between a and b. All India 2019
 319
Vector Algebra -

56. Show that the points A (~2i +3>j + 5k), B (i +2j +3k) 68 Using vectors, find the area of the bABC with vertices
and C (7/ - Ic) are collinear. All India 2019
' A(\,2, 3),5(2,-l, 4)andC(4,5,-l).
All India 2020, 2013, Delhi 2017

57. Find I ax b\,\f a =2i + j ■\-3k and b =3i +5y -2k. 69. If 1 + j + k,2i +5J,3i +2j -3k and / -6j-k
All India 2019
respectively, are the position vectors of points A, B, C
58. If0 is the angle between two vectors / -2j + 3k and and D, then find the angle between the straight lines
3i - 2j + k, then find sin 0. CBSE 2018 AB and CD. Find whether AB and CD are collinear or
not. Delhi 2079
—» -i

59. If a+ b+ c =0and | a | = 5, | 6| = 6and| c | = 9, then

^ ^ 70. The scalar product of the vector a = i +j + k with a
find the angle between a and b. CBSE 2018C
unit vector along the sum of the vectors
60. Find the projection (vector) of 2/ - j + k on i -2j + k. b =2i +4j -5k and c = Xi + 2J + 3k is equal to 1.
CBSE Sample Paper 2018 Find the value of X and hence find the unit vector

along b + c. All India 2019, 2014

3 Marks Questions
—i

61. Find a vector of magnitude 4 units perpendicular 71. Let a = 4i + 5j - k, b = i - 4j + 5k

to each of the vectors 2/ -j+k and / +J-k and ^ A A ^ ^

and c = 3i + J - k. Find a vector d which is

hence verify your answer. CBSE 2024

—i perpendicular to both c and b and d ■ a = 2\. cBSE2018

62. Given a =2i - j + k, b =3i - k and c =2i + j -2k.
-»
72. If a, b and c are three mutually perpendicular vectors
Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both a and
b and c ● d = 3.
of the same magnitude, then prove that a+ b+ c is
CBSE 2024
equally inclined with the vectors a, b and c.
^ ^ ^
Delhi 2017, 2013C, 2011
63. Find the projection of vector (6 + c) on vector a,

SSlBli CONCEPT
> A A A > A A ^ A A

where a ~2i + 2j + k, b = i + 3j + k and c = i + k.

CBSE 2024
If three vectors and ^ are mutually perpendicular to
64. Three vectors a ■ h and c satisfy the condition
each other, then a-t -7=: c ● a =0 and if all three
vectors o,Sand c are equally inclined with the vector
a + 6 + c = 0. Evaluate the quantity
{S + S+c) that means each vectorS,S andS makes
-* —» -»

\i = a ■ b b ■ c -h c ■ a.\f\a\ = 3,\b\ = 4 and | c | = 2. equal angle with (S + S + "c) by using formula

CBSE 2023
a-b
COS0 =
-»

65. If| a 1 = 3, I 6| = 5, I cj = 4and a+ b+ c = 0, then find |Sl|S|

the value of {a- b+ b- c+ c- a). CBSE 2022 (Term II)
73. Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors
2/ - j + k, i - 3j - 5k and3f - 4y - 4k
66. lfa;>^0,ab = a-c, axb = axc, then show that respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled triangle.
—» Hence, find the area of the triangle. All India 2017

b = c. CBSE 2022 Term II; CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
74. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
2/ - 4y - 5^ and 2i + 2y -t- 3k. Find the two unit
4 Marks Questions vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal
vectors, find the area of the parallelogram. All India 2016
67. If a = i +2J + 3k and b =2i +4j -5k represent two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors 75. If r =xii + yj + zk, then find (r xi)-(r x J) + xy.
parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram. Delhi 2015
All India 2020
 320 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Or
76. If a = / +2j + k, h =2i + j and c =3/ - 4y - 5k,
> —^ —T
then find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the If n, b and c are three vectors, such that | a | = 3,
vectors {a - 6)and (c - b).
—^
AIUndia2015
1^1 = 4 and | c | = 5 and each one of these is
—»
perpendicular to the sum of other two, then find
77. If a -2i -3j + k, b=~i +A, c =2y - A are three
vectors, then find the area of the parallelogram having I <2+ C |. AIUndia20nC,20WC

diagonals (a + b) and + c). Delhi 2014C

_ _ A A —> A '' —»
83. If a =3i - j and b =2i + j — 5k, then express b in the
-* -* —> —> —> —^ > ●-> —>

78. Vectors a, b and c are such that a + b + c = 0 and form b = b\ + bi, where b\ |[ a and bj -L a.
-*
All India 2013C
a I =3,1 6 I = 5 and | c | = 7. Find the angle between a
-*

and b. Delhi 2014, 2008; All India 2008

84. lfa=i+J + k and b =j - k, then find a vector c, such
—^ —»

that a X c = b and a - c ●=5. Delhi 2013, 08

79. Find the vector p which is perpendicular to both
—»
-*

a =4/ +5j -ic and [5 =i -Aj +5k and p- q =21, 85. \i a = i - j + lk and b = 5/ - y + Xk, then find the
—^ ^
^ /N A ^

where q=5i ■¥ j - k. All India 2014C

value of X, so that a + b and a - 6 are perpendicular
vectors. All India 2013
80. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC,
where the position vectors of A, B and C are & laiaCONCEPT
2i - j + k,i + j + 2k and 2/ + 5k, respectively. ^ ^

All India 2014C

Use the result that if a and b are perpendicular, then
their dot product should be zero and simplify it.
55 laiacoNCEPT
A unit vector perpendicular to plane ABC is 86. If /7 = 5i + Xj -5k and q =i +5j ~5k, then find the
■>
AB X AC value of X, so that p-\- q and p - q are perpendicular
■> vectors. All India 2013
AB X AC \
-» —»

87. If a, b and c are three vectors, such that a = 5,

81. Find the values of A. for which the angle between the
vectors a = 2X i + 4Xj + k and b = li -2j + Xk is 6 j = 12,1 c I = 13 and a + b + c =Q, then find the
obtuse. All India 2013C
value of a- b + b- c + c- a. Delhi 2012

82. If a, b and c are three vectors such that each one is 88. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
perpendicular to the vector obtained by sum of the
a + b and a - b, where a =5i +2j +2k and
other two and [ a | = 3, j 6 | = 4 and | c | = 5, then prove
b = i +2j —2k. Delhi 2011
that I a + b + c I = 5^/2. All Indio 2013C,2010C
 , V. ' t;
[^Explanations]
1. (a) Given vectors are,
—i -*

a ● b
A, A ^ ^ A A
and cos 6 =
= 3i + j +2k and h = i + J +2k
—»
a

^ >
—* —> TZ I— 1
Let 9 be the angle between the vectors a and b, then a ■ b = I a 11 |cos —= V2 ■ [using Eq. (i)]
—» -*
V2
a X b\
sin0 = = 1

4. (b) We have, a ■ b>0

i j k
-*

a X b = 3 1 2 = /(2-2)-y(6-2) + ^(3-l) a\ \ bjcosB >0

1 1 2 COS0 >0
n
= -4j+2k O<0<
2

I a x>T\ = ^j{-4f+{2)^ =^/^ 5. (b)The area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides
—> —>

sin 0 -
(2xVs) AB and AC is given by | ^5 x AC \.
VliVb (^/2 X Vt) X (V2 X V3) - Hence, the area of the triangle with vertices A, B, C is
V5 5

21 given hy^\AB x AC |.
-*
6. {a) Let a = 3 i - j - 2k and 6 = / + 2j - 3 k scalar
2. (a) Given, projection of a on b is 0.
a ■ b
a ■ b projection of o on 6 is given by
= 0=> a ■ b =0

1*1
\b\
/. Required scalar projection is given by
Now, let 0 be the angle between the two vectors then,
—♦ —» (3i-J~2k)-0+2J-3h
a ■ b
COS0 - =0 \i^2j-3k\
a\-\b\ 3-2 + 6 1

COS0 =cos —
Tt
V(1)^+(2)^+(-3)2 vs
2

Tt 7. (^)) Given, I a I =2,1 61 =3 and a ● Z? =4

0=-
2
Now, I a - 26 = (a - 26) -(£7 -26)
—» -> 71
3. (6) Given, the angle between the vectors a and * is — —» —» -t -* -¥ -* -¥

a - 2 b\^ = a ■ a -2a ● b - 2 b ● a + 4 b ● b
—y —>

and I £z X 61 = 1
—*

= |fl|2-4a-6+4|6|^
-»

We know that, sin 0 =

a X 6| = (2)'-4(4)+ 4(3)'
—¥
= 4-16 + 36 = 24
\ci\\b\
.
Sin — =
7t 1
=i- I £Z I -| 6| = V2 ...(i)
a-2 6 1^=24
4
l«!l *1 a -26| = V^ = 2V6
322 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

\a\^ + \b\^ +2a-b = \

8.{^>) Vector component of a along b is b
b\ 1 +1 + 21 a 11 ^ I cos 0 = 1 Ma|=|^l = l]
Qj + Aic) 18 2 cos 0 = -1
=>(4/+6y)-(3j + 4yt) = —(3/ + 4^) 1
+ 4 2,2 25
cos 0 = -
2

9.(iJ0 Let a =2; -y +2A: n 2n

0 = 7C (1/2)
3 3
and =3/ + V + ^
13. Let a = i - j and b = i +j
Now, ~a Lb, then
a ■ b
—» —*

a- b =0
We know that projection of a on 6 is (1/2)
h
=> (2/ - j +lk) ■ {3( + Xj + k) = i)
(J-h-O+J) 1-1 = 0
6-X+2=0 (1/2)
i+J J2
X=S

lO.(^) Given, {2i + 6J +27^)x(/ + pj + qk) = <d Common Here, student commonly confuse in
Mistake
-♦ -4

—> Q . H
i j k projection of a on b is and
Ibl
2 6 27 =0
Q ■ b
1 P q projection of b on a is ^ . So, student be careful in use
|o|
=> i{6q -27p)-j.Qq -27) + /:(2/?-6) = 0 of projection.

=>/(6g-27p)+y(27-2g) + A(2;7-6)=0
14. Let a =xi + yj L zk
On comparing the corresponding terms both sides,
we get {a -i) = {xi ^ yj + zk)i =x, {a -j) = y
27-2^=0 and2j? = 6 —»

and (a -k) = z (1/2)

9 = y and/? = 3 —» —»

Now, (a-i)i +(a- j)j + (a-k)k =xi + yj + zk = a

A ^

11 .Let a = 2i and b =-3j (1/2)

15.Projection of (2/ +j+ k)on(i -2j + 2k)is

Area of triangle = 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (2i +J+k)-0 -2] + 2k) 2-2 + 2

= i|(20x(-3j)| i -2j + 2k\ ^l + {-2f+{2f

1 2__2
-\-6k
2
[:ixj^k] V9"3
2
1 Required magnitude is - units.
= - x6 = 3 sq units (1) (1)
2 ^
—» —* —»

12. We have, \a + b\ = \ 15.Given, two vectors a and b such that | a |=| 6|,
9
Let 0 be the angle between a and b. a- b = - and angle between them is 60°.
Now, I (5 + b I = 1
We know that a- b = \ a j | b |cos0,
I ^ + b 1^
{a+ b)-{a+b) = \ (1/2) where 0 is angle between a and b. (1/2)
Vector Algebra 323

9
a j-j a I cos60 =i> l + I + l+ 2(a-6 + Z)-c + c-<j) = 0
2

1 ,-,2 9 1 [v|a[ = |6|=|c| = l]

- ● uz ●/ cos 60" = -
2 2 2 -i -» -» ^ ^ -3
a- b + h- c + c- a = (1/2)
2
|«|'=9 ^ czj = 3
['.■ magnitude cannot be negative] 20.Given,|ax b\ +| a- b\ =400and|a| = 5

Thus, a I = 1 b I =3 (1/2) Consider, \a X +|(3- /)|^ = 400

17_Given, (z +3y + 9A) x (3z - + |l^) = 0 I a|^ I sin^O +|a|^ | 6pcos^ 9 = 400
-» -»
i J k —» [●.● I ax b| = I a 6|sin0 and I a-6| =1 a| I 6|icos0| ]
1 3 9 = 0
—*

3 -X ^
a |^|6p (sin^e + cos^9) = 400 (1/2)

-¥

=> K3|i+9X)-y(|i-27) + A-'(-X-9) 25-1 =400 [v|a| = 5]

«
= 0/ +0y +0/t |6|2 = 16 => b| = 4
On comparing the coefficfents of i,j and k, we get [●.' length cannot be ‘-’ve] (1/2)
3p+9X=0, - |x+27 = 0 and -7. - 9 = 0 (1/2)
■ Concept that, if 0 is the angle
p. = 27 and -X. = 9
*
^ T Enhancer between o and b, then
-♦ -»

p=27andX = -9 |a xb| a ● b
sin0 = andcos9 =
Also, the values of p and X satisfy the equation o||b| laMbI
3p + 9X = 0.
^ A A A

Hence, p = 27 and X = -9. (1/2) 21 .Given, vectors are a = li +j -4k

-»

18^ We know that unit vectors perpendicular to a and b and b = 2 i + 6j + >lk

a X b —» a ■ b
are ±
—» Now, the projection of a on b =
Ia X b b

So, there are two unit vectors perpendicular to the (7f+y-4X)-(2/ +6j+3X)
given vectors. (1)
-» ^
yll^+6^+3^
19^Given, | aj = | b| = l c| = l and a+ b+ c = 0. 14 + 6-12 8
(1)
Consider, a+ b+ c = 0 V49 7

22.Given, a, b and c are mutually perpendicular unit

(a+ b+ c)^ = (0)^ vectors i.e.

a - b = b -c = ca=0 ...(i)
(a + b + c)-(a + b + c) = 0 ■ 0
-> -4 —» ^ -» -4 -* -»
and |a| = |b|=|a| = l ...(ii)
=> a-a + a-b+a-c-¥ b-a + b-b + b-c + c-a
Now, |2a + b + ={2a + b + c)-(2a + b + c)
+ c- b + c- c =0 (1/2)
■> ,”?i9 -4 —» —» —»
a
p +1 b|" +1 cp +2 (a- b+ b- c+ c- a) = 0 = 4(a ● a) +2{a ● b) + 2(a ■ c) + 2(b ● a)
—* -* -»-4 -»»
+ (b ■ b) + (b ■ c) + 2(c ■ a) + (c ■ b) + (c ■ c)
[v X- y = y- X and.r- x =| xf]
[●.■ dot product is distributive over addition] (1/2)
 324 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

= 4(|a|^) + 2(0) + 2(0) + 2(0) + 16|^ + (0) |a + 6|^ = |fl|H0 + 0 + |

+ 2(0) + (0) + |c|^ [v jr- X =j X I", a- b = b- a =0as a L b]
(1/2)
[from Eq. (i)]
= 4(1) + 1 + 1 = 4 + I + I=6 [from Eq. (ii)]
{\^f={5f+\b\^
\2a + 6 + c\-4^ 169 = 25 + 1 =>169-25 = j6|^
(1/2)

[●.' length cannot be ‘-’ve] 144 = |6|^ => |6| = 12

-»

23. Given, vectors are a = i + j + k and b = i + j [●/ length cannot be ‘-’ve] (1/2)

26. Given, 1 = 1,1 I = 1 and I a + 6 I = 1

As, we know that the vectors axbis perpendicular to

both the vectors, so let us first evaluate ax b.

Now, \ a+b\^ ={a + b)-{a + b)
—» —»

= a- a + b- a + a- b + b- b
i j k
Then, a x b = 1 1 1
|a + Z)|^=|ai^+2a-^+16|^
1 1 0
[v a- b = b- a and a- a =\ a \ ]
—» —»
= /{0-i)-y(0-i)+yt(i-i) 1—l+2fl' 6+1 [given]
=-/+;■
—i —*

(1/2) 2a-b=-\ (1/2)

=> I iif| I b |cos6 = -i

—* —»
—» ♦

Then, the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is [v a- 6 =1 a 11 6 I cos0]

given by 1 —*

cos 0 = - [vla|=|6|=l]
a X b 2
-i+j -i+J -i J
271 271
V2 V2 COS0 =cos => e =
|ax6| (1/2) 3 3
—> —» 27t
—*
Hence, the angle between a and 6 is —. (1/2)
24. Let adjacent sides of a parallelogram be a =2i -3k
-»

and b =4j +2k. 27. Do same as Q. No. 21. [Ans. 5]

[Hint Let a = i +l>j + lk and 6 =2/ -3y +6^]

Area of parallelogram = | a x 6 |
28. Do same as Q. No. 21. [Ans. 1]
= |(2i -3k)x(4J +2k)\
(1/2) 29. We have, i x(y + ^) + j x{k + i) + k x{i + y)
/ y k = 1 xj ■¥] xk + j xk +j xi + k xi + k xj
2 0 -3 cross product is distributive over addition]
0 4 2
■=k - j -\-i - k + j - i = 0

= |i{0 + 12)-y(4 + 0) + ^(8-0)| [●:i xj^kjxk=-j,jxk = ijxi^ k,

= \\2i-4J+U\ kxi =y,^xy = -/] (1)

30. Given, a and b are two unit vectors, then | a | = [ 6 | = 1.
= V(12)'+(-4)H(8)'
= Vl44 + 16 + 64 Also, (-s/3 a - 6) is a unit vector.
= V224 = 4V14 sq units. (1/2)
|V3a-6| = l => |V3a-6|^ = l^
25. Given, [ a + 6 | = 13 and 11 = 5
(V3 a-6)'(V3 a-6) = 1 [v| a\^ = a -a]
Now, (a + b) {a + b)= a- a + a- b + b- a + b- b
 325
Vector Algebra

=> 3(a-a)--\/3(a- b)-4^ {b- a) +b - b = \ a + b\^ =\a\^ (1/2)

\a^ +2a ■ b-v\b\^ =\a\

-i

=>3i1|2-V3| a b |cos0
2 a ● 6 + 6●6 =0 [v| X = x ● x]
-V3] 6||a|cos0 + | b\^ = \, (1/2)

(2 a + 6) ● 6 =0
—> ^

where 0 is the angle between a and b.

3xl-V3xlxlxcos0-V3xlxlxcos0 + l = l (2a +6)± 6

3 = 2^3 cos 0 => cos0 = —7= if a ± ^ a ● 6 =0] (1/2)

2V3
7t Hence proved.
=> COS0 = => 0=-
2 6
-4 -»
35. Given, a is a unit vector. Then, 1 a | = 1 ●
It
Hence, the required angle between a and 6 is —. (1/2) —»

6 Now, we have(.v -i3)-(a: +a) = 15

31. Let 0 be the angle between a and b. A
x-x-(2-j: + A:-a-a-a = 15
^ A A A

Given, I = 8,1 6 1 = 3 and | a x 6 | = 12 -4-» ^ ^

AT-x-ajc+a-x-aa=15
—»

We know that ] a x ft | = | a ft I sin 0 [●.● scalar product is commutative

^ -4 -»

I a 11 ft I sin 0 = 12 i.e. a- b = b- a]
12 -*

sin0 = X i^-iai^=i5 [v z- z =i z 1^]

a ft

12
jx|^ -1 = 15 [given, I a 1 = 1]
sin0 =
8x3
|x|^=16
1 7t
sin0 = -=^ 0 = -
2 6 |xl = 4
It [*.' length cannot be negative] (i)
Hence, the required angle between a and ft is — ● (1) —»
6 A A A A ^

36. Given, a = Xi + j + 4b = 2i +6J + 3k and

2
32. Do same as Q. No. 21.
—»
Ans. -
3 projection of a on ft =4.
-* -* ->
a- ft
33. Given, vectors are a =2i +Xj -^k a ■ ft
= 4 projection of a on ft =
-4

and 'b=i-lj+3k 1*1 ft

Since, vectors are perpendicular.

-4
(ki + j +4^)-(2f +6y +3^) _^
a- ft = 0 (1/2) V(2)"+(6)'+(3)"
(2/ y +A) -(( -2y+3A) = 0 2^+6+12
—— =4
,
2-2;^+3=0 V49
X=5I2 (1/2) 2>, + 18 = 4
,
7
34. To prove, (2 a + ft) J_ ft 2^ + 18=28
—»
2X = 10
Given, a + ft I =1 a
1 =5 (1)
On squaring both sides, we get
 326 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

37.
Given, (3-a=0=?-|fl|=0 then +y'^ +z^ = 1

a 1=0 -(i) x^ + y^+z^=l

and a ■ b =0 Now, a + b = {i + J + k) + 0 +2] +2k)
b I cos 0=0
= 2i +37 + 4
a
...(ii)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), it may be concluded that b is

and a
-% =(J+j + ^)-{?+2y+3A)
A. A

either zero or non-zero perpendicular vector. (1) = -j-2k (1)

38.
Do same as Q. No. 21. [Ans. 0] —»

Since, r is perpendicular io a + h and a - b,

39- Given, | a I = 3 and b --
3 r-{a + b)=Q and r-{a-b) = 0
-*

Let 6 be the angle between a and b. i.e.

(x/ yj + zA)-(2i +3y +4k)=0
2x+3v + 4z=0 ●●●(ii)
Also, given | a x =1
and ixi+yJ + zk)-{-]-2k)=0
a 61 sin 0 = 1 -y-2z=0
2
3 X - sin 0 = 1 y = -2z
3
On putting the value of yin Eq. (ii), we get
2sin0 = 1
2x + 3(-2 z) + 4z = 0
I
sin 0 = - x = z (1/2)
2
On substituting the value ofx and yin Eq. (i), we get
n
0=- (2) z^ +4z^ + z^ =1
6
1
6z^ =1 z=±
40. Given, the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are “V6
= i - j + 3k and b =2i - 7j + k 1
and y= + ^
a
then, x = ±
^/6 V6
Area of parallelogram = \ax b\
Hence, the required vectors are
i
j k 1 ^ 2 - 1 -I . 2 ^ I r
r-1 —7= J + ~i= k and ● (1/2)
Now, a X b = 1 -1 3
V6 V6 a/6
2 -7 1
42.
Let, the given vectors bs a = i +j + k and
= /{-l+21)-y(l-6) + A(-7 + 2)
b = pi +■ j - 2k.
= 20/ + 5y - 5A (1)
—» -» 1
Also, given projection of a on /? = -
a X b | = V(20)^+(5)^+(-5)^
= ^400 + 25 + 25 =V4^ = 15a/2 —» -» a . b
.'. Projection of a on 6 =
Hence, the area of parallelogram is 15a/2 sq units.
-»
(1) b
^ A A A
41. Given, a = i +j + k 1 _ ji -^j-^h-ipi -2k)
and b = i +2j + 3k 3 V/’'+(l)^+(-2)-
Let the required unit vector be 1 _ j? + l-2 p-\
(1)
^ ^Ip~ +1 + 4 7P~ +5
^ A A A

r =xi + yj + zk,
Vector Algebra 327

^jp^+5=3p-3 A C —^ ^ ^
45. Given, a, b, c are three non-zero unequal vectors
On squaring both sides, we get
-» -»

such that a - b = a ■ c
p^ +5=9p^ +9-\%p —) —^

a■b- a■c =0
Sp^ -18/7 + 4 = 0=>4/?^ ~9p + 2 = 0
=>4/ -Sp-p + 2=0=i'(4p-\){p-2)=0 [subtracting a ● c from both sides]
—» —»
1
p==-or p = 2 (1) a ● (i - c) =0 ●●●(i) (1)

Now, lets be the angle between a and b - c .

43. Given, a =4i - J + k and b = 2i -2j 4 k
a {b - c)
/ J k cosS =

Now, a X /j = 4 -1 1 \a\\b - c\
2 -2 1 0
cos 9 = [using Eq. (i)]
= J(-l-H2)-j(4-2) + A'(-8 + 2) a| i a - c|
= i-2J~6k (1) cosS =0
7t 7t
Required unit vector along the vector cos 9 =cos — ^ 9 = (1)
2 2
—»

a X b A A A A A

a X b = 46. Given, a = i - j + Ik and b =5i - j + Xk

a X b\
Now, a + b=6i -2j + (1 + X)k
i - 2j -bk i - 2j -6k
and a - b =-4i+(7-X)k
Vl'+(-2)^+(-6)^ ^1 + 4 + 36
i-2j-6k 1 V (a + b) and {a - b) are orthogonal. (1)
V4l V5T'”V^T^'
(a + /))-(a-6)=0
44. Given, r = 3i - 2j + 6k =>[6?-2j + (7 + X.H]-[-4? + (7-X)*] = 0
A —^ A
-24 + 49-?.^ =0
Now, we have to find (r x j)-{r xk)-\2
X^ =25
i j k
X = ±5 (I)
r xj = 3 -2 6

0 1 0 47. a is a unit vector.

= /(-0-6)-y(0-0) + ;t(3-0) a I =1
= -6/+3* (J) Now, we have
-» ^
1 j k (x - a) ●'(.;c + a) = 12
and r xk = 3 -2 6 -» -♦

=> X ■ X + X ■ a - a ■ X - a ■ a =\2 (1)

0 0 1
^ » —i —*

= /(-2-0)-y(3-0) + it(0-0) x\^-\a\^=\2 [v x ■ a = a ■ x]

—»

= -2i-3j jc|^-l = 12 [v I a I = 1 (given)]

—»

.-. (r X j)-{r xk)-\2 = {-6i 43k)-{-2i-3j)-\2 X 1^ =13

= 12-12=0 (1)
|x| = Vl3 (t)
328 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

= ^25 + 1 + 16
—i —»
(1/2)
48.To find projection of {6+ c) on a.
= V42 sq units
Given, a - 2i -2y + b =i +2j - 2k
51.Given, vectors are a =4i +3j + k
and c =2i ~ J + 4k
and b = 2i — j + 2k
Consider, (Z) + c) = (/ +2j -2k)+ {2i - J + 4k)
Now, perpendicular vector to the given vector is
= 3i + j + 2k (1)
i J k
Now, the projection of 6 + c on a is given by ax b = 4 3 1

2 -12
{b+ c) a (2i +j +2k){2i - 2J + ic)
= /{6 + l)-;-(8-2) + A(-4-6)
a V2^ +(-2)^ +1"
= 7/-6y-10yfc
6-2+2 _ 6 _6_^
(1)
V4 + 4 +1 S 3 ax *| = V7'+(-6)2+(-10)^
49. Given, |a| = |^>| = 1 = V49 + 36 + 100 = Vr^ (1)

Now, consider I a + b\^ = (a + b)-{a + b) ax b (7^6;-10^)

Required unit vector = ± = +

\a+ b\^ =\^\^ +\b\^ +2{a-b)

-* -*

ax b\ (1)

\a + 6|^ = l + l+2|a||6|cos0 (1) -i

52. We have, a + b + c =0 and |a|=3, |/3| = 5, |c| = 7

= 2 +2cos0 (v\a\=\b\ = \) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

ow, consider {a + b + c) ■ {a + b + c) = 0 (1)

= 2(1 + COS0)
-» -*

/ 0 0 ^ a- a + a- b + a- c + b- a + b- b + b- c
\a+ b\^=2 2cos^- = 4cos^ —2
2)
+ c- a + c- 6 + c- c =0
0
|a + b\ =2cos- Hence proved, (i) —»

=^\a 1^ + |/)|^ +1 c\^ +2(a- b + b- c + c- a) — 0 (1/2)

^ A A

50. Let the sides of the parallelogram be a = / — y + A: and 3^ + 5^ + 7“ + 2(a ■ A+ A - c+ c- a) = 0

6, and diagonal d = 4i +5k. ^ —s-

2(a- Z) + Zj- c + c- a) = -(9+25+ 49)

We know that (1)
83
{a- b + b- c + c- a) = - —
a + b = d =4* b = d - a (1/2)

= {4i +5k)-(J -] + k)=3i +j + 4k 53. Given, (a + 6)- (a - />) = 12and ] a | =2| i |

I j k
|a|^ -|b|^ =12
Now, a X = 1 -1 1
3 1 4
(2|^|)2-1?|'=12 [given,j?| = 2|?|]
= ?(-4-l)-;-(4-3) + A(l + 3) (1/2)
416|'-|?|'=12 (1)
= -5i-j + 4k
—♦ —* 3|6|^=12
Area of parallelogram = | a x 61
= |-5/-j + 4^| l^|-=4=> |?1 = 2
—»

=-J(-5f+(-lf aj=2|b|=2(2) = 4 (1)

Vector Algebra 329

54.
Let c = a-\‘ b. Then, according to given condition c is Since, AB = X BC, where X = 2
a unit vector i.e., | c | = I. So, the given points are collinear. (1)

To show a-b\ = 4l (1/2)

57. We have, a =2i' + j +3k and b = 3i + 5j - 2k
Consider, c = a + b =>\ c \ = \a + b\ i J k
Now, a X b = 2 1 3
\=\a + b\ => \a + b\^ =1
3 5 -2
{a + b)- (a + b)-\
= i (-2-15)-y(-4-9) + A:(10-3)
=> \a\^+2a-b+\h\^=l
= -17/ +13y+ 7yt (I)
l+2fl-ft+l = l 2a ■ b = — \ ...(i) (1/2)
-*

Now consider, | a - ^ ={a -b)-{a-b) fl X *| = V(~17)"+(13)2+{7)2

= -2a-h+\h\^ = V289 + 169 + 49 = ^/^ (1)

= l-(-l) + l [usingEq. (i)] 58.

Let a - i -2J + 3k and b = 3i -2j + k
\a-h\^ =3
ax b I
I a -6 I =V3 (I) Then, sinO =

[taking positive square root, as |a| l^»l

magnitude cannot be negative]
*.* I a X I = I fl 11 61 sin 0
Hence proved.
55.
Let 0 be the angle between a and b. Here, |fl| = -Jl2 +(-2)2 +32 =Vl + 4 + 9 = Vl4
—> ^ A /V

We have, ax b =3i-^2j+6k ]’^j = ^32 +(-2)2 +1^ =V9 + 4 + l =Vl4 (1/2)

Now, I ax ^1 = 73^+22 +62 =7^ = 7 i

J k

and a X b = 1 -2 3
a 11 Z) I sin 0 = 7 [v| a X 6 I = 1 a 11 /7 |sin 0] 3 -2 I
7 7 1
sin 9 = (1)
~2xl~2 = / (-2 + 6) - y (1 - 9) + (/■ (-2 + 6)
i " II ^ I
= 4/ + 8/■ + 4^ = 4( / + 2y + A)
7t 7t
sin 0 = sin => 0=-
6J 6 => I a X 6 I = 4Vi2 +22 +l2
TC = 4Vl + 4 + l= 4V6 (1/2)
Hence, the required angle between a and b is —. (1)
6
Now, from Eq. (i), we get
Given, points are.4(-2/ -v3j +5k\ B{i +2y+3^)and 476 4^6 2V6
sin0 = (I)
aif-k). 7i4-7l4 14 ” 7
PQ —> » —> » >
Here. AB = b - a ^{i -\-2j ^3k)-(-2i +3j+5k) Given, a+/)+c=0=> i7+Z> = - c

= 3/ -j-2ic (1)
[on squaring both sides]
^ .. A ^ .V
and BC ~ c - b = {li ~k)-{/ + 2y + 3A') (a+6)(a+/)) = (-c)-(-c)
= 6/ -2j-4^ =2(3/ -j-2k) -» -»

^ a- a+ a- b+ h- a+ b- b = c- c
330 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

—»

a |^+2a- 6+i =1 c|^ a- b = h‘ a] g2 Let d = x/ + >y + zA; be a vector such that a ● (^ = 0 and

=> |a|^+2|a| l^lcos 0+|&i^=t c|“

—V —^

[v a- /j =1 a b I COS0] (1) Given, a =li - j -\-k, b =3/ - A', c = 2/ + j - 2k

-»
—»
and c ■ d = 3
Putting the values of | iz! = 5, | 61 = 6 and | c | = 9 in
Eq. (i), we get —»

ad^O
(5)^ +2x5x6xcos 0 + (6)^ =(9)^
=> (2/ - / + A')-{A'i + V/ + zA) = 0
25 + 60COS 9 + 36 = 81
2x - V + 2 = 0
60cos 0=81-61 = 20
b-d=0
cos ^0 = —
20 = -=>0
1 . = cos -1 1 and
(1)
60 3
(3/ -A)-(x/ + jy + zA) = 0
—» —*

Let a =2i ~ j + k and b = i - 2j +k 3x - z = 0 ...(ii)

60.
—>

a
and c ■ d =3
Now, projection vector of a on 6 = (1/2)

\b\^ (2/ + y -2A) ● (xz + yj + zk) = 3

-» -*

Here, a ● 6 = (2/-y + A)-(/-2y + A) 2x + y-2z = 3 ...(iii)

= 2xl + (-l)x(-2) + lxl

From Eq. (ii). we get
z = 3x
=2+2+l=5 (1/2)
On putting z = 3x in Eq. (i), we get
and I* | = V(l)^+(-2)"+(l)" =Vl + 4 + l=V6 2x - y + 3x = 0

Projection vector of a on 6 = \iC-2Uk)

6 (1)
On putting y = 5x and z = 3x in Eq. (iii), we get
_V = 5x

> A A ^ A A ^ 2x + 5x-6x = 3
61. Let a = 2i — j + k and b = i + j - k
x =3
So, any vector perpendicular to both the vector.
.*. X = 3, .V = 15 and z = 9
—» ax b —»

a and b is given by Hence, J =3/ +15y+9A

ax 6| —» A A -'-^ A A A

63. Given, a =2i + 2y + A, 6 = z + 3y + A and c = z + A

z J A

Calculate, a x b = 2
>

-1 1 &+ "c = z + 3j + A + z + A = 2z + 3; + 2A
—> —> —}
1 1 -1
Projection of (6 + c) on a
= /(l-l)-;-(-2-l) + A(2 + l)
(b + c)-a (2z + 3y + 2A) ■ (2z + 2y + A)
—»

= 3y + 3A = r (say)
—»

a
^4+4+1
—»

A vector of magnitude 4 in direction of r 4 + 6 +2 12

— =4
3 3

4 „-4 3j+3A^^ 3j;tjA

r

g4 Given, | a | = 3, | 61 = 4 and | a | = 2
kl ^ Vl8
Now, a + 6 + c = 0

On squaring both sides, we get

 331
Vector Algebra

67.
(ii + /7 + c)-=(0)- (1) We have, a = i +2j +3k and h = 2 i + 4J -5k
So, the diagonals of the parallelogram whose adjacent
\a\^ + \ b\~ + \ c\~ +2{a ■ b + b ■ c + c ■ a) = 0
sides are a and h are given by
=> (3)^ + (4)^ + {2)~ + 2{a ■ b + h ■ c + c ● a) =0 -* -i -»

-» -»
p=a b and q = a - b (I)
=5- 9 + 16 + 4 + 2(«-6 + /j- c' + c-fl) = 0
Now, p = {i + 2y + 3A) + (2 / + 4/ — 5^)
29 + 2{a ■ b + b ■ c + c ■ a) = 0 = 3 / + 6y - 2 k
2{a ● b + b ● c + c ■ a) = -29 and q = (/ + 2y + 3^) — (2 / + 4/ - 5k)
(1)
-29 = - / - 2y + 8^ (1)
a-Z) + 6- c + '6-a =
2
3i +6y -2A'
-29 P =
^9 + 36 + 4
-■» -4

Hence, p = «- 6 + Z)-e + ca = (1) /^l

2

65.
3/+6/-2A 3-^ 6-
Given, « + 6+ c = 0 = -' + -V- -A
7 7 7 7 (I)

(a+6+ c)^ =1 a |2 + |i|^ + i -/ -2y_+8A - / / - 2j + 8A

and = -

+ 2{a ■ b-\- b ■ c+ c ● a) (1) -^1 + 4 + 64 V69

</

-1 . 2 ^ 8
0 = 9 + 25 + 16 + 2{« ■ 6+ b ■ c+ c ● a)
50 ^ ^ ^
Vw' 49^'^4b~9 (1)
—— = {a ■ b+ b ■ c+ c ■ a) (1) - >
68.
Let «, b and c be the position vectors of points A, B
—* —* —* —i

(a ■ b+ b ● c+ c ■ a) = -25 (I) and C, respectively. Then, a = i +2j + 3A,

—» —»

Given, a ■ b = a ■ c b = 2i - j + 4A and c = 4/ + 5 / - A.
->

a ■ /> - rt ● '6 = 0 => a ● (y? - c) = 0 Clearly, the area of AABC = -1 4 5 x C|

-4 - 4 —> —> —>

b-c = 0 or aA.(b-c) [va;^0] Now, AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A

(1/2)

= b - a =2i - J + 4k - (i +2J + 2k)

—> —)

Also, a X h = a X c

—» = i - 2j + k (I)
axb-axc=0 —>

—> 4C = Position vector of C - Position vector of A

a x(b - c)=0 -¥

-» —» = c - a = 4i + 5j -k - (/ +2y +3A)
/)-r = 0oriil|(6-c)
= 3/+3y-4A' (1)

y> = eoral|(A-c) (l'/2) i J A

—>
—»
:.ABxAC = I -3 1
a cannot be both perpendicular to {6 - c) and
3 3 -4
parallel to (6 - c).
-i
= (12-3)/ -(-4-3)y + (3+9)A
Hence, b = c (1)
= 9/ +7/+ 12A- (1)
332 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

—> —)
. —» /^ ●● —> A -s ^
and IAB x AC\ = V(9)^ + (7)^ + (12 70. Given, a = i + j + k, b =2i +4j -5k

= V81 + 49 + 144 = V™ and c = Xi +2J +2k

1 —¥ —> 1 ^7 + c = (2 + X) i + 6y - 2^ (1)
So, area of A^5C = -1 ^5 x ^C[ = - (1) A, —^ ^
2 2 Let r denotes the unit vector along b + c.
—» —»

69.Given OA = (/' +j + k),OB= {2i +5J), b + c (2 + X)/+6y-2X

Then, r =
^ = (if +2j -3k)an6^ = {i -6] -k) + 36 + 4
—, —>

Angle between AB and CD is given by (2 + X)i+6;-2X

...(i) (1)
AB-^ V(2 + X)^ +40
cos 6 = ...(i) (1)
Now, according to given condition, we have
M5HCD
(i + j +k) ■ P = 1 [given]
Here, =(2-1)/ +(5-1)y + (0-l)yt (2 + X)/+6y-2X
= / + 4y - k,
=5. 0+7+X)--^../—/ ~1 [from Eq. (i)]
V(2 + X)^ +40
CD =(1-3 )/+(-6-2 )y + {-l-(-3 )]k (/+y + A)-{(2 + X)?+6j-2A:}
= -2i -8y + 2k,
(1)

1.45 1 = ^1^ +4^ +(-l)^ =Vl8=V9^ = 3V2, 2 + X+ 6- 2 = V(2 + X)^ +40

and CD I = => (X+6)^=(2 + X)^+40
=> 8X=8=>X = 1
= V^ = V36x2=6%/2
Putting X = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
Now, cos 0 =
(/ +4y -k)-{-2i -8y +2^)
3V2X6V2 P = i{3i +6y-2^) (1)

[from Eq. (i)] (l)

l(-2) + 4(-8 ) + (-!) (2) 71. We have, a = 4/ + 5y - k, b = i - 4j + 5k
= -l
3x6x2 ^ /S A ^

and c =3/ + j - k
cos 6 = -1 => 0 = 180® = 7t
Since, d is perpendicular to both c and b .
So, angle between AB and CD is 7t. (1)
i j k
Also, since angle between AB and CD is 180°, they J = X(1x'?) = X 3 1 -1 (l)

are in opposite directions. 1 -4 5

AB
= X[/(5-4)-y(15 + l) + X (-12-1)]
CD

■>m
= X(/ -16y~13X) ...(i) (1)

Also, it is given that d- a =21

Since, AB and CD are parallel to the same line w,
they are collinear. (1) .-. X(/ - 16y - 13X) ● (4/ + 5j - k) =21
=> X{4-80 + 13 )=21
Common students forget to find the value of AB => X(-63) = 21
Mistdke and CD and they substitute the given -1
value.
X = — (1)
3
Vector Algebra 333

Now from Eq. (i), we get 73. We have,

d = - ~(i -\6j-m) (1) AB = (position vector of B)- (position vector of A)

= {i -Sk)-{ll -j + k) = -i -2]-6k
72. According to given condition, | a = |6|=|ci = X (say)
BC=(3i-4J-4k)-(i-3J-5k)=2i -J + k
●●●(i)

and a- b =0, b- c =0and c- a = 0 ...(ii) (1/2) and CA ={2i -j + k)-{3i -4j-4k)

= -I + 3J + 5k
Now, ] a + 6 + = I I 6|^+ I c|^
-» -¥ Here, AB+ BC+ CA =0
+2 {a- b + b- c+ c ■ a)
=> A, B and C are the vertices of a triangle. (1)
= X^ +X^ +2(0 + 0+0) = 3X^
^ I— Now, BC- CA ={2i - j + k)-{-i +3J +5k)
a + b + c| = v3 X
=-2-3+5=0
[length cannot be negative] (i)
*

BCICA =?> ZC = 90°

Suppose, (a + Z? + c) is inclined at angles ©i, 02 and
—> ^
A{2.-^. 1)
03 respectively with vectors a, b and c, then

{a + b + c)- a = |a + ^ + c| a COS0 i

C(3, -4. -4) 0)

[va-6=|apjcos0] 1
Now, area of AABC = -| CAx BC\
\a\ ->r a- b a- c =‘\j3X x Xcos0]
X^ +0 + 0 = 43X^ cosO 1
i J k
1 1
-1 3 5 ^_|(8,-_iiy_5^)|
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 2
2 -1 1
1
COS0 I
1
V3 = -V64 + 121+25
2

{a+ b+ c)- b =\a+ b+ c\\ b\cos02 (1)

= -V2IO sq units
2 (2)
a-b+\b'f + c-b =^/3X ■ ^ cos 6 2
74. Let ABCD be the given parallelogram with
0 + X^ +0 = ^l3X^ COS02
AB =2 i -4j -5 k and AD =2 i +2j + 3 k.
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
1 Clearly, the diagonal AC is given by AB + AD
cos @2 =
^/3 = 4l-2j-2k
-4

Similarly, {a+ b+ c)- c =\ a+ 6+ c|| c|cos03 and the diagonal BD is given by BC+ BA
1
cos 03 = (1) = AD-AB=6j+U
V3 1
Thus, COS0] =COS02 =COS03 - [using parallelogram law of addition] (l)
V3 D c
-4 -»
’X.
Hence, it is proved that (a + Z? + c) is equally inclined
.4'

with the vectors a, b and c. Hence proved. (1/2)

A B
334 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

=xk + v0 + 2(-/) =xk-zi

Since, the unit vector along AC is given by
[vj X j =0; i X / = k and A' xy = -/] (l)
_4/-2y-2A_4/-2y-2A A. A /V A A

(/● X /) ● (r Xy) = (- yk + zj) ● {xk - zi)

a/16 + 4 + 4
MCI = - yx+ -0 + 0 - zx- z~ -0
4/-2y-2A_ 1 [■.■ A ■ A = 1, A ■ ? - 0, y ■ A = 0,,/ ■ / - 0]
(2/ -y-A)
2V6 V6
= --9'

and the unit vector along BD is given by > A A

(r x/) (;-xy)+A^=-A:>' + Ay = 0 (2)

BD by + 8A' b/ + 8A 1 /-' —^ A A ^ A A

=-p=
V36 + 64
= 10
= 75 (3y + 4A) (1)
76. Given, vectors are a =« + 2y + A, 6 = 2 / + y
—»

|5Di and c =3/ -4y -5A

Since, area of parallelogram ABCD
1 »
Now, fl - A = (i + 2y + A) - (2 / + y)
-MCx5Z)| (1/2)
=-/ +y +A (1)

/ y A and c~h =(3/ -4y-5A)-(2/ +y)

—» — >

Here, AC x BD = 4 -2 -2
= i -5j -5k (1)
0 6 8
—» ->

= /(-16 + 12 )-y(32-0) + A (24-0) Now, a vector perpendicular to {a - A) and (c - A) is

given by
=:-4i‘-32y+24A (1/2)
i J A

and I ^ X ^1 = (a - 6) X (c - A) = -1 1

1 -5 -5
= ^4^(l + 8^+6^)
= 4Vl+64 + 36 = 4^im (1/2) = /(-5 + 5)-y(5-l) + A(5-l)
= /{0)-y-(4) + -A(4) = -4y + 4A (t)
Area of parallelogram ABCD = ^ 4^/^m
and unit vector along (^7-6)x(c-A)is given by
l4\^ sq units (i/2)
We know that,
_4y + 4jt _ -4y + 4^ ^_4y + 4^
Concept Diagonal of Paralellogram
Eph^ncgr
1
t
|-4j + 4A-r^(_4)2+42 "
i
AC = AB+ AD, BD=BC + BA
\
_ -4/ +4A _ y A
~ 4V2 ^^'^V2
(1)

75.
Given, r = xi + yj + zA
-4 A ^ —»

77. Given, a -2i -5j + k, b --i +k and c =2J - A.

Now, r xi = {xi + yy + zA) x /
^

= x(/ X /) + y(J xi) + z(k x i) Letdj =a + b and d2 = b + c.

= x-0+y(-k) + zO) Then, =(2i -3J + k) + (- i + A) = / -3y' +2A

= -yk + zj (1)

[●/ ixi = 0; j xi = -A, A x / = y ] and^/2 =(“^ +k) + (2j - A) = -/ +2y' (1)

Clearly, area of given parallelogram with diagonals d^

—*

and (r xy) = {xf+ yy+ zA)xy

-* 1 ^
= x{ix]) + y{jxj) + z(kxj) and (^2 is given by -1 f/| x c?2 I- (1)
 335
Vector Algebra

i J k

Here, fr, X ^3 = I 2 which is the required vector. (1)

-1 2 0 80.
Let O be the origin of reference.
= K-4)-j(0 + 2 ) + A(2-3) OA =2i -j + ic.
Then, given
= -Al-lj-k (I) 4

1 . . - OB = i + J +2k
So, area of parallelogram = -|-4/-2y-fcl
and OC=2i +3k

= ^V(-4)'+{-2f+(-l)' Now, AB =OB - OA

= i J16 + 4 + I = i +j+2k -2 i + J-ic

2^ = ~ / + 2y + ^ (I)

= ^ sq units
4 4
0)
and AC = OC -OA

n = 2i +3k -2I +J - k =] +2k

28. Do same as Q. No. 59. Ans. —
^ ? ./ A
29. Given, a = 4/ + 5 / - A:, P = / - 4y + 5A: Now,/4Sx^C= -1 2 1
^ A ^ ^
0 1 2
and q = 3i + j - k
= /(4-l)-j(-2-0) + cf(-l-0)
Also, vector p is perpendicular to a and p. = 3i +2J-k (1)

Then, /j = X, (a x p) ..●(i)
and \'ABx~4C\=-^|{3f+{2
i j k
= ^9 + 4 + !=Vl4 (1)
Now, a X p = 4 5 -1 (1)

1 -4 5 .●. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC

~ABxAC
= / (25-4)-j (20+1) + ^ (-16-5) 4

\ABxAC\
= i(21)-y(21) + ^^(-21)
3i +2y--A'
a X p =21/ -21 y -21^ Vl4
3 ^ 2 1 -
So,^=21>.i-21 X,y'-2lA.fc [from Eq. (i)] ...(ii) (1)
0) vs
-Let 6 be the obtuse angle between the vectors
Also, given that p- q =21 —4

a = 27? '/ + 42.y + A and b = li - 2j + Xk (1/2)

(2U/-21 V-2lU)-(3/ +y-A)=21
63 A.-212.+21 2. =21 a- b
Then, cos0 =
63A=21 -4 —4

A = 1/3 (I)
14A^ — 8A + A
1 cos 6 =
On putting ^ “ in Eq. (ii), we get V4A‘^+16A^+lV49 + 4 + A^
—4 1 ^ 1 1 .- 0 is an obtuse angle. (1)
p = 21x-/ -21x~y-21x-A: COS0 <0
3 3 3
 336 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

\4X^ - IX On comparing the coefficients of j and k both sides,

<0
V4^^+I6XHiV53 + ^^ we get

\4X^-1X<0 +A’2 =2 -(i)

2X^ ~X<0 yi + 3’2 = 1 ...(ii)

and + Zj= -3 ...(iii) (1/2)
X(2X-l)<0 (1)

=>Either^<0,2X-I>0 or A,>0,2^-1<0 Now, consider, b^\\a

=> Either X,<0, X>-orX>0, A,<-
2 2
(1/2)
T = - = - = ^(say)
Clearly, first option is impossible. ATi =3X, y\ =-Xandz, =0 ...(iv) (1/2)
1 1 f 1
X>0, A.<- ^ 0<X<- Xe 0,- (1) On substituting the values of x, y and z, from
2 2 1, ’2 Eq. (iv) to Eq. (i), (ii) and (iii), respectively,
we get
82. Given a l(h + c), bl{c + a), cl{a + b)
and|a| = 3,|'?| = 4,| c| = 5 X2 =2-3X,, ^2 =1 + ^ and Z2 =-3
-> -» >
● ●●(v) (1/2)
1—
Since, b-y La , therefore ● a =0
To prove \a+ b+ c| = 5v2 (1/2)
3x2 “ JV’a = ® (1/2)
Consider, \a + b + c\~ = {a + b + c)-{a + b + c) 3(2-3>.)-(l + 3.) = 0 [from Eq. (v)]
(I) b-9X~\~X={)^S-\0X=Q
^ -4 -»
1
= a- + (2- 6+ a- C+ 6- 0+ ZH- /)● C+ x=- (1/2)
2
1 .
+ c- 6 +’c- c (1/2) On substituting X =- in Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
= 1 af +j +1 cy+a-{b+ c)+ b-{a+ c) 3 -1

^1 =2>->^i
+ c-(a+ i')(l/2)
I 3
and -2 and Z2 - -3
= )a|^ + |6|^ + |c|^+0 + 0 + 0 (1)
X2 =
2’
\ /
3-^ U 1- 3-^.
a -L (6 + c), therefore Hence, b, + b-, = -i -
-» ’ ‘ ' u 2‘^J'^ v2 -I +-J -3k
2-^
a- (6+ c) =0
= 2i y j -3k = b. (1/2)
Similarly, A- (a + c) = 0
where b 1 a and 62 X ^7.
and c-(a + Z>) = 0
= 3“+4^+5^=9 + 16 + 25 [given] 84. Given, a = i +J + k and b=j-k
=> I ^^+ A+ cp =50 ^ I a+ b+ c\=:5^I2 Let
—»

c = xi + yj + zk
[length cannot be ‘-’ve] (1/2)
A /V —^ A A
> J k
—» —»

83. Given, a =3i - j and b=2i + j -3k Now, a X c = \ 1 1

-> —»
X V z
Let =X[/ + yJ + z,A- and ^2 =^2' ^27 + ^2^
i {z-y) - j {z-x) + k iy-x) (1)
two vectors such that ^1 11 ^ b-y La. —> —> ^

(1) Now, a X c = b [given]

● —»

Consider, + 63 = 6 i {z-y)+j {x-z) + k{y-x)

=> (x, +X2)/ + (yi +^2)7+ (^i +22H =2f +./-3^ = 0/ +17+(-l)ifc
—»

[v 6=7-/:]
Vector Algebra — 337

On comparing the coefficients from both sides, we get

^

vectors, then {a + b)-{a - b) = 0

z -y = 0,x-r= 1, y-A=-l
=> [6/-2y + (7 + >„)ft]-[-4/ +(7- X)A] = 0 (I)
y = z and x-y = 1 ...(ii)
-* -» -24 +(7+ X){7- X)=0
Also given, a ■ c ='i
49-X^=24
=> {i + J + k)-{xi + yj + zk)=^3 X^=25
x+y+z=3 (1)
X = ±5 (1)
X+2y=3 [●●>>=2] ...(iii)
36. Do same as Q. No. 85.
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get
[Ans. X = ±1]
3y^2 [v y = z] ^ ^

37^ We have, | a | = 5, | | = 12 and | c | = 13

From Eq. (ii), ^

2 5 Now, a+ b+ c = 0 (1)
x = l + y = l+- = (1)
3 3 On squaring both sides, we get
^ 5 ^ 2- 2 r
Hence, c =-i +-j+-k [from Eq. (i)] (l) {a3-b+cf=(0f (1)
3 3-^3
A ^ ^
\ay->r\b\^-¥\c\^+2{a-b+b-c+c-a) = 0
35^ Given, a =i - j + lk and b =5i - j + Xk
^(5)^ +(12)^ +(13)^ +2(^-'?+6-c+c-fl) = 0
Then, a + b={i-j + lie) + (5i - J + Xk) —» —*

= 6l-2J+(7 + X)k (1) => 2(a-6+£>● c+c-a) = -(25 + 144 + 169) (1)
—> 1
and a - b = (/ -y + 7k) ~ {Si -y + Xk)
a- b+ b- c+ c- a =- "(338)

= -4/ + {7-X)k (1)

a- 6+ b- c+ c- a =-169 (1)
—» —» ->

Since, {a ■¥ b) and (a - b) are perpendicular A 2,

Ans. -i — y — k
2 , 1 y
33_ Do same as Q. No. 76. 3 3-^3
338 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Case Based Questions

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions (ii) AD is equal to 0)
given below. CBSE Sompfe Paper 2023
(a) 2d (b)26
Teams A, B, C went for playing a tug of war game. (c) 2(d + 6) (d)2(d-6)
Teams A, 5, C have attached a rope to a metal ring and
is trying to pull the ring into their own area. (Hi) CD is equal to (1)
> /N A (a) d - 6 (b) 2(d - 6)
Team A pulls with force Fj =6/ + 0j kN, (c) 6 - d (d)2(S-d)
-»

Team B pulls with force F2=- 4/ +4j kNy (iv) EF is equal to (1)
(a) d (b)6
TeamCpulls withforceF3 =-3/ -3jkNy (c) -d (d)-6

w (V) FA is equal to (1)

(a) d - 6 (b) 2(d - b)
t=&+0f . , (c) 6 - d (d) 2(6 - d)
r. s

f.ix 3. Consider the points A, B, C with position vectors

2i -j + kyi - 3j -5k and 3/ - 4k.
B
On the basis of above information, answer the
(i) What is the magnitude of the force of following questions.
team A‘? (1)
(i) BC is equal to (I)
(ii) Which team will win the game? (1)
ia)-i-2j-6k
(iii) Find the magnitude of the resultant force exerted
by the teams. (2) (b) 2i - j + A
Or ■ (c) -i + Sj + 5k
In what direction is the ring getting pulled? (d) None of the above
2. A boy see a design in a park which is shown below.
D
(ii) CA is equal to (1)
E
(a) -i-2J -6k (b)2i -j + k
(c) -i + 3; + 5^ (d) None of these

'C
F
(iii) BC ■ CA is equal to (1)
'A (a)-l (b)l
b (c)0 (d)2

A A
a
B (iv) BC X CA is equal to (1)
(a)8i + lli-5*
Now. he thought that if, a and b are the vectors
determined by two adjacent sides of the given regular (b) -8i -llj + ok
hexagon. {c)8i-llj-5k
On the basis of above information, answer the (d) None of the above
following questions. (v) Area of AABC (in sq units) is equal to (I)

(i) AC is equal to (l) , , ^/2I0

(a) — (b)
(a) d - 6 (b) 6 - d
(c) d + 6 (d)0
(c)2-M0 (d) None of these
 [^Explanations^
-*

^ Given, F^ =6/ +0y 2. (0 (<^) have, AB - a and BC = b

By triangle law of addition of vectors,
F1 \ = sj6^ +0^ =6kN AC = AB +^ = a + b
^2 = - 4/ + 4y kN (ii) {h) We know that AD\\BC

l^2l = V(- 4)^-M-"-4V2^7V AD=2BC^2b

(iii) (c) By triangle law, we have

==-3i-3JkN Ic + co = Zo
\F^\ = ^(-3f =3^kN CD = AD-AC

= 2h -(a+b) = b-a
(i) Magnitude of force of team A-\Fy \ =6kN
(ii) Since, magnitude of force of team A is greater than (iv) {d)EF =-BC=-b
other teams, therefore team A will win the game, {\){o)Ja =-{b-a)^a-b
(iii) Resultant force,
—» -» -4
3, (i) ib) BC = Position vector of C
F = F, + ^2 + ^3 - position vector of B
= (6/ +oy) + (- 4/ + 4y) + (-3i -3y) = (3/ -4y -4^')-i( -3y -5A)=2? -y + A-
F = (-J+y)AA^ (ii) (c) ^ = Position vector oi A- Position vector of C
\F\ = 4i~^)- =42kN = (2/ - y + 'A) - (3? - 4y - 4A)
Or = — i + 3y + 5A

Resultant force F ■=- i ■¥ j (iii) (c) ^ S = (2/ - y + A) ■ (-/ + 3y + 5A)

-4 =-2-3+5=0
Let F makes an angle 6 with the A'-axis, then its
direction cosine along A'-axis is cos 0.
I y k
L (\y){b)BC^CA =2-11
COS0 = (where j\ and fy are direction -1 3 5
+fy
ratios along X-axis and 7-axis, respectively.) = -8/ -liy+5A
-1 -1
cos 9 -
(v) (a) Since, BC ■ CA =0, so BC -L CA .
V(-!)'+(!)' ^ Hence, AABC is right angled triangle at C.
i -1 1 —)

0 =cos
^/2 Area (A^FC) = -x\BC\\CA\

7C _3tc
0 = rc - —
4 "T’ = ^-^4 + \+y\ + 9 + 25
where ‘0’ is the angle made by the resultant force
sq units
with the ‘+’ ve direction of the X-axis. 2
 [CHAPTERJ TEST)
1 Mark Questions 9 Find the angle between two vectors a and b with
1 -4 —>

1 = -1 a 11 61, then the angle between a and b is magnitude 2 and 1 respectively, such that a ■ b= V3.
(a) 0*^ (b) 30“ (c) 60° (d) 90“

2 If ^(3 i + 2y - 6^) is a unit vector, then the value of X

3 Mark Questions
'■ n
are
10 If a unit vector a makes angle — with i. — with / and
I I 3 ■'
(a)±- (b)±7 (c) ± V43 (d) ± an acute angle 0 with k, then find the components of
V43
3 The figure formed by four points i +j + k, a and angle 0.
-4 -4 -»

2i +3j\3i +5j-2k and A: -y is a 11 If a, b and c are unit vectors such that a + b + c =0,
(a) parallelogram (b) rectangle -4 -4 -4 —*

then find the value of a ■ h+ b ● c + c ■ a.

(c) trapezium (d) square
12 Find the value of p for which two vectors
—»

4 If (2 and h are two unit vectors inclined at an angle A A ^ ^ ^ ^ A

% / 3, then the value of | a + is

a = 3i +2y -^9k and b = i pj +3A' are

(a) equal to (b) greater than I (i) perpendicular (ii) parallel

(c) equal to 0 (d) less than 1 -*

13 If = 7/ +y -4A: and b =2i +3k, then find the

2 Mark Questions projection of a on h.

-4

5 If a and b are two unit vectors, then find the angle 14 If the dot products of a vector with vectors 3i -5k,
-4 -» -» -»
2i + lj and i +J + k are respectively -1,6 and 5,
between a and b, given that v3 a - 6 is a unit
then find the vector.
vector.

6 If a = 5/ - y - 3k and b = i + 3 j - 5k, then show that 5 Mark Questions

the vectors (a + b) and {a - h) are perpendicular. 15 Find the position vectors of the points which divide
—> —> —^

-4 the line joining the two points 3 a - 2 b and 2 a - 5 b

7 If a =2/ + y +3^■ and b=3i +5j -2k, then find internally and externally in the ratio 3 : 2.
-4 -4

\a X b\. 16 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are

P{-1,2, -1), Q{3, -1,2) and R{2,3,-1).
8 If vectors a and b are such that \a\ = 3,\b\ = - and
II ’i I 3 17 If a =2i -3J + k, b =- i + k and c =2j - k arc
-4

a X b 'lsa unit vector, then find the angle between a three vectors, then find the area of the parallelogram
—> ^ —>
-4

and b. having diagonals (a + b) and (b + c).

Answers
—»
1.(c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) \2a~\9b —»

^A.3i+2k 15. and -116

5. 30° 7. 8. 30° 9. - 5
6

1 1 1 16. sq units 17. sq units

I2.(i)-I5 (ii)?
8 2
10. 11.-- 13.-
2 7
Three Dimensional
Geometry
TREND
ANALYSIS GYEARS Average No. of Questions Across all Sets
Types of Quesfior ■ 2024 2023 2020
T

1 Mark 2 2 3

TOPIC 0.1 Three Dimensional 2 Marks 1 1 1

Geometry
3 Marks 3

4 Marks

5 Marks 2 1

6 Marks 5 ' 2

Direction Cosines of a Line Direction Ratios of a Line

Any three numbers which are proportional to the direction
If a directed line OP makes angles a, (3 and y with positive cosines of a line, are called direction ratios of a line.
direction of X-axis, 7-axis and Z-axis respectively, then 1. lfa,b and care direction ratios of a line, then
cos a, cos P and cos y are called direction cosines of a line. I
They are denoted by /, m and n. Therefore, I = cos a, a
^b -c = k (say), k being a constant.
m = cos P and n - cos y.
=> l = ak, m = bk and n = ck
2. If a, b and care direction ratios of a line, then its
direction cosines are
a
l = ±

b
m = ±
+b^ +c^
c
n = ±
X

NOTE (i) Direction cosines of a directedline are unique,

(ii) Direction cosines of X,Y and Z-axes are (1,0,0),(0,1,0) and 3. Direction ratios of a line PQ passing through the
(0,0,1) respectively. pointsP(x,, yi, Zi)andg(x2, yi, Z2>arex2 -Xj,
 342 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

}>2 - V] and Z2 - r, and direction cosines are

X2 - .Vj
(t7|62 -«2^1 )'' +(^^'2
PQ\ + {c\a2 -C2fl|
or sin9 =
>’2 - >^1
-f/>? +cf -^Ja; +bl 4-C2
-2 ~-i

[P£)| 1^1 Also, angle (9) between two lines with direction
NOTE
(i) Direction ratios may be taken as (x, - X2), (y, -y2) and{z, - cosines. /|, W|, /?] and I2, is given by
(it) Direction ratios of two parallel lines are proportional, as two cos 0 = j /) A + /«] m2 + /?! «2!
parallel lines have same set of direction cosines, I ^ r
(iii) Direction ratios of a line are not unique. or sin 9 =
+ (/]W2 -/2Wi)^
Straight Line
A straight line is a curve, such that all the points on the line Condition of Perpendicularity
segment joining any two points of it lies on it. Two lines are said to be perpendicular,
Equation of a Line through a Given in vector form if 6j ● /?2 = 0 i
Point and Parallel to a Given Vector
in cartesian form if a ^02 +b^bi + c^C2 = 0
1. Vector form The vector equation of a line passing
[direction ratio form]
through a point with position vector a and parallel to a or /| I2 + W| A«2 + 0. [direction cosine fonn]
given vector b h r a + X. 6, where r is the Condition that Two Lines are Parallel
position vector of an arbitrary point on the line and X
is some real number. Two lines are said to be parallel.

2. Cartesian form The cartesian equation of a line in vector form 6] = X ; in cartesian form if
passing through a point A(xi,y^,Zi) and having a
1 ^1

direction ratios a, h and c is

x-x^ z-z, Q2 ^2
a c
[direction ratio form]
If /, m and n are the direction cosines of the line, then II m1 n
or [direction cosine form]
the equation of the line is I2 m2 'h
X -X
T-.Vi Z-2,
/ m n Skew lines

Angie between Two Lines Lines which arc neither parallel nor intersecting lines, are
called skew lines. In fact, such lines are non-coplanar.
1. Vector form Angle between the lines r +
Shortest Distance bewteen Two Lines
and r = ui2 + |l ^2 given as
For skew lines, the line of the shortest ng) 0
-»
U~^L 1
distance will be perpendicular to both
6,- b2 the lines.
cos 9 =
In the figure given below i.e. PQ is il ^2
the line of shortest distance. p
where 9 is the acute angle between the lines. S(a,)
1. Vector form If the lines are
2. Cartesian form Angle between the lines
X-X i T-Ti Z - Z:
and^-^ T-T2 Z-Z2
r -ai + Xb] and r = ^2 + l^^2-
‘^2 bi ^2
(61X^2)- (^2-^1)
flj(32 + ^1^2 ^1^2 Then, shortest distance d =
is given as, cos 0 = —»

●Jaf+bf+^ ■ b^ X

ic

I .
 343
Three Dimensional Geometry —

2. Cartesian form If the lines are Distance between Two Parallel Lines
.r-x, 2-Z, If two lines /, and
—♦
I2 —♦are parallel,
—»
then —»they are
—> —i
coplanar.
a 1 b\ <^‘i Let the lines be r =a^-\rX h and r =02-^]^ bA len the
X - -Vt r-3’2 Z-Z-, —»

and bx{a2~a^)
a-, bi ^2 distance between parallel lines is
then shortest distance. b\
^2 - .Y, T2 -Ti Z2 - 2]
a 1 ^1
Distance between Two Points
"2 b. ^2 The distance between two points P (xj, y\. z^) and
d =
0(-V2’T2.22)is given by
t/(6,C2 - Vi)^ +(^-1^2 -^2^1)^ +(0,62
PQ=^|(X2 +(^2 +(^2

NOTE The condition for two given lines to be intersect, is

Mid-point of a Line
(b*,x?2)-{^-Oi)=0 The mid-point of a line joining points
^2~^1 y2 ~yi ^2~^1 A (x,, , zi) and B (X2, ^2> -2) is given by
or 0 b, c, =0,
X\ +-<‘2 >’i + yi ^1 +^2
1

O2 C2
2 2 2 )
i.e. the shortest distance between two lines is zero.

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 4. The point (x, y, 0) on the XL-plane divides the line
Multiple Choice Questions segment joining the points (1,2, 3) and (3, 2, 1) in the
ratio CBSE 2023
X
- makes with the (b) 2 ; 1 internally
1. The angle which the line J ~ [ q (a) 1 : 2 internally
(c) 3 : 1 internally (d) 3 : 1 exlemaliy
positive direction of T-axis is CBSE 2024

5ti 371 5. The angle between the lines 2x =3y = - 2 and

(a)- (b)- 6x = - y = - 4z is CBSE 2023

(a) 0° (b) 30® (c) 45° (d) 90°

(d)^
5n
4
6. If a line makes angles of 90°, 135° and 45° with the
2. The Cartesian equation of the line passing through the X, Y and Z-axes respectively, then its direction
CBSE 2023; Delhi 2019
point (1, - 3, 2) and parallel to the line cosines are

1 I 1 1
r = (2 + X.)i +Xj + (2% — 1)^ is CBSE 2024 (a) 0,-
’ V2’V2
(b)- ,0,
’V2
-1 y+ 3 z“2 x+1 y^-3 z + 2

(a)^
1 1 I 1
(b) (d)0
0 - 1 1 1 2 (c) -^,0,- _ ’V2’V2
V2 V2
x+l y-3 z+2 -1__v+3_2 — 2
(d)i 1 1 2 7. The value of X for which the angle between the lines
0 -1

3. Distance of the point (p, q, r) from T-axis is cBSE 2023

r = i + J + ic + p{2i + J +2k) and
(a)^ (b)kl r
= {1 + q)i + (1 + qX)J + (I + q)k is y , is' CBSE 2023

(c)kl + k| (d)Vp^77 (a)-4 (b)4 (c)2 (d)-2

 344 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

8.
The direction cosines of vector BA, where coordinates (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A),
of A and B are (1, 2, -1) and (3, 4, 0) respectively, are
CBSE 2023
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct

1
explanation of (A),
(a)-2,-2,-l (c) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect,
3’ 3
(d) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect.
(c) 2, 2, 1 14.
Assertion (A) The acute angle between the line
r - i + j +2k-\- X{i - j) and the ^-axis is —.
The lines r = i + j - k +X(2i +3J -6k) and 4

r ~2i - j - ic + (0.(6/ + 9y -1 Sk); (where X and )a are Reason(R) The acute angle 6 between the lines
—»

scalars) are CSSE Samp/e Paper 2023

r =Xi/ + y^j + Z\k + b^j + c^k) and
(a) coincident (b) skew (c) intersecting (d) parallel
The two lines X = ay+^), z = cy + d and x = a' y + b', r =X2i + y2j' + ^2^ +^27 is given by
z = c' y + d' are perpendicular to each other, if cos 6 =
aja2 +^iZ>2 +c^C2 I
Delhi 2020

(a)- + - = l
a c'
(b)4 + -. = -l
a c
CBSE Sample paper 2023
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
(c) aa' + cc' = I (d) aa' + cc'=-l explanation of (A),
x-2 y-3 4- (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct
The lines - and
1 1 k explanation of (A),
x -1 y—4 z-5 (c) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect,
k —2— “ —^ mutually perpendicular, if the (d) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect.
value of k is All India 2020 Ver.' Short Answer Questions

w-| <«= (c)-2 (d)2 Find the direction cosines of the normal to FZ-plane?
CBSE Sample paper 2021
12. jhe equation of the line in vector form passing Find the coordinates of the point where the line
through the point (-1,3,5) and parallel to line Jc+3_y-l_z-5
x-3 y-4 cuts the AT-plane.
,z = 2is
2 3 CBSE Samp/e Paper 2020 CBSE Samp/e paper 2021
The line of shortest distance between two skew lines iIS
(a) r = (-/■ + 3j + 5^)+ X(2/ -t- 3j + k)
to both the lines. All India 2020
(b) -7 = (-1 + 3J+ 5k)+X(2f + 3j)
Find the vector equation of the line which passes
(c)7 = (2/ + 3J- 2k)+X(-i + 3j+5k) through the point (3, 4, 5) and is parallel to the vector
(d) 7 = (2i + 3J) + X(-i + 3J+ 5k) 2/ +2j-3k. Delhi 2019

Assertion - Reason 19.

