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Violence and Gender in
Africa’s Iberian Colonies
Feminizing the
Portuguese and Spanish Empire,
1950s–1970s
Andreas Stucki
Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial
Studies Series

Series Editors
Richard Drayton
Department of History
King’s College London
London, UK

Saul Dubow
Magdalene College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK
The Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies series is a collection
of studies on empires in world history and on the societies and cultures
which emerged from colonialism. It includes both transnational, compar-
ative and connective studies, and studies which address where particu-
lar regions or nations participate in global phenomena. While in the past
the series focused on the British Empire and Commonwealth, in its cur-
rent incarnation there is no imperial system, period of human history or
part of the world which lies outside of its compass. While we particularly
welcome the first monographs of young researchers, we also seek major
studies by more senior scholars, and welcome collections of essays with
a strong thematic focus. The series includes work on politics, econom-
ics, culture, literature, science, art, medicine, and war. Our aim is to col-
lect the most exciting new scholarship on world history with an imperial
theme.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/13937
 Andreas Stucki

Violence and Gender

in Africa’s Iberian
Colonies
Feminizing the Portuguese and Spanish Empire,
1950s–1970s
Andreas Stucki
Department of History
University of Bern
Bern, Switzerland

Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series

ISBN 978-3-030-17229-9 ISBN 978-3-030-17230-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17230-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
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Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

Research for this book was possible thanks to generous funding from the
Hamburg Foundation for the Advancement of Research and Culture. I
am extremely grateful for the support I received for this project from the
very beginning until its completion. I would also like to thank Richard
Drayton and Saul Dubow for including my work in the Cambridge
Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series and Molly Beck and her team
for their professional assistance during the production process.
During work on this book, a wide array of archivists, librarians, and
scholars—from Hamburg and Bern to Madrid and Lisbon and from
Stanford to Sydney—contributed in myriad ways. Special thanks go to
the host institutions, colleagues, and the friends who provided me with
more than an academic home while doing research in the USA and
writing in Australia. Particularly Joan Ramon Resina (Department of
Iberian and Latin American Cultures at Stanford University) as well as
Chris Hilliard and A. Dirk Moses (both Department of History at the
University of Sydney) as well as all those who gave me a helping hand,
recommended literature and archival collections, or read and offered
critical comments on the research outline and draft chapters. I am espe-
cially grateful to the members of the GRIMSE research group at the
Universitat Pompeu Fabra and to Warwick Anderson, Liz Buettner,
Cláudia Castelo, Rita Almeida de Carvalho, Max Paul Friedman,
Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, Christoph Kalter, Frauke Kersten, and Sara
Tomkin. I would also like to thank Pierke Bosschieter for preparing the
index for this book.

v
vi    Acknowledgements

Furthermore, I am highly indebted to Francisco Bethencourt

(London) who has supported me and my work throughout the years.
I owe many thanks to Robