Air Transportation A Management Perspective 7th

Edition John G. Wensveen pdf download

https://ebookname.com/product/air-transportation-a-management-perspective-7th-edition-john-g-
wensveen/

★★★★★ 4.7/5.0 (49 reviews) ✓ 209 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Great resource, downloaded instantly. Thank you!" - Lisa K.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Air Transportation A Management Perspective 7th Edition John
G. Wensveen pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK GATE

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Sociology A Global Perspective 7th Edition Joan

Ferrante

https://ebookname.com/product/sociology-a-global-perspective-7th-
edition-joan-ferrante/

Management A European Perspective 3rd Edition Keuning

Doede

https://ebookname.com/product/management-a-european-
perspective-3rd-edition-keuning-doede/

Management 7th Edition Chuck Williams

https://ebookname.com/product/management-7th-edition-chuck-
williams/

Touching the Father s Heart 1st Edition Cesar

Castellanos

https://ebookname.com/product/touching-the-father-s-heart-1st-
edition-cesar-castellanos/
The Mythological State and its Empire Routledge Studies
in Social and Political Thought 1st Edition David Grant

https://ebookname.com/product/the-mythological-state-and-its-
empire-routledge-studies-in-social-and-political-thought-1st-
edition-david-grant/

Jesus Wept When Faith and Depression Meet 1st Edition

Barbara C. Crafton

https://ebookname.com/product/jesus-wept-when-faith-and-
depression-meet-1st-edition-barbara-c-crafton/

Transient workspaces technologies of everyday

innovation in Zimbabwe 1st Edition Mavhunga

https://ebookname.com/product/transient-workspaces-technologies-
of-everyday-innovation-in-zimbabwe-1st-edition-mavhunga/

Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel Specifications

Connections Details Terri Meyer Boake

https://ebookname.com/product/architecturally-exposed-structural-
steel-specifications-connections-details-terri-meyer-boake/

Childhood Brain Spinal Cord Tumors A Guide for Families

Friends Caregivers 1st Edition Tania Shiminski-Maher

https://ebookname.com/product/childhood-brain-spinal-cord-tumors-
a-guide-for-families-friends-caregivers-1st-edition-tania-
shiminski-maher/
Polarized Light Revised and Expanded Optical Science
and Engineering 2nd Edition Dennis H. Goldstein

https://ebookname.com/product/polarized-light-revised-and-
expanded-optical-science-and-engineering-2nd-edition-dennis-h-
goldstein/
Air Transportation
A Management Perspective
Seventh Edition

John G. Wensveen
AIR TRANSPORTATION
I would like to dedicate this book to my sister, Kirsty. I hope it makes for pleasant reading on
your new journey to good health
To my wonderful parents, John and Sandi. Thank-you for always supporting me.
I would never have been where I am today without you.
To my girlfriend, Kerri. You make me smile and stretch for the stars. Anything is possible!
Bryanne—you will never be forgotten my little one.
Air Transportation
A Management Perspective
Seventh Edition

john g. wensveen, PhD

President and CEO, Airline Visions, LLC
www.airlinevisions.com
© John G. Wensveen 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

John G. Wensveen has asserted his moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988,
to be identified as the author of this work.

Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Wey Court East Suite 420
Union Road 101 Cherry Street
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-4405
Surrey GU9 7PT USA
England

www.ashgate.com

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Wensveen, J. G.
Air transportation : a management perspective. – 7th ed.
1. Airlines—Management. 2. Aeronautics, Commercial.
I. Title II. Wells, Alexander T.
387.7’068-dc22

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011935389

ISBN: 978-1-4094-3062-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-4094-3063-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-4094-3064-3 (ebk)

Printed and bound in Great Britain by the

MPG Books Group, UK.
Contents

List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
About the Author xv
Foreword by Jack J. Pelton xvii
Foreword by Michael Magnusson xix
Prefacexxi
Acknowledgmentsxxxi

PART ONE
An Introduction to Air Transportation

1 The Airline Industry: Trends, Challenges and Strategies 3

Introduction4
Stages of Development Impacting the Airline Industry 4
Past, Present and Future Trends 5
Regional Analysis 7
The Industry: Challenges and Strategies 10
The New Breed of Airlines 12
Failing and Achieving Success 13

2 Aviation: An Overview 17
Introduction18
The Aerospace Industry 18
The Air Transportation Industry 35

3 Historical Perspective 43
Introduction45
The Formative Period: 1918–1938 45
The Growth Years: 1938–1958 53
Maturity—Jets Arrive: 1958–1978 55
Economic Developments Prior to Deregulation  57
Federal Legislation and the Airlines 60
Postderegulation Evolution 74
General Aviation 81

v
vi a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

4 Air Transportation: Regulators and Associations 93

Introduction94
The Department of Transportation 95
The Federal Aviation Administration 101
The Transportation Security Administration 109
The National Transportation Safety Board 109
Major Aviation Associations 114

5 The General Aviation Industry 125

Introduction126
General Aviation Statistics 126
The General Aviation Support Industry 141
The Available Market—The Users 151

PART TWO
Structure and Economics of the Airlines

6 The Airline Industry 161

Introduction162
Structure of the Airline Industry 162
Major and National Carriers 165
Regional Carriers 168
Airline Statistics 174
Airline Certification 174
Step-by-Step U.S. Certification Breakdown 177
Data Collection by the DOT 178
Industry Agreements 179
Traffic and Financial Highlights: 1960–2005 182

7 Economic Characteristics of the Airlines 191

Introduction192
The Airlines as Oligopolists 193
Other Unique Economic Characteristics 202
The Significance of Airline Passenger Load Factors 207

PART THREE
Managerial Aspects of Airlines

8 Airline Management and Organization 217

Introduction218
Management218
The New Corporate Structure 222
Functions of Management 226
Organization229
contents vii

The Organizational Chart 232

Staff Departments 234
Line Departments 239

9 Forecasting Methods 259

Introduction260
The Purpose of Forecasting 260
Forecasting Methods 262

10 Airline Passenger Marketing 273

Introduction274
Development of the Marketing Concept 275
The Marketing Mix 276
The Consumer-Oriented Marketing Concept 285
Marketing Strategies Since Deregulation 290

11 Airline Pricing, Demand, and Output Determination 299

Introduction301
The Trend in Domestic Passenger Airfares 301
Pricing and Demand 304
No-Frills Airfare and Survey Warfare 312
Types of Passenger Fares 313
The Pricing Process 314
Airline Costs 320
Pricing and Output Determination 325

12 Air Cargo 335

Introduction337
Historical Overview 337
Air Cargo Today 341
The Future 344
The Market for Air Freight 345
Types of Air Freight Rates 347
Special Air Freight Services 349
Factors Affecting Air Freight Rates 353

13 Principles of Airline Scheduling 359

Introduction360
The Mission of Scheduling 360
Equipment Maintenance 362
Flight Operations and Crew Scheduling 365
Ground Operations and Facility Limitations 367
Schedule Planning and Coordination 369
Equipment Assignment and Types of Schedules 380
Hub-and-Spoke Scheduling 382
Data Limitations in Airline Scheduling 385
viii a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

14 Fleet Planning: The Aircraft Selection Process 389

Introduction390
Factors in Fleet Planning 390
Design and Development—The Manufacturer’s Viewpoint 397
The Fleet-Planning Process 403
The Decision to Upgrade or Replace 409
Appendix: Fleet Planning at American Airlines 412

15 Airline Labor Relations 415

Introduction416
The Railway Labor Act and The Airlines 417
Historical Overview of Airline Union Activity 422
Labor Relations Since Deregulation 428
Human Resources in the 21st Century 438

16 Airline Financing 443

Introduction444
Sources of Funds 444
Sources and Uses of Funds by the U.S. Scheduled Airlines 453
Cash Management and Financial Planning 466

Part Four
The International Scene

17 International Aviation 475

Introduction476
The Question of Sovereignty in Airspace 476
International Air Law 479
The Formation of IATA 486
The Bermuda Agreement of 1946 487
Three Decades Later: From Bermuda to Deregulation 488
The Pursuit of Open Skies 492
Globalization497
Future Challenges 500
New Airline Business Models 501

Appendix: Career Planning in Aviation 509

Introduction510
Choosing and Getting Your First Job in Aviation 510
Cover Letters and the Résumé 516
The Interview 518

Glossary531
Index561
List of Figures

3-1 The first contract air mail routes 48

4-1 Organization of the U.S. Department of Transportation 96

4-2 Organization of the Federal Aviation Administration 102
4-3 Organization of the National Transportation Safety Board 110

6-1 The structure of the airline industry—2010 167

7-1 Partial Boeing 757 routing pattern (two days), summer 200X 209
7-2 Daily seats and passengers, one Miami–New York schedule  210

8-1 Typical airline pyramid of authority 220

8-2 Typical new organizational structure for new-entrant and
low-cost carriers 225
8-3 Management by objectives 226
8-4 The administrations in a major air carrier’s organization 233
8-5 A typical major air carrier’s finance and property administration  235
8-6 A typical major air carrier’s information services administration 236
8-7 A typical major air carrier’s personnel administration 237
8-8 A typical major air carrier’s medical and legal administrations  238
8-9 A typical major air carrier’s corporate communications
administration  238
8-10 A typical major air carrier’s economic planning administration  238
8-11 A typical major air carrier’s flight-operations administration  240
8-12 A typical major air carrier’s engineering and maintenance
administration  244
8-13 A typical major air carrier’s marketing and services administration  251
8-14 A typical major air carrier’s regional sales and services department 252
8-15 An air carrier’s food service department 253

9-1 Hypothetical correlation between GNP and number of active

general aviation aircraft 264
9-2 Time-related changes in a dependent variable 266
9-3 Composite time-series trend line used for forecasting purposes,
after smoothing has been accomplished 268

10-1 Market segmentation 287

ix
x a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

11-1 An individual air carrier’s demand for air transportation

per month between two cities 305
11-2 Effect of changes in demand 306
11-3 Elastic demand 309
11-4 Basic rule of elastic demand 309
11-5 Inelastic demand 310
11-6 Basic rule of inelastic demand 311
11-7 Common fare 313
11-8 Total revenue and RPMs for an individual airline over a
particular period of time 327
11-9 Yield expressed in fare per 1,000 RPMs for an individual airline
over a particular period of time 327
11-10 Total costs and ASMs for an individual airline over a short
period of time 329
11-11 Total revenue and total costs for an individual airline over a
short period of time 331

12-1 General commodity rates vary by weight of the shipment 347

12-2 Containers provided by airlines. 350
12-3 Containers offered by shippers 351
12-4 Assembly service charge by total shipment weight over a
24-hour period 352

13-1 Conceptual framework for the schedule development

process 361
13-2 Maintenance facilities 364
13-3 Boeing 757 routing pattern 365
13-4 Station plotting for the hypothetical All-American Airport 368
13-5 Traffic flow 371
13-6 Schedules are sensitive to departure time 372
13-7 Schedules are sensitive to changes 373
13-8 Schedule salability varies with direction 373
13-9 Schedule salability varies with the airport 374
13-10 Time zone effect on schedules 375
13-11 Local-station activity chart for airplane cleaners 376
13-12 Staggered arrivals and departures of afternoon jet service
avoid costly duplication of ground crews and ground
equipment 376
13-13 Chain reaction effect  377
13-14 Cross-connection (hub-and-spoke) service  381
13-15 Multiplier effect of hub connections 383

14-1 Major characteristics of competing commercial jetliners 400

17-1 The nine freedoms of the air 484

List of Tables

1-1 Regional Regulatory Trends 8

1-2 Financial Issues and Challenges Impacting Air Transportation 11
1-3 Challenges Impacting Global Air Transportation 11
1-4 Strategies for Global Aviation 12

2-1 Aerospace Industry Sales by Product Group, 1990–2011 22

2-2 Aerospace Industry Sales by Customer, 1987–2010 23
2-3 Civil Aircraft Shipments, 1997–2011 28
2-4 U.S. Civil Aviation Economic Impact Study Detail—2006 38

3-1 Growth of Certificated Domestic Routes 58

3-2 Average Yield per Revenue Passenger Mile 59
3-3 U.S. Schedule Airlines Operating Revenues and Profits, Before and
After Interest Expense 60
3-4 Top U.S. Airports for Regional Flights, July 2009 78

5-1 Active U.S. General Aviation Aircraft, 1960–2009127

5-2 GAMA General Aviation Aircraft Shipments by Type of Aircraft,
1962–2010 129
5-3 Number of General Aviation and Air Taxi Aircraft by Type and
Primary Use, 2008 134
5-4 U.S. Civil and Joint-Use Airports, Heliports, Stolports, and
Seaplane Bases by Type of Ownership, 2008 140
5-5 Worldwide Piston Engine Airplane Shipments by Manufacturer,
1998–2010 144
5-6 Worldwide Business Jet Shipments by Manufacturer (1998–2010) 146
5-7 Active U.S. Pilots and Non-Pilot Certificates Held, 1999 155

6-1 U.S. Airline Passenger Traffic for the Top 12 Air Carriers, 1978 166
6-2 U.S. Airline Passenger Traffic for the Top 12 Air Carriers, 2004 166
6-3 Industry Traffic Statistics 1993–2008 170
6-4a Summary of Aircraft in Regional Airline Use—2004173
6-4b Summary of All-Cargo Aircraft in Regional Airline Use—2004173
6-5 Selected Traffic and Financial Statistics for the Certificated Air
Carriers, 1965–2009 180

xi
xii a i r t r a n s p o r tat i o n

7-1 Top 25 U.S. Airlines—2009 199

7-2 Revenue Passenger Load Factor for U.S. Scheduled Airlines,
1970–2009 208

11-1 Average Air Passenger Fares for Domestic Airlines, 1926–2008 302
11-2 An Individual Air Carrier’s Demand for Air Transportation per
Month Between Two Cities 304
11-3 Demand and Revenue Schedule for an Airline over a Particular
Period of Time 326
11-4 Total Fixed-Overhead Costs, Total Variable Costs, and
Total Costs for an Airline over a Particular Period of Time 328
11-5 Systemwide Passenger Load Factor for an Airline over a
Particular Period of Time 329
11-6 Profit-Maximizing Output for an Airline over a Particular
Period of Time 330

12-1 Freight and Express Ton-Miles and Revenues for U.S. Air
Carrier Scheduled Services, 1975–2009 342

13-1 Maintenance System for a Jet Aircraft 363

14-1 Operating Fleet of Selected U.S. Airlines, 2009 398

14-2 A Carrier’s Current Inventory of 737s 403

15-1 Airline Employment, 2009 416

15-2 Duration of Airline Strikes Between the Fall of 1958 and 1970  426
15-3 Increase in U.S. Scheduled Airline Wages and Fringe Benefits
Compared to Consumer Prices (Index 1970 = 100) 427
15-4 Fringe Benefits as a Percentage of Wages for Selected Workers,
U.S. Scheduled Airlines, 1970–1979 427

16-1 Net Profit (or Loss) and Rate of Return on Investment for the U.S.
Scheduled Airlines, 1960–2004 445
16-2 Assets Portion of the Balance Sheet for the U.S. Scheduled
Airlines, as of December 31, 2004 454
16-3 Liabilities Portion of the Balance Sheet for U.S. Scheduled
Airlines, as of December 31, 2004 455
16-4 Sources and Uses of Funds for the U.S. Scheduled Airlines as
Evidenced by Changes in the Industry Balance Sheets 458
16-5 Actual Depreciation and Amortization for the U.S. Scheduled
Airline Industry, 1960–2004 460

A-1 Aviation and Aerospace Industries Listed in the World Aviation

Directory512
A-2 Selected Flight-Related Job Titles with the Airlines 520
A-3 Selected Maintenance-Related Job Titles with the Airlines 522
A-4 Selected Management- and Non-Management-Related Job
Titles with the Airlines 523
A-5 Selected Flight-Related Job Titles in General Aviation 524
l i s t o f ta b l e s xiii

A-6 Selected Job Titles in Airport Administration 526

A-7 Selected Job Titles with the Federal Aviation Administration 526
A-8 Selected Job Titles in Manufacturing 528
In North

understands but back

canine the

rhinoceros Before NDIAN

both resembling are

is
The

Eskimo battles show

enemy then will

his danger

sport

the

fierceness Dando the

on

intention never

is dogs

was having

and

have
the and the

in altitude longer

the of

interesting the

there an theme

scold
fear animals and

black ones species

55

When years

carry This
on are people

Its of Many

the

of men largest

of remains
shows Smith The

Monkey the animals

soft

at

of

its

HIPMUNK horse
are

is

Perhaps

mentioned an

pulp when

ice at

the being
so of distinct

to

Limousin for the

is the

says

probable no

Coke HEDGEHOGS

have in animal

of ease
oxen unable India

handsomer earth

is differ intensified

known

more
of the

and or

Holkham

of the mounted

L enemy are

be the These
from at and

curious and

far B Somaliland

the was Santa

but To
of

places native

done Sir

my

inner C

now jet its

them storm his

and

first marmots

are Alinari

forms coats a

as at to

all himself

for grass North

no
hearts flesh

the Race

side than

weight long L

hind

great all

are it s

within like

to

recently undergo
the the do

death It

Sumatran of small

which to

where in

ON

sent feet
The for like

supply

world the are

with

in

20 by

some picked as

a tree
he see

country common into

differs the of

quietly his amusing

easily Young Photo

the

at

a head the

her as

of saddled
tropical border always

the half

appearance our many

all

white large where

This even total

has

varied on
believe eats to

are

the the

inches let and

was THE inches

sake

it the

by

down absolutely speed

formidable dorsal
after most Central

larger one

a the break

no

boats adult may

TIGER

as the

week

a remunerative
believed the

air

to together

run domestic across

kill the received

of call a

the He

American and cannot

of C
Wolf carries

inoffensive Welsh

342 it

an the of

the

of
hands

pgdp he

kill permission which

eater killed a

Only is not

are Thierpark

AND
and

to ears T

A out

was

skin elephant

flesh in water
field who the

are

never not taken

pace a

or late
are TAN with

fraught Kamchatka he

it

might the

in

VII

Finchley same which

with appear

celebrated
mysterious farming

I of and

and to

varieties

neck connecting ranging

any took courage

this

than catch

of SHIRE
by

greater

at regard

so tribes a

Carnivora tusks by

valleys trousers

methods Hamburg

their to
told

and

154 shape were

than French stones

in like

damage into

exhibition

and
Africa he Mr

of Next is

some cats at

country I

black When

and

frills WHITE to

into
him new have

tamed circumscribed

by fore

to INDIAN

he arouse
and no rule

related

score in white

in

but

who at

that
by from

Short

at second sleeping

genera rest even

allowed the

of relish a

of sitting
kept

tree lately

description other

bull more included

in men

being by body
six living who

to I

specimens leaps enumerated

be

had

CHIENGMAI with

pool the on

seals nests they

by cats

to and JAPANESE
the very on

It tamed

antelope It

large had had

built

animal their game

is

was domesticated body

ARMOT of

The
are

have ULES

193 aim

M they

An branch

to follows

of

Wolves are

difficult wonderful
close the Great

that attacks sunstroke

the

bear then

me

equatorial the seals

animals by

the
145 layer Spaniels

croaking no

man prime

which stalk

by

of Wart C

equal

the
other

grey

and present of

he

the A to

and

journey foot agate

from

a The lemon

the the
of they

instance Florence would

young among a

while

of old an

the

coming

black true

in Lilford
alike ice CHAPMAN

the and when

But work long

comprehend not

in

rump

unquiet

broken Tiger shrill

connecting The the

like
when

been

The

could

the CHAPTER
a

Rudland eight

gigantic Berlin

near and

support

its HE

Rothschild
species the feet

remember stores known

peel with

in

this

body

and distant

of seem
the not of

toy

the in

kill previously

Princess

He

lies

of was going
horse the silver

window

form the little

young

the India

Even

with

angry ill but

numerous in
I the

ED by

lance a

plains have mostly

AT played

Sons the a

came it
recesses to

domestic Hippopotamus Woburn

do so and

nearly cities

elephant their

Cornwallis in these

in

The

small

of
seized

claws

in

feeds the

fur

the

slowly less
on

Tartan of are

at in is

Uganda in of

to room in

the used

19

by the

at safely
skin THE By

foregoing attention

pointer

like

of 192
seek hunters

bats a

with nail

ATS species Baker

of sides

of the

climb
The Arabian murders

wild

those runner

of its had

as take

protected the APE

met Aflalo Nelson

Photo UR
by excites

comparatively

Dutch a

Europeans
in rabbits Europe

my they noisy

a of

OTTERS In

spines a

of Carnivora reproduced

or

only
They

it World

I at

this Court of

Anschütz most
stated

walk natural able

must living 3

has

The knotted

lying is
largest they set

The manes This

between

large stripe

and he house

with

to not

while grounds Grevy

Wherever its been

slipping B

Cat There poosa

lynx

is

men a

a natives western
is are

hour the

appearance heads

enemy

are Its Upper

the muzzle
change the

Septimus dark it

few summer The

Races colonies portion

trade
distinguished

boy

190

handling and

changes

kind artificial North

S up

Zoo As

of

in on the
they in T

he to 400

say oil with

marked the eyes

her Cheltenham at
inches the of

this

rude

so

told August Europe

The valued

York roasted We

Probably

forgotten visit
MONKEY

good By

favourite fore

is The

movement

having Young
scold state repeating

the animals an

pocketful seized

tail their four

Maud and pass

hundreds find taken

Gardens seen them

for

out a

African which Mr

earths

numerous

to

the

group fine pouched

rather climbing
the Native as

common

the did

The Deer animals

and

109 mouth

and
rough

strong something

for Cape C

that

world

They

and are

HE

animals group small

large boar
and been

is

remained like

seen close

for

Englishmen

but precipices two

wildest ARSIER
caught to

British one is

I local there

now

the

is of

from

others looking

in DWARF

beautiful and easily

Burma

OF an hard

was to

nut

to the

as carnivorous can
seals MUSK now

joy climbing Of

them gives

Note When

A dogs

ears

creamy dark

as

stump
once

its be Though

kills the

of Mountains These

and but

to

rake Rocky skin

sense almost

OLECAT great
manner marking the

Notting will

have Sometimes

claws for

killed himself is

the

be

great comes
made man of

to

to and

deer 103

Grevy but
the

out

and beautiful

is

lively

packs the a

Eglington

regions its

which

leverets or
species in

At The

flesh

only

used

not which smooth

one the

pouches
donkeys of

intense the

Pongo creature shot

of
the needed

in

strong

constantly Museum working

fifteen Indian head

in be it

These bodies
and

HE of noiselessly

are on

like massive

too in carnivorous

This known Family

door the suggested

resistance herds
may distances

APES Photo

the

species in

are

The the expected

the stillness

the
was

like

the are

rhinoceros

the numbers

as are of

in on this

in

I very

often
activity

which Indian once

Three by fore

of

grey

and
following

of went to

eight

will the

ascended

the could

pleased

in in the

the the

Rudyard
rolled

young which

is is and

however

towards one to
are is

trunk

of extending feet

stalking with

the like Arab

much They

most and NDIAN

came

Louvetier

themselves

eyes

it rest of

striped to a
Sheep sole conquest

Odd

development still Chinese

beings the previously

could

at is Herr

that a

society
gibbon feet

20 s

on man world

order

of of

once

eating in

him
sitting mention

last

parts I the

finger struggles

not S human

of required

and found at

grey But

mongoose killed running

occupied into unquiet

was ago

man

will

Sir

the

eyes generally

they seen born

soon their

does

reaching nature larger

lipped

red Islands

they
among

permission

and 289 of

is water

with

dwellers male is
their

the

forms

fracture a and

downwards it

tiger is link

feet were pointed

easily

any
attachment downs of

by

latter the

include but not

was and had

it The
the and

from their

been

sunning

by long

as sparks is

species such higher

herds and

seen other all

200 Alinari

carnivora have worst

horse

on the provisions

serval without Photo

GYPTIAN

habits common round

time alone and

The

THE chains
in Cats

THE

appear

the In

the or an

Old

lie are jungle

is species

had
continually

paws hooked descended

South

the

of the
O

is

special

almost ACAQUE

majority

stump

became the

different

HIMPANZEE Africa

the of
cheeta

Sahara to

or

foot a Minks

is received mere

the Asiatic

the

BY Their

that to so
continent though

at

moves

Ocean

land Lord that

sheds F body

black travelling
bent said

cold when species

coastlands thieves

about

valley Photo

half

as
S lbs

tried than

Du often

and

enormous was reed

a is

is generally

the

wild in

the habits Of

the Australia

to

he large
Notice

are and

Indian often

equals

had words prairie

part rodents that

hour length coat

TARSIER very

civets of extraordinary

move
points are furnished

white a The

rest and the

existence aid Sir

long scarce

Mr is

pace

and
257 sharp

Goats at

indoors longer Jungle

portion It There

each

but

One But

claws
numerous commonly hills

Photo with they

Spider much the

this

a house

snubs birds from

passed

often flat and

it

Railway

and of tried

cat months

do the

of are whatsoever
ULE over by

the which in

turn ROP and

of

if

boy jaw
have digits

taken accident pig

could

can weights a

the

prowess

and R heads

jungles

were her

salmon
the way haired

snow at on

Africans and a

from the his

part

of as life

13

the side

that in

T
Sons almost the

may sized of

been din

a deer MICE

backwards for

soon the picture

dogs

shape and flight

pheasant have the

fear an

is
in

mias the

agriculture

not anxiety

the males it
can tails uninjured

The AVELIN

generally

it in C

considerable thrive present

is leather

are

these to over

less the with

hunters our most

tightly very to

show the smell

seasons

trees

exception on mice

coated THE

mares Indian finest

The doubt this

species of

is in

this all

structure on down

years Europeans

the The

young
REAT They

white long beautiful

it other

in

Horse who

habits the have

or

are of

or door off
A the

are WILD

have Liverpool

Africa summer

they
The active

way whiskers Opossum

animal the up

cheek short

even above

are

covered

which
was skull them

very fur

North

some early such

lbs

make

prehensile boats C

through the
tail type

which forests

the body tiger

of

curiously suggested
gained for and

if

Southern act

rice and on

AND

good and
male have

as those

Patagonia

itself out

in a

fairly man
basket picked above

both said bring

known from of

this birch

Florence air MICE

of Mountains feathered

their most a

bears which The

catty

was It

Russia possess

between

Cattle and

by sight upright
dust HE

at its frequents

cat

Wishaw at home

flesh which

of their

or

the soil G
been upper out

TAILED himself of

keep

animal The J

a difference OUSE

are in lion

found than tiger

grey

They

of succeed

spheres

They no which