A line passes through the point with position vector
2/ -7+4^ and is in the direction of the vector
Assertion (A) The lines r = a^ +Xh^ and r = a^ +(i ^2
/ + j - 2k. Find the equation of the line in cartesian
are perpendicular, when bi . 62 =0. form. Alllndia 2019

Reason (R) The angle 0 between the lines

-f -* -4
20. What is the distance of the point (p, q, r) from the
X-axis?
r =a^ +Xb^ and r =b2+)i b2 is given by CBSE Sample poper 207 7

61 ./>2 21* The equations of a line is 5.v - 3 = 15y+7 = 3 -lOz.

cos 6 -
Write the direction cosines of the line. All India 2015
CBSE 2023
Three Dimensional Geometry 345

22. Write the distance of a point P{a, b, c) from X-axis. 33. Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of a line
Delhi 2014C
parallel to the line whose equations are
ESa CONCEPT 6x-12 = 3>’ + 9 = 2z-2. CBSE Sample Paper 2023

Firstly, consider any point on X-axis beQ{x, 0,0).Then, 34. Find the direction cosines of the following line
use the formula for distance of points R(Xi,y,,z,)from
3-X 2y-\_z
S(x2,y2,23) = yj{x2 -x,)^ -1- (y2 -y,)^ + (Z2-z^f. 2 ”4 CBSE Sample Paper 2022
23. If the cartesian equation of a line is 35. Find the acute angle between the lines
3-xv + 4 2z-6,
- = —~—, then write the vector equation x~4 y+3 2 + 1 ,x-\ y + l z + lO
5 7 - and -
3 4 5 4 -3 5
of the line. All India 2014
CBSE Sample Paper 2020
24. Write the equation of the straight line through the
point (a, P, y) and parallel to Z-axis. All India 2014 36. Find the vector equation of the line passing through
the point J (1,2, -1) and parallel to the line
25. Find the direction cosines of the line
5x-25 = 14-7y = 35z. Delhi 2017
4-x _y _\~z
2 6 3 Delhi 2013 37. Find the cartesian and vector equations of the line
which passes through the point (-2,4, -5) and parallel
26. Write the vector equation of a line passing through the
to the line given by
point (I, -1,2) and parallel to the line whose equation
. x-3 y-\ z+1 x+3_y-4 8-z
is
2 “ -2 All India 2013 5 CBSE Sample Paper 2017
27. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes
through the point (-2, 4, - 5) and is parallel to the line 3 Marks Questions
x+3_4-v_z+8 38. Find the distance between the lines
3 Delhi 20? 3

& G2i3 CONCEPT 7=(f+2J-4k) + U2i +3J+6k);

If two lines are parallel, then direction ratios of both lines
are proportional. Use this result and simplify it. and r = (3i +3J -5^) + |i(4/ +6J -\-\2k)
CBSE 2023, Poreign 2014

2 Marks Questions 39. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
drawn from the point P(0,2,3) to the line
28. Find the vector equation of the line passing through
the point (2, 3, - 5) and making equal angles with the x+3 y-\ z+4
coordinate axes. CBSe 2024 5 2 3 CBSE 2023

29.
Find the coordinates of points on line y = ^ ^'
2
55 laiaCONCEPT
Firstly, determine any pointL on the given line and DR's
which are at a distance of vTT units from origin. between given point P and L, using the relation 0^02 + 6,62
CBSE 2023
-I- qcj =0, where (0|,6i,c,) and (<32 A'^2) are DR's of Piand
30. Find the vector and the cartesian equations of a line given line, respectively.
passes through the point A{\, 2, -1) and parallel to the
line 5x-25 = 14-7j^ = 35z. CBSE 2023 40. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
I y 4 Z 3 drawn from point P(5, 7, 3) to the line
31. Find the value of n, so that lines = = x-\5 y-29 z~5
-2 3p 4
3 8 -5 CBSE 2023
x-2 y-5 \-z
and = = are perpendicular to each other.
4p 2 1 CBSE 2023 41. Find the shortest distance between the following lines
32. Check whether the lines given by equations x =2X +2, r ={i + j - k)-hs{2i + y + ic)
y=lX +il, z = -3A, - 3 andx = -p- 2, _y = 2|X + 8,
z = 4p + 5 are perpendicular to each other or not. and r = (z + j +2/c) + t{4i +2j +2k)
CBSE 2023 CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
 346 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Or Find the equation of a line passing through the point

4 Marks Questions (1,2, -4) and perpendicular to two lines
42. Find the coordinates of the image of the point
(1,6, 3) with respect to the line r = (8/ -19j + 10/t) + X(3l -\6J + lie)
r =(J + 2k) + X(i +2j +3k\ where is a scalar. and r = (15/ + 29j +5^) + p(3/ + %j -5k).
AH/ndio20I5
Also, find the distance of the image from the F-axis.
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
^ A A A
50. Show that the lines r = {i + j - k) + X {3i - j) and
43^ An aeroplane is flying along the line r = X{i -j + k), r = (4/ - ^) + p (2/ + 3^) intersect. Also, find their
where ‘X’ is a scalar and another aeroplane is flying
-*
point of intersection. Delhi 2014

along the line r = i - J +ii(-2J + k), where ‘p.’ is a

5 “I. Find the direction cosines of the line
scalar. At what points on the lines should they reach,
so that the distance between them is the shortest? Find
x+2 2y-l 5
Also, find the vector equation
2 6
the shortest possible distance between them.
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023 of the line through the point A (-1,2,3) and parallel to
the given line. Delhi 2014C
44 Find the value of X, so that the lines
l-x 7y-l4 z-3
and
7-7x y-5_6-z are at 52. Find the angle between the lines
3 X 2 3X 1 5

right angle. Also, find whether the lines are r =2i - 5J + k + X(3i +2j +6^)
intersecting or not. Delhi 2019
and r - 7i -6j -6k +\x(i + 2j + 2k).
-1 y-2 z — 3
45. If the lines - and Foreign 2014; All India 2008C
-3 2X 2
x-1 r,, , , ,.
.^ + 1 y+3 z + 5 and
Show that the lines
= ~
- ~~ perpendicular, find the value JO. 3 3 7
3X
x-2 y-4 z-6. .. ^ ● f.
of X. Hence, find whether the lines are intersecting or - - intersect. Also, find their point or
not. All fndia2019 1 3
intersection. De/h/20T4

46. Find the shortest distance between the lines

54^ Find the value ofp, so that the lines
7 = (4/ -J) + X(i +2J -3k) l-x 7y-14 z-3
/.1 : and
and r = (i - J + 2k) +p(2/ + 4j - 5k). CBSE 2018 3 P 2

7 -7x y-5 6-
47. Find the shortest distance between the lines li- are perpendicular to each
x-2 y-4 z-5 3p 1
x-1 y-2 z-3
and
2 3 4 3 4 5 other. Also, find the equation of a line passing through
CBSE 2018C a point (3,2,-4) and parallel to line /j. All /ndia 2014

Find the equation of the line which intersects the lines 55^ A line passes through the point (2, -1,3) and is
x + 2 y-3 z + 1 and x-1 y-2 z-3 and perpendicular to the lines
1 2 4 2 3 4 r = {i + j -k) + XQ.i -2j + k)
passes through the point (1, 1, 1).
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2078 and r = (2/ - j -3i) + |l (/ +2y +2^). Obtain its
equation in vector and cartesian forms. All India 2014
49 Find the vector and cartesian equation of the line
through the point (1,2, - 4) and perpendicular to the 56. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose
two lines vector equations are
r = i + J + X(2i —J+k)
7 = (8/ -19; +10^) + X, (3/ -I6j + 7k)
and r =2i + J - k +p(3/ -5J +2k).
and r = (15/ +29y +5X) + p (3/ +8; -5X). De7ht'2076 Foreign 2074; Delhi 2008
Three Dimensional Geometry 347

57. Find the shortest distance between the two lines whose Also, find the perpendicular distance of the given
vector equations are point from the line. CBSE 2024

—»

r = (^i +2y+3^) + X.(i —3_/ + 2k) 65. Find the shortest distance between the lines L, and L2
and r = (4z +5 / +6^) + |i(2/ +3_/ + ^). Delhi 20 J4C
given below
L] : The line passing through (2,-1, 1) and
58. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the line X y -»

passing through the point (2,1,3) and perpendicular to

the lines
parallel to — =
1 1
^L2:r=i+{2[i+l)j-(p.+2)k.
J CBSE 2024
x-l y~2_z-3 and^ = ^ = ^, 66. Find the image of the point (2, -1,5) in the line
1 2 3 -3 2 5 All India 2014 x-11 y+2 z+8
59. Find the shortest distance between the two lines whose 10 ” -4 " -11' CfiSE 2023

vector equations are

67. Vertices B and C of AABC lie on the line
r = (6? +2J +2k ) + X(i -2j +2k) x+2 y-\ z
Find the area of A45C given that
—* 2 1
and r = {-Ai -k)+\i(2i -2j-2k). point A has coordinates (I, -1,2) and the line segment
Delhi 2073C; Foreign 2011 BC has length of 5 units. CBSE 2023

60. Show that the lines

68. Show that the following lines do not intersect each other
r =M +2j — 4k + X{i +2J +2k) x-l v+1 z -I and, X+2 y- \ _z + \
—*
3 2 5 CBSE 2023
and r -5i -2y+p.(3/ +2y+6^)
are intersecting. Hence, find their point of intersection. 69. Find the angle between the lines
All India 2013 2x = 3^’ = - z and 6x = - y = - 4z. CBSE 2023

61. Computing the shortest distance between the 70. Find the value of b, so that the lines
following pair of lines, determine whether they X-l _ y- b x-4 v-1
= z are
intersect or not? 2 3 4 5 2
A A A A ^ A A ^ A
intersecting lines. Also, find the point of intersection
= (/“?) + -k) and r =2i - J +ji (i - j - k)
of these given lines. CBSE 2023
Delhi 2012C

71. An insect is crawling along the line

62. Find the equation of the line passing through the point. A ., .,

(-1,3, - 2) and perpendicular to the lines , r =6i +2J + 2k + A(i - 2j + 2k) and another insect is
X y z , x+2 T-1 z + 1 —> ^ A ^ A A
— = — = — and crawling along the line r =-4i - k +|i(3/ -2j -2k).
1 2 3 -3 2 5 Delhi 2012

At what points on the lines should they reach so that

63. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular and the distance between them is the shortest? Find the
the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point shortest possible distance between them.
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
P{5, 4,2) to the line r = -i + 3j + k + X {2i + 3J - k).
Also, find the image of P in this line. All india 2012 72. The equations of motion of a rocket are x =2/,
y = -4t, z = 4t, where the time t is given in seconds
and the coordinates of a moving point in kilometre.
5/6 Marks Questions
What is the path of the rocket? At what distances will
64. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular the rocket be from the starting point 0(0,0,0) and from
drawn from the point (2, 3, - 8) the following line in 10 s?
to the line 4-x _ y _l-z
r =20i-I0j+40k +)i(10/ -20J+I0k)
CBSE Sample Paper 2023
348 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

73. Find the shortest distance between the lines 75. Find the vector and cartesian equations of a line
passing through {1,2, -4) and perpendicular to the two
r = 3/ + 2y — Ak + X(/ +2y + .7k) x-8 y+\9 z-10
lines
3 -16 7
and r =5/ -2y +p(3i +2J +6k). x -15
and
y-29 2-5
If the lines intersect, find their point of intersection. 3 8 -5 Delhi 2017, 12
CBSE Samp/e Paper 2021
76. Define skew lines. Using only vector approach, find
74. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the line
the shortest distance between the following two skew
which is perpendicular to the lines with equations lines.
x+2 y-3 2 + 1
and x-\ y~2_2-3 and
1 2 4 2 3 4 r =(8 + 3?l)J-(9 + 16X)y + (10 + 7:^))t
passes through the point (1, 1, 1). Also, find the angle and r =15/ +29y + 5A + p (31 +8y -5^)
between the given lines. All India 2020
CBSE Sample Paper 2017
. *● r-

[Explanations]
■

I :rjt ● <r
i.

1.(Zj) For the line — = _Z_ = £ 3. (d) Given, the point is (p, q, r).
1 -1 0’
Any point on the 7-axis of the form (0, q, 0).
Direction ratios of the given line are 1, -1, 0 Distance of {p, q, r) from 7-axis is
Direction cosines of the given line are
1 -1 0
^l(0-p)^ ■P{q-qf+{0~rf =^P^+r^
Here, distance of {p, q, r) from 7-axis is yjp^ +r^.
^1' +{-lf +0~’ yj\^ +{-\f +0-' +(-\f +0~
1 -1
4. (d) Let the point p (x, y, 0) on the XY-plane divides
,0 the line segment joining the points A(}, 2,3) and
^^’^/2
B (3,2,1) in the ratio k : 1.
k : 1
Since, we need to find the angle which the line
-=JL = .- makes with the positive direction
z
/\(1,2,3) P(x,y,0) 8(3,2,1)
1 -1 b 3/t + l 2k+2 .k+3
of 7-axis. X — 7= and = 0
A: + r k + \ k + \
1 -I -1 3n k+3 -3
cos(3 = - =>(3=cos = 0=^k+3 = 0^k =
^l2 4
k+l 1

2. (d) For the given line Hence, the ratio is 3 : 1 externally.

r = {2 + X)l + Xj + {2'k-l)k 5. (d) The given equations of lines can be rewritten as
a:-0 y-0 2-0 -0 y—0 2-0
= (2/ + Oy ~k) + X{i + J + 2k) and-
3 2 -6 2 -12 -3
So, parallel vector to the given line is (/ + y +2k).
Here, direction ratios of first line are (3, 2,-6) and
That is, direction ratios are (1, 1,2) direction ratios of second line are (2, -12, - 3).
and position vector through the given point on the Let 0 be the angle between the lines
required line is (/ - 3j +2k).
3x2 + 2x(-12) + (- 6)x(-3)
Thus, the vector equation of line is Then, cos0 =

r ={i - 3j +2k) + X(^i + j +2k)

yj3^ +2^ + (~6f yj2^ + (-uf +(-3)^
6-24 + 18 7C
In cartesian fonn, the required equation is = O=>0 = - = 9O®
X-[ y+3 2—2 V49 Vl57 2

1 1 2
Hence, the angle between the given lines is 90°.
Three Dimensional Geometry 349

6. (a) Let direction cosines of the line be /, m and n. 10. {d) We have, .

Given, a =90^ P = 135° and y = 45° x = ay-\-byZ = cy + d

Then, / = cos a = cos 90° = 0 and x = a' y+b', z = c'y + d'
-I x~b _ y z-d , X- b' y z-d'
m = cosp = cosl35° = 1
and —; 1 c
a c a

1 Since, these lines are perpendicular.

and « = cosy =cos45° =
aa' + l + cc'=0 [v two lines are perpendicular, if
1 1 ^1^2 +^1^2 +^1^2 “1]
Hence, the direction cosines of a line are 0, - aa' + cc' = -1
4i'i^
7. (a) The given lines can be rewritten as 11. (fl) We have.
x~2 y-3 4-z
r=i+j + k + p {2i + J + 2k) 1 k
^ ,A A A A A
and r = (i + J + k) + q{i +Xj + k) and
x-\ y-4 2-5
k 2 -2
Let 0 be the angle between these lines.
x-2 y-3 2-4
(2/+y+2/t).(/+Xj + )t) or
1 1 -k
Then, cos 6 =
V2^+i^+2^ and x-\_y-4 _z-S
~1T~ 2
7t 2 +X +2 7t
cos —= ,— given angle = — Since, the given lines are perpendicular.
2 3^^ + 2 (l)(/:) + (l)(2) + (-^)(-2)=0
0 = J4 + XI jt+2 + 2A=0

3^ + 2 3k +2=0 ^ k = —
3
=❖ 4 + X= 0 X =—4
12. (/?) The given line is
8. (b) The given points are A(l, 2, -1) and B (3, 4,0),
x-3 y~4
3 ^
->

BA ={\-3)i +{2-4)J + (-\-0)k=-2i-2J-k 2

These equations can be written as

\M\=^j(-2f +(-2)U(-y x-3 y-4 2-2
= ^4 + 4 + l=V9=3 2 3 0

—» 2 2 1 Direction ratios of the given line are 2,3,0.

Hence, the direction cosines of 5.4 are —, —, - .
3 3 3 => Direction ratios of a line parallel to the given line
are proportional to 2, 3, 0.
9. (d) Given, lines are
The required equation of line which is passing
r = i +J-k + X{2i + 3j —6k) ...(i) through (-1, 3, 5) and having direction ratios 2, 3, 0 is

and
—»

r =2i - j - k + )X(6/ + 9J -18^) 7 = i-l +3J + Sh + M2i +3J).

—» —»

(a) Assertion The given lines are r = + X b^ and

—»
13.
r = 2i — j — k + 3|i,(2/ + 3y — 6^)
= 2/ - y — ^ + ji,' (2i + 3y — 6^) ...(ii) r =a2+Xbi.
wherep.' = 3|i Let 6 be the angle between these lines
—»
Here, the fixed points on the lines are different and the
^1-^2
lines /j and Ij are parallel to the vector 2/ +3y -6k. cos 6 =

The lines are parallel to each other. ^lll^2l

350 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

When by- b2 =0 r=(3/+4j+5^) + X.(2?+2j-3A)

0 which is the required vector equation. (1)
Then, cos0 = ^0
-»
19.The given line passes through the point A having
A A ^

n 71
position vector a = 2i - j + Ak and is parallel to the
cos0= cos— => 0= — A A A

2 2 vector b = i ■¥ j -2k.
Hence, the given lines are perpendicular. The equation of the given line is
Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is a
r = a + X b
correct explanation of Assertion.
14.(a) The equation of the 2f-axis may be written as r - (2/ - J ‘\-4k) + X {i + j - 2k) ...(i)
-»

r = ti.
For cartesian equation, put r =xi + yj + zk in
Now, the acute angle 0 between the line
-*
Eq. (i), we get
?' = i + j +2k + X(i - j) and r = ti {xi ■¥ yj + zk) = {2i - j + Ak)-\-X{i + j-2k)
jlxl + (-l)x0 + 0x0| 1
xi + yj + zk = (1^-X) i + (A -1) y + (4 - 2X) k
.'. cos 0 =
+(-l)^ +0“-Jl^ +0^ +0- x~2-\-X, y=X-\
7t and z=A-2X
0=-
4
x-2 _ y+l _ z-4_^^
Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason 1 ” 1 ' -2 ”
is a correct explanation of Assertion. X -2 y+l z-■4
Hence, — — is the required equation of
15 Direction cosines of the normal to TZ-plane is 1 1
(1,0, 0). (1) the given line in cartesian form. (1)

16 The coordinates of any point on the line 20.Distance of the point (p, q, r) from the AT-axis
x+2 y-\ z-5
- = —— are given by = Distance of the point (p, q, r) from the point (p, 0,0)
3 -1

= ^{P-Pf+{g-0)^+{r-0)^ =^q^+r^
—-^ = ^ = Xor(3X,-3,-X + l,-5X + 5).
3 -1
21 .Given, equations of a line is
If (3^ - 3, - A, +1, - 5X + 5) lies on XY-plane i.e. z = 0, 5x-3 = 15y + 7 = 3~10z
then -5A+5=0=>A = 1
Let us first convert the equation in standard form
Hence, the coordinates of the points are
X-Xy y-y\ Z-Zy
(3 X1-3, -1+1,-5x1+5) = (0,0,0). ...(ii)
a b c
17 For skew lines, the line of the shortest distance will be
perpendicular to both the lines and it is unique also, (l) Let us divide Eq. (i) by LCM (coefficients of x, y
and z) i.e. LCM (5, 15, 10) = 30
18.Equation of a line passing through a point with
—> ^ Now, the Eq. (i) becomes
position vector a and parallel to a vector b is 5;c-3 15y + 7 3-IOz
-i -*

r = a + X b 30 30 30
Since, line passes through (3, 4, 5) S'! 7 3^
5 X- 15 y+— -10 z-
a = 3/+4j+5^ 5) 15 10

Since, line is parallel to 2 / + 2j -3k 30 30 30

3 7 3
~b=2i+2]-3k X — y+ — z —

^ ^ ^ 5 15 10
Equation of line is r = a + X h, i.e. 6 2 -3 (1/2)
 351
Three Dimensional Geometry

On comparing the above equation with Eq.(ii), we get X-4 _y _ z-\

6, 2, -3 are the DR’s of the given line. -3

Now, the direction cosines of given line are Here, DR’s of the line are (-2,6, - 3).
6 2 Direction cosines of the line are
-2 6

and
-3
■
i.e. —
^ 1 zl ^j(-2f+i6f+{-3f ’ ^(-2)'+(6)'+(-37
7’7’ 7 ■ 6 -3
■^6^+2^+(-if -3 -2
(1/2) and i.e.

V(^'+{6)'+(-3)' V49’V^9
22. Given, point is P(a, b, c).
(26
Then, the coordinates of the point on X-axis be Thus, DC’s of line are (1)
7’7’ 7
(a, 0, 0). (1/2)

x-coordinate of both points will be same] 26- We know that the vector equation of a line passing
through a point with position vector
Required distance = y(a-a)^+ (O-h)^ + (0 - c)~
a and parallel to a given vector b Is r = a + X b,
= ^|o + h^ +c^ =ylh~ + c^ (1/2)
—^ A A ^ ^ A A ^

23. Given, cartesian equation of a line is where XeR . Here, a =i — j + 2k and b = i +2j —2k.
3-x y+4 2z-6 [●.■ DR’s of given line is 1, 2 and -2]
5 7 4 Required vector equation of line is
On rewriting the given equation in standard form,
we get
^ = {i -j +2k) + X(i + 2j -2k), where Xg (1)

x-3_y + 4 _2-3 27. Given, the required line is parallel to the line
— = X. (let)
7 ' _ x+3 4-y z+8
X = -5A, + 3, y-lX-4 3 5 6

and z = 2X+3 (1/2)

or
x+3 v-4 _ 2 + 8
Now,xi + yj + zic = (-5X + 3)/ + (73.-4)7 + (23. +3) k 6

DR’s of both lines are proportional to each other. (1/2)

r =(3/ -4y +3k) + X{-5i+ lj+2k)
The required equation of the line passing through
which is the required equation of line in vector form. (-2, 4, - 5) having DR’s (3, - 5,6) is
(1/2)
x+2 v-4_z+5 (1/2)
24. The vector equation of a line parallel to Z-axis is 6

m = 0/ + 0j + k. Then, the required line passes through

28. Given,a = P = Y
the point A{a, P, y), whose position vector is
.●. cos^ a +cos^ p +cos" y = 1
= az +^j + y k and is parallel to the vector
1
m = (0z +O7 +k). (1/2) 3 cos ^ a = 1 cos ^ a = -
3

The equation is r =^r + Xm 1

cos a = ±
= (az + py + yfe) + 3.(0/ +0j + k)
1
= {al + py + y^) + 3,(^) (1/2) cos a = cos P = cos y = ±
25. Given, equation of line is
So, the required vector equation is
4-x _ y _ 1 - 2
r = (2/ +3y -5^) + (i +J +k)
It can be rewritten in standard form as
 352 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

29. Given, equation of line is We know that two lines are perpendicular, if
x_y-l_z + \ a^a2 +b]b2 +C]C2 =0
~ = ?.(Let)
1 -2x4/h-3j!7x2-(-4x(-7) = 0
X = X, y = 2X + \ and z = 2X-\ -8;7 + 6;?-28 = 0
r. Point is (X, 27. +1,2A. -1). ,..{i) (I) -2p = 28=> p = -\A
Given, distance of this point from origin is Vu units. Hence, the value of p is -14. (1)

32. The given equations of lines can be written as

+{2X + \-0f +(2X-l~0f =4u X-2 v-1 z +3
= X, = X
Squaring on both sides, we get 7 -3
x +2 j;-8
X~ + 47,^ +1 + 47. + 47^ +1 — 47 = 11 and
z -5
-1
=> 97^+2 = 11=>972=9 7-=I 7 = ±1
x-2 _y~\_ z + 3 and x + 2 y-% _z-5
0)
FromEq. (i), we have (1,3, 1) and (-1,-1,-3). -1 ” 2 ” 4
Hence, the required points are (1, 3, 1) and We know that if given lines are perpendicular to each
(-1,-1,-3). (1)
other, thena|a2 +^1^2 +^1^2
30. Given, line can be written as
+byb2 +c^C2 =2 X (-1) +7x2 + (-3) x4
x-5__v-2 z-0 ,^-5 y-2 z-0 = -2 + 14-12=0
...(i)
1/5 “-i/7“r7^^^“'-5 ~~r
Hence, then given equations of lines are perpendicular
Hence, parallel vector of given line to each other. (1)
—»

i.e., b =7i -5J + ic . Concept We

V know that if two liens
r \ Enhancer ^ .Xj^_y-yT _z-Zi
Since, required line is parallel to given line (i). 1 ■
o
1 Cl
-*
X~Xy y-Yp Z-Zy ,
b = li -5j + k will also be parallel vector of required and Lyi =■ ^ ^ are perpendicular
Qj b2 Cj
line which passes through ^(1,2, -1).
to each other, then 0^02 + + c^C2 = 0.
Required vector equation of line is
33. Given, line is 6x -12 = 3^ + 9 = 2z -2 which can be
r = {i + 2j -k) + X{li - 5j + k) (1) rewritten as
x-2 y+3 z-l
For cartesion equation, write ...(i)
^IT'TiT'Tr'
r = (1 + 77)/ + (2 - 57)j + (-1 + 7)7 ^3, ^2
+ yj + zk) = (1 + 77)/ + (2 - 5X)j + (-1 + 7)7 Hence, the required direction ratios of a line parallel to
n 1 1
On comparing the coefficient of /, j and 7, we get line (i) are or(l, 2, 3).
6 3 2 ^ ^ 0)
X = 1 + 77, y=2-57 and z = -l + 7
z + 1
Now, the required direction cosines are
= 7 and = 7
7 -5 1 1 2

x-1_ y-2_ z + 1 VO)' +(2)" (3)' ’ V(l)'+(2)"+(3)'

+

3
which is the required cartesian equation of line. (1)
V(l)"+(2)-+(3)"
31. The given lines are written as
1 2 3
x-1 y-4 z-3 ,x-2 v-5 z-1
= and —— = =
-2 3p 4 Ap 2 -1 Vl + 4 + 9 ’ Vl + 4 + 9 ’ Vl + 4 + 9
Here, direction ratios of above lines are (- 2,3/?, 4) J ^3
and (4/7,2,-7). (1) V14’Vh’Vi4 (1)
Three Dimensional Geometry 353

3-x 2y-\ z ->

34. Given, line is b = li - 5J + k

2 "4
1 Since, required line is parallel to given line (i).
^ -V .s -
x-2
or l=i => b = li -5j + k will also be parallel vector of
1 1 4
required line which passes through ^(1,2, -1).
x-x, y-}’\ z-z,
The required vector equation of line is
Now, comparing Eq. (i) with
a b c

we get direction ratios as < 1,1, 4 > (1)

r={i+2j-k) + Wi^~y + k)
__ . x+3 y-4 8-z
Its direction cosines are given by 37. Given, equations 01 line is — or
5 -6
1 1 4
x+3 y-4 z-8
= and the point is (-2,4, -5).
^Vl^+V+4^ ’ ^\^+\^+4^ ’7'^"+1^+4^ 3 5 6

J 1 4_ Now, cartesian equations of the required line is

(1)
3>/2 ’ 3a/2 ’ 3>/2 x+2 y-4 z+5
...(i) (1)
3 5 6
35. Given, lines are
x-4 y+3 z+1 [●.● in parallel lines, direction ratios are proportional]
3 4 5 and vector equation of the required line is

and x-1 _ y + \ _ z + 10 r ={-2i + 4J -5k) + X{3i +5J +6k)

...(ii) (1)
4 5
38. Given, equation of lines are
DR’s of line (i) is 3,4, 5 and DR’s of line (ii) is 4, -3, 5. —»

r = (/ + 2y - 4k) + X,(2/ + 3y + 6^)

Vector in the direction of first line b = 3i + 4j 5k
Vector in the direction of second line
and r =(3/ +3j -5^)+|i(4/ +6y + 12^)
'd = 4i -3j + 5k
On comparing with /● = a + X. we get
Acute angle 0 between two lines is given by

\b-d
a
1 = 0 +2]-4k), ^ =(2/ +3j+6k)
cosO =

b\\d and ^2 ~ (3^ +3y -5X), 62 = (4/ +67 +12A:)

—*

COS0 =
1(3/ +4j + 5k)-{4i -3J + 5/t)| Now, 02 - a i = (3/ + 3] -5k) -0+2]- 4k)
1(3/ +4y +5^)11(4/ -3y +5^)1 (1)
= 2l+J-k (1)
COS 6 =
|12-12 + 25|
J k
^9 + 16 + 25^16 + 9 + 25
i

25 and Z)] X = 2 3 6
COS0 = 4 6 12
^/^^/50 (1/2)
1 71
COS0 = => 0=- = / (36 - 36) -y (24 - 24) + X (12 -12) = 0
2 3 (1/2)
So, both given lines are parallel and b = 2i + 3j + 6k
36. Given, line is5x-25 = 14-7y = 35z
i j k
x-5_2-y_ z x-5_y-2 2 —» —»

]/5”l/7~l/35^ TT7”-1/7 1/35 Then, bx\a2~a^\ = 2 3 6

2 1 -1
X ~5 _ y-2 _ 2 -0
...(i)
7 “ -5 “ ~T~ (1) = /(-3-6)-y(-2-12) + /t(2-6)
Hence, parallel vector of given line i.e.
= -9/+14y~4X (I)
354 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Now, required distance between given lines is 40. Do same as Q. 39. [Ans. (9,13, 15)]
41. Given, lines are
fl —
/?x(a2-ai) -9/+14y-4yt
^ A ys '' A A

b
22+3'+6' r =(/ + y - k) + sQ.i + j + A:) -.(i)

Vsi + 196 + 16 V2^ v/2^ . and r ={i + y + 2A) + ^(4/ 4- 2y + 2^)

- - units (I)
V4 + 9 + 36 7
= (/ + y+2^)+2?(2/ + y + ^) ...(ii)

Concept Wg know that if two lines

—*

Enhancer -» On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii) with r = Qj + A, 6 and

r =a^+ A5 and r sOj+iib
'1 are parallel, then the distance between these r = b, we get
-»

parallel lines is
bx(Qg-Q^) a
i = / + j - k and b ~2i + j + k
lb| —»

^2 = / + y +2^ and b =2i + j + k 0)

jc + 3 V“l z+ 4
39.Given, equation of line is ^ ~~Y~ 3
[where X,' = 2/]
"P(0,2,3) Here, the lines are parallel.
-*

The shortest distance =

1(«2 -^i)x b\

A hL ■>8
x+3 y-1 z+4 \{3k)x{2i +J+ /:)!
5 2 3
V4 + 1 + I
X+3 y-\ z+4
Let — = A. (says)
5 2 i y k
a: + 3 z + 4 => (3A-)x(2/ +j+k) = 0 0 3 = -3i+6j (I)
= A and = A
5 2 3 2 1 1

=5A -3, y = 2A + 1 and z = 3A, - 4 Hence, the required shortest distance

Coordinates of point L are (5A. - 3,2A +1,3A - 4). (l)
l-3/+6?| V^ + 36 3V5 . (I)
Now, DR’s of line PL
4^ 46 46
= (5A-3-0,2A + l-2,3>„-4-3)
= (5A-3,2>.-l,3A-7) 42.Given, r =(y+2A) + A(/+2y+3A)
DR’s line of AB are (5, 2, 3). The coordinates of a general point on the given line
PL ± AB are given by
x-o y-\ z-2
a^a2 +b^b2+ CjC2 =0 -=x,
1 2
where, a, =5A-3,b| =2>„-l,C| =3A,-7
where A is some real number.
and -02 — 3, ^2 — 2, ^2 — 3 0(1,6,3)
From Eq. (i), we get
5 (5A. - 3) + 2(2A -1) + 3(3A. - 7) = 0
=-> 25A-I5 + 4A-2 + 9>--21 = 0 A B
Pixy.z]
38?.-38=0

38A=38 ^ A = 1 (1)
R (xi.yi,zi)
Foot of perpendicular L
= (53. - 3,2A +1,3A - 4) = (2,3, -1) (1) .●. a: = A, y = 2A +1, z = 3A + 2 (1)
Three Dimensional Geometry 355

Let Qi}, 6,3) be the given point and let P{x, y, z) be a = (1 - X)/ + (-1 ~ 2|i + X)j + (M- “ X)ic (1)
point the given line AB such that QP ± AB.
Also, let y\,z^) be the image of ^(1,6,3). Now, AB is perpendicular to both the lines
The coordinates ofP are (X, 2X + 1,3 A, +2). i - j yk and -2j + k
Direction ratios of QP are A -1,2A - 5,3 A — 1. ... l(l-A)-l(-l-2p + A) + l(p-A) = 0
Direction ratios of given line are 1,2 and 3. 2 + 3p-3A = 0 ...(hi)
/. (A -1)1 + (2A - 5)2 + (3A -1)3 = 0 [■:QP1AB] and 0(l-A)-2(-l-2p + A) + l{p-A) = 0
=> A-l + 4A-10 + 9A-3=0 => A = 1 (1) 2 + 5p-3A=0 ...(iv)
So, coordinates of P are (1, 3, 5). From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
Now, since P is the mid-point of QR. 2 + 3p = 2 + 5|l=»2p=0=>p=0
X| +1 V| +6 z, +3 A=- (1)
= (1,3,5)
~2 ' 2 2 ) 3

On comparing, we get So, the position vector of the points at which they
should be so that the distance between them is the
X\ =1, Ti =0and z, = 7 a)
2 ^ ^ ^
/. The coordinates of the image of the point (1,6,3) shortest are - (/ - j + k) and i - j.
w.r.t. the line AB = (1,0, 7) [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
1
Now, the distance of the point (1, 0, 7) from T-axis AB = OB - OA =-i - r;-r^
3 3 3
= yj(\-0f +{0-0f +(7-0f / \2 \2
1 -1 -2 '2
- yjl +49 - units (1) AB + +

"^3 3 ) 3 ) 3
43.Given, equations of lines are
2
r = A(i — y + k) Hence, the shortest distance AB '^nits (1)

and r=i-y+p(-2y + A)
44.Given, equation of lines can be written in standard
These lines are not parallel as (/ - j + k) is not parallel form as

to {-2J + k). x~l y-2 z —3 .

...(i)
-3 A/7 2 " ^
x-\ y-5 z-6 ^
and ...(ii) (i)
-3A 1 -5 ^
7

These lines will intersect at right angle, if

A
(1)
-3 -y-J + ~(l) + 2(-5)-0
Let AB be the shortest distance between the lines such
['.● two lines with DR’s iZi,6|,q and 02,^2,02 are
that AB makes right angle with both the lines. perpendicular if 0^02 + 63 +C] C2 =0]
Let the position vector of the point A lying on the line 9A A ,,
— + - = 10
r = A(/ - y + ^) = A(/ J + ic) ...(i) 7 7

lOA
and let the position vector of the point B lying on the = 10 => A = 7,
line 7

which is the required value of A. (1)

r -1/ -./ + p(- 2y + ^) = / + (-1 - 2|x)y + \ik ...(ii)
4
Now, let us check whether the lines are intersecting or
not.
Now, AB =OB - OA
 356 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Coordinates of any point on line (i) are On comparing the given equations of lines with
(-3/-1 +1,/"i +2,2r, + 3) X — ATj 2 - Z]

and coordinates of any point on line (ii) are a 1

^1
(-3^2 +1, T2 +5,-5/2 +6) (1) and
X—X2 y-yi Z-Z2
, we get
Clearly, the lines will intersect if ^2 h. ^2

(-3/*, +1, /( + 2,2/j + 3) = (-3/2 +1, /2 + 5, - 5/2 + 6) Xj = 1, y^ =2, z^ = 3; =2,b\ = 3, q =4

For some r,, r2 eR and X2 =2, y2 -4, Z2 =5; 02 =3, ^2 ^2 (1)

=> -S/"] +1 = -3/2 +1; /"i + 2 = /2 + 5; 2/*, + 3 = —5/*2 + 6 On putting these values in
n ='2^ 'i -'2 =3; 2/', +5r2 =3 ^2-^1 >^2-3^1 ^2-^1

which is not possible simultaneously for any /"i, /^ ^ R- a

i bI , we get
Hence, the lines are not intersecting. (1) ^2 62 ^2

45. Do same as Q. No. 44. [Ans. A. = -2, do not intersect] 2-1 4-2 5-3 1 2 2

46. Given, equation of lines are 2 3 4 2 3 4

3 4 5 3 4 5
/● = (4l -J) + X(? +2J -3k) ...(i)
= 1(15-16)-2(10-12)+ 2(8-9)
and r = {i - J + 2A^) + |i(2i + 4j - 5k) ...(ii) =-l+4-2=l

Now, ‘\j(biC2-b2C\ )^ +(cia2”C2<3j )■ +{a^b2~a2b] )^

-* —* —»

On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii) with r = a, +Xbi and

—»

r = U2 + \i.b2 respectively, we get (3x5-4x4)^+(4x3-5x2)^

a 1 -4i - j, bi = i + 2J - 3k
11 + (2x4-3x3)^
A A A A A ^
= V(15 -16)^ + (12 -10)^ + (8-9)^
and a2 = i - j + 2k, 62 =2/ + 4y - 5k
^ ^ A A = V(-l)"+(2)" +(-l)^ =71 + 4 + 1 = V6 (1)
Here, ^^2 *"^1 ~ ”3/ + 2A- (1) Shortest distanee
I j k ^2-^1 3^2 ->’1 ^2-^1
and I X &2 = 1 2 -3 a

2 4 -5 "2 ^2 «^2

= / (-10 + 12)-j(-5 + 6) + /t (4-4)-2? - j ^(fo|C2 -^2*^1)^ +(^1^2 -C2i/])^ +(«i^2

1
=> |Ai X *21 = ^2^ +(-l)^ =V4+T = ,/5 (I)
^/6
unit, which is the required shortest distance.
(1)
Now, the shortest distance between the given lines is
given by A Conccpi Wg know that, if two lines are
Enhancer , .x-Xt z-z^
●-i ■ —: - ~r - —
(2/ -y).(-3/+2^) Cl
, I (61 X biYiai - «i)|
I’*

a = X-X2_/-y2_Z-22
45 \ and U: ■, then the shortest
\bx -y>Ti\ (1)
°2 ^2 C2

|-6| 6
Jl distance between these two lines is,
units I V^-V^ ^2-^^
~ 45~^41 (l) a
1 Cl

47. Given, lines are —

X -1
” y-2 z-3 d=
bz C2 I
2 3 4
y(b^C2-b2C^)^ + (c^02 -C2aT)^ + (aib2-fl2^)^
and x-2_y-4 z-5
3 4 5 (1)
Three Dimensional Geometry - - 357

48. We have, the following equations of lines 49. Given, equations of lines are
X +2 y-3 z+1 —*

r ={Si -\9J + \0k) + X(3i -\6j + lk)

1 2 4

x-1 y-2 2-3 and r = (15/ +29 j +5A:) + |i(3 / + Sj - 5 k)

and
2 3 4
On comparing with vector form of equation of a line,
x+2 y-3 2+1
Let =x
1 2 4 i.e., r = a + X b,wQ gel
-4 —»

Thus, the general point on the first line is (1)

b^ =3i -\bj + 1 k and b2=3i +8 / - 5k (1/2)
{X~2,2X+3, 4X-\).
Now, we determine
. , x-\ y-2 2-3
Again, let = = |I J ^
^ 2 3
i
4 -4

Thus, the general point on the second line is

b -b^ X ^2 = 3 -16 7

3 8 -5
(2jx + l,3p+2,4p+3).
Now, the direction ratios of the required line are = /(80-56)-y(-l5-21) + 2:(24 + 48)
(X-3,2X+2,4X-2). (1)
Direction ratios of the same line may be = 24/ +36y' + 72/t =12(2/+ 3y+6i') (1)

(2jx,3|j. + l,4n+2) Since, the required line is perpendicular to the given

X-3 _2X+2 _4X-2 lines. So, it is parallel to 6, x b2-Now, the equation of
2fi ~3p + l~4p + 2 a line passing through the point (1,2, - 4) and parallel
Let
2,-3 2^+2 2>,-l to24 / +36j + 72k or (2/ +3J +6^)is
2j0. 3p + l 2p + l
r = (/ + 2j —4k) + X(2i + 3J+6k) (I)
2,-3 = 2pA',2X+2 = (3p + l) k.
which is required vector equation of a line.
and 22. -1 = (2p +1) (1/2)
X-3 X-3 For cartesian equation, put r =^xi + yj + zk, we get
=\xk,2X+2 = 3x +k
2 ^ 2 xi + yJ + zk = (1 + 2^)/ +(2 + 32.)y+(- 4 + 6A,) k
and 2X-\ = X-3 + k (1/2) (1/2)
,
k =
4X + 4-3A+9 On comparing the coefficients of /, J and k, we get
2
X = 1 + 2A, y-2 + 3X and 2 = - 4 + 6A
and A:=2A-l-A+3
x-\ 2 + 4
, A+13 = X and — = A
k = and ^ = A + 2 2 3 6
2

A+13
X-1 y-2^2+4 (1)
— A +2 2 3 ' 6
2
which is the required cartesian equation of a line.
13 + A=2A + 4=» A=9
Alternate Method
k=X+2=9+2=n
Let the equation of line passing through
X-3 9-3 6 3
uA' = — p(ll) = (1,2, -4) is
^ 2 2 22 11

Now, the direction ratios of the required line are

r
= (/ + 2y — 4A) + A] (A] / + b2j + 63A) ...(i)
(6,20,34) or (3,10,17). Since, the line (i) is perpendicular to the given lines
Hence, the equation of the required line is given by
x-1 y-\ 2-1
= (8/ - 19j + lOA) + A(3/-\6j + lie)
(1)
3 ” 10 “ 17 -»

and r = (15/ +29y +5A) + |i(3/ +8y -5A)

 358 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Therefore, we have Hence, both lines intersect each other. (1)

{b^i + b2j' + b^k) ● (3z -\6j + lk) = 0 The point of intersection of both lines can be obtained
...(ii) by putting ^ = 1 in coordinates of P.
So, the point of intersection is (3 +1,1 -1, -1), i.e.
and {b^i +b2j' + b^k) ■ (3/ +8y -5^) =0 (4,0,-1). (1)

3^?i +8^2 ”5^3 =0 ...(iii)(i) 51. Given, equation of line is

—> —> —^ ^ ^
x+2 2y-7 5~z
if two lines r =a^ +Xb] and r = Q2 +Xb2 are 2 6 6
-» —»

perpendicular, then b^ ■ 62 =0.] This equation can be written as

Now, on solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x + 2 ;^-7/2 z-5
2 3 -6
62 63
(1)
80-56 21 + 15 24 + 48 So, direction ratios of line are (2,3, - 6). (1)

b^ ^^2 ^3 Now, direction cosines of a line are

S~36 “ 72 / =
2

^1 _ ^2 _ ^3
[multiplying by 12] (l)
V2^+3^+(-6)^’
2 " 3 “ 6 3 -6
m = >n =
=> i), = 2k, 62 = 3^■ and 63 = 6k, for some constant k. yj2^+3^+(-6f ^j2^+3^+{-6f
Thus, the required vector equation of line is
±a ±b
7 = 0 +2] -4k) + X{2i +3J+eh , m =
+b^ +c^
where ^ = X. | is any constant. (1) ±c
n =
Now, for cartesian equation do same as in above +b^
method.
(1)
50. Given, lines can be rewritten as 3 6

777’"' 749
,n = -
r = (37. +1) / + (1 - 7.) y - k ...(i) V49
2 3-6
—»
So, direction cosines of given line are -, —, — (1)
and r = (4 + 2p) i +0y + (3p -1) A ...(ii)
Clearly, any point on line (i) is of the form Here, DR’s of a line parallel to given line are
P (37. +1,1- 7., — 1) and any point on line (ii) is of the (2, 3, -d). So, the required equation of line passes
form Q (4 + 2p, 0,3|i -1). (1) through the point y4(-l,2,3) and parallel to given line is
If lines (i) and (ii) intersect, then these points must X + 1_ y-2_z-3 (1)
coincide for some 7. and |i. -6

Consider, 37. + l = 4+2p 52. Given, equations of lines are

37.-2p=3 ...(iii) —»

r={2l-5] + k) + X(3i+2]+6k) ...(i)

l-7.=0 ...(iv) —»

and 3p-l = -l ...(v) (1) and r ={7i -6j -6k) + \i{i +2J +2k) ...(ii) (I)
From Eq. (iv), we get 7. = 1 and put the value of 7. in On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii) with vector form of
Eq. (iii), we get equation of line i.e.
3 (l)-2^i = 3=i>-2^ = 3-3 =J> ^1=0
r = (3 + 7 6 , we get
On putting the value of|i in Eq. (v), we get
3 (0)-l = -l => 0-l = -l a1 = 2 / -5y + k, 6] =3i +2y +6A
-1 = -1, which is true. —» ,, A a

and ^2 “ -6y -6k, 63 -i +2j +2k (1)

Three Dimensional Geometry 359

We know that the angle between two lines is given by 3

(1)
^ 2
^1 ■ ^2
COS 0 =
—*
On putting the values of X and )i in Eq. (vii),
we get
1 ( 3
7X--5 = 11
cos 6 =
+2j +()k)-{i +2] +2k) 2 2)
V(3)' + (2)' + (6)' ■V(l)' + (2)' + (2)'2 =n ??=ii
2 2 2
0)

3 + 4 + 12 =4> 11 = 11, which is true. (1)

cos 0 =
V49xV9 Hence, lines (i) and (ii) intersect and their point of
intersection is
19 19
=> cos 0 = => cos 0 = —
7x3 21 P 3x--l,5x--3,7x--
1 1
‘-5
1, 2 2 2
Hence, the angle between given two lines is
1 .
19
0 = cos
-i
(I)
[put X = - 'm Eq. (iii)]
2
21

i.e. P i -i -I (1)
53^ Given, lines are 2’ 2’ 2
x+1 y+3 z+5
= X (let) ...(i) 54. Do same as Q. No. 44.
3 5 7
x-2 y-A z-6 Also, we know that the equation of a line which
and — = ^i (let) ...(ii)
1 3 passes through the point (x,, yj, Z|) with direction
Then, any point on line (i) is of the form ratios a, b, c is given by
P(3^-l,5X-3,1X~5) ...(iii) x-x^ y-y[ Z - Z|
a b c
and any point on line (ii) is of the form
2(|l+2,3^ + 4,5p+6) ...(iv) Since, required line is parallel to line / 1-

7
If lines (i) and (ii) intersect, then these points must So, a = -3, b = - = 1
coincide for some X and
and c=2
Consider, 3X~\ = \x+2
5?l-3=3|u + 4 Now, equation of line passing through the point
(3,2, - 4) and having direction ratios (-3,1,2) is
and 7X~5 = 5i.i+6
x-3 y-2 z+4
3X-\i=3 ...(V) -3 1 2
5X-3ii = 7 ...(Vi) 3-x y-2 z+4
and 7^-5|a=ll ...(vii) (1) 3 1 2

On multiplying Eq. (v) by 3 and then subtracting 55. Do same as Q. No. 49.
Eq. (vi), we get
9X-3ti-5?.+3tt=9-7 [Ans. r = (2/ - j +3k) + X. (-6/ -3J +6k)
4X=2 2-x -y-\ z-3
and
1 6 3 6
X = -
2 55. Given, equations of lines are
-»

On putting the value of X in Eq. (v), we get r ={i + j) + X(2i - j + k) ...(i)

3 X — Li =3 ^ - -^ = 3
—*

2 2 and r = (2i+j-k) + \l(3i-5j+2k) ...(ii)

360 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On comparing above equations with vector equation We know that if two lines are perpendicular, then
—» —»

r = a + X b, we get 0,^2 +^1^2 ■*■^1^2 =0

A A ● A ^
a+2b+3c=0 ...(ii)
ci\ = i + j, 6] =2i — j + k
and -3 a + 2b + 5c = 0 ...(iii)
and a2 =2/ + j - k , Z?2 =3^ -5y + 2^ 0)
In Eqs. (ii) and (iii), by cross-multiplication,
We know that the shortest distance between two lines we get
is given by a b c

-* —»
10-6 -9-5 2-H6
(bj xb2)-ia2 -ai)
-» —»
...(iii) a b c

X ^2 I 4 -14 8

—»
i
J k
a
^=^=x (say)
2 -7 4
Now, x^2 = 2 -1 I

3 -5 2 a = 2A,, b = -7X and c = 4X. (1)

On substituting the values of a, b and c in Eq. (i),

= i (-2 + 5)-y (4-3) + A: (-10-H3) we get

6, X ^2 =3/ - j -Ik ...(iv)(D x-2_y-\ z-3

2X ~ -IX ~ 4X
and \bi xb2\^^j(3f +i-lf +(-7f x-2_y-\ z-3
(1)
= ^9 + \ + 49=^ ●●●(V) 2 " -7 ~ 4
—» —» A. A A A
which is the required cartesian equation of the line.
Also, Q2 ~ O] ={2i + j -k)-{i + j)
The vector equation of line which passes through
=1 - k ...(vi)(D (2,1,3) and parallel to the vector 2i - 7j + 4k is
From Eqs. (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi), we get
=2l +j +3k + X{2'i -7] + 4k)
{3l-j-7k)-{i-k) =>d =
3-0 + 7 . 10
d = which is the required vector equation of the line. (i)
4^ 4s9 4s9
59. Do same as Q. No. 56. [Ans. 9 units]
10
Hence, the required shortest distance is units. (1) 60. Do same as Q. No. 50. [Ans. (a, p, y) (-1, - 6, -12)]
V59
9 61. Do same as Q. No. 56.
57. Do same as Q.No. 56. Ans. —p= units I
4m [Ans. ●, lines do not intersect]
58. Any line through the point (2,1,3) can be written as

x-2 y-\ z-3 Hint: A pair of lines will intersect, if the shortest
...(i) distance between them is zero.
a b c

where, a, b and c are the direction ratios of line (i). 62. Do same as Q.No. 58. Ans. x + 1_ y-3_z + 2
2 -7 ~~4~

Now, the line (i) is perpendicular to the lines 63. (i) Do same as Q. No. 39.

x-1 y-2 z-3 [Ans. Foot of perpendicular is (1, 6, 0). The image of
1 2 3
Pis (-3,8,-2)].
(ii) Length of perpendicular
and j: -0 _ >^-0 _ z-0
= ^l(5-\f +(4-6)- +{2~0f
DR’s of these two lines are (1,2,3) and (-3,2,5),
= V(4)^+(-2)^+(2)^ = = 2V6 units (1)
respectively. (1)
Three Dimensional Geometry 361

64. Given equation of line is ...(i)

Lj: r = (2i — / + k) + X(i + J + 3/c)
4-x _ y z
Li: r ={i + f -2k) + [l{2j -k) ...(ii)

Let
_ y _2-1
-2 “ 6 “ -3 On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii) with r = a, + Xb^ and
x-4 z-\ r =a2+ Xb2 respectively, we get
-2 -’I = X. and -
-3
=X
-> /s —»

P(2, 3, -8)
a
1 = 2/ - j + kybi = i +j +3k
—» —»

and a2 =(i + j‘-2k), Z?2 = 2j - k

L
A B
i j k
x-4 y 2-1 Clearly, x 62 = 1 1 3
-2 “ 6 “ -3
0 2 -1

X = -2A. + 4, _ys=6X and z = -3X + 1

= /(-l-6)-j{-l-0) + A{2-0)
Coordinates of point L arc (- 2X + 4,6X., - 3 A, +1)
Now, DR’s of line PL = - li + j +2k

= (-2A + 4-2,6A-3,-3A. + l + 8) IX 621 = I - 7/ + y + 2A I

= (-2A+2,6>.-3,-3X + 9)
DR’s of line AB are -2, 6, -3-. = V(-7)"+0)'+(2)'
PL 1 AB =V49 + 1 + 4=Vm=3V6
The condition for perpendicular lines is
Now, U2 -fl] ={/ +y-2^)-(2i -y' + A)
where a, =-2A +2, 6, =6A. -3, q =-3A +9
= -/+2j-3A
anda2 =-2,^2 =6andc2 ==-3 (^2 X^>2)l
From Eq. (i), we get Required SD =
1 L| X 621
(- 2A + 2) (- 2) + (6^ - 3)(6) + {- 3A + 9) (- 3) = 0
4A-4 + 36A-18 + 9A-27 = 0 {~U2j-3k)-i-li+jy2k)\
49A = 49 3^6
A =1 7 + 2-61 _ 3 1 unit
Foot of perpendicular L '■ 3V6 3^6 V6
= (- 2A + 4,6A, - 3A +1) = {2,6, - 2) 66. Let T be the image of the point P(2, - L 5); ^ is the
Also, length of perpendicular, foot of perpendicular drawn from point P on the line
AB.
PL = Distance between points P andZ,
Given, equation of line AB is
= V{2-2)^+{3-6)“+{-8 + 2)^ x-n _ y + 2 2 + 8
●●●(i)
= V9 + 36 =4^ = 3.11 units 10 “ -4 -11
"P(2,-1,5)
65. Given, I| :The line passing through (2,-LI) and
X 3^ z
parallel to — =
1 1 3
A- -S

L2 :/■=/■+(2li + l)y-(|A+2)it
Write tb.e given equations of line in standard form 7-(x,yz)
362 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

a:-11 ;- + 2 2 +8
Let - X (say) Let h be the height of A+5C. Then, h is the length of
10 -4 -11 perpendicular from A (1, -1,2) to the line
x = \{^X+\\,y = -AX-l x+l y-\ 2-0
2 1 4
and 2 = -1IX - 8 (1)
y-] 2-0
Then, coordinates of 0 are Clearly, line = = —— passes through the
1
= (10X+ll,-4X-2,-UX-8) ...(ii) point say P(-2,1,0) and parallel to the vector
Now, DR’s of line
b =2i + y + Ak. (1)
= 1 OX +11 -2, - 4X - 2 +1, -1 a - 8 - 5
x+2 y-\ 2-0
= 10X+9,-4X-l,-llX-I3 (1) Let — = X. Then, coordinates of M
2 1 A
Since, line PQ ± AB are(2X-2, X + 1,4X).
aj Q2 + ^1 ^2 0
where =10X+9, =-4X-l, q = -llX-13
and a2=\Q,b2=-A,C2--\\
(10X+9){10) + (-4X-l)(-4)
+ {-llX-13)(-ll)=0
=> 100X + 90 + 16X + 4 + 12lX+143=0 5 units

237X+237 = 0
Now, DR’s of/4M = 2X -2-1, X + 1 + 1, 4X -2
X = -l (1) = 2X-3,X+2,4X-2
On putting X = -1 in Eq. (ii), we get Since, AM ± BC
e = (10(-l) + ll),-4(-l)-2,-ll(-l)-8) 2(2X-3) + i(X + 2) + 4(4X~2) = 0
= (-10 + 11,4-2,11-8) 4X-6 + X+2 + 16X-8 = 0
= (1,2,3)
21X = 12=5^X = - (1)
Let image of a point P be r(x, y, z). 7

Then, Q will be the mid-point of PT. Thus, the coordinates of M are

By using mid-point formula 4 4 4^
2x — 2, - + 1, 4x-
Q = Mid-point of P.Q, -1,5) and T {x, y, z). 7 7 7

_fx+2 y — l 2 + 5
\ /
6 U 16
(1) i.e.. (1)
7’ 7’ 7

But Q = (1,2,3) / f- \2 / 11 \2 \2

^x+2 y-1 2 + 5 Now, h = \AM\ = l-®-i + —+ 1 +

= (1,2,3) n 1 U ) /
2 ’ 2 ’ 2

On equating corresponding coordinates, we get

13 \2 / 18 /
2\^ j(\69 324 ~4
vl 1^'^ 1^ ^ 1^ )
+ +
vl 7 7 7
^=1.
2
T-1
2 ’
^
2
=3
497 71
(1)
=> x = 2-2, y = 4 + l,z = 6- 5 72 7

X =0, y = 5, z = \ It is given that the length of BC is 5 units.

Coordinates of T = (x, y, z) = (0,5,1) 1 1 71
Area of AABC = - (5C X/i) = - X 5 X
Hence, the coordinate image of point PQ, -1,5) is 2 2 7
r(0,5,I). (1)
1775
sq units 0)
V 28
Three Dimensional Geometry 363

68. Given, equation of lines arc 70. Given, equations of lines are
x-l j+l z-l x-\ y-b z-3
—= (say)
3 2 j~ = X (say) 2 3

.v+2 y-\ z+\ . . x-4 y-1 z-0

and ...(ii) (1) and = |i(say) ...(ii)
4 - - = ~^ = ^(say) 5 2 1

The coordinates of points on lines (i) and (ii) will be The coordinates of points on line (i) and (ii) will be
(3X +1,2X -1,5X +1) and (4^ -2,3|i +1, -2|X -1). (i) .{2X + \,3X + b, 4\ + 3) and (5^ + 4,2p +1,h). (1)
If the lines intersect, then they hav£ a common point. :If the lines intersect, then point will be common.
So, 3X + l = 4)X-2 => 3X-4p = -3 ...(iii)
So,2X+l=5|a + 4=>2A.-5p=3 ...(iii)
2X-l=3ja + l=>2X-3fx=2 ...(iv)
3 X. + ^ = 2p +1 => 3 - 2)1 - I -/j ...(iv)
and5X + l = -2^-l=>5X+2|i = -2 ● ●●(v)
and 4X + 3=p.=»4X-|a = -3 ...(V)
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (v), we get
X. = -I7and fi = -12 (1)
X = -land|i=-l (2)
On putting the value of X and )a in Eq. (v), we get
Since, given lines are intersect to each other.
5(-17)+2(-I2) = -2
The value of X and )i satisfies the Eq. (iv), we get
-85-24 = -2=>-1099i-2 (i)
3(-l)-2(-l) = l-fc
Since, the value of X and p. does not satisfy -3+2=\-h
Eq. (v), so the lines do not intersect each other. (I)
b = \ + \=>h = 2 U)
69. Given, equations of line can be written as
Now, putting X = -1 and b = 2 in coordinates of points
x-0 _ y-0_z-0
on line (i), we get
1/2 “ 1/3
= (2(-l) + l,3(-l) + 2, 4(-l) + 3)
and X _ y-0 z-0
(1) = (-2 + 1,-3+2,-4 + 3) = (-1,-1,-!)
1/6” -1 ” -1 /4
1 1 1 1 Hence, the intersection point is (-1, -1, -1). (1)
Now, DR’s of lines are -,-,-1 and -,-l,—
2 3 6’ 4^ 71. Given, lines are

Let 0 be the angle between the given lines r =6/ + 2y + 2^ + X(/ ~2j + 2k)
.●. cos0 =
\axa2 +6167 +C1C2I x~b y~2 z-l
or = = = X (say) ...(i)
+ c’f sjct^ + ^2 + ^2 1 -2 2

/1i \ / j ^
—*
i
and /● = - 4/ - k + p(3 i - 2j - 2k)
+ -,(-l) + (-l) --
2/\6^ {3J \ 4 x+4 z + l
y
/■1^2
1
/i\2
1
\2
( 1
or = “=^(say) ...(ii) a)
3 -2
+ + (-!)'+ --
%2 J ^6 V 4>
Let the insect crawling on line (i) should reach at point
0)
P and insect crawling on line (ii) should reach at point
1 _1 1 Q. Now, for distance between them to be shortest, line
\2 3 '*' ●4 segment PQ must be at right angles to both the lines,
\2 /'l \2 f' ,\2 \2 then PQ is the shortest distance between them.
3)
1
+
^2 Now, the position vector of point P lying on line (i) is

cos9 = 0 ^ cos0= cos— => 0= —

7C 7t OP - (6 + X)/ + (2-2X)y + {2 + 2X)k for some X and
(1)
2 2 the position vector of point Q lying on line (ii) is
7t
Hence, required angle between the given lines is — ● (1) OQ = (- 4 + 3p)./ -2py + (-l-2p) A^ for somep
364 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

At t s rocket will be at the point (2 - 4 r, 41).

Now, PQ =OQ - OP
At t =10 s rocket will be at the point P(20, -40, 40).
PQ ={-\0 + 3\i~X)i +i-2^-2 + 2'k)] Now, the distance of point P(20, - 40,40) from
starting point 0(0,0,0) is given by
+ (-3-2p.-2X)ic (I)
OP=-yj(20f +{-40)^ +{40)^
PQ is perpendicular to both the lines.
= 7400 + 1600 + 1600
10 + 3p - X){i) + (-2p -2 + 2X)(-2)
0/^ = 73600 =60 km (2)
+ {-3-2p-2X)(2)=0
-10 + 3p-^ + 4p + 4-4>„-6-4p-4A.=0 Now, the distance of point P(20, - 40,40) from the
given line
-12 + 3p-9X.=0
-4 + p-3^=0 r =20/ -lOy+40/t+p(10z -20y+10/:)is
p-3X = 4 ...(iii) (1) —»

(^2 -cii)x b
and {-10 + 3p-X){3) + (-2p -2+2?i)(-2)
+ (-3-2p-2X)(-2) = 0 b

=»-30 + 9p-3X + 4p + 4-4^ + 6 + 4p + 4X =0 -30yx(10/-20j+\0k)\

-20 + 17p-3^=0 10/-20y + 10/t
17p-3^=20 ...(iv) (1)
-300/ +300A:|
Now, on solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
10/ -20y+ 10/T
p = landA. = -l
/. /' = (5,4,0)andg = (-l,-2,-3) V(~300)‘+(300)^
The insect on line (i) should reach at point P(5, 4,0) 7(10)2+(-20)^+(10)"
and the insect on line (ii) should reach at point 30(k/2 30o72
Q{-1, - 2, - 3), so that the distance between, them is = 1073 km
shortest. 7^ io76 (2)

73. The vector equations of given lines are

Now, PQ=(-[-5).i +(-2-4)7+ (-3-0)/:
r =3/ +2y - 4^ + A,(/ +2y + 2k)
PQ = -6i-6j-3k
and r = 5i -2j +p(3/ +2/ + 6/c)
Shortest possible distance between them is
On comparing them with r = <?, +Xb^ and (1)
I^I = V(-6)"+(-6)'+(-3)"
r =(32
= 736 + 36 + 9 = TsT = 9 units (I) A .. ^ ^ A.

aj =3/ +2y —4,k, a^-Si -2y, b^ =i +2J +2k

72. Given, equations of motion of a rocket are -* A A ^
X =2t and 62 = 3/ + 2j + 6k.
T = -4/ and z = 4 / (32 - fl] ={5t ~2j) ~ (3/ +27 - 4^)
or — = /, — = t and — = / = 2/ - 47 + 4^
2 -4 4 ^ A A

X
i j k
2 -4 4
...(i) (1) ^ X 62 = 1 2 2 (2)
3 2 6
which is the equation of line passing through the
origin and having direction ratios < 2, - 4, 4 >. = / (12 - 4) - 7(6 - 67+ k (2 - 6),
The line (i) is the path of the rocket. = Si-4k
Three Dimensional Geometry 365

and vector equation is

(flj - ^\)'{b\ X ^2) = (2/ — 4y + 4A)-(8i -Ak)
= 16 + 0-16 = 0 7 = / + y + ^ +^(-4/ +Aj -k).
The lines are intersecting and the shortest distance Again, let 0 be the angle between the given lines.
between the lines is 0. (Ix2) + (2x3) + (4x4)
cos 0 =
Now, the position vectors of arbitrary points on the 71 + 4 + 16^4 + 9 + 16
given lines are (3 + X,)/ + (2 +2X)y +●(- 4 + 2X)^ and 24 24
(5 + 3p)z +(-2+2|i)y +6)iA, respectively. (1)

Since, lines intersect then they have a common point. 24

0 = cos (1)
3 + X=5 + 3|i ...(i) 4m
2 + 2X = -2 + 2p ...(ii)
75. hne through (1,2, -4) can be written as
— 4 + 2X — 6p ...(iii)
X—I y—2 z+A
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get -.(i)
a b c 0)
X = -4andp = -2
where a, b and c are the DR’s of line (i).
.'. Point of intersection is (3 — 4,2 — 8, - 4 - 8)
Now, the line (i) be perpendicular to the lines
i.e. (-1,-6,-12). (1)
x-8 y + 19 z-10
(I)
74. Any line through the point (1, 1, 1) is given by 3 -16 7
x-1 ;^-l z-1
...(i) X -15 y-29 z-5
a b c and
3 -5 (I)
where a, 6 and care the DR’s of line (i). (1)
The DR’s of the above lines are (3, -16, 7) and
Now, the line (i) is perpendicular to the lines (3, 8, - 5), respectively which are perpendicular to the
x+2 y-2> z+1 Eq. (i).
1 2 4 .-. 3c-16Z> + 7c = 0 -(ii)
and
x-\ y~2 z-3 and 3c+8Z)-5c = 0 ...(iii)
2 3 4 ’
By cross-multiplication, we get
where DR’s of these two lines are (1,2,4) and a b c

(2, 3, 4), respectively. (1)

80-56 21 + 15 24 + 48 (1)
a+26 + 4c = 0 ...(ii)
a b c
and 2a+2>b + Ac-0 ...(iii) 24 36 72
[v if two lines having DR’s (cj, 6,, Cj) and {ai-, 62, C2)
are perpendicular, then a, 02 + ^1^2 '*■‘^1^2 =}● "2 = *=£
3 6
= Msay)
^
By cross-multiplication method, we get
a =2X, b=2X, c=6X 0)
a b c

8-12 8-4 3-4

The equation of required line in cartesian form is
;c-l y-2 2+4
a b c
2X 3X 6X
-4 4 -1
(1)
a:-1 y-2 2+4
or
.'. DR’s of line (i) are-4, 4,-1. 2 3 6

.●. The required cartesian equation of line (i) is and in vector form is
;c-l y-1 2-1
-4 " 4 “ -1
4 = 0 +2J~Ak) + X(2i +3y +6^'). (1)
(1)
366 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEA/IATICS

76. The lines which are neither intersecting nor parallel = / (80-56) -y (-15 -21) + k{24 + 48)
are called skew lines. (I)
= 24j+36y + 72A 0)
The given vector equations of two skew lines are
and (6, -Xb2) ■ (aj - a^)
7= Hi- 9j +m+ X{3i -\6j + 7k) ...(i)
(1/2) = (24i +36y + 12k) ■ (7/ +38y -5^)
= 168 + 1368-360 = 1176 (1)
and r =15/+29y+5/:+p(3/+8y-5k) ...(h)
Required shortest distance
Here, «i = 8/-9j + 10k; ?2 =15/+29y+5k
a —
{h] X b-,)
=
■ (a-y -^i)
(1)
and 6| =3/ -16/ + 7k; bj =3/ +8y -5k -»

6] X ^2
Now, U2 ~ci\ =(15-8) / +(29 + 9)y + (5 -10)k (1/2) 1176
= 7/ +3Sy -5k
^24^ +36-^ +72^
J k 1176

xhi = 3 -16 7 Vt056

3 8 -5
, 1176
a = = 14 units (1)
84
 TEST

8 Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the

1 The direction cosines of the line joining the points

line passing through two points (2, - 4,5) and
(0, 1,-1).
(4,3, - 5) and (- 2,1, - 8) are
2 3-6
, 2 3 (b)
.7 7 7 111}
6 3 2 9 Find the angle between the pair of lines given by
(c) (d) None of these
7’ 7’ 1, r =3/+2y'-4^ +2y+2A) and
2 The point of intersection of lines r =5i -2j +|i (3i +2J +6k).
x~5- y-1 z + 2 and x + 3 y-3 z-6 IS.
-1
—

y+\ 2-1 and

3 -1 I -36 2 4 10 Show that the lines--
^ ^

(a) (5, 7-2) (b)(- 3,3,6)

5 10
x+2 _y-\ z+l do not intersect each other.
(c) (2,10,4) (d) 21,-,— -2
3 3 j
11 Find the shortest distance between the lines
3 Equation of the line passing through (2,-1, 1) and
^“5 y + 2 z. r ={\-t)i +(t -2)j + {3-2t)k
parallel to the line - ●= = — is
-3 5
X- 2 V +1 2-1
and r -{s + \)i +{2s-\)j-(2s + \)k
x-2 y+\ 2-1
(b) =
-3 5 4 3 5 12 Find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn
, . X- 2 y+ 1 2-1
(d) None of these
from the point (0, 2, 3) on the line
(c) = =
-4 -3 5 x+3 y-1_ 2 + 4
5 2 3
4 The angle between the lines x = 1, y = 2 and y = -1,
2 = 0 is
(a) Ji/ 6 (b) 7C / 3 (c)71/2 (d)0"
13 Show that lines

r = (i +y - A:) + X(3i - j) and

5 Given that P(3,2, - 4), Q{5, 4, - 6) and P(9,8,-10) ^ A A

are collinear. Find the ratio in which Q divides PR. y = (4/ ~ic) + \i(2i +3k) intersect each other. Find
their point of intersection.
6 Find the vector equation of the line which is parallel
to the vectors/ -2/ and which passes through 14 By computing shortest distance, determine whether
the points (1, -2, 3).
the following pair of lines intersect or not

7 Find the equation of a line in cartesian form which is }● = (4/ +5y) +V' +2y-3^)and
parallel to 2/ - j + 3k and which passes through the
point (5, — Z 4). r = {i - j +2A) + |i(2/ +Aj-5k)

-6 19
1.(a) 2.(d) 3. (a) 4. (c)
8.( Z5, 6)and^,^,^
-1
9. cos
21
5. 1:2
8
6. / ~2j +3k + Z(3/ -2y +6/0 11. units 12. (2,3,-1) 13. (4,0,-1)
V29
^ x-5 _ y + 2 _ 2-4
‘^2T~ -1 ” 3 14. Yes, given lines intersect.
Linear Programming
TREND
ANALYSIS i3 YEARS Average No. of Questions Across oil Sets
Types of Questions 2024 2023 2020

1 Mark 2 1

TOPIC 01 Linear Programming 2 Marks

-f

3 Marks 1
r
4 Marks 1

5 Marks 1

6 Marks

Linear Programming Terms Related to Linear Programming

1. Constraints The linear inequalities or equations or
It is a mathematical technique for maximizing and
minimizing a linear function of several variables subject to restrictions on the variables of the linear programming
problem are called constraints. The conditions
the constraints on the variables that form linear inequality
or equation. X > 0, j >0 are called non-negative restrictions.
2. Objective Function A linear function Z = px + qy
Linear Programming Problem {p and q are constants) which has to be maximised or
A linear programming problem is one that in which we minimised, is called an objective function.
have to find optimal value (Tnaximum or minimum) of a 3. Optimal Value The maximum or minimum value of
linear function of several variables subject to the certain an objective function is known as its optimal value.
conditions that the variables are non-negative and ●4. Feasible and Infeasible Region The common region
satisfying by a set of linear inequalities.
determined by all the constraints including
NOTE The variables occurring in the problem. non-negative constraints x, ^’ > 0 of a linear
Mathematical form of LPP programming problem is called the feasible region for
the problem. The region other than the feasible region
The mathematical form of linear programming problem is is called an infeasible region. The feasible region is
as follows
always a convex polygon.
Objective function, Z = Cix + C2y 5.
Feasible Solutions Points within and on the boundary
Subject to constraints axe a^x + b^y<‘dy, a2X + h2y<d2 of the feasible region represent feasible solutions of
etc. and x > 0, y > 0 the constraints. Any point outside the feasible region
is called an infeasible solution.
Linear Programming 369

6. Optimal Feasible Solution Any point in the feasible (ii) Draw the graph of each linear equation obtained in
region that gives the optimal value of the objective step I.
function is called the optimal feasible solution. (iii) Find the feasible region of the linear programming
7. Bounded and Unbounded Region A feasible region of problem and determine its comer points either by
a system of linear inequalities is said to be bounded, if inspection or by solving the two equations of the
it can be enclosed within circle. Otherwise, it is called lines intersecting at that point and check that
unbounded. feasible region is bounded or unbounded.
(iv) Evaluate the objective function Z = oa: + 6^ at each
Fundamental Theorems for Solving comer point. Let M and m, respectively denote the
Linear Programming Problem largest and the smallest values of Z at these points.
Theorem 1 Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for (V) If the feasible region is bounded, then M and m,
a linear programming problem and \etZ = ax + by be the respectively are the maximum and minimum values
objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or of the objective function. If the feasible region is
minimum), where the variables x and y are subject to unbounded, then
constraints described by linear inequalities, this optimal value (a) Mis the maximum value of objective function Z,
must occur at a comer point (vertex) of the feasible region. if the open half plane determined by ax + by > M
NOTE A corner point of a feasible region is a point in the region which is the has no point in common with the feasible region.
.intersection of two boundary lines. Otherwise,Z has no maximumvalue,
Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a linear (b) m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half
programming problem, and let Z = ox + by be the objective plane determined by ax + by < m has no point in
function. If R is bounded, then Z has both maximum and common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z
minimum value on R and each of these occurs at a comer point has no minimum value.
(vertex) of R.
NOTE (i) Sometimes it may be possible that feasible region lies only on a
NOTE Maximum or minimum value of the objective function may or may not line segment. Then, the required maximum (or minimum) value of
exist, if the feasible region is unbounded. Z is on the line segment,
Working Rule to Solve a LPP (ii) If two corner points of the feasible region gives optimal solutions
of the same type, i.e. both produce the same maximum or
The following steps are used to solve a LPP: minimum value, then any point on the line segment joining these
(i) Consider all constraints as linear equations. two points is also gives an optimal solution of the same type.

a PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 3. The objective function Z = ax + by of an LPP if its
1. The comer points of the feasible region in the graphical maximum value 42 at (4, 6) and minimum value 19
representation of a linear programming problem are at (3,2). Which of the following is true? CBSE 2023

(2, 72), (15, 20) and (40,15). IfZ = 18x + 9ybe the (a) a = 9 and 6 =1
objective function, then CBSE 2023 (b) a = 5 and 6=2
(a) Z is maximum at (2, 72), minimum at (15, 20). (c) a = 3 and 6 =5
(b) Z is maximum at (15, 20), minimum at (40, 15). (d) a = 5 and 6=3
(c) Z is maximum at (40, 15), minimum at (15, 20).
laiacoNCEpT
(d) Z is maximum at (40,15), minimum at (2, 72).
Substitute the maximum and minimum value in the
2. The number of comer points of the feasible region given objective function at their corresponding.points.
determined by the constraints x -y>0,2y<x + 2,x>0
and > 0 is CBSE 2023
4. The comer points of the feasible region of linear
(a) 2 (b)3 '20 4
(d)4 (d)5 programming problem are (0, 4), (8,0) and —, —
4 3
370 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

If Z = 30x + 2\y is the objective function, then 8. A linear programming problem is as follows
(Maximum value of Z - Minimum value of Z) is equal Minimise Z = 30x + 50 v
to CBSE 2023

(a) 144 (b) 96 Subject to the constraints,

(c) 120 (d) 136 3x + 5;^>15, 2r+3;;<18andx>0, y>0.
In the feasible region, the minimum value of Z occurs
5. The feasible region of a linear programming problem at CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term II)
is shown in the figure below : CBSE 2023
(a) a unique point (b) no point
(c) infinitely many points (d) two points only

9. In a linear programming problem, the constraints on

the decision variables ;c and >● are - 3_y > 0, > 0,
0 < jr < 3. The feasible region
CBSE Sampfe Paper 2022 (Term II)
(a) is not in the first quadrant
(b) is bounded in the first quadrant
(c) is unbounded in the first quadrant
(d) does not exist

10. In the given graph, the feasible region for a LPP is

Which of the following are the possible constraints? shaded. The objective function Z = 2x - 3 will be
minimum at CBSE Samp/e Paper 2022 (Term II)
(a) x+2y>4,x+ y<3,xS0, y>0
(b) x+ 2y <4, x + y <-3, x>0, y >0
(c) X + 2y > 4, X + y S 3, X > 0, y>0
(d) X + 2y > 4, X + y S 3, X < 0, y <0

6. The solution set of the inequality 3x + 5y < 4 is

CBSE Sampfe Paper 2023
(a) an open half plane not containing the origin,
(b) an open half plane containing the origin,
(c) the whole Af7-plane not containing the line
3x + 5y = 4.
(d) a closed half plane containing the origin.
7. The comer points of the shaded unbounded feasible
region of an LPP are (0, 4), (0.6, 1.6) and (3, 0) as
shown in the figure. The minimum value of the
objective function Z = 4x + 6y occure at (a) (4, 10) (b) (6, 8)
CBSE Sampfe Paper 2023
(c) (0, 8) (d) (6, 5)
fY
6
11. Based on the given shaded region as the feasible
region in the graph, at which point (s) is the objective
function Z =3x +9y maximum.
A(0, 4) 4l
CEISE Sampfe Paper 2022 (Term 0
3

8(0.6.1,6)
1

-3-2-1 0 2 3\4 5 6
-1 C(3. 0)

(a) (0.6, 1.6) only

(b) (3, 0) only
(c) (0.6, 1.6) and (3,0) only
(d) at every point of the line-segment joining the points (a) Point B (b) Point C (c) Point D
(0.6. 1.6) and (3, 0) (d) Every point on the line segment CD
Linear Programming 371

12. The point which does not lie in the half plane 19. Solve the following LPP graphically:
l)c: + 3y-I2<0is CBSE Somp/e Paper 2027 Maximise and minimise Z=x + 2y
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 1) (c) (2, 3) (d)(-3,2) Subject to the constraints
13. The graph of the inequality 2a: + 3y > 6 is All India 2020 x + 2y>m,
(a) half plane that contains the origin 2x-y<0,
(b) half plane that neither contains the origin nor the 2x + y<200,
points of the line 2x+3y = 6 and X, y>0
(c) whole XOV-plane excluding the points on the line CBSE 2023, CBSE Sample Paper 2027; All India 2077
Zr+3y = 6
(d) entire 2fOT-plane
5 Marks Questions
3 Marks Questions 20. Solve the following LPP graphically.

14. Solve the following linear programming problem Maximise Z = 60x + 40y
graphically: CBSE 2023 Subject to the constraints
Minimise Z = x + 2y x+2y<12
Subject to the constraints 2x + y<12

2x + y>3,x+2y>6 4x + 5>*>20andx, y>0 CBSE 2024

and x>0, y>0. 21. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem
15. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically
graphically : CBSE 2023 Maximise Z = 300x + 600y
Minimise Z = -3x + 4y Subject to the constraints x + 2y < 12
Subject to constraints 2x + y<12,

and
X + 2y < 8,3x + 2 y < 12
X, y>0.
X +
^y>5,x>0,y>0
4 CBSE 2024

16. Solve the following linear programming problem 22. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem
graphically: CBSE 2023 graphically: CBSE 2023

Maximise Z = -3x - 5_v Maximise Z = 70x + 40y

Subject to the constraints Subject to constraints
-2x + y<4, x + y>3, 3x+2y<9,3x + y<9andx>0, y>0
x-2y<2and x>0, y>0
23. The comer points of the feasible region determined by
17. Solve graphically the following linear programming the system of linear constraints are as shown below
problem : CBSE 2023

Maximise Z = 6x +3y
Subject to the constraints
4x + y>80,3x + 2y<150,
x + 5y>115andx>0, y>0

4 Marks Questions
18. Solve the following LPP graphically:
Minimise Z = 5x + I0y
Subject to the constraints
x+2y<120, x + y>60,
X - 2 y > 0 and X, y > 0 CBSE 2023; Delhi 20 7 7 CBSB Sample Paper 2021
 372 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Answer each of the following:

6 Marks Questions
(i) Let Z = 2>x-Ayht the objective function. Find the
maximum and minimum value of Z and also the 24. Find the minimum and maximum values of the
objective function.
corresponding points at which the maximum and
minimum value occurs, Z = 2x + 9y
(ii) Let Z~ px + qy, where ^ > 0 be the objective Subject to constraints
function. Find the condition on p and q so that the x: + 3>' < 60, a: + >■ > 10, X < >>
maximum value of Z occurs at B (4,10) and and x>0,>'>0 CBSE 2023
C(6, 8). Also, mention the number of optimal
solutions in this case. 25. Find the maximum value of the objective function
Z=Zx + 4y
S laiacoNCEpT
Subject to constraints
Equate the value of Z at given two points then solve for
pand q. X + y<4; X >0and >>>0 CBSE Sample Paper 2017

Explanations]
●1
t-

.■SC6 . V-

1. (c) Given, Z = 18x + 9v

At (2, 72),Z = 18x2 + 9x72 = 684
At (15, 20), Z = 18 X15 + 9 X 20 = 450 (2,2)A

At(40, 15),Z = 18x40 + 9xl5 = 855

Thus, Z is maximum at (40, 15) and minimum at
(15,20).
2. (a) Given, subject to constraints
X - >” > 0,2_v ^ X + 2, and x > 0, >* > 0
Now, considering the inequations as equations, we get
x-;^ = 0 -.(i)
and 2y=x+2 The comer points are 0(0,0) and A (2,2).
2y-x=2 ...(ii) 3. (c) Given, Z = ax + by
Table for linex - y = 0 is
At (4, 6), Z = ax + by
X 0 42 = ax4 + bx6

y 0 42 = 4a+6b

2\=2a+3b ...(i)
Table for line 2y - x = 2 is
At (3, 2), [9 = 3a+2h ...(ii)
X 0 - 2
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and Eq. (ii) by 3 and
y 1 0
solving, we get
Linear Programming 373

4a+6^ = 42 So, the minimum value occurs at every point on the

9a+66 = 57 line-segment joining the points (0.6, 1.6) and (3 , 0).
Concept If minimum value occurs at two
-5a=-15 Enhancer different points. Then, the
a=3 minimum value occurs at every point on the Line
segment joining that points. \
Substitute a =3, in Eq. (i), we get
2x3+36 = 21 8. (c) Minimise Z = 30j: + 50y
6 =5 Subject to constraints

4. (a)Z = 30.r + 24y (given) 3x + 5y>\5,

2A- + 3y<18
At (0, 4), Z = 30 X 0 + 24 X 4 = 96 (minimum)
and A >0, y>0
At (8, 0), Z = 30 X 8 + 24 X 0 = 240 (maximum)
20 4
\
20 4
Graph of inequalities are
At Z = 30x —+24x- = 232 Yt
3 ’3 3 3

C(0, 6)
Now, (Maximum value of Z - Minimum value of Z)
= 240-96 = 144.

5. (c) If we putO(0,0) in x + 2y> 4 inequality, then it

(0,3)D
will be false and it will be away from origin.
So, .t + 2y > 4 is possible. S(9. 0)
X' ■t——I 1 h K I > X
Similarly, the inequality x: + y > 3 will also be away 0
A

from origin, which means it is false when 0(0,0) is put (5, 0)

3x+5y=15 2x+3y=18
in inequality.
So, X + y > 3 is possible. Corner points Value of Z = 30x + 50y

.-. It is clear that feasible region lies in 1st quadrant so, A (5, 0) 30(5)+0=150
x>0, y>0 B (9. 0) 30(9) + 0= 270
8. (6) Given, inequality is3x+5y<4 ...(i) C(0, 6) 0+ 50x 6=300

On putting (0, 0) in inequality (i), we get D(0, 3) 0+50x3=150

i
3(0)+ 5(0) <4
The minimum value of Z lies on line segment AD.
0 < 4 (which is true)
Minimum value of Z occurs at infinitely many
Hence, the given strict inequality represents an open points.
half plane and it contains the origin as (0,0) satisfies it.
9- (6) Given, x - 3y > 0, y > 0 and 0 < x < 3
7. (d)
Corner points Value of .Z = 4x + 6y The graph of inequalities is shown below
y-

4(0, 4) 24

B(0:6, 1.6) 12 (Minimum)

C(3,0) 12 (Minimum) (3.1

X - 3y = 0
The minimum value of the objective function occurs at X'
0
two adjacent comer points (0.6, 1.6) and (3, 0). (3,0)

Now, on plotting 4x + 6y < 12, we found there is no X = 3

point in the half plane 4x + 6y < 12 in common with

the feasible region. Clearly, the feasible region is bounded in the
1st quadrant.
374 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

10. (c) Construct the following table of values of the Table for line 2jt + ;’ = 3 is
objective function 1.5 0

Corner points Value ofZ = 2a:-

y 0 3

(0, 0) 2x0-3x0=0
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 2a' + y>3
(5, 0) 2x5-3x0=10 (Maximum) 0 >3 (which is false)
(6, 5) 2x6-3x5=-3
So, the half plane, is away from the origin
(6, 8) 2x6-3x8=-12 Table for !ineA-+2j = 6
(4, 10) 2x4-3x !0=-22
a: 6 0

(0,8) 2x0-3x8=-24 (Minimum) .r 0 3

Minimum value of Z is - 24 at (0, 8). On putting (0,0) in the inequality x + 2_y > 6
{d) Construct the following table of values of the 0 >6(which is false)
objective function So. the half plane is away from the origin.
Corner points Value of Z = 3x+ 9y Also, X > 0 and y > 0, so the feasible region lies in the
1st quadrant.
(0, 10) 3x0+9x 10= 90
The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is (0, 3).
(5,5) 3x5+9x5=60
The graphical representation of the above system of
(15,15) 3x15+9x15 = 180 (Maximum) inequations is given below. (I'/O

(0, 20) 3x0+9x20=180 (Maximum)

Since, Z is maximum at two points (15, 15) and

(0,20). Hence, every point on the line segment'd)
represents the maximum value.
12. (c) Putting .(2, 3), in the half plane 2x + 3_y-12 <0,
we get
2x2 + 3x3-12<0

1 <0 (which is false)

X
So, (2, 3) does not lie in the half plane. (1)

13. (b) The inequaiity2x+3>'> 6 represents half plane

that neither contains the origin nor the points of the
line2x +3y—6 Feasible-region is shaded region.above.
tv
Corner )pdnits Value of Z = x+2y
^(0, 3) 6 (Minimum)
(0,2>
B(6, 0) 6 (Minimum)
X' (0.0),
Here, the feasible region is unbounded and the open
% half plane determined byx + 2>:<6has no point in
common with the feasible region. Hence, Z = 6 is
14. Given,Z = x+23^ minimum at ^(0,3) and C(6,0) and also on the line
Subject to the .constraints segment AC. (VA)

2x + y>3; x+2>>>6andx>0, ;^>0 15. -Given, Z = -3x + 4y

Now, considering the inequations as equations, we get Subject to the constraints
2x + _y = 3 x + 2y<8; 3x + 2y<12andx>0, ;;>0
x+2y=6 ...,(ii)
Linear Programming 375

Now, considering the inequations as equations, we get 16. Maximise Z =-3a:-5y

x+2y=S ...(i) Subject to the constraints
3x + 2y^\2 -.00 - 2x + y < 4, X + y > 3,
Table for line x + 27 = 8 is x-2y<2andx>0, y>0
X 0 Now, considering the inequations as equations,
we get
y 0 4
-2x + y = 4 -0)
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x + 2y < 8 -Y + y ^ 3 -.00
0<8 (which is true) (1) and x-2y-2 ...(iii) (1/2)
So, half plane is towards the origin. Table for line - 2v + y = 4 is
Table for line 3x + 2 v = 12
X -2 0

X 4 0 0 4
y

0 6
y
So, it passes through the points (-2,0) and (0,4)
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 3x + 2y< 12 On putting (0, 0) in the inequality - 2x + y < 4,
we have
0<12 (which is true)
0<4(which is true)
So, half plane is towards the origin.
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
Also, X > 0 and y > 0, so the feasible region lies in the
1st quadrant. Table for line x + y = 3 is
The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is (2, 3). X 3 0

The graphical representation of the above system of y 0 3

inequations is given below. (1)

So, it passes through the points (3, 0) and (0, 3).
0 + 0 > 3 (which is false) (1/2)

So, the half plane is away from the origin.

Table for line x - 2y = 2 is
X 2 0

y 0 -1

So, it passes through the point (2, G) and (0, -1).

On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x — 2y < 2.
0<2(which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
Corner points Value of Z = -3x + 4y Also, X > 0, y > 0, so the feasible region lies in the
1st quadrant.
4(0,4) 16
The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is
5(2, 3) 6
1 103 Eqs. (ii) and (iii) is. 8 -1 ^ and Eqs. (i) and
C(4, 0) -12 (Minimum) 3’ 3 > (3 3
-10 -8
0(0, 0) 0
(iii) is , — . The graphical representation of the
(3 3 J
Hence, Z — -12 is minimum at (4, 0). (1) above system of inequations is given below. (a/2)
376 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

On putting (0,0) in the inequality 4x + v ^ 80,0 > 80

(which is false).
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Table for line 3:r + 2y = 150 is
X 50 0

y 0 75
(1/2)
X' ^ X

So, it passes through the points (50,0) and (0, 75).

On putting (0,0) in the inequality 3;c + 2y< 150,0 <150
(which is true).
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
Table for line x + 5_y = 115 is,
.●. Clearly, feasible region is shaded. X 115 0

The value of Z at comer points are as follows y 0 23

Corner points i Value of Z = ~ 3x- 5y So, it passes through the points (115, 0) and (0,23) on
8 1 -29
putting (0,0) in the inequality x + 5;^> 115, we get
-3x - 5x- =
0 > 115 (which is false).
U’3j 3 3 3 3

(Maximum) So, the half plane is away from the origin.

5(0,3) -3x0-5x3 = -15 Also, X >0, y >0, so the feasible region lies in the 1st
quadrant.
C(0,4) -3x0-5x4=-20
The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is (2, 72),
Here, the feasible region is unbounded and the open Eqs. (ii) and (iii) (40,15) and Eqs. (i) and (iii) is (15,20).
-29 he graphical representation of the above system of
half plane determined by -3x - 5y > has no point
inequations is given below.
Y
29
in common with the feasible region. Hence, Z = —— is
,(0,80l
8 1
maximum at A (IVi)
V 3’3
3/- (0.75)
17. We have the following LPP,
Maximise Z = 6x + 3y
Subject to the constraints
4x + j;>80,
3x+2_y<150,
x + 5;^>ll5
and x>0, y>0. Clearly, feasible region is PQR, whose comer points
Now, considering the inequations as equations, we get are P{2, 72), ^(15,20), R (40,15).
4x + y = 80 -(i) The value of Z at comer points are as follows:

3x + 2y = 150 ...(ii) Corner points Value of Z = 6x+3y

and X + 5_y = 115 ...(iii) P(2, 72) 6x2+3x72= 228
Table for line 4x + = 80 is
0(15,20) 6x15+3x20=150
X 20 0
R(40, 15) 6x40 + 3x 15 = 285 (Maximum)
y 0 80
(1/2)
In the table, we find that maximum value of Z is 285
So, it passes through the points, (20,0) and (0,80).
at 5(40,15). (1)
Linear Programming 377

18. Our problem is to minimise On solving equations;c-2>^ = 0andx + y=60, we get

Z-5x +10 y -.(i) £)(40,20) and on solving equations x -2y = 0 and-
Subject to constraints a: +2y = 120, we get C (60, 30). The comer points of
the feasible region are A (60, 0), 5 (120, 0), C (60, 30)
x+2y<120 ...(ii)
and D (40, 20). The values of Z at these points are as
x + y>60 ...(iii) follows
x-2y>0 ...(iv)
and
Corner points Value of Z = 5x + lOy
x>0, y>0
Table for line x+2y = 120is A (60, 0) 300 (Minimum)

X 0 120 S(120, 0) 600

y 60 0 C (60, 30) 600

On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x + 2y< 120, we get D (40, 20) 400
0 + 2x0<120
0<120 (which is true) Clearly, the minimum value of Z is 300 at the point
So, the half plane is towards the origin. Secondly, .4(60, 0). (1)
table for the line x + y = 60 is 19. Our problem is to minimise and maximise
0 60
X
Z = x + 2y ...(i)
60 0
y
(1) Subject to constraints

On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x + y > 60, x+2y>100 ...(ii)

wc get 2x-y<0 ...(iii)
0 + 0>60 2x + y<200 ●●●(iv)
0>60 (which is false) and x>0, y>0 ...(V)
So, the half plane is away from the origin. Table for linex + 2y = 100 is
Table for the line x — 2y = 0 is 0 100

X 0 10 y 50 0

y_ 0 5
So, the line x + 2y = 100 is passing through the points
(0,50) and (100,0).
On putting (5, 0) in the inequality x - 2y > 0, we get
5-2x0>0 On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x + 2y > 100, we get
0 + 2x0>100
5 >0 (which is true)
Thus, the half plane is towards the 2f-axis. 0>100 (which is false)

Since, x, y>0 So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Table for line2x - y = 0 is
The feasible region lies in the 1st quadrant.
X 0 10

y 0 20
D (40, 20)
(0, 60)
So, the line 2x - y = 0 is passing through the points
C (60, 30)
(0, 0) and (10, 20).
e(i20.0) On putting (5, 0) in the inequality 2x - y <0,
(60,0)/4\^ we get
x+y=60 ,x+2y=120 2x5-0<0
x-2y=0 4.
(2) 10 <0 (which is false)
Clearly, feasible region is ABCDA. So, the half-plane is towards T-axis.
378 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Table for line 2x + y = 200 is The maximum value of Z is 400 at £)(0, 200) and the
X 0 100
minimum value of Z is 100 at all the points on the line
segment joining A(0, 50) and 5(20, 40). (1)
y 200 0
(1) 20. We have, maximise,
So, the line 2x + y = 200 is passing through the points Z = 60x + 40y -.(i)
(0, 200) and (100, 0). Subject to the constraints,
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 2r + < 200, we get x + 2y<\2 -00
2 X 0 + 0 < 200 => 0 < 200 (which is true) 2x + y<l2 ...(iii)
So, the half plane is towards the origin. 4r + 5y>20 -(iv)
Also, a:, ^ > 0. and a:,;'>0 ...(V)
So, the region lies in the 1st quadrant.
Table for line x + 2^ = 12 is
200
D(0, 200) X 0 12

0
,, ●>’ 1

100" C{50,100) So, the line a: + 2>'= 12 is passing through the points
(0,6) and (12,0).
80--
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality a: + 2>^ < 12, we get
0 + 2(0) <12 =>0 <12, which is true
4(0. 50) 5(20, 40)
40 So, the half plane is towards the origin.
20--/ (10,20) Table for line 2.x + y = 12 is
(100, 0)
^'(o, 0) Oy
+ + i 1 1—
0 6
20 40 60 80 10>'120 140 160 X

r X + 2y = 100 y 12 0
2 X + y = 200
2x-y=0
(1)
So, the line 2a: + y = 12 is passing through the points
Clearly, feasible region is ABCDA. (0,12) and (6,0).
On solving equations 2a: - y = 0 and x + 2y = 100, On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 2a: + y < 12, we get
we get 5(20, 40). 2(0) + 0 <12=^0<12, which is true.
Again, solving the equations 2a: - y = 0 So, the half plane is towards the origin.
and 2x + y = 200, we get C(50, 100). Table for line 4x + 5y = 20 is
The comer points of the feasible region are X 0 5
A{0, 50), 5(20, 40), C(50, 100) and D(0, 200). (1)
y 4 0
The values of Z at comer points are given below
Corner points Value of Z = X + 2y So, the line 4x + 5y = 20 is passing through the points
4(0, 50) 0+2x50= 100 (0,4 ) and (5, 0).
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 4x + 5y >20, we get
5(20, 40) 20+2x40= 100
4(0) + 5(0) > 20 => 0 > 20 which is not tme.
C(50, 100) 50+2x 100= 250
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Z)(0, 200) 0+2x200=400
Also, X, y>0
(Maximum)
So, the region lies in 1st quadrant.
Linear Programming 379

On solving Eqs. x +2y = 12and2:r + y = 12, we get So, the half plane is towards the origin.
D{4, 4) Table for line 2r + y = 12 is
Y
X 0 6
12-
11- y 12 0
10- 2x + y=^2
9-
8- So, the line 2jr -t- y = 12 is passing through the points
7- (0, 12) and (6, 0).
E(0,
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 2x -t- y < 12, we get
iQ (4, 4)
A (0, 4)S- 2(0)-t-0<12
2- ^0 <12 which is true.
X -f- 2y = 12
1-
C (6, 0)
X' I<X So, the half plane is towards the origin.
r. 1 2 3 4/5^ 789 101112

fi (5, 0) Table for line 4a: -l-5y = 20 is

4x + 5y = 20
X 0 5

Clearly, the feasible region is ABCDEA. 4 0

y
The comer points of the feasible region are A(0, 4),
B (5,0), C{6,0), D(4, 4) and E{0,6). So, the line 4a -»-5y = 20is passing through the points
The value of Z at comer points are given below. (0, 4) and (5, 0).
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 4a -l- 5y > 20, we get
Corner points Z = 60a-f 40y
4(0)-f-5(0)>20=>0>20
^(0,4) Z= 60x0+40x4=160 which is not true.

S(5,0) Z = 60 X 5 -i- 40 X 0 = 300 So, the half plane is away from the origin.
C(6,0) Z= 60x 6-h 40x 0= 360 Also, A, y > 0
So, the region lies in first quadrant.
£>(4,4) Z= 60x 4 + 40x4 = 400 Y'
(Maximum)

£■(0,6) Z=60x04-40x 6=240

11-
10- 2x -l-y = 12
The maximum value of Z is 400 at D(4, 4). 9-
8-
21. We have, maximise, Z = 300a + 600y ...(i) 7-
E{0.
Subject to the constraints, a -l-2y <12 ...(ii)
4' ^ (4. 4)
2A-hy<I2 ...(iii) A (0, 4)i-
2-
4A-l-5y>20 ...(iv) X -h 2y = 12
1-
C (6, 0)
and X, y>0 ...(V)
X' 1—:—I—t I r^<x
Y'. 1 2 3 4/5 ^6 789 101112

Table for line a -i-2y = 12 is B (5. 0)

4x -i- 5y = 20
A O 12

y 6 O On solving Eqs. a -i-2y = 12 and 2a -I- y = 12, we get

D{4,4)
So, the line A +2y = 12 is passing through the points
(0, 6) and {12, 0). Clearly, the feasible region is ABCDEA.
The comer points of the feasible region are ^(0, 4),
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality a -i- 2y < 12, we get
B (5,0), C (6,0), D (4,4) and £(0,6).
0 -f 2(0) < 12 0 < 12, which is true.
 380 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

The values of Z at comer points are given below.

Corner points Z = 300.V + 600>'

/I (0,4) Z= 300x 0+600x4= 2400

5(5,0) Z= 300x 5+ 600x 0= 1500

3x+2y=
C(6,0) Z = 300x 6+ 600x 0= 1800 e(0.9/2)

0(4,4) Z= 300x4+ 600x4 = 3600

£(0,6) Z= 300x0+600x 6= 3600 x+

The maximum value of Z is 3600 at £>(4,4) and

£(0,6).
22. Maximise Z = 70x + 40 V (2)

Subject to the constraints Clearly, feasible region is OABO, whose comer points
are 0(0,0), A (3,0) and B (0,9/ 2).
3x + 2y<9,
3x + y<9 Corner points Value of Z = 70x + 40y
and x>0, y>0 0(0,0) 0

Now, considering the inequations as equations, we get ^(3,0) 210(Maximum)

3x+2y = 9 -.(i) £(0,9/2) 180

3x + y = 9 ...(ii)
In the table, we find that maximum value of Z is 210
Table for line 3x + 2j' = 9is at the point A(3,0). (1)
X 3 0 23. (i)
0 9/2 Corner points Value of Z = 3x- 4y
y
0(0,0) 0
So, it passes through the points (3, 0) and (0, 9/2) on
putting (0, 0) in the inequality 3x + 2y< 9. -4(0, 8) - 32 (Minimum)
0 <9 (which is tme) 5(4,10) -28

So, the half plane is towards the origin. C{6, 8) - 14

Table for line 3x + y = 9 is

0(6,5) - 2
X 3 0
£(4,0) 12 (Maximum)
y 0 9 (2)
Z is maximum at (4,0) and minimum at (0,8).
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 3x + y < 9 Also, Z inax = 12andZ„i„ =-32
0<9 (which is true)
(ii) Since, maximum value of Z occurs at B (4,10) and
So, the half plane is towards the origin. (2) C(6, 8).
Also, X >0, y >0, so the feasible region lies in the 4p + l0q =6p + ^q
1st quadrant. 2q=2p
The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is (3, 0). p = q
The graphical representation of the above system of Number of optimal solution are infinite. (3)
inequations is given below
Linear Programming 381

24. Given that, In such cases, you can see that every point on the line
Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y -(i) segment CD joining the two comer points C and D
also give the same maximum value. Same is also true
Subject to the constraints are
in the case, if the two points produce same minimum
x+3>-<60 ...(ii) value. (2)
jc + >’>10 ...(iii) 25. Our problem is to maximise
X<y ...(iv) Z = 3x + 4_v ...(i)
x>0, y>0 ...(v) (1) Subject to the constraints are
X + >’ < 4 ...(ii)
a:>0,;^>0 ...(hi) (1)
Table for the line .r + y = 4 is
X 0 4

y 4 0

On putting (0, 0) in the inequality a: + _>' < 4, we have

0 + 0<4

First of all, let us plot the graph of the feasible region 0 < 4 (which is true)
of the system of linear inequalities (ii) to (v). The So, the half plane is towards the origin
feasible region ABCDA is shown in the figure.
Note That the region is bounded. The coordinates of 6--
the comer points A, B, C and D are (0,10), (5, 5), (15, 5--
15) and (0, 20), respectively. (1) 4 6(0,4)
3--

Corner points Corresponding value of

2
Z = 3x+9y Feasibk
1 --
region A(4,0)
A (0, 10) 90 X'
0
1 2 3 4^6 6
(0,0) .
B(5, 5) 60 (Minimum)
(2)
C(15, 15) ] 80 (Maximum)
(Multiple optimal solutions) So, the feasible region lies in the 1st quadrant.
D (0, 20) 180 Feasible region is OABO. (1)

The corner points of the feasible region are 0(0, 0),

We, now find the minimum and maximum value of Z. ^(4,0) and 5(0, 4). The values of Z at these points are
From the table, we find that the minimum value of Z is as follows
60 at the point 5(5, 5) of the feasible region.
Corner points Value of Z = 3x + 4y
The maximum value of Zon the feasible region occurs
at the two comer points C (15, 15) and D (0, 20) and it 0(0,0) 0
is 180 in each case. (1)
4(4,0) 12

Remark Observe that in the above example, the 5(0,4) 16 (Maximum)

problem has multiple optimal solutions at the comer
points C and £), i.e. the both points produce same Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point
maximum value 180. 5(0,4). (2)
 [CHAPTEI^ test)
1 Mark Questions 5. The linear inequality in the graph is shown below
1. The linear programming problem minimise
Z = 3>x+2y subject to constraints x + y >8,
3x + 5y<15,x>0and y>0has
(a) one solution
(b) no feasible solution
(c) two solutions
(d) infinitely many solutions
2. The maximum value of Z = 4x +3y, if the feasible
region for an LPP is as shown below, is x + y<6

The feasible region is

(a) OCAD (b) ADE
(c) ABC (d) None of these

6. The feasible region for an LPP is shown in the

following figure.

(a) 112 (b) 100

(c) 72 (d) HO
3. The corner points of the feasible region determined
by the following system of linear inequalities.
2x + _v< 10,X + 3j<15,X, >0are {0, 0), (5, 0),
Let F - 3x- 4y be the objective function. Maximum
(3, 4) and (0, 5). Let Z = px + qy, where g > 0.
value of F is
Condition on p and q. So, that the maximum of Z
occurs at both (3, 4) and (0, 5) is (a)0 (b)8 (c)12 (d)-I8
{d) p = q (b) p = 2q 7. In the given figure, the feasible region for a LPP is
(c) p=l>q (d) q = 3p shown. Find the maximum and minimum value of

4. The comer points of the feasible region determined Z = x +2_y.

Y'
by the system of linear constraints are (0, 0), (0, 40),
(20, 40), (60, 20), (60, 0). The objective function is
Z = 4x + 3y. Compare the quantity in column A and
column B.
3_ 24 P'
13' 13
Column A Column B p(7 3)
^ TT
Maximum of Z 325
+x
f
(a) The quantity in Column A is greater 2
(b) The quantity in Column B is greater
(c) The two quantities are equal
(d) The relationship cannot be determined on the basis of (a) 8, 3.2 (b) 9,3.14
the information supplied. (c) 9, 4 (d) None of these
 8. Comer points of the feasible region for a LPP are 11. Maximise Z = 3x + 2y, subject to constraints are
(0, 2), (3, 0), (6, 0), (6, 8) and (0, 5). Let F 4x + 6y X + j > 8,3x + 5y < 15 and x, > 0.
be the objective function. The minimum value ofF
occurs at
12. Maximise Z = 3x + 4y, subject to constraints are
(a) only (0, 2)
x + >'<l,x>0, y>0.
(b) only (3,0) 13. Maximise Z = 2x + 3y, subject to constraints are
(c) the mid-point of the line segment joining the points x+2_y<10,2x + j^^Mandx^O, _y >0.
(0,2) and (3,0)
14. Minimise Z = 3x + 5y, subject to constraints are
(d) any point on the line segment joining the points (0, 2)
and (3,0) x + 3y>3,x + y>2 and x, > 0.
9. The feasible region for the LPP is shown in the 15. Maximise Z = 6x +11;^, subject to constraints arc
following figure. Then, the minimum value of 2x + y<\04,x + 2y< 16 and a: > 0, > 0
Z = llA: + 7_yis 16. Maximise Z = x + y subject to constraints
x-y<-l,-x + >»<0andx, v>0.

3 Marks Questions
17. Minimise Z=x + y, subject to constraints are
3x + 2_y> 12,,t + 3_v> 11 and x,
18. Maximise Z = -x+ 2;^, subject to constraints are
x>3,x + >’>5, +2y>6and.v, >^>0.
19. Minimise Z =6x + 3y, subject to constraints are
(a) 21 (b)47 4x + y > 80, X + 53; > 115, 3j; + 2y < 150 and x > 0,
(c)20 (d)31 3^>0.
20. Maximise Z = 8000x + 12000y, subject to constraints
2 Marks Questions are3x + 4v<60, x +3)^<30 andx >0, y>0.
10. Feasible region (shaded) for an LPP is shown in the
following figure 6 Marks Questions
Maximise Z = 5x + 7 v. 21. Maximise Z = 7x + 10y, subject to constraints are
4x + 6_v <240,6x +3y < 240, x > 10 and x, v > 0.
22. Minimise Z = 2x + 4y, subject to constraints are
x-l-_y>8, x + 4v>12,x >3,3'>2andx, j'^O.
23. Maximise and minimise Z = 3x - 4y, subject to
constraints are x - 23^ < 0, — 3x + j < 4, x - j < 6 and
X, 3^>0.

Answers
l.(b) 2. (a) 3.(d) 4.(b) 5.(c) 16. No maximum value M. Z = 5 at (2, 3)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 18. No maximum value. 19.Z = 150at(15,20)

10. Z = 43 at (3, 4) 11. No maximum value exist. 20. Z = 168000 at (12, 6) 21.Z = 410 at (30, 20)
12. Z = 4at(0, 1) 13.Z = 18at(6,2) 22. Z = 20 at (6, 2)
(2> 1 23. Maximum value = 12, No minimum value exist.
14. Z = 7at 15.Z = 440at(44, 16)
2’2j
CE)
Probability
TREND
ANALYSIS Average No. of Questions Across ail Sets
Types of Questions 2024"^~2623 T2620~

1 Mark 1 1 3
TOPIC 01 Conditional Probability
2 Marks 2
and Independent Events
3 Marks 1

4 Marks

5 Marks

6 Marks

^ Mark
TOPIC 02 Baye's Theorem and 2 Marks
Probability Distribution
3 Marks 1

4 Marks 1 1

5 Marks

6 Marks 1

TOPIC 1

Conditional Probability and Independent Events

Experiment and Events
4.
1. Experiment An operation which can produce some Trial The number of times the experiment is repeated
well defined outcomes is called an experiment. is called the number of trials.

2. Random Experiment An experiment is called random 5. Event A subset of the sample space associated with a
experiment, if it satisfies following two conditions, random experiment is called ah event or a case,
(i) It has more than one possible outcome, e.g. In tossing a coin, getting either head or tail is an
event.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
6. Impossible and Sure Events The empty set 0 and the
3. Outcomes and Sample Space A possible result of a
random experiment is called its outcome. The set of sample space S describe events. The empty set ^ is
all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called an impossible event and whole sample space S
is called the sure event.
called its sample space.
Probability 385

7. Simple Event If an event has only one sample point NOTE (i) 0 < P(A) < 1
of a sample space, then it is called a simple or (ii) Probability of impossible event is zero.
elementary event. - (iii) Probabilityofcertainevent (sureevent) isl.
(iv) P(AuA') = P(S) (v}P(A)+ P(A') = 1
8. Compound Event If an event has more than one
(vi) P(An>t') = P(())) (vii)P(A')' = P(A)
sample point, then it is called a compound event. (viii) P(AuB) = P(A) + P(8)-P(Ar-iB)
9. Equally Likely Events The given events are said to
be equally likely, if none of them is expected to occur
in preference to the other.
Conditional Probability
Let E and F be two events associated with the same sample
e.g. In throwing an unbiased die, all the six faces are
equally likely to come. space of a random experiment. Then, probability of
occurrence of event E, when the event F has already
10. Mutually Exclusive Events A set of events is said to
occurred, is called conditional probability of event E over
be mutually exclusive, if the happening of one F and it is denoted by P{E!F).
excludes the happening of the other, i.e. if no two or
P(EnF)
more of them can occur simultaneously, if A and B P{E/F) = where P(F) 5^0
are mutually exclusive, then n 5) = ({). P{F) ’
e.g. In throwing a die, all the 6 faces numbered 1 to 6 Similarly, conditional probability of event F over E is
are mutually exclusive, since if anyone of these faces given as
comes, then the possibility of others in the same trial P(FnE)
is ruled out. P{F/E) = where P{E)^d
P(E) ’
11. Exhaustive Events A set of events is said to be
exhaustive, if the performance of the experiment Properties of Conditional Probability
always results in the occurrence of atleast one of If E and F are two events of sample space S and G is an
them. event of S such that P(G) ^ 0, then
If£,,£2.-. ., E„ are exhaustive events, then (i) P{{EuF)/G}^P{E/G) + P{F/G)-P{(EnF)/G}
£■] u£’2 u...u£'„ =S. (ii) P{(E uF)/G} = P(E/G) + P(F/G), ifE and F are
e.g. When a die is thrown events {1,2}, {3, 4}, {5,6} disjoint events,
form an exhaustive set of events.
(iii) P(E'/G) = \-P(E/G)
12. Complement of an Event Let A be an event in a
(iv) P(S/G)^P(G/G) = \
sample space 5, then complement of A is the set of all
sample points of the sampk space, which are not in A
and it is denoted by A' or A, i.e.
Multiplication Theorem
A' ={n:neS,n^ A}. If E and F are two events associated with a sample space S,
13. Probability of an Event If there are n elementary then the probability of simultaneous occurrence of the events
E and F is
equally likely events associated with a random
experiment and m of them are favourable to the P(E nF) = P(E) ■ P{F/E), where P(E) ^0
happening of an event A, then the probability of or P(E n F) = P{F) ■ P(E/F), where P(F)^0
happening of A is given by
This result is known as multiplication rule of probability.
Number of elementary events
favourable to event A Multiplication Rule for More than
P{A) =
Total number of elementary events Two Events
to the experiment If E, F and G are three events of sample space, then
n{A) m F G
P{EnF nG) = P{E)-P — P
n{S) n
E) EnF
 386 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Mutual Independent
Independent Events Three events E, F nnd G are said to be mutually
Two events E and F are said to be independent, if
probability of occurrence or non-occurrence of one of the independent, if
events is not affected by that of the other. For any two (i) P{Er^F) = P{E)-P{F)
independent events E and F, we have the relation (ii) P{F r^G) = P{F)-P{G)
(i) P{EnF) = P{E)-P{F) (iii) P{Er^G) = P{E)-P{G)
(ii) P{F!E) = P{F\P{E)^{)
(iv) P{Er^F r\G)^ P{E) ■ P{F) ■ P{G)
(iii) P{EIF)^P{E),P{F)^{i
If atleast one of the above is not true for three given events,
Also, their complements are independent events, then we say that the events are not mutually independent.
i.e. P{E r\F) = P{E)-P{F) NOTE Independent and mutually exclusive events do not have same
meaning,
NOTE If £ and F are dependent events, then P(£ n F) P(£) ■ P(F)

PYQs Previous Years Questions

1 Mark Questions 6.
4
The probability that A speaks the truth is - and that of
Multiple Choice Questions 3
A B B speaking the truth is —. The probability that they
1. If A and B are events such that P — =P —
B A contradict each other in stating the same fact is
C6SE 2023
then CBSE 2024

(c):^
7 1
(a)^ ciB ,h\xt A^B
(b)^=5 (a)- (b)-
20 20
(c) n 5 = (j) (d)P(^) = P(5)
1 3 (B 1. Five fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The
2. IfP(^n5) = -andP(^) = - thenP — is equal to probability of the events that atleast one head comes
A) CBSE 202 CBSE 2023
up is
1 1 27 31 1
(a) 3 (b)3 (a)
32
(b)4
32
(c)^
32
(d)
32

(d)^
1
gg laifcONCEPT
Probability of getting atleast one head =1 - Probability
3. The events E and F are independent. If F(£') = 0.3 and of getting all tails
P{E u F) = 0.5, then P{E / F)-P(F / E) equals to
CBSE 2023 1
1 8. For any two events A and B, if P{A)=~, P{B) = -and
~
(a) (b)^7
7
( A^
P(A nB) = —, then P -= equals to
(c)^
I
(d) 4 yB ) CBSE 2023
35 70

(b)l8
1 1
4. For two events A and B, if P(A) = 0A, P(B) = 0.8 and (c)z (d)-
8
P(B / ^) = 0.6, then P(A ljB) is equal to CBSE 2023

(a) 0.24 (b) 0.3 9. A problem in Mathematics is given to three students

,(c) 0.48 (d) 0.96
whose chances of solving it are 3,3, respectively.
5. If the sum of numbers obtained on throwing a pair of If the events of their solving the problem are
dice is 9, then the probability that number obtained on independent, then the probability that the problem will
one of the dice is 4, is CBSE 2023
be solved, is CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
1
(b)i
1 I 1 1
(C) — (d)- (b)- (0-
18
Probability 387

10. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event the correct explanation of Assertion,
that the number obtained is less than 5. Then, (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is
P(A u B) is All India 2020 not the correct explanation of Assertion,
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect,
(c)0 {d)l (d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Very Short Answer Questions

11. A card is picked at random from a pack of 52 playing
cards. Given that the picked card is a queen, the 18. The probabilities of A and B solving a problem
probability of this card to be a card of spade is independently are - and respectively. If both of
All India 2020
1 them try to solve the problem independently, then
(b)413
1 1
(d)-
what is the probability that the problem is solved?
CBSE Sample paper 2021
12. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability
of obtaining a total score of 5 is Delhi 2020 19. The probability that it will rain on any particular day is
50%. Find the probability that it rains only on first 4
(a)-?
1 1 1
(b)- (c)-^ (d)^ days of the week. CBSE Sample paper 2021
216 36 49

13. A bag contains 3 white, 4 black and 2 red balls. If caacoNCEPT

2 balls are drawn at random (without replacement),
Firstly, write the event of given data, then use the
then the probability that both the balls are white, is concept P(£)=1-P(E)
Delhi 2020
1. 1 1 1 Required probability = P(£)'^ '(P(f))^
(a)-^ (b)- (c)-^ (d)
18 36 12 24

14. From the set {1,2,3, 4,5}, two numbers a and b{ai^b) 2 Marks Questions
are chosen at random. The probability that — IS
a .
an
20. A pair of dice is thrown and the sum of the numbers
b appearing on the dice is observed to be 7. Find the
integer, is Delhi 2020 probability that the number 5 has appeared on atleast
one die. CBSE 2022 (Term II)
(a)i
1 1
(b)- (0-
1
21. The probability that A hits the target is - and the
15. If A and B are two events such that P{A) = Q.2, 2
P{B) = 0.4 and P{A kjB) = Oi, then value oiP{A / B) probability that B hits it is -. If both try to hit the
is? CBSE Sample Paper 2020
target independently, find the probability that the
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.08
target is hit. CBSE 2022 (Term II)
16. An urn contains 6 balls of which two are red and four
22. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52
are black. Two balls are drawn at random. Probability cards one-by-one without replacement. What is the
that they are of the different colours is probability of getting first card red and second card
CBSE Sample Paper 2020
8
jack? CBSE Somple Paper 2022 (Term II)

(a)^
I
(b)-^
15
(c)
15
(d)l
15 23. Given that F and F are events such that P(F) =0.8,

Assertion-Reason P(F) = 0.7, P(F n F) = 0.6. Find P(F/F).

CBSE Sample Paper 2021
17. Assertion (A) Two coins are tossed simultaneously. 24. Given two independent events A and B such that
The probability of getting two heads, if it is known
P{A) =0.3 andF(F) = 0.6, find P{A' .nB').
that at least one head comes up, is -. All India 2020
3
25. Three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the
Reason (R) Let F and F be two events with a random
P(FnF)
first 50 natural numbers. Find the probability that all
experiment, then P(F / £) = the three numbers are divisible by both 2 and 3.
P(F) CBSE 2023 Delhi 2020
 388 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

26. 4 speaks truth in 80% cases and B speaks truth in 90% If there is no odd person in the first round, they make a
cases. In what percentage of cases are they likely to second round of tosses and they continue to do so until
agree with each other in stating the same fact? there is an odd person.
CBSE Sample Paper 2020
What is the probability that exactly three rounds of
tosses are made? CBSE Samp/e Paper 2023
B§a CONCEPT
P(agree) = P{both speaking truth or both telling lie)
4 Marks Questions
= P(A)-P(A} + P(AmB))
36. j and B throw a pair of dice alternately.
27. A wins the game, if he gets a total of 7 and B wins the
IfP(not = 0.7, P(B) = 0.7 and P(B/A) =0.5, then
fXnd P{A/B). All India 2019 game, if he gets a total of 10. If .4 starts the game, then
find the probability that B wins. Delhi 2016
28. A die marked 1,2,3 in red and 4,5,6 in green is
tossed. Let A be the event ‘number is even’ and B be the 37. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately, til! one of them
event ‘number is marked red’. Find whethei; the events gets a total of 10 and wins the game. Find their respective
A and B are independent or not. Delhi 20 7 9 probabilities of winning, if A starts first. All India 2016

Or A die, whose faces are marked 1,2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 38. Probabilities of solving a specific problem
in green is tossed. Let A be the event ‘number
obtained is even’ and B be the event ‘number obtained independently by A and B are - and -, respectively. If
is red’. Find if A B are independent events. both try to solve problem independently, then find the
All India 2017
probability that
29* A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the (i) problem is solved,
conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given
(ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
that the red die resulted in a number less, than 4. AW India 2015C, Delhi 207 7
CBSE 2078

Ig Qla CONCEPT
30. Evaluate P(Au B), iflP (A) = P{B) = ^13 and The problem is solved means atleast one of them solve
it. Also, use the concept A and B are independent
P{A/B) = ^. CBSE 2018C
events, then their complements are also independent.

31* If^ and B are two events such that P (/I) = 0.4, 39.
Assume that each bom child is equally likely to be a
P(B) = 0.8 and P(B / = 0.6, then find P(A / B). boy or a girl. If a family has two children, then what is
CBSE Sample Paper 2018 the conditional probability that both are girls? Given
that
32. A couple has 2 children. Find the probability that both
are boys, if it is known that (i) atleast one of them is a (i) the youngest is a girl?
boy (ii) the older child is a boy. CBSESamp/e Paper 2017 (ii) atleast one is a girl? Delhi 2014

40.
A speaks truth in 75% of the cases, while B in 90% of
3 Marks Questions the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to
33.
A and B are independent events such that contradict each other in stating the same fact? Do you
think that statement of B is true? Arifndia2073

P{Ar\B) = \4 and P{A nB) = KFindP{A)

6
and 41.
P speaks tmth in 70% of the cases and Q in 80% of the
P(B). CBSE 2023
cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to agree
34. in stating the same fact? Do you think, when they
A and B throw a die alternately till one of them gets a
‘6’ and wins the game. Find their respective agree, means both are speaking tmth? All India 2013

probabilities of wining, if A starts the game first. 42.

CBSE 2023
A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90% of
the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to
35.
Three friends go for coffee. They decide who will pay contradict each other in stating the same fact? In the
the bill, by each tossing a coin and then letting the cases of contradiction do you think, the statement of B
“odd person” pay.There is no odd person, if all three will carry more weight as he speaks tmth in more
tosses produce the same result. number of cases than A? Delhi 2013
Probability 389

6 Marks Questions 44. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin
shows head, toss it again, but if it shows tail, then
43. and B are two independent events such that throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the
1
P (a r\B) = ~z.nd P {A nB) = 6 then find P {A) event that ‘the die shows a number greater than 4’,
given that ‘there is atleast one tail’. Delhi 2014C
ZiWd P{B). De/h/20l5

[Explanations]
(A) (B\
1. (d) Given, P — =P — 4. (d) Given, P(^) = 0.4, P{B) = 0.% and P{B / A) =0.6
) AJ We know that
P{Ar\B) _P{B nA) B P{BnA) P{AnB)
Then, P -
P{A) ~ P(B) A P{A) P{A)
1 1 PjAr^B)
[vP(AnB)^0] 0.6 = P{AnB) =0.24
P{A) P{B) 0.4

P(A)=P(B) Now, P(AuB) = P(A) + P{B) - P{A n B)

= 0.4 + 0.8-0.24 = 0.96
2. (a) Given, P(A nB) = - and P(A) = -
8 4 5. (d) In two throw of a dice the sample space S is given
by, «(5) = 6x6 = 36
Now
{AJ P(A) \~P{A) Let E = Event of getting a sum of 9
1/8 1/8 4 1 £● = {(3,6) (4,5) (5, 4) (6,3)}
l/4"8~2 n{E) = 4
1-^
4 Let F = Event of getting a 4 on one of the dice
3, (d) Given, P{E) =0.3 and P{E uF) = 0.5 F = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(1,4), (2, 4), (3,4), (5,4), (6, 4)}
Lq.\P{F)=x
n(F) = ll
We know that
;j(£'nF)=2
P{E KJ F) = P{E) + P{F) - P{E n F)
F\ P{F nE) 1136 1
= P{E) + P{F)-P{E)-P{F) Required probability = P — =
E P{E) 4/36 2
0.5 =0.3 +x -0.3a- =?-0.7x = 0.5 -0.3
4
0^_2 6. (a) The probability of speaking truth of A is, P(A)
A =
0.7"? =j
The probability of not speaking truth of A is
- 4 1
7 P(A) = 1 — =
^ 5 5
Now, P(E / F)-P(F / E) 3
_P(EnF) P(FnE) The probability of speaking truth of B is, P(B) = -
4
P{F) ~ P(E)
The probability of not speaking truth of B is
P(EnF)P{E) ~P(F nE) P{F) 1
/>(5)==l-- =
PiE)P(F) ^ 4 4
P{E nF)[P(E)-P{F)] Now, the probability of they contradict each other
= P(E)-P(F)
P(EnF) = P(A)-P(B) + P(A)P(B)
3 2 21-20 1 4 1 1 3 1 3 7
= -x-+-x- = - + — = —
10 7” 70 "70 5 4 5 4 5 20 20
390 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

7. (c) Total number of outcomes =2^ =32 10. (d) We have, A = {4,5,6} and B = {1,2,3, 4}
1 Now, AnB = {4}
Probability of getting all tails = —
32
Now,/'{^ ^B') = P{A) + P{B)-P{A nB)
Probability of getting atleast one head _3 4_1 6
- = 1
= 1 ~ Probability of getting all tails ~6'^6 6 6
1 31
11. (c) Let A be the event that card drawn is a spade and B
32 32
be the event that card drawn is a queen. We have a
total of 13 spades and 4 queen and one queen is from
8. (b) Given, P{A)=^^ = ^ andP(AnB) = ^ spade.
13

P{A) = \-^- = ]^ and P{B) = l-~

1
●●● P{A) = P(5) = ~ = —andPMnS) = —
3 3
52 4’ 52 13 52

P{AnB) 1/52 1
Now, P{A kjB) = P{A) + P{B)-P{A n B) P
B P(B) " 1/13 ”4
-i i i
“2 3~4 12. (c) Three dice are thrown simultaneously favourable
6+4-3 7 outcomes = {(1, 1, 3), (1, 3, 1), (3, 1, 1), (1,2, 2)
12 "l2 (2,1,2) (2, 2,1)}
= 6
We have to find.
Total number of outcomes = 6 ^ =216
PjA nB) _P{AuB) _\-P{A^B)
1
B P(B) ~ P{B) ~ P{B) Required probability = =
216 36
7
1-
12 5/12_ 5 3_5 13. (c) We have, 3 white, 4 black and 2 red balls.
2/3 2/3 ”l2 2~8 Total number of balls = (3 + 4 + 2) = 9
Two balls are drawn at random (without replacement).
Concept Use_the con^ditional probability, t
Enhancer Then, the probability that both the balls are white
JaI P(AnB)^P(4uB) }
bJ P(B) P(B) ( 3 2 J_
9 8 72” 12
9* (d) Let A, B and C be the respective events of solving 14. (c) We have set of numbers (1,2, 3, 4, 5}.
the problem.
Sample space of choosing two numbers
1 1 I
Then, P(A) = -, P(B) = - and P(C) = - 5x4
'^2 = 1x2
= 10

The problem will be solved if one or more of them can 2 3 4 5 4

solve the problem. Favourable outcomes are = 5
rrrr2j
The probability is
I
P{ABC) + P(A B C) + P(A BC) +P(ABC)
Required probability “ ^ = 2
+ P{ABC) + P(ABC) + P(ABC)
15. (b) We know that
_}_ 2 3 1^3 121 + 113 P{AuB) = P{A)+P(B)-P(A nB)
”2'3'4 i'3'4 2 34234
0.5 = 0.2+0.4-P(AnB)
ill ill lii 0.5 = 0.6-P(AnB)
2'3'4 2'3'4 2'3'4
P(vf r,5) = 0.6-0.5 = 0.1 (1/2)
A, B and C are independent events]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
P
A
- P(AnB) ^_1- = 0.25
— 1 i 1— H 1 1 — —
4 8 12 8 12 24 24 4
B P(B) 0.4 ” 4 (1/2)
Probability 391

16* (c) Let E be the event of getting two balls of different 20. We know that when a pair of dice is thrown, total
colours. possible outcomes = 6x6 = 36
Then, n(£) = ^C| x ‘^C, =8 Let A be the event of getting sum as 7.
Possible outcomes = (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3),
and rt(5)=^C2=15
(5, 2), (6,1)
n{E) _ 8
Required probability, P{E) = 1
n(5)”l5 (1) Therefore, P (A) = — =
^ ^ 36 6
17. (a) If two coins are tossed simultaneously, then sample Let B be the event of getting number 5 on atleast one
space is given by dice.
{H, T), (T,H), (T, T)} Possible outcomes = (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5),
Now, let A be the event of getting two heads . (5, 1), (5, 2), {5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5)
1
11
P(A) = - Hence, P (5) = —. (1)
36
and B be the event of getting atleast one head. {Ac\B) = Getting sum as 7 with atleast one die
showing 5
= (2, 5), (5,2)
PiAnB) 1/4 -i 1-i 2
B P{B) 3/4“4^3”3 Hence, P{Ac\B)- —
36
Hence, Assertion is true. B P(^nP)_2/36_l
P (1)
Reason is also true. U) P(A) 1/6 ~3
18. Let Ay B be the respective events of solving the 21. Let E and F be the events defined as follows
problem by A and B, respectively. Then,
E : A hits the target
1 1
P(^)=-andP(S) = - and F : B hits the target

.'. Required probability -P{Au B)=\- P{A) P{B) P(E) = ~, P(E) = \-P{E) = ^
1 \ ( 1
= 1- 1 -
3jl
1--
4j P(F) = | P(F) = \-P(F) = ^~ (1)

= 1 — x-=l —1
2 3
_\_ P (the target is hit) = 1 - P (the target is not hit)
3 4 2 3 6
1 X- =1
19- Let E be the event that it will rain on any particular 3 5 15

day.
__^_3 (1)
1 1 1
.-. P(P) = 50% = - => P(P) = l-P(P) = l-- = -
"l5“5
22. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52
.●. Required probability cards one-by-one without replacement. (1)
= P(£)-P(£)P(£)-P(£)-P(P)-P(£)-P(£) .'. The required probability = P {(the first is a red jack
= (F(£))^ {P(E)f card and the second is a jack card) or (the first is a red
\4 /, ^3 non-jack card and the second is a jack card)}
1 1 1 \1
-A A A-A
^2y \2^ v2y (1)
"52^51 52^51~26
 392 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

23. We have, P(£') = 0.8, P{F) =0.7, P{E n F) = 0.6 5^1

27 Given, F(^') =0.7, P(5) =0.7 and P - = 0.5
We know that \ A

P{E u F) = P{E) + P(F) - P{E n F) Clearly, P(A) = I - P(^') = 1 -0.7 = 0.3

= 0.8+0.7-0.6 B P(AnB)
Now, P — (1)
=0.9 (1) u P{A)

P{E nF) P(£uF) P{A nB)

0.5 = => P(^nP) = 0.15
Now,P(£/F) = 0.3
P{F) P{F)
l-P(FuF)_l-0.9_0.1 1 P PjAnB) 0.15 ^ pM 3
B) P{B) " 0.7 ^ ^ B
(1) (1)
\-P(F) l-0.7"0.3”3 14

24. Given, P{A) =0.3 and P{B) =0.6 28. When a die is thrown, the sample space is
S = {1,2,3, 4,5,6}
Now, P{A'nB')=P{AuBy
n {S) = 6
= \-P[A uB]
Also, A : number is even and B : number is red.
= \-[PiA) + P(B)-P(A nB)]
= 1-10.3+0.6-0.3x0.6} (I)
A = {2,4,6} and B = {1,2,3} and ^ n P = {2}
^ n(^) = 3,H(5) = 3and/i(vl nP) = l
['.● A and B are independent events
n{A) 3 1
.\P(AnB)^P(A)P{B)] Now, P(A) =
«(5) “6~2
= 1-10.9-0.18}
»(g)_3 1
= 1-{0.72} =0.28 (1) P{B) =
n{S)~ 6~1 (1)
25. Three distinct numbers are chosen from first 50
natural numbers in ways. Total numbers which did
n{AnB) 1
P(AnB) =
is divisible by 2 and 3 from first 50 natural numbers
n{S) '6
is {6, 12,18, 24,30, 36, 42, 48} =8 (1) Now, p{A)xP(B) = -.y- = — ^- = P{Ar\B)
2 2 4 6
C3 8x7x6
Required probability = 50 P{Ar\B)^P{A)xP{B)
50x49x48
C3
Thus, A and B are not independent events. III
1

350
(1) 29. Let us denote the numbers on black die by
5j .B2,... ,B(^ and the numbers on red die by
26. Let A j : Event that A speaks truth

and 5 7- : Event that B speaks truth. Then, we get the following sample space

Given, P{A 7-) =

^_4 ^ UB^, R0,iB^,R2)....,{B^, R^),{B2,Ry). {B2,R2)
100~5’ [,...,{B2,R,)....,{B„R0,{B„R2) iB„R,)
P(5t-) =
^__9 Clearly, «{5') = 36 (1/2)
100 "10 Now, let A be the event that sum of number obtained
P(agree) = P(both speaking truth or both telling lie) on the die is 8 and B be the event that red die shows a

. number less than 4.

= P{AfBj or Aj-Bj) (1)
Then,
= P{A T )P{B T) or P(Aj )P(Bj )
A = {{B2,R^), {B^,R2),{B2,Rs),{Bs,R^), {B^,R,))
my_9^ + riYi (5l,P|),(Pl,P2),(PpP3),(P2.Fi),(52,^2).'
and B - ■
5 y ,10^ 1^5^1^10
{B2,Ry,....yBM>^B^,R2),{BM_
36 + 1 37 74
= 74% => AnB = {{B^,R2),{B„R2)} (1/2)
50 “50 “100 (1)
Probability- 393

Now, required probability. 1

Now, P{AnB) = -
2 4

(t) P{A)P{B) = -
B P(B) 18 18 9 4
36

30, V^ehave,2P(A) = P(B) = ~

P(A)U-P(S)] = ^4 [vP(B) + P{B) = \]
13
1
5 2 => P(A)~P(A)P-(B) = ~ ...(i)
P(A) = ~PiB)=^ — andPM/5) = -
13 5
1 1
andP(^ nB) = -=^P(A) P(B) = -
..p(A^^PjAnB)
(1)
6 6
B P{B)

■■■
2 P (An B) 2 5 2 ll-P{A)]P(B) = ]: 6

=> P(B)-P(A)P(B)='-6 ...(ii)

V P(A uB) = P(A) + P(B)-P(AnB)
=A+ 5 + 10-4 11 (1)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
26 13 13 26 26 1 1

31. We have,
P(A)-P(B) = -
4 6 ^P{A) = ^ + P(B)
B
P(^) = 0.4,P(5)=0.8andP - = 0.6 Now, on substituting this value in Eq. (ii), we get
1 1
P{B)~ - + P(B) P(B) = -
We know that iz y 0

^^B^PjAnB) => 0.6 =

P(AnB)
Let P(P) =x, then x -
l + 12r
x = —
1
AJ P(A) 0.4 \ 12 6

P(A riP)=0.6x0.4=0.24 (1) ^ 12x-j:-12x^ =2=>12x^-llx+2=0

Now, p(^B P(AnB) 0.24

= 0.3
=> I2x^-8jc-3;r+ 2 = 0
V P(B) 0.8
(I)
(4jc-I)(3j:-2)=0
32. Let 51,^2 denote boys and Gj, G2 denote girls, then 1

sample space = {Pj£3,5,G2,GyB-^, GjG2},

=> X = — or .T =
4
or/>(«) = ? (1)

Again, let = Both the children are boys; [putx = P(£)]

£2 == One of the children is a boy; 1
Now, ifP(£) = -, then
£3 = The older child is a boy. 4

£, ={B,B^),E^={B,B^,B, G2,Gi£2}, J_ 11 + 3 4 1
P(A)^
£3={£, B^,G, £2} 12 4~ 12 “l2“3
Now,(£i n£2) = {£, £2)and(£, nE-^) ={B^ B^} 2 .
and ifP(£) = then P(A) =
Then, 12 3“ 12 “I2
34. Let A be the event that player A gets 6 and B be the
(i)£(£i/£2) = P(£in£2)_l/4 1 (1) event that plays B get 6 when a die is thrown, the
£(£2) ”3/4~3
P(£in£3) 1/4 1 probability of getting 6 is -.
6
(ii)£(£, /£3) = (1)
£(£3) ~2/4“2
33. Given, A and B are two independent events such that
●●● P{A) =
^-,P(A') = \-P(A) = ^^
1 1
P(A nB)~- and P(A n S) = - Similarly, £(£) = (1)
394 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

It is given that A starts the game and he will win in the there is no odd person’ and ‘in third round there is an
following mutually exclusive ways, odd person’)
(i) Player A wins at the first throw, = P(m first round there is no odd person)
X P(in second round there is no odd person)
(ii) Player A wins in the third throw when A and B fail
in the first and second throw and so on. X P(in third round there is an odd person)
1 1 3 3
P{Avjms) = P{A) + P{A')P{B')P{A)
+ P{A')P{B')P{A')P(B')P{A) + ....
”4^4^4~'64 (I)

1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 36. Here, n{S) = 6 x 6 = 36

= - + -x-x-+-x-x-x-x- + ...
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Let A = Event of getting a sum of 7 in pair of dice
I 5V fsY = {(l,6), (2, 5), (3,4), (6,1), (5,2), (4,3)}
1 + + + ....
6 .6. ^ n(A) = 6 (1/2)

and B = Event of getting a sum of 10 in pair of dice

= {(4, 6), (5,5), (6, 4)}^«(5) = 3
1 1
n(A) 6 1
6 P{A) =
1- n(S) 36 6
.6,
and
njB) _ 3 _ 1
P(B) = (1)
25 n(5)”36~12
it is an infinite GP with a = \,r = —
36
P(^) = l-i6 = ^and/^(S)
6
= l- j__n
12“l2
(1/2)

1 1 6 Now, the probability that if A starts the game, then B

(1)
6 II 11 wins

36 P{B wins)“P{A nB)AP {A nB nA nB)

6 5
P (B wins) = 1 {A wins) = 1 - ~ — (1) + P{A nBnAnBnAnB)+...

= p(a) P{B)+P(A)P (b)P(A)P (B)

35. P(not obtaining an odd person in a single round)
+ P {A)P {B)P {A)P {B)P(A) P {B) + ... (1)
= P(all three of them throw tails or all three of
them throw heads)
[●.● events are independent]
5 1 5 11 5 1
= P(all three of them throw tails) + P(all three of = -x —+-X — x-x —
6 12 6 12 6 12
them throw heads)
5 11 5 11 5 1
1 I 1 1 1 1 + -X— x-x— x-x — +...
-x-x- + -x-x- 6 12 6 12 6 12
2 2 2j l2 2 2
5 5 55 5 55 \2
1 = — + X—+—X + ...
vP(Head) = P(Tails) = - 72 72 72 72 1,72

1 1 1 1 \2
= 2 X- X 1
2 2^2"4 (I)
5 55
1 + —+
55
+ ...
5

72 72 72 72 55
Now, 1
ni
^(obtaining an odd person in a single round) a
sum of infinite GP series is
= 1 - P(not obtaining an odd person in a single round) 1-r

i-1
/ \

= 1-
4“4 (1) 5 1 5
(l)
Now, the required probability is given by P(‘in first 72 17 17
round there is no odd person’ and ‘in second round W2
 395
Probability —

37_ Here, n{S) = 6 x 6 = 36 According to the question, we have

1
Let E = Event of getting a total 10 HA) = -
= {(4, 6), (5,5), (6, 4)}
n(E) = 3 Then, P{A) = \-P(A) [V P(A)-^P{A) = \]
n{E) 3 _ 1 I I
^(getting a total of 10) = P{E) =
rt(5)”36“l2 2 2
(1/2)
1 1 2
and P(not getting a total of 10) = P(£') and P(B) = ~, thenP(5) = l-P(S) = l-- = -

= 1-/>{£) = 1- —= — (i) P (problem is solved)

^ 12 12
= P(AnB) + P{A nB) + P{AnB)
1
Thus, P(A getting 10) =P(5 getting 10) = = P(A)-P(B) + P(A)-PiB) + P{A)-P(B) (1/2)
12

and P{A is not getting 10) = P{B is not getting 10) ['.● A and B are independent events]
\ / \ /
11 1 2 1 1 I 1
(1/2) -X- + -X- + -X-
12 2 3 2 3 / V2 3

Now, P{A winning) = P{A) + P{A nB n A)

_2 ]_ 1_4_2
+ P{A nB nA nB nA) + ... "6'^6'^6"6"3
2
= P{A) + P{A)P(B)PiA) + P(A)P{B)P(A)
Hence, probability that the problem is solved, is
P{B)P{A) + ... (1)
1 11 11 1 11 11 11 1 (ii) P (exactly one of them solves the problem)
= — + —X—X h—X—-X“X — X — +...
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 (1) = P(A solves but B do not solve)
+ P (Ado not solve but B solves)
= P(AnB) + P(A nB)
1 11 11 \4 1 1
1 + + + ...
12 12 12 12
= P(A)P(B) + P(A)P(B)
11
1- 1 2Wl 1
12 -X- +-X-

a
2 3j U 3
V the sum of an infinite GP is S,
l-r _2 (IV2)
~6'^6''6”2
Alternate Method
1 1 12
(1)
12 144-121 23 P (problem is solved)
144 = 1-P (none of them solve the problem)
Now, P (3 winning) = 1-P (A winning) = 1-P(A nB)
12 11 1 .2
(1/2) = l-P(A) P(B) = l- -X- (2)
23 23
1 2
Hence, the probabilities of winning A and B are P(A) = - and =
● . 12 Al
respectively, — and —. (1/2)
^ ^ 23 23 1 2
= 1 —
3 3
33^ Let P(A) = Probability that A solves the problem
P(B) = Probability that B solves the problem (ii) P (exactly one of them solves the problem)
P(A) = Probability that A does not solve the = P(A) + P(B)-2P(AnB)
problem = PiA) + PiB)-2P(A)xP{A)
1 -1 1- _1 1
and P(B) = Probability that B does not solve =-+--2x-x-=- (2)
2 3 2 3 2
the problem (1)
396 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

39^ Let B and b represent elder and younger boy child 40. Let ^ 7- : Event that A speaks truth
respectively. Also, G and g represent elder and and B j : Event that B speaks truth.
younger girl child respectively. If a family has two 75 75
children, then all possible cases are Given, P{Aj) = then P{At) = \~
100’ 100
S == {Bb, Bg, Gg, Gb] (1)
{-P{A) = \-P{A)]
n{S) = 4
25 90
Let us define event A : Both children are girls, then and P{Bj) =
100 100’
A = {Gg}^ n(A) = l (1)
90 _ 10
(i) Let £■, : The event that youngest child is a girl. then, P{Bt) = \- (1)
100 ” 100
Then, E^={Bg,Gg}
and n{E,)=2
n{£^) Now, P (A and.fi are contradict to each other)
so
P(fii) =
n(S) -P{Aj- nBr)-i-P (At nfij-)
2
= P(Aj-)P(Br} + P(Ar)P{Br) (!)
4 2
[v events Aj- and B^ are independent events]
and AnE,={Gg} _ 75 10 25 90
=> n{A n fij ) = 1 ” 100 ^100'*'100 ^100
n(AnEi) 1 750+2250 3000 _ 3
so P{AnEi) =
n(S) “4 10000 “10000“ To
P(AnEi) Percentage of P {A and fi are contradict to each
Now, P —
other) = —xl00 = 30% (1)
10
l/4_ 1
l/2"2 Since, 5 speaks truth in only 90% (i.e. not 100%) of
the cases, therefore we think, the statement of fi may
1
Required probability = - (l) be false. (1)

41, Let Pj- : Event that P speaks truth

(ii) Let E2 : The event that atleast one is girl.
and Qy : Event that Q speaks truth.
Then, E^ = {Bg, Gg, Gb] => n(E2) = 3,
70 70 _ 30
so
P(E2) = »(g2)^3 Given, P(Py) =
100’
thenP(Pr) = l-
100 “100
n(S) 4
80
and (AnE2) = {Gg} and P(Qt) =
100’ then P(Qy) = ^~ 100 “100
(I)

n(A nE2) = l
P (A and fi are agree to each other)
n(AnE2)
so
P{A np2) = = P(Py nQY) + P{Pr nQ^)
n{S)
1 = PiPr)P(QT) + P(PT)P{Qr) (1)
4
['.● events Py and are independent events]
A P(AnE2) 70 80 30 20
Now, P X X

El) PiE.) 100 100 100 100

1/4 1 5600 600

3/4 3 10000 10000

1 6200 _ 62
Required probability = - 10000 “100
(I)
Probability 397

Percentage oiP{A and B are agree to each other) [H.H)

(W)
62
X100 = 62% (1) (H,7)
100
(7-.1)
No, agree does not mean that they are speaking truth. {T. 2)
\
(1)
(7-. 3)
^2. Do same as Q. No. 40. A

U' 4)
[Ans. 42%, Yes]
(T’. 5)
^3. Do same as Q. No. 33.
a. 6)
1 5 1 4 (1)
Ans.P(/t) = -or - and P{B) = - or -
5 6 ^^65 Consider the following events:
The sample space S of the experiment is given as A = The die shows a number greater than 4 and
S = {{H,H), (H, (7,2), (7,3), and B = There is atleast one tail.

(7, 4), (7,5), (7,6)} (1) We have,^ = {(7’,5), (r,6)},

The probabilities of these elementary events are 5 = {(//, T), (r,i), (r,2),(r,3).
1 1 1
(7,4), (7,5), (7,6)}
P {(//,//)} = -x- = ^, and = {(7,5), (7,6)} (1)

nwn} = }xi = l /. /^{5)=7{(//,7)}+7{(7,l)}+7{(7,2)} + 7{(7,3)}

+ 7((7,4)} + 7{(7,5)} + 7{(7,6)}
1 1 1
7{(7,l)} = -x-= , _ o.Dx 1,11 11 1 13
2 6 12
4 12 12 12 12 12 12 4
1 1 1
7{(7,2)} = -x-= , and7(^n5) = P{(7,5)}+7{(7,6)}
2 6 12
_J_ J__l
7{(7,3)} = -x-=
1 1 1
, "l2'^12“6 (1)
2 6 12
Required probability
1 1 1
7{(7,4)}=-x-= , A
^26 12’ = P —
\ B

7{(7,5)} = -x- = — P(AnB)

^ 2 6 12
P(B)
and7((7,6)} = -x- = —
^ 2 6 12 (1)
1/6 4 2
(1)
3/4”l8 ~9
The outcomes of the experiment can be represented in
the following tree diagram.
TOPIC 2

Baye's Theorem and Probability Distribution

Partition of a Sample Space P{A) = P{E,)-P{AIE,) + P{E2)-P{AIE^)
A set of events is said to represent a + ... + P(EJ-P(A!E„)
partition of the sample space S, if it satisfies the following
conditions: J^P(Ej)-P(A!Ej)
7 =1
(0 El nEj =
(ii) El \jE2 '^..xjE„ =S Baye's Theorem
{Hi) P(£,)>0,V/ = 1,2,...,« .,E„ are n non-empty events which constitute a
NOTE The partition of a sample space is not unique. There can be several partition of sample space S i.e., E^, Ej, ●●●, E„ are pairwise
partitions of the same sample space. disjoint,f’j ^£2 u...uE„ =5and
P{Ei)>0, V z = l,2, Also, let be any event of
Theorem of Total Probability non-zero probability, then
Let events £^,£2, ■■■,£„ form a partition of the sample P{Ei)P(A/Ei)
,V z = l,2,3,...,«
space S of an experiment. If A is any event associated with
sample space S, then J^P(E,)-P(A!E,)
i = \

PYQs Previous Years Questions

3 Marks Question 4 Marks Questions
5.
1.
The random variable W has the following probability Suppose that 5 men out of 100 and 25 women out of
distribution, where a and Z? are some constants 1000 are good orators. Assuming that there are equal
number of men and women, find the probability of
X 1 2 3 4 5
choosing a good orator. De/h( 2020

0.2 0.2 b
6.
In a shop X, 30 tins of ghee of type A and 40 tins of
If the mean E{X) = 3, then find the values of a and b ghee of type B which look alike, are kept for sale.
and hence determine P{X >3). CBSE 2024
While in shop Y, similar 50 tins of ghee of type A and
2. An urn contains 3 red and 2 white marbles. Two 60 tins of ghee of type B are there. One tin of ghee is
purchased from one of the randomly selected shop and
marbles are drawn one by one with replacement from
is found to be of type B. Find the probability that it is
the urn. Find the probability distribution of the number
purchased from shop Y. All India 2020
of white balls. Also, find the mean of the number of
white balls drawn. CBSE 2024 7.
There are three coins, one is a two headed coin (having
3. head on both the faces), another is a biased coin that
Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls, Bag II contains comes up heads 75% of the time and the third is an
5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are transferred at
unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at
random from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn
random and tossed. If it shows head. What is probability
at random from Bag II. Find the probability that the that it was the two headed coin? CBSE Somple Paper 2020
drawn ball is red in colour. CBSE 2024
8.
4. There are two coins. One of them is a biased coin such Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets
1 or 2, she tosses a coin three times and notes the
that P (head): P (tail) is 1:3 and the other coin is a fair
coin. A coin is selected at random and tossed once. If
number of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a
coin once and notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is
the coin showed head, then find the probability that it
is biased coin. CBSE 2023
obtained. If she obtained exactly one ‘tail’, what is the
probability that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the die?
CBSE 2078
 399
Probability'

9. Two groups are competing for the positions of the respectively, of the total daily output of electric bulbs.
Board of Directors of a corporation. The probabilities It is known that 4% of the bulbs produced by each of
machines and are defective and that 5% of those
that the first and second group will win are 0.6 and
0.4, respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the produced by machine £'3 are defective. If one bulb is
probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the picked up at random from a day's production, calculate
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group the probability that it is defective. Foreign 2015

wins. Find the probability that the new product

introduced way by the second group. CBSE2078C 6 Marks Questions
10. Bag I contains 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls; Bag II 17. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a
3
contains 2 white, 1 black and 1 red balls; Bag III student either knows the answers or guesses. Let - be
contains 4 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. A bag is
chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it with 2

replacement. They happen to be one white and one the probability that he knows the answer and - be the
red. What is the probability that they came from probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student
Bag III? CfiSE Samp/e Paper 2018
who guesses at the answer will be correct with
11. A bag contains (2n +1) coins. It is known that « of probability What is the probability that the student
these coins have a head on both its sides whereas the
rest of the coins are fair. A coin is picked up at random
knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly?
CBSE 2023; All India 2015 C
from the bag and is tossed. If the probability that the
toss results in a head is —, then find the value of n.
18. There are three coins. One is two-headed coin, another
42 is biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time
CBSE Sample Paper 2017 and the third is an unbiased coin. One of three coins is
chosen at random and tossed. If it shows head, what is
12. Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of Manager
in a private company. Chances of their selection (A, B the probability that it is the two-headed coin?
All India 2019
and C) are in the ratio 1:2:4. The probabilities that A,
B and C can introduce changes to improve profits of 19. A bag contains 5 red and 4 black bails, a second bag
the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. If the contains 3 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags
change does not take place, then find the probability is selected at random and two balls are drawn at
that it is due to the appointment of C. Delhi 2016
random (without replacement) both of which are found
13. A bag X contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls, while to be red. Find the probability that the balls are drawn
from the second bag. All India 2019
another bag Tcontains 3 white balls and 3 black balls.
Two balls are drawn (without replacement) at random 20. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and
from one of the bags and were found to be one white C. The first operator A produces 1% of defective
and one black. Find the probability that the balls were items, whereas the other two operators B and C
drawn from bag Y. All India 2016
produces 5% and 7% defective items, respectively. A
IS on the job for 50% of the time, B on the job 30% of
14. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random
(without replacement) and are found to be white. What the time and C on the job for 20% of the time. All the
is the probability that all the balls in the bag are white? items are put into one stockpile and then one items is
All India 2016, 2014C chosen at random from this and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it was produced
15. A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B by/I? De/h/20T9
contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is thrown. If 1 or
2 appears on it, then bag A is chosen, otherwise bag B. 21. Bag A contains 3 red and 5 black balls, while
If two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) bag B contains 4 red and 4 black balls. Two balls
from the selected bag, then find the probability of one are transferred at random from bag A to bag B and
of them being red and another black. Delhi 2015 then a ball is drawn from bag B at random. If the
ball drawn from bag B is found to be red, find the
16. Three machines £], £2 ^3 ^ certain factory probability that two red balls were transferred
producing electric bulbs, produce 50%, 25% and 25% from A to B. Foreign 2016
 400
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

22. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B 27. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From
and C manufacture respectively, 30%, 50% and 20% of the remaining cards of the pack three cards are drawn
the bolts. Of their outputs, 3%, 4% and 1% at random (without replacement) and are found to be
respectively are defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at
random from the product and is found to be defective. all spades. Find the probability of the lost card being
a spade. Delhi 2014
Find the probability that this is not manufactured by
machined. Alllndia2015 28. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart
^ CONCEPT attack is 40%. Assuming that a meditation and yoga
course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and
Firstly, write the event of given data, then use the prescription of certain drug reduces its chance by
concept of Baye's theorem. 25%. At a time, a patient can choose anyone of the
two options with equal probabilities. It is given that
23. A bag contains-4 re^ and 4 black balls, another bag after going through one of the two options, the patient
contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the
selected at random and two balls are drawn at random probability that the patient followed a course of
without replacement from the bag and are found to be meditation and yoga. Interpret the result and state
both red.'^Find the probability that the balls are drawn which of the above stated methods, is more beneficial
from the first bag. Delhi 2015C
for the patient? Delhi 2013

24.Thc7e are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having 29. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers,
head on both faces), another is a biased coin that comes
up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers, the
coin that comes up tails 40% of the times. One of the probability of their meeting an accident respectively
three coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shows are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15. One of the insured persons
head. What is the probability that it was the two headed meets with an accident. What is the probability that
coin? he is a car driver? All India 2012C
All India 2014

25. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 30. Among the students in a college, it is known that 60%
4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars (not
probabilities of an accident for them are 0.01, 0.03 and residing in hostel). Previous year results report that
0.15, respectively. One of the insured'persons meets with 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain A
an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their
driver or a car driver? Foreign 2014; All India 2009C annual exams. At the end of year, one student is
chosen at random from the college and he has A
26. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 5 times. He grade, what is the probability that the student is a
throws a die and reports that it is I. Find the probability hosteler? Delhi 2012, 2011C
that it is actually 1. Delhi 2014C

[^Explanations]
I.Given, mean£(A') = 3 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
X 1 2 3 4 5 a -02 and = 02
P{X) 0.2 0.2 b
Now, P(X >3) = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5)
Now, expected value, = 0.2+ 0.2+ 0.2 = 0.6

£(2T) = Zs:,. jy,. = 1 X 0.2 + 2 X a + 3 X n + 4 X 0.2 + 5 X 6 2.Consider, p = Probability of getting a white marble
2
= 0.2 + la + 3a + 0.8 + 5b
5
^ 3= 5a+56 + 1
3
5a+56 = 2 ...(i) and q = Probability of getting a red marble = -
We know that =1
Let X denotes the number of red balls in two draws.
^ 0.2 + a + a +0.2 + 6 = 1 =^*2a + 6 = 0.6 ...(ii)
Then, X can take values 0, 1,2.
Probability ' ~ 401

Now, P(X =0) = P(no white marble) 1

-X-+-X-
7 4 6

-P (all red marble) 7 9 7 9

_3 3 \ 1 7 2 5 4 6
-X-+-X -+ x-
“ 5 ^ 5 ” 25 7 9 7 9 7 9
7 24 31
P{X =1) =P (one white marble and one red marble). + -
31
2 3
=-x-+-x-=—
3 2 12 63 63 _ 63 — = 0.75
5 5 5 5 25 7 10 2^4 41 41
63 63 "^63
+

P{X = 2)-P (two white marbles)

63
_2 2__4 4. Let £i = Event of selecting biased coin
“5^5~25 £2 = Event of selecting fair coin,
Hence, the probability distribution is shown below. and A = Event of getting head
X

P{X)
0
9
1
12
2
4 Then, £(£,) = £(£2) = ^
25

pU
25 25
=lp A Li
4’ [eJ 2
(1)
Now, mean of distribution,
E(X) = 'LX P{X) By Baye’s theorem.
n 9 ,12 ^ 4
=0x — + lx —
25 25
+ 2x —
25
El
P(E,)-P 4
El)
12 P
= 0 + —+ —= A) f 4 \ (a \
25 25 25 ”5 P(EO-P +P(E2)-P ~
{E2J
3. Let £,, £2, £3 and A be events such that
I 1 1
£i = Two red balls are transferred from Bag I to Bag II 2 4
£2 = Two black balls are transferred from Bag I to Bag II 1 1 1 1 1 1
--X---
8 3 3
(2)

2’4'^2’2 8 4
- +
£3 = Out of two transferred ball one is red and other is
black.
5. Let £j be the event that selected person is men’s and
A = Drawing a red ball from Bag II
£
£2 be the event that selected person is women, £, and
E, £2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive event
Here,£ — +P — is required.
A ^ J moreover £(£,) = £(£2) = -.
^C2 3! 2!5! 1
Now, £(£|) -
'^2 2!1!^ 7! ^^7x6 7 Let £ be the event that selected person is good orator.
25 1
4! 2!5!_4x3 2 2 £(£/£,) = —= — and£(£/£2) =
£(£2) = ' 100 20 ^ 1000 40
'C2 2!2! 7! 2 ^7x6~7 (2)

^C, xVi 3x4 2!5! 4 The probability of choosing a good orator,

£(£3) = X

'C2 I 7! 7 £(£) = £(£i)x£(£/£,) + £{£2)x£(£/£2)

-i _L i 1 2+1 3
£ ^ ApU = 9’^ A 5 6
“2 20 2 40~2x40“^
El) 9 (E2J KEy) 9 (2)

£. 'I ^3^ 6. Let £, = Getting ghee from shop X,

£ + £
{ A a) £2 = Getting ghee from shop Y
A \ A and A = Getting type B ghee
£(£,)●£ — | + £(£3)-£ \E^J
-
( a\
£(£,) = £(£2) = ^
E(Ei)-P --
[EJ
+ £(£2)-£ 4 + PiE,)-p\4 [v both shop have equal chances] (l)
{E2, [Eij
402 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

P{A!E^) = Probability that type B ghee is purchased A

P{E,)P -
from shop X E
V“1 J
P
_^_4 (A
”70~7 P(E,)P \Pi^ J +P(E,)P \^2j +P(E,)P v^: 3 J
P{A /£’2) ^hat type B ghee is 1
purchased from shop Y -Xl
3
_ 60 _ 6
1,13 . 1 1
”ll0”ll (1) -xl+-x-
- + -X-
3 3 4 3 2
Now, by Baye’s theorem, we get 1 1
-xl
P{E2)P{A IE2) 3 3 4
P{E2/A) =
P(E,)P(A /E^) + P{E2)PiA /E2) 1
— 1 H
3 1
i—
1
- X ~
9 9

1
- X
6 3i 4 2 3 4

2 11 4
1 4 1 6 Required probability = -
(1/2)
- X - + - X —
2 7 2 11
Baye's Theorem,
Enhancer
P(e,)p[F
6 6 A
11 11 j2_n P ^ = VSv

4 ^ 44 + 42 86 ^43 A n
A
7 11 77 (2) f=i Vs
7. Let us define the following events. V/ = T 2,3 n

Let E^ = Event of selecting a two headed coin, 8.

Let £1 be the event that the girl gets 1 or 2,
£2 = Event of selecting a biased coin, which shows £2 be the event that the girl gets 3, 4, 5 or 6
75% times head, and A be the event that the girl gets exactly a ‘tail’.
£3 = Event of selecting a unbiased coin.
A = Event that tossed coin shows head. (1) Then, £(£,) = ^ = | and £(£2 ) = -4_2
66 "3 3 p
(1)

P{E0 = P{E2) = P(E3) = \ (1/2) P

A ^
— =P (getting exactly one tail when a coin
( A \
P — =P (coin showing head given that it is two
[El) is tossed three times)
headed coin) 3
= 1 8
A \
P — = P (getting exactly a tail when a coin
P — -P (coin showing head given that it is a
El) ^' is tossed once)
biased coin) 1
(1)
75 3 2

100 “4 Now, required probability

^ A^
p{^ = P (coin showing head given that it is
(El
PiE2)-P -
\E 1)
yEz) P
1 A) A A \
unbiased coin) = - £(£i)-£ -- +P(£2)-£ -
V^i ) \E 2 J
(1)
2 1 I
By Baye’s theorem, 3 2 3
(2)
£(getting two headed coin when it is known that it 2 3 2 1 1 1 11
—I—
shows Head) 3'8**’3‘2 8 3
 403
Probability

Let Ej and £2 denote the events that first and second Number of fair coins = (2 « +1) - w = « +1
group will win. Then, Let Event : a coin having head on both sides is
selected.
P(£i) = '>-6andP(£2)=0-4 (I)
Event E2 : a fair coin is selected.
Let E be the event of introducing the new product.
Event A : head comes up in tossing a selected coin.
( E ( E
Then, P = 0.7 and? — = 0.3 (1)
n n+\ _
EJ \Ei j Then, P{E,) = \P{E2) = 2« + l’ 0)
2n + r
Now, we have to find the probability that new product 1
is introduced by second event. p{a/eo=1;P(a/E2)^- (1)

E 31
/ P{E2)P It is given that P{A) = —.
E
P
E2 )
(1)
E ) E E 31
£(£,)£ -- +P{E2)P --T- So, £(£,) P{A!E,) + £(£2) P{A!E2) = 42
£ \^i J \^2 )
0.4 X 0.3 0.12 0.12 n
xl + n +\ l_y\_ (1)
0.6 X 0.7 +0.4 X 0.3 0.42+ 0.12 ~ 0.54 2/1 + 1 2/1 + 1 2~42

= 0.22 (1) 1 n + \ 31
/! +
2/1 + 1 2 42
^ Let £], £2, £3 and A denote the following events.
£| = Bag I is chosen, £2 = Bag II is chosen, 42(3/1 + 1) =62(2/1 + 1)
£3 = Bag III is chosen, A = The balls drawn from the 126/7 + 42 = 124/1 + 62
chosen bag are white and red. 2/1=20^/1 = 10 (I)
Since, one of the bags is chosen at random.
12. Let us define the following events
1
P(E,)=- = P{E2) = P{E,) (1)
A = Selecting person A
If one white and red balls are chosen from bag I with B = Selecting person B
replacement. C = Selecting person C
1
{ A 1 3 , P{A) = P{B) = —-—
Then, P — =-x-x2 1+2+4’ ^ 1+2+4
Pi) 6 6
4
and £(C) =
A 2 1 (a 4 2^ 1 +2 + 4
Similarly, P = -x-x2and£ — =-x-x2

By Baye’s theorem,
E J
V“2
4 4 E,) 9 9 (1)
P{A) = \^,P{B)^^ and P{C) = ^
Let £ = Event to introduce the changes in
A
P(£3)x£ -- their profit.
^3 \“3 2
£"1 E\ (E
Required probability P 3 Also, given P — = 0S,£ — =0.5 and £ — = 0.3
A A B C
/
\.Ay
J^P{E,)kP (I)
/ = i
£ 'e\
=> £ — =l-0.8 = 0.2,£ -
— =l-0.5 = 0.5
14 2^
-X-X-X2
3 9 9 64
A U
113^121 142^ 199 £
-x-x-x2 + -X'-x-x2 + -x-x-x2 and £ — = l-0.3 = 0.7 (1)
3 6 6 3 4 4 3 9 9 (2) C

● Given, total number of coins = 2 /i +1 The probability that change does not take place by the
Number of coins having head on both sides = n appointment of C,
404 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

£ Let A : Two drawn balls are white

P(C).P
C C
P El : All the balls are white
\EJ E E
r'—'s
E E2: Three balls are white
P{A)xP — +P{B)xP + £(C)xP £■3: Two balls are white
B C

(1) Since, £j, £3 and £3 are mutually exclusive and

4 exhaustive events.
-xO.7
7 1
£(£i) = £(£2) = £{£3) = -
- X0.2 + -X0.5 + - xO.7 (1)
7 7 7
( a\
7^=1,P - = ^6
A 1
2.8x7 2.8 Now, P
= 0.7 (1) El) 2
(0.2 + 1.0 + 2.8)x7 4
13. Let us define the following events A \ 1
and P
£| :Bag X is selected
E
v^3 j ^€2 ~6 (1)
£2 : Bag Y is selected /. Probability that all balls in the bag are white
and £ : Getting one white and one black ball in (A
' p '
P(£i)-P
a draw of two balls.
P
Ex)
1 \
A
Here,£(£,) = £(£2) = - (1/2) P(Ei)P
\Eu
+ P(£2)-£ 4
El)
[v probability of selecting each bag is equal]
\ A
E + P{E,)-P
Now, P
£I J
- = Probability of drawing one white 1 El) (1)
-xl
1
and one black ball from bag X 1
3
A=0.6
,1111
^Ci X _ 4x2 _ 16 (1)
3
X1+-X-+-X-
3 2 3 6 2 6 (1)
6x5~6^ 15
2x1 15. Given, bag A = A black and 6 red balls
bag B = 1 black and 3 red balls.
£
and P = Probability of drawing one white Let £, = The event that die show I or 2
U2J
£2 = The event that die show 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
and one black ball from bag Y
£ = The event that among two drawn balls, one of
X ^C, 3x3 3 them is red and other is black
(1)
'C2 6x5 5
2x1 Here, P(£i) = -

.●. The probability that the one white and one black [■.' total number in a die is six] (l)
balls are drawn from bag Y, :.P
E
= £ (getting one red and one black from
E\ Ex)
P(E2)-P bag A)
P El] El)
E ) £ f E \ ‘^Ci X % 4x6x2

P(Ei)P + P(E2)-P - 10
C2 10x9
Ex) {E2)
£
[by using Baye’s theorem] (I/2) => P = P (getting one red and one black
1
X -
3 3 3 El)
2 5 5 5 3x15 9 from bag B)
1
X
8
- +-X-
1 3 3 “ 8 + 9 “5xl7~17 ^C, x ^C, 7x3x2
2 15 2 5 15 "^5 15 (1)
10
C2 10x9
(2)
Probability 405

Now, by theorem of total probability

Now, P —
fE ^
( E E \ E1 J
= P (the student answered correctly,
P{E) = P{E,)-P + P{E^)-P given he knows the answer)
EJ
= 1 (1)
2 Ux6x2 4 7x3x2
+ -● (E
6 I, 10x9 6 10x9 P = P (the student answered correctly,
E2
4x6 given he guesses)
(4 + 7) 1
6x10x9
(1)
3
4x6x11 22
(1) The probability that the student knows the answer
6x10x9 45
(E
16. Let A^ : Event that the bulb is produced by given that he answered it correctly is given by P — .

\E )
machine E 1
By using Baye’s theorem, we get
A2 : Event that the bulb is produced by machine £2
£
^3: Event that the bulb is produced by machine £3 P ■P(EO
A : Event that the picked up bulb is defective (1)
£1 Ei)
P (1)
50 _1 £ £ £
Here,P(.4i) = 50% = P
^ P(E,) + P ●£(£2)
100 ”2’ v-^l J P2)
£(^2) = 25% =
100 “4’ 1x5 3
5 5

,lx-3 2 3 2
PiA^) =25% = (1) + -1 X-
100 ”4’ 5 3 5
- + —
5 15
' ^ 4 1 3x15 3x3 9
Also, £ — = 4% = —
Uiy
(1)
100 25 ~5xll“ 11 “II

Pi^
A2 J
= 4% = —
100
4 1

25
18. Let £j = Event of selecting two headed coin
£2 = Event of selecting biased coin
. J A £3 = Event of selecting unbiased coin
and £ — = 5»/. = ^ 1
(1) A = Event of getting head (2)
■43 y 100 20
I
The probability that the picked bulb is defective, Then, £(£,) = £(£2) = £(£3) = -
( a\ A
A ( A 1
P{A) = P{A^)xP — + £(^,)x^ — 75 3 A 1
Ui j '' [a 2 J
P
[EJ
= 1,£ - = — = -,£
*^^2 ) 100 4 EJ 2
(2)

+ P(A2)xP — By Baye’s theorem,

3; \

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I £
El
— ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ + —
2 25 4 25 4 20~50 100 80
^8 + 4 + 5_ 17
400 " 400
= 0.0425 (1) P(£i)-Pj^E\ J
17. Let £ 1 : Event that the student knows the answer
P(E^)■P{4 + P(E2)P 4 +P(E,)-P 4
E^)
£2 : Event that the student guesses the answer
£ : Event that the answer is correct 1 1
(1) xl
Here, £j and £2 are mutually exclusive and 3 3 1 (2)
exhaustive events. 1 ,1311
X1 + -X--+--X-
1113^9”9
—I— ^—
3 3 4 3 2 3 4 6
£(£i) = 5and£(£2) = ~ (1)
 406 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : AAATHEMATICS

*19. Let El, £2 ^ denote the following events P{D! A) = Probability of a defective item produced
by operator A
£j = First bag is chosen, £2 = Second bag is chosen 1
and A =Two balls drawn at random are red. = 1% = = 0.01 (1)
100
Since, one of the bag is chosen at random. P{D / £) = Probability of a defective item produced

P{E,) = P(E2} = ^ (I)

by operator B
= 5% = —= 0.05
100
If £, has already occurred, i.e. first bag is chosen.
Therefore, the probability of drawing two red balls in P{D / C) = Probability of a defective item produced
by operator C
, ● r, ^ L2 10
this case = £ — =-:^— (1) = 7% = —=0.07 (l)
'C2 36 100

A \ ^€2 3 Putting these values in the Eq. (i), we get

Similarly, P — - (1) 0.5x0.01
'C2 36 P{A/D) =
0.5 X 0.01 + 0.3 X 0.05 + 0.2 x 0.07
£,
We are required to find P (1) 0.005 0.005 _ 5
A
0.005 + 0.015 + 0.014 0.034 “ 34
By Baye’s theorem,
( A ^
Therefore, required probability = —. (1)
P{Ei)-P — 34
P
(El
21.
A )
+ P(E,)pL^
A Bag>t Bag B
P(Ei)P
E
\^\ ) V^2 J 3R 4R

5B 4B
1 3 3 3
- X —
2 36 72 _ 72 3 (2)
Two balls are
transferred^
1 10 1
2 36 '*’2 ^36
- X
72 72 72 Let us define the following events :
20. Let A : Event that item produced by operator A £j = One red and one black ball is transferred
B : Event that item produced by operator B
E2 = Two red balls are transferred
£3 =Two black balls are transferred
C : Event that item produced by operator C £ = Drawn ball is red. (1)
D : Event that item produeed is defective (I)
Then,
We need to find out the probability that item is
produced by operator^ if it is defective i.e. P(A / D).
^C| x^ Cl
P(Ei) =
So,P(A/D) C2
P{A)P{D/A) 3x5 _ 15 (1/2)
P{A) ■ P(D/A) + P{B) ● P{D/B) + P{C) ● P{D/C) 28 “ 28
...(i) [by Baye’s theorem] (i) ^C2 3
P {Ei) = (1/2)
8
C2 28’
P{A) = Probability of item is produced by operator A
50 ^^2 10
= 50% = = 0.5 P (£3) = (1/2)
28
100 C2
P(B) = Probability of item is produced by operator B P {EIE,) = ^10’ (1/2)
30
= 30% = = 0.3 (1)
100 P iE/E^) = ~
10’
(1/2)

£(C) = Probability of item is produced by operator C

= 20% =
20
= 0.2
P (£/£,) = 410 (1/2)

{ 100
 407
Probability

Now, required probability, P {E2 / E) The probability that selected bolt which is defective,
is not manufactured by machine B
^ P {E2)-P{EIE2)
P {E,) ■ P {E ! E,) + P {Ej) ■ P {E ! E2) =\-p
^2 200 no _n (1)
u 310"310 ”31
+ P iE,)-P(E/E,)
6
Cl]
23. Do same as Q. No. 19. Ans.-
7
3_ ^
28 ' 10 20
15 5 3 6 10 4
24. Do same as Q. No. 18. Ans.
47

28 ■ 10 ^ 28 10 28 10
25. Let us define the events as
18 18
(1) £j : Insured person is a scooter driver
75 + 18 + 40 133
£2 ● Insured person is a car driver
22. Let £j : Event that the selected bolt is £3 : Insured person is a truck driver
manufactured by machine A, A : Insured person meets with an accident
£7 : Event that the selected bolt is Then, «(£,) = 2000, ^(£2) = 4000
manufactured by machine B, and rt{£3) = 6000
Here, total insured person, n (S) = 12000
£3 : Event that the selected bolt is
manufactured by machine C, Now, £(£j) = Probability that the insured person
and £ : Event that the selected bolt is defective. is a scooter driver

30 njEi) 2000 1
Then, we have P(£i) - 30% = (1)
n{S) ”12000 ”6
100 (1)
50 20 £(£2) = Probability that the insured person is a
£(£2) = 50% = 100 and £(£3) =20% = 100
(1)
car driver

Also, given that 3%, 4% and 1% bolts manufactured n{E2) 4000 _1

by machines A, B and C, respectively are defective. ” «(£) ”12000 ”3
So, £
£
= 3% = p(l = 4% = —
4 and £(£3) = Probability that the insured person is
E1 J 100’ ^2) 100’ a truck driver

£ ^ 1
<£3) 6000 _ 1
p — =10/0 =
100
(1) ” «(5) ”12000 ”2 (1)

Also, P{AIE]) = Probability that scooter driver

Now, the probability that selected bolt which is
meets with an accident
defective, is manufactured by machine B
= 0.01
f e]
P ~E~ P{AIE2 ) = Probability that car driver meets with
P
(E2 \^2_J (1) an accident
£

+ P(E,) P I
£
£(£,)●£ = 0.03
v“2 y

£
and £(^/£3) = Probability that truck driver meets
+ £(£3>£ with an accident
E3) = 0.15 (1)
^ _4_ The probability that the person met with an accident was
100 ^100 a scooter driver,
30 3 50 4 20 1
£(£,)-£(^/£i)
100 100 100 ^100 "^100 100
X X
£{£,/^)=^
£(£,)-£(^/£’i) + 7’(^2)--P(^/-^2)
200 200
(1) + £(£3)-£M/£3).
90 + 200+20 310
[by Baye’s theorem] (1)
 408 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEAAATICS

1 1 3
-xO.Ol - X -
6 6 5 3
I \ (1 1 1 3 5 2 13
xO.Ol + xO.03 + xO.15 -X-+-X-
) V3 ; V2 (1)
6 5 6 5 (2)
1 27. Let us define the following events :
6 ^1 6 _ 1 = Lost card is a spade card
1 .15 6 1+6 + 45 52
+ 1 + E2 = Lost card is not a spade card
6 2
A = Drawn cards are spade cards (1)
The probability that the person met with an accident Then,
was a car driver, P(E2 / A)
P(E2)-P(A/E2) P(£,) = il-i (1/2)
52 ~ 4’
£(£, )P(A / £,) + £(£2) ● £(^ / £2) + £(£3) ● £(^ / £3)
£{£2) = ^ _ 3 (1/2)
1 52 " 4’
xO.03
12
3
C3 220
1
\ /
I
\ /
1 £(^/£,) = 51 (1)
xO.Ol + xO.03 + -xO.15 C3 20825
16 13

and
C3 286
1 1 P{AIE2) = 51 (1)
C3 20825
100 100 6
(1)
1_ _1_ I5_ 1+6 + 45 52 Now, required probability, £(£, / A)
600 100 200 700 ^ £(£i)-£(^/£i) (1)
Hence, the required probability is £{£,)-£(^/£i) + £(£2)-£(^/£2)
£(£, tj£2 /^) = £{£i /^) + £(£2/.4) ]_ 220
_ 4 ' 20825
-_L A-Z
~ 52 52 “ 52 i + - .
3 286
4 ■ 20825 4 20825
26. Let £| = Event that 1 occurs in a die 220 220 20 10
£2 = Event that 1 does not occur in a die (1)
220 + 858 1078 ~ 98 ~ 49
A = Event that the man reports that 1 occurs
in a die 28. Let £] : The patient follows meditation and yoga.
£2 : The patient uses drug.
Then, £(£,) = -6 and£(£2) = -6
(1) Then, £, and £2 are mutually exclusive
and £{£,) = £(£2) = 1/2
.●. £ (man reports that 1 occurs when 1 occur)
Also, let £ : The selected patient suffers a heart
attack.
£1 J 5 (1)
(I)
40 30
Then,£(£/£j) = 40 . 70 _ 28
and £ (man reports that 1 occurs but 1 does not occur) 1- (1)
100 100 100 100 ~100
-p(^U
El) 5 and P(E/Ei) =
40
1-
25
40 75 _ 30
(1) (1)
100 100 100 100 ~100
Thus, by Baye’s theorem, we get .-. £ (patient who suffers heart attack follows
£(get actually 1 when he reports that 1 occur) meditation and yoga)
= £(£,/£)
\
^1 V^i J £(£/£, )-£(£t)
£ (1)
£(£/£,) ● £(£i )+P(E/Ei) ● £(£2)
p.<e,)p\4
^1 J
+ P(E^)-p(4
'.-^2 J [using Baye’s theorem]
.(1)
/
Probability 409

28 1
X- Also, P{AJE^) = Probability that hostelers get^4 grade
100 2 30
(1) = 30% =
28 1 30 1 58 ~29 100
ioO 2 "^100 2
X-

and P(A/E2) ~ Probability that students having

Yoga course and meditation are more beneficial for
day scholars get A grade
the heart patient. (1)
20
= 20% =
25^-Do same as Q. No. 21. Ans. — 100 0)
17
The probability that the selecting student is a
- Let us define the events as
hosteler having^ grade,
£■, : Students reside in a hostel P(£0-P(A/£0
P(£,/A) =
£2 : Students are day scholars P(£^)-P(A/£,) + P(£:2)-^(^/£2)
A : Students get A grade [by Baye's theorem] (1)
Then, 60 30
X
P(£i) = Probability that student reside in a hostel 100 100
\ /
60
=60% = 12.
100^100
+
100 (1) 100^100 (I)
and P(£2 ) = Probability that students are 1800 _ 1800 18 9
60 40 (1)
day scholars =1- 1800+ 800 "2600 ”26“ 13
100 100 (1)

ase Based Questions

A departmental store sends bills to charge its Or

customers,once a month. Past experience shows that (iii) Find the probability of customer paying first
70% of its customers pay their first month bill in time. month's bill in time, if it is found that customer
The store also found that the customer who pays the has paid the second month's bill in time.
bill in time has the probability of 0.8 of paying in time 2. A building contractor undertakes a job to construct
next month and the customer who doesn’t pay in time 4 flats on a plot along with parking area. Due to strike,
has the probability of 0.4 of paying in time the next the probability of many construction workers not
month. CBSE 2024
being present for the job is 0.65.
Based on the above information, answer the following The probability that many are not present and still the
questions, work gets completed on time is 0.35. The probability
(i) Let £■] and £2, respectively denote the event of that work will be completed on time when all workers
are present is 0.80.
customer paying or not paying the first month bill
in time. Let El : represents the event when many workers were
not present for the job;
Find P(£^) and £(£2 )■
£2 ■ represents the event when all workers were
(ii) Let A denotes the event of customer paying present; and
A
second month’s bill in time, then find P — E : represents,completing the construction work on
£
\-i ;
time.

^ J^
and/* —
Based on the above information, answer the following
questions :
£2;
(i) What is the probability that all the workers are
(iii) Find the probability of customer paying second present for the job?
month's bill in time.
410 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

(ii) What is the probability that construction will be Based on the above information, answer the following
completed on time? questions:
(iii) (a) What is the probability that many workers are (i) FindP(L/C).
not present given that the construction work is (ii) FindPCI/^).
completed on time? (iii) (a) Find P{A / L).
Or (b) What is the probability that all workers were Or
present given that the construction job was
(b) Find the probability that a randomly selected
completed on time? CBSE 2023
child is left handed given that exactly one of
3. Recent studies suggest that roughly 12% of the world the parents is left handed. CBSE 2023

population is left handed. 4. Read the following passage and answer the questions
‘■'ES ofturr
given below.
iitimmmmmmmH
IR

IR

Roughly 12% of the world is Left Handed

Depending upon the parents, the chances of having a

left handed child are as follows :
A : When both father and mother are left handed :
Chances of left handed child is 24%. There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B.
B : When father is right handed and mother is left The probabilities that the shell fired from them hits an
handed : Chances of left handed child is 22%. airplane are 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. Both of them
fired one shell at an airplane at the same time.
C : When father is left handed and mother is right CBSE Sample Paper 2023
handed : Chances of left handed child is 17%.
(i) What is the probability that the shell fired from
D : When both father and mothers are right handed : exactly one of them hit the plane?
Chances of left handed child is 9%.
(ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one
1
Assuming that P{A) = P{B) - P{C) = P{D) = - and L of them hit the plane, then what is the probability
that it was fired from B?
denotes the event that child is left handed.

[Explanations]
1. Given, 70% customers pay their first month bill in Let A denotes the event of customer paying second
time, therefore, the customers who do not pay bill in month’s bill in time.
time is 30%. A I
P — =P (customer paying second month bill
(i) Let £■] and Ei denote the event of customer paying Ex)
or not paying the first month bill in time,
in time when they pay first month bill)
respectively.
= 0.8
Then, P{E^) = 1Q%=01
( a\
and ^(£2) = 30% = 0.3 andP — = P (customer paying second month
(ii) Given that the probability of customers who pays \^2 J
the bill in time next month is 0.8 and who does not bill in time when they do not pay first month
pay in time is 0.4. bill in time) =0.4
Probability 411

(iii) The probability of customer paying second month’s 17

(i)/>(i/C) =
bill in time = 0.7 x 0.8 = 0i6 100
Or 76
(n)P{L/A) =
100
The probability of customer paying first month’s
bill in time, if it is found that customer has paid the (iii) By Baye’s theorem,
second month’s bill in time is P
^1 P{A) P{L! A)
(a)P(^/L) =
A P{A)P{L! A) + P{B)P{L! B)
( A
+ P{C)p{~C
L
+ P(D)P —
D
E, \ )
P
1 24
A A A ^ - X
+ P{E2) P - 4 100
1 J
E
K^2 )
1 ^ 1 ^2 17 1 9
0.7 X 0.8 4 100*^4 100 4 100 4 100
0.7x0.8 + 0.3x0.4 24

Qi6 _ 056 24 + 22 + 17 + 9
”0.56 + 0.12“ 0.68
= 0.824 “72 “3
Given, P(£|) = 0.65, P(£:/£:i) = 0.35 Or (b) Let E = Event that exact one of the parents is
left handed
E ^
and P = 0.80 P{Lc\E)
E,) P{U E) =
P{E)
(i) P{E2) = 1 - P{E^) = 1 - 0.65 =0.35
E E
12/100 _]2_±
(n)P{E) = P{E,)-P ^P{E2)P - 39/100 ”39"l3
yP^J U2 J 4.
We have,
= 0.65x0.35 + 0.35x0.80
P{Shell from A hits the plane) =0.3
= 0.23 + 0.28 = 0.51
P(Shell from A does not hit the plane) = I - 0.3 = 0.7
E^ P{E,)-P{EIE,) and /'{Shell from B hits the plane) = 0.2
(iii) (a)P
U J P{E^)-P{EIE,) + P{E^)P{EIE2) P(Shell from B does not hit the plane) = 1- 0.2 =0.8
0.65x0.35 (i) P(Shell fired from exactly one of them hits the
= 0.45
0.65x0.35 + 0.35x0.80 plane)
P2 P{E2)P{E!E2) = /’(Shell from A hits the plane and Shell from B
or (b) / does not hit the plane) or (Shell from A does not hit
E ) P{E,)-P{E ! E,)-^P{E2)P{E I E^)
the plane and shell from B hits the plane)
0.35x0.80
= 0.3x0.8 + 0.7x0.2 = 0.38
0.65x0.35 + 0.35x0.80
(ii) /(Shell fired from B hit the plane/Exactly one of
= 0.55
them hit the plane)
Given, P{A) = P{B) = P{C) = P{D) = - /(Shell fired from B hit the plane n Exactly
4
one of them hit the plane)
L 24 L 22 17
and / — ,/ - = /(Exactly one of them hit the plane)
A) 100 B 100 C 100’
_ /{Shell fired from only/ hit the plane)
piLVl /(Exactly one of them hit the plane)
D 100
_0.14 7
” 0.38” 19
 [chapter TEST
1 Mark Questions 3 Marks Questions
1 Out of 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02,...., 49, one 10 A can hit a target 4 times out of 5 times, B can hit the
ticket is drawn randomly, the probability of the ticket target 3 times out of 4 times and C can hit the target 2
having the product of its digits 7, given that the sum times out of 3 times. They fire simultaneously. Find
of the digits is 8, is the probability that any two out of A, B and C will hit
1 the target.
(b)i14
1
(a) (0- (d) None of these
14
11 Given two independent events A and B such that
2 \iP{A u B) =0.83, F(^) = 0.3 and P{B) =0.6, then P(^) = 0.3andP(5) = 0.6. Find
the events will be (i)P(.^andnotfi) (ii)P(^or5)
(a)dependent (b)independent
12 Given that E and F are events such that P{E) -
(c) cannot say anything (d) None of these 11’
3 If F(^) = 0.5, P{B) =0.4and P{A nB) =0.3, then
( A'\
P(F)^
^
—11 and P{E^ nF) = 11 Findp[—
\F
and

P — is equal to
\B ) p{^-\
1 1 2 3 VE
(a>3 (b)- (c)- (d)-

6 Marks Questions
4 It is given that the events A and B are such that

i P(^ / jS) = i and P{B / ^) = J- Then, P{B)

13 In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a
P{A) =
student either knows the answer or guesses. Let 3/4
is equal to be the probability that he knows the answers and 1/4
1 I 1 be the probability that the guesses. Assuming that a
(a)- (b)- (0-
student who guesses the answer will be correct with
probability 1/4. What is the probability that the
2 Marks Questions student knows the answer, given that he answered it
fi ^ 7
correctly.
6 IfP(^) = —,P(5) = —andP{^uS) = —, then find 14 A box contains 4 orange and 4 green balls, another
box contains 3 orange and 5 green balls, one of the
(i) P{Ar^B)(i\)P{AI B). two boxes is selected at random and a ball is drawn
1 There are 25 tickets bearing numbers from 1 to 25. from the box, which is found to be orange. Find the
One ticket is drawn at random. Find the probability probability that the ball is drawn from the first box.
that the number on it is a multiple of 5 or 6.
8 A die has two faces each with number 1, three faces
Answers
each with number 2 and one face with number 3. If
1.(c) 2, (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)
die is rolled once, then determine probability of not 4 4 9
getting 3. 6. (i) — (ii) ~ 7.— 8.5
^M1 ^ 5 25 6
9 Evaluate P(^ uP), if2P(^) = P(5) = — and 11 13
13 9.— 10. 11. (i) 0.12 (ii)0.72
26 30
pf-l
B
= -.5' 12. A5 ?3 13.
12
14.-
13 7
 Unsolved
[CBSE]

SAMPLE
Time : 3 hrs
Marks : 80

PAPER 01
Mathematics

General Instructions
(i) This question paper contains 38 questions. All questions are compulsory,
(il) Question paper is divided into FIVE sections - Section A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) In Section A, Question number 1 to 18 ore Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and Question number 19 and 20
are Assertion-Reason based questions carrying 1 mark each,
(iv) In Section B, Question number 21 to 25 are Very Short Answer (VSA) type questions carrying 2 marks each,
(v) In Section C, Questfon number 26 to 31 are Short Answer (SA) type questions carrying 3 marks each,
(vi) In Section D, Question number 32 to 35 are Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each,
(vii) In Section E, Question number 36 to 38 are Case Study Based questions carrying 4 marks each,
(viii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in 2 questions in Section B, 3
questions in Section C, 2 questions in Section D and 2 questions in Section E.
(ix) Use of calculotor is NOT allowed.

Section A
Multiple Choice Questions 5. If a line has direction ratios 1, -2,1, then its direction
Each question carries 1 mark cosines will be

'I, What is the value of b, when (a) J_ _L (b)

1 1 1

'a+2 3 1 c
Ve’V6’V6 V2’V6’V6
a +b cl2i 5 1 (c) 0, 0, 1 (d) 1,0,0
ri
(a)0 (b)6 (c)3 (d)l 6. Jo [5at-3 I is equal to
-1 2
2. If2.4 + 5 + X =0, where . and (a) 13/10
4
(b) 17/5
’3 -2l (c) 9/2
B =
j ^ , then matrix X will be (d) 11/6
-1 -2 1 0
(a) (b) 7. If|a| =10, |6| = 2and <3-6=12, then the value of|a x b\
-7 -13 0 1
is
2 3
(c) (d) None of these (a) 12 (b)13
4 5
(c)16 (d)0
3, The angle between the vector j-\-k and y - Ms -1
n K K
8. The principal value of cos IS

(a)0 (b)- (d)_

71
^ A A ^ ^ A A
(a)- (b)0
4. If the vectors a =2/ -3j+k, and b=j + Xk are
n
perpendicular, then the value of X, is (0- (d)-
(a)0 (b)3 (c)4 (d)l
414 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

g The degree of the differential equation 18. The feasible region corresponding to the linear
2 constraints of a LPP is given below
\3 3
dy
1 + IS
dx dx^
(a) 4 (b)3
(c)6 (d) Not defined
kx
ifx<0
is continuous atx = 0, then the
10.
4, ifx>0
value of A: is 7
x-2y=0
(a)-4 (b)0
(c)3 (d)-3 Which of the following is not the constraint to the
given LPP ?
11. The set of all points, where the function f(x) = x + |jc|
is differentiable, is {a);c-2_v<0 (b)x + ;'>60
(a) (0,oo) (b) (-~,0) (c);c+2;V< 120 (d)^-2;;>0
(c) 0)u(0,oo) (d)R Assertion- Reason Based Questions

12. The general solution of the differential equation Directions (Q. Nos. 19-20) In the following questions, a
statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
x^ — +2xy-0is
dx Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices.
(a)V=C (b)x^j< = C
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(c)a?^ = C (d)xV'=c
explanation of (A),
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
13.
The lines r = i+j + k + X{ i ylj-1)k) and
explanation of (A),
r-2i~j-ky\)i (3z y6j-9k) {where X andp are (c) (A) is true and (R) is false,
scalars) are (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(a) skew (b) intersecting
19. Assertion (A) The degree of differential equation
\3
(c) parallel (d) coincident
(d^y d~y dy
rn/2 = log — is 3.
X dx\s equal to dx^ dx^ dx
14.Jo
It 7t^ Reason (R) The given differential equation is not a
(b)- (0 (d)l
8 polynomial. Equation in derivatives of y, so its degree
is not defined.
15.
Consider the function f{x) = 3x + 5,xeR\s
(a) increasing (b) strictly increasing 20.Assertion (A) The relation / : {1,2,3, 4} —> {x, y, z, p}
(d) None of these
defined by / = {(\,x), (2,y), (3,z), {A,p)} is a bijective
(c) decreasing
function.

16. The
order of the differential equation Reason (R) Each element of the set (1,2, 3, 4} has
dy
d^y X 2 dx
= 0 is image over the set {a:, y,z,p}. Also, each element of set
dx
j + y +e {x,y,z,p} has pre-image in {1,2,3, 4}. So, it is bijective
(a)l (b) Not defined
(c)3 (d)2 Section B
[This section comprises of very short answer type
17. The integrating factor of differential equation
questions (VSA) of 2 marks each]
dy
t-ytanx = 0is
dx
21. (a) Show that the function f(x)={x^- 6x^ -h 12x - 18) is
(a) cosx (b) secjt an increasing function on R.
COSJ sec;r
(c)e (d)e
Sample Paper 1 415

Or (b) The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of Section D

- cm/s. At what rate is the volume of bubble
2 [This section comprises of long answer type
increasing, when the radius is 1 cm? questions (LA) of 5 marks each!

22. Find the domain of f (x) = sin"' {-x^ ) 32. (a) Solve the system of equations

(' x-y + z= 4,x- 2y - 2z = 9and 2x+ y+ 3z = 1.

23. (a) If /(at) =|cosa:|, then find / — . Or
V 4,
(b) Solve x+ y + z= 7000
1-VisinA- n
, if X - 10x+16y+17z = 110000
7t-4x 4
Or (b)If/(x) =
.. n x-y = ^.
k if x = —
4
n 33. (a) Find the shortest distance between the lines
is continuous at —, then find k. x-S y+9 = —z-10 and..x-15 = y-29 z + 5
4
3 -16 7 3 -5

24.Evaluate fsintit. Or
2
/ (b) Find the perpendicular distance of point (5,4,2) from
x+1 y-3 z-1
(/3).
-I
25. Evaluate cos + tan the line . Also, find the coordinate
2 2 3 -1

of foot of perpendicular.
Section C 34. Consider / [-9, <>o) given by
[This section comprises of short answer type /(x) = 5x' +6x-9. Prove that / is bijective (where,
questions (SA) of 3 marks each]
7?'^ is the set of all positive real numbers).
26. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls
are drawn from the urn one after the other without 35. Find whether the following function is differentiable at
x = ] andx = 2or not.
replacement, then find the probability that both drawn
balls are black. -V, x<\
2 -X, \<x<2
27. If £] and £’2 are two independent events such that
-2 + 3x-x^, x>2
P{Ey) = 0.35 and £(£, u £2) = 0.60, then find £(£2)-
/4

28.(a) Evaluate Jo yj\ + sin2x dx. Section E

rit/2
Or (b) Evaluate cos ^ X dx. [This section comprises 3 case-study/passage based
Jo
questions of 4 marks each with sub parts. The first two
29. (a) Solve the LPP graphically : case study questions have three sub parts (i), (ii), (iii) of
marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study question
Maximise Z = x+ y
has two sub parts (i), (ii) of 2 marks each]
Subject to constraints
x— y< — x+ y< Oandx, y> 0 36. Read the following passage and answer the questions
given below.
Or (b) Solve the LPP graphically :
Minimize Z = x + 2y In an office three persons A, B, and C apply for a job
of Manager. Chances of their selections are in the
Subject to constraints
ratio 1: 2: 4, company wants to improve its profit. The
x+ ly> 100, 2x- y< 0, 2x+ y< 200andx, y> 0.
2
chances that A, B and C can introduce changes to
30.Evaluate
X
dx. improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3,
●' (xsinx+cosx) respectively
31. (a) Find the particular solution of the differential equation
tan y dx-¥ (2 - )sec^ y dy=(d.
K
given that y = when x = 0.
4

Or (b) Find the particular solution of the differential equation

(3a^ + ) dx + (x^ + A^) dy = 0, for x = 1, y = L
 416 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

Based on the above information, answer the following Or If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A.
questions, Find 5 ^
(i) Find the probability of their selection, 38. Three friends Ravi, Raju and Rohit were doing buying
(ii) Find the probability that the selection of person B, if the and selling stationary items in a market. The price per
change does not take place, dozen of pens, notebooks and toys are ? x, ? >^ and ? z
(iii) If the change does not take place, find the probability that respectively. Ravi purchases 4 dozens of notebooks
it is due to the appointment of C. and sells 2 dozens of pens and 5 dozens of toys. Raju
Or Find the probability that the person B is not selected. purchases 2 dozens of toys and sells 3 dozens of pens
and 1 dozen of notebooks. Rohit purchases one dozen
37. Two schools P and Q wants to award their selected of pens and sells 3 dozens of notebooks and one dozen
students on the values of Tolerance, Leadership and of toys. In the process Ravi, Raju and Rohit earn
Kindness. The school P wants to ? 1500, ? 100 and ?400, respectively.
aware ? x each, ty each and ? z each
for the three respective values to 3,
2 and 1 students, respectively with
total award money of? 2200.
School Q wants to spend ? 3100 to
award its 4, 1, and 3 students on the
respective values (by giving the
same award money to the three values as school P). If
the total amount of award for one prize on each value
is? 1200.

Based on the above information, answer the following Based on the above information, answer the following
questions, questions,
(i) What is award money for Tolerance? (i) What is the price of one dozen of pens?

(ii) What is the award money for Leadership? (ii) Find the amount of purchases made by all three friends.

(iii) What is the award money for Kindness?

Answers
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 31. (a)y = tan '(Z-e-^)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a) Or (b) y^x^ +2yx^ =3
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)
32. (a) 8/, x=3, y = -2andz = -l
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
Or (b) X = 1125, y = 1125 and z = 4750
21. (a) Or (b)27ccm^/s 22. [-10]
33. (a) 14 units
I 1 .
23. (a) Or(b) 1/4 24. -X—sinx+C Or (b) 2^6 units and (1, 6, 0)
2 2
7C 3 5 35. /(x) is not differentiable at, x = 1 but it is
25.- 26. - 27. — 28. (a) 1 Or(b) 8/15 differentiable at x = 2.
7 13

29. (a) Z has no maximum value 36. (i)—, —, — (ii)0.5 (iii)0.7 Or —

Or (b)Z = 2.8at(400,200)
-xsecx 37. (i)?300 (ii)500 (iii)?400 Or5
30. + tanx+C
xsinx+cosx 38. (i)?100 (ii)?1500
 gBSg Unsolved

SAMPLE
Time : 3 hrs
Marks : 80

PAPER 02
Mathematics

General Instructions
(i) This question paper contains 38 questions. All questions are compulsory,
(li) Question paper is divided into FIVE sections - Section A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) In Section A, Question number 1 to 18 are Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and Question number 19 and 20
are Assertion-Reason based questions carrying 1 mark each,
(iv) In Section B, Question number 21 to 25 are Very Short Answer (VSA) type questions carrying 2 marks each,
(v) In Section C, Question number 26 to 31 are Short Answer (SA) type questions carrying 3 marks each,
(vi) In Section D, Question number 32 to 35 are Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each,
(vii) In Section E, Question number 36 to 38 are Case Study Based questions carrying 4 marks each,
(viii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in 2 questions in Section B, 3
questions in Section C, 2 questions in Section D and 2 questions in Section E.
(ix) Use of calculator is NOT allowed.

Section A (a) bijective (b) onto

(c) one-one (d) many-one
Multiple Choice Questions
Each question carries 1 mark 6. The principal value branch of cos"’ function is

(b)[0,|
-7t K
1. Order of the differential equation (a)
\i/2
T’ 2
dy
1+5 = 10 IS (C) [-7t, 7C] mo,n]
dx, dx^
3sin7i X
(a)0 (b)3 (c)l (d)2 , X 7^0
7. If/(x) = 5x is continuous at x = 0, then
-» -»
2K x = 0
2. If a ● 5 = -1 a| 16|, then the angle between a and b is
the value of k is
(a) 90° (b)180° (c)60° (d)45° TC 3tc 3ti 3x
(a)^ (b)^ (c)- (d)~
3. If 2x2’ where = f+y, then A is equal to . 10 10

1 1 2 3 1 O' 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 8. \fP(A) = f).5,P(B) = f)AanAP(Ai^B)= 0.3, then
2 2 3 4 0 1 1 2
(
P — is equal to
0 1 -2 .B )
4. If matrix -10 3 is singular, then A, is equal to (a)-
1
(«)-
A. -3 oj
(a)-2 (b)-l (c)l (d)2 1—X y-2 2—3 x-1 y-l 6-2
9. If the lines and
3 ” 2a " 2 3a 1 5
5. If ^ = {1,2,3,4} and B = (1,2,3, 4,5,6} are two sets and
are perpendicular, then the value of a is
function f:A-^B is defined by/(x) = x+2, V xeA, -10 10 -10 10
then the function / is (a) (b)- (c) (d)
7 11 11
418 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

10 The integrating factor of the differential equation 18.The integrating factor oix—~y=x^e^ is
dx
—-3j^otA: = sin2x is I
dx
(a)l (b)j: (c)- (d) log.r
(a) COtAT (b) cosec.x x

(c) sin a: (d) cosec Assertion-Reason Based Questions

2-k 4 . Directions (Q. Nos. 19-20) In the following questions, a
11 For what value of k, the matrix ^ 1
IS not
statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
invertible,
Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices.
(a) 20 (b)22
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(c)15 (d) 25
explanation of (A),
'I2.1f /(x) is even function, then the value of (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A),
(c) (A) is true and (R) is false,
(a)0 (b)l (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
{c)2 (d)-2
19.Assertion (A) /(x) = |x-lj -i-|a:-2| is continuous but
13 The probability of a discrete random variable X is not differentiable at x = 1,2
given below. Reason (R) Every differentiable function is
X 2 3 4 5 continuous.

P(X) 5/k 1/k 9/k n/k 20.Assertion (A) Let A and B are 2x2 matrix such that
-1
AB = I2 A=B
What is the value of k?
Reason (R) AB =0=^ A=0or B = 0
(a) 120 (b) 122
(c) 100 (d)l
Section B
14 What will be the angle between the vectors
[This section comprises of very short answer type
5/ +3y +4k and 6i -87-^? questions (VSA) of 2 marks each]
2 7t
(a) cos
-\
(b)- 21, (a) Find the degree of the differential equation
V5050. ^ d,2 y V
+
dy
— + sin + l = 0.
(0- (d)0 dx^ \dx dx

Or (b) Find the integrating factor of differential equation

15 For what values of x, function dy .
f[x) =x'* -4x^ +4x^ +40 is monotonically sinx
dx
H vcosx = L

decreasing ?
(b) l<x< 2 22. (a) Find whether the function /: Z Z defined by
(a) 0<x< 1
y(.x) = x~ + 5,Vx e Z is one-one or not.
(c)2<x<3 (d)4<x<5
dx x^ Or (b) Show that the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3} given
16.1f = k log +C, then k will be hyR = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3)} is reflexive
●^x(x^+l) x^+1 but neither symmetric nor transitive.
(a)0 (b)7 23F'ind the projection of the vector i - j on the vector
1
(c)- (d)3 l+j.
7
t dx l +e 24JFind the interval on which the function
17.1f Jo = Clog - , then C will be
e'^ +e V ^ /(x) = x^ -6x^ -i-9x-i-15 is increasing.
1 ●fix 2'^^
(a)e (b)- (c)e- (d)l 25Jf -'—dx = + C, then find the value of k.
e J k
Sample Paper 2 419

Section C that A has coordinates (-2,1,1) and line segment BC

has length 6 units.
[This section comprises of short answer type
questions (SA) of 3 marks each] 35 (a) Show that the relation R in the set
dy A = ix:xelV,0<x< 12} given by R = {{a,b): \a- b\
prove that — = — .. is multiple of 4} is an equivalence relation. Also, find
dx (\ + \ogxf the set of all elements related to 2.
+ log a: dy Or
27. (a) Ify = - sin 3a:
, then find —.
dx

.tcos"’.x (b) Show that /: [-1,1] R, given by f{x) = a:+^ IS

Y- log'Jl-x^, then prove that

2
Or (b) Ify =
Vi" -a: one-one.

-1
dy cos x

dx (\-x^f^' Section E
[This section comprises 3 case-study/passage based
28. (a) Evaluate fVi -2v-a:^ dx. questions of 4 marks each with sub parts. The first two
X case study questions have three sub parts (i), (ii), (hi) of
Or (b) Prove that J 0
dx = K.
marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study question
(1 + sinA:)
has two sub parts (i), (ii) of 2 marks each]
29 Two events A and B are such that P{A) = ~, P{B) = -3
2 3g Read the following passage and answer the questions
given below.
and P(A uS) =
Amit, Biraj and Chirag were given the task to creating
Are the events A and B mutually independent? a square matrix of order 2.
,if 0 continuous at Below are the matrices A, B, C created by Amit, Biraj
3Q (a) Is the function f{x)= ■ ^\ix _j_ j and Chirag, respectively.
0, ifA:=0
1 a 0 2 0
jc= 0? A = and C =
-I 3 1 5 1 b
Or (b) If = 1, prove that — + y^ = Q.
dx
rn If = 4 and b = -2.
3^1 Evaluate log(l +cos x) dx.
Based on the above infonnation, answer the following
questions,
(i) Find^+(S+ C),
Section D (ii) Find[.4^]^.
[This section comprises of long answer type (iii) Find^C-5C.
questions (LA) of 5 marks each]
Or
x^ Find {AB)C.
Evaluate dx.
32.
+4
3y The Indian coast guard, while patrolling, saw a
33 (a) Solve the following problem graphically : suspicious boat with people. They were nowhere
Maximise and minimise 2 = 10500x+ 9000y looking like fisherman. The coast guard were closely
Subject to the constraints observing the movement of the boat for an
X + y < 50, 2x + y < 80, X > 0 and y > 0. opportunity to seize the boat. They observed that the
boat is moving along a surface. At an instant of time
Or (b) Solve the following problem graphically :
the coordinate of the position of the coast guard
Maximise Z = 250x+ 75y helicopter and boat is (1, 3, 5) and (2, 5, 3),
Subject to the constraints
respectively.
5x + ;’ < 100, X + y < 60, X > 0 and y > 0.
Based on the above information answer the followings
34 Vertices B and C of A4SC lie along the line questions,
x+2 v-I z-0 . (i) At the given instant of time, find the equationof line
= the area of the triangle given passing through the positions of the helicopterand
2 I
boat.
 420 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

(ii) If the coast guard decides to shoot the boat at that output 3% , 4% and 1% respectively are defective
given instant of time, then what is the distance that the bolts.
bullet has to travel?
Rajesh draws a bolt at random from the product and is
(iii) If the coast guard decides to shoot the boat at that
found to be defective.
given instant of time, when the speed of bullet is
36m/s, then what is the time taken for the bullet to Based on the above information, answer the following
travel and hit the boat ? questions,
Or Write the equation of line in vector form which passes (i) Find the probabilitythat the selected bolt
through the points (1, 3, 5) and (2, 5, 3). manufacturedby machine A is not defective,
(ii) Find the probabilitythat selected bolt which is
38. Rajesh works in a factory which manufacturing bolts.
In which machine A, B and C manufactures 30% ,
defective is not manufacturedby machine B.
50% and 20% of the bolts, respectively. Of their

Answers
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1 -1 X* -2 1 +2
32. tan log + C
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 32 2x" 64 +2x^+2
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 33_ (a) Maximum value of Z = 495000 at (30, 20)
16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c) Minimum value of Z = 420000 at (40, 0)
21, (a) Degree is not defined Or (b) (sinjc) ^ Or (b) Maximum value of Z = 6250 at (10, 50)
22. / one-one function Minimum value of Z = 4500 at (0, 60)
23. 0
sq units
24.
34. ^
7 2
1
25. * = 36. (0 1 6
(ii)^
log. 2
-4 -4 22 -20
1
-\— sin3x - 3(e^ -f- logx) cos 3x 13 -30
dy X)
27.
dx sin ^ 3x 37. (1) (ii)3cm
1 2 -2
x+1
28.
^ (x +1)^3 -2x-x^ + 4 sin 2 ;
+C
(iii)~s
12
Or (i+2J-2k) + X(i+3j+5k)
29. Yes 97 11
Function is discontinuous at x = 0 38. (1) 100
(11)77
31
30.

31. -Ttlog,2
 [CBSE] Unsolved

SAMPLE
Time : 3 hrs
Marks : 80

Mathematics
PAPER 03
General Instructions
(i) This question paper contains 38 questions. All questions are compulsory,
(ii) Question paper is divided into FIVE sections - Section A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) in Section A, Question number 1 to 18 are Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and Question number 19 and 20
are Assertion-Reason based questions carrying 1 mark each,
(iv) In Section B, Question number 21 to 25 are Very Short Answer (VSA) type questions carrying 2 marks each,
(v) In Section C, Question number 26 to 31 are Short Answer (SA) type questions carrying 3 marks each,
(vi) In Section D, Question number 32 to 35 are-Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each,
(vii) In Section E, Question number 36 to 38 are Case Study Based questions carrying 4 marks each,
(viii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in 2 questions in Section B, 3
questions in Section C, 2 questions in Section D and 2 questions in Section E.
(ix) Use of calculator is NOT allowed.

Section A -Vi+cosa: dx is equal to

Multiple Choice Questions
(a) 2sin ~ + C (b)V2sin--PC
Each question carries 1 mark 2 2

^■l(A= -1
^ 1
, then (c)2V2sin--PC
2
(d)-i-sin--t-C
2 2
2

(a)^2+7^-5/ = 0 (b)^^-7y4-p5/ = 0 If /(x) is a continuous fiinction defined on [0, a], then

(c)^^+5^-7/ = 0 (d)^^-5^ + 7/ = 0 f{x)dx
●a

JO
f{x) dx = Jo /{a -x) dx, then IS

X 1 of{x)+f{a-x)
2- If^ = and \s the identity matrix, then x is
1 0 equal to
equal to
(a)-l (b)0 (c)l (d)2
(a) a
(b)f (0)f (d)2«

If A and B are two symmetric matrices of same order. 2* The order of the following differential equation
Then, the matrix AB-BA is
d-y d^y
(a) a symmetric matrix 6x -6y= logx, is
dx^ dx^
(b) a skew - symmetric matrix
(c) a null matrix (a)i (b)3 (c)2 (d)0
8.
(d) the identity matrix Integrating factor of the differential equation
The condition that /(x) = +bx^ +cx + if has no dy 3x y sin x .
extreme value, is. dx \+x^ 1-HX

(a) > 3ac (h)b^ =4ac (a)

1
(b) l+x^ (c)log(l-i-x^) (d)e
(c) b^ = 3ac {d)b^< 3ac \+x^
 422 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

The principal value of sin *{-l)is Assertion-Reason Based Questions

(a)-
7t
(b)TC
-7U n
Directions (Q. Nos. 19-20) In the following questions, a
(0- (d)-
statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
10. Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following
If A and B are two independent events such that choices.

P{A) = ^ and (5) = then P (neither A nor B) is (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A),
equal to
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
(a)^ i
(b)i 0
(c)^ 0
(d)i 3
explanation of (A),
(c) (A) is true and (R) is false,
11.
If the probability distribution table is (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
19.
X 0 8 Assertion (A) The function/(x) = -3x“ +6x-100
is strictly increasing on R.
P(X) 9/8 3/4 1/32
Reason (R) A strictly increasing function is an
Then, mean will be injective function.
(a)l (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 20.
Assertion (A) If A is non-singular square matrix of
12. order 3x3 and | ^41 = 6, then |adj .4| = 216
A line pass through the points P{2, 3, 4) and
Q{5, 6, 8), then what will be the DR’s of that line, Reason (R) |adj .4|= (| ^ |)
n-1
, where n is order of A.
(a) I, 2, 3 (b)3,3,4 (c) 1,0,0 (d) 0,1,4
13.
Equation of line passing through Section B
x-2 y-l z+5 . [This section comprises of very short answer type
(2, -1, 3) and parallel to the line —^ =
is
-1 2 questions (VSA) of 2 marks each]
21.
(a) Find the domain of /(x) = sin"’.v-i-cosx
4 -3 5 3 -1 2
. . x+2 y-i-1 z+3 Or (b) Evaluate [cot"’V3-Man"'(-V3)].
(d)^=
y-l_ z-3
(0 —= -
1 2 -1 -5 22.
Determine whether the function f :A^ B define by
14. f{x) = 5x + 7,xeA is one-one.
The projection of a =3/ - j+5k on b=2i +3j+k is
8 23. 2 0 1 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)VM (a) \fA =
3 7
,B =
-1 3 3
, , then find
45T V39 Vl4 -0

-* -* -¥ -* A-2B+C.
15.
lf\a xb\^ + \ a ■ b |^ = 144and |/i| = 4, then |<2| is equal to Or (b) Show that the matrix 5^/45 is syiiunetric matrix as .(4
fa) 16 (b)18 (c)3 (d)12 is symmetric.
16. 24.
The general solution of differential equation Write the value of a for which

2xy^ +3xy^ — = 1 is 5x~4, 0<x<l

dx /w=
4x^ +3ax, 1 <x <2
{a)x^y^+x = C (b)xV^ -x = C
is continuous at x = 1?
(c)xy~x+C (d) None of these
25.
Evaluate
17. JO
Range of the function / (x) =
1-t-x
-1 1 Section C
(a)[-1,1] (b) ^,4 (c)[0,~) (d) (-«,«)
[This section comprises of short answer type
18. questions (SA) of 3 marks each]
The value of |X for which two vectors 3/ -\-2j + k and 26.
(a) Find the angle between the lines
2i y\ij -k are perpendicular, is
/● = 2/-5y-i-^-I-^(3/-I-2y-t-6^) .
(a)^
I
(b)-
(0| (d)0
and r = li - 6k-¥\i{i -¥2j + 2k).
Sample Paper 3 423

X _ y _z
Or (b) Find the angle between the lines - Or (b) Find the shortest distance between the lines
~~~2
and
X- 5 y-2 z-3 x-3_y-5_z~l
4 1 8 1 -2 1

and a: + I _ 1_ 2 +1
27. Show that /(a:) = e ^ is a strictly decreasing function 7 -6 1
forallx>0.
5 0 4 1 3 3
dx -1
34. Given A = 2 3 2 1 4 3 , compute
28. (a) Evaluate
sin'^A:+ cos'* jt I 2 1 1 3 4

r a: + 2 (AB)-'.
Or (b) Evaluate dx.
■yjx^ +5x +6 I 1 1

35. Show that for the matrix A= I 2 -3 ,

29. Let ^ B-{2jandB R-{1}.If/ A~^B is a 2-1 3
jc-1
function defined by /(x)=
a:-2’
then show that / is A^ -6A^ +5A +11/ = O. Hence, find A~‘.
one-one and onto.
Section E
30. (a) Find the particular solution of the differential equation
(x^ + xy)dy = (x^ + y^ )dx given that y = 0 when at = L [This section comprises 3 case-study/passage based
questions of 4 marks each with sub parts. The first two
Or asin''AT case study questions have three sub parts (i), (ii), (iii) of
(b) Verify that y = e is a solution of the differential
marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study question
equation
has two sub parts (i), (ii) of 2 marks each]
d^y xdy
d-x') -a^y = 0. 36. Read the following passage and answer the questions
dx^ dx
given below.
31. For what choice of a and h is the function One day, a music function is to be organised in an
a:<c open area of Delhi. In recent years it has rained only 6
/W =
ax+ b, x>c day each year. Also, it is given that when it actually
is differentiable at a: = c? rains, the meterological and hydrological department
of India. Correctly forecasts rain 80% of the time.
When it does not rain, he incorrectly forecasts rain
Section D 20% of the time, if leap year is considered.
[This section comprises of long answer type
questions (LA) of 5 marks each]
32. (a) Solve the followingproblem graphically.
Minimiseand maximiseZ = 4at+ 6y
Subject to the constraints
x+3y< 60,a:+ y> 10,a:< y and at, y> 0
Or (b) Solve the following problem graphically.
Based on the above informations, answer the
MinimiseZ = 50a: + lOOy
Subject to the constraints following questions,
a:+ 2y< 120, a:+ y> 60, A:-2y> Oand a:, y> 0 (i) Find the probability of rain on chosen day.
—> —> —^ ^ ^
(ii) Find the probability that the department of
33. (a)Leta, b, c be three vectors such that | a |= 1,161= 2 meterological predicts correctly,
^ ^ \

and 1 c 1= 3. If the projection of b along a is equal to the (iii) Find the probability of rain on chosen day ifdepartment
->
of meterology and hydrology predict rain for that day.
projection of c along a and b, c are perpendicular to
—> —> Or
each other, find\3a-2b+2c\.
Find the probability if does not rain on chosen day.
424 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATHEMATICS

37.Rekha and Apoorva are studying in the same institute

in Delhi. The distance from Rekha’s house to the
institute is same as distance from Apoorva’s house to
the institute. If the houses are taken as a set of points
and institute is taken as origin and the coordinates of
their houses as ^ = (1,2,3) and R = {2,3,4). 38. A company based in tax heaven country and their
(R for Rekha’s house and A for Apoorva’s house) profit function is p{x) = -5x^ +125x+37500, where x
Based on the above informations, answer the is the production of the company.
following questions,
(i) Check the relation R is given by i? = ): Distance
of point R from origin is same as distance of point A
from origin} is equivalance .
(ii) Suppose Manoj’s house is also at the same distance
from institute, then check the relation is transitive or
not.

(iii) Find the distance between Rekha and Apoorva’s Based on the above informations, answer the
houses. following questions,
Or (i) Find the interval in which the profit is strictly
increasing,
Find the equation of line in vector form which joins
Rekha and Apoorva’s houses? (ii) Find the production of the company, when profit is
maximum

Answers
1. (d) 2.(b) 3.(b) 4-(d) 5-(c)
6- (b) 7.(b) 8. (a) 9-(c) 10.(d) S0.{x-y)^=\x\e-^’'^^
11.
(a) 12-(b) 13.(b) 14.(c) 15.(c) 31. a = 2 c and 6 = -
16.
(b) 17. (b) 18.(c) 19.(b) 20.(d) 32. (a) Minimum value of Zis 50 at (5, 5)
21.
(a) [-1,1] Or (b) I and Maximum value ofZis 150 at(15, 15).
Or (b) Minimum value of Z is 300 at (60, 0)
22.
{(1,3), (3,1), (4,3)} 33. (a) units Or (b) vTl6 units
23.
1 0 ■-2 19 -27
8 -4 34. -2 18 -25
-3 29 42
24. _i
1 12
25.
2(e-l) 35. A
-1
0 -1 2
19 f 2^
26. -1
(a) 6 =cos
21
Or (b)0 = cos“' - -1 10 -15

28.
1 -I tan^jc-1 36. (i)^ (ii) — (iii) 0.0625 Or —
61 ^ '^5 ^ 61
(a) tan + C
V2tanx
37. (i) Yes (ii) Yes

Or (b) / = -yJi ^ + 5j: + 6 - ^ log X + ^ + -<jx^ +5x + 6 + C (iii) V3 units Or (/ + j + k) + X(i +2j +3k)
38. (i)(0, 12.5) (ii) 12.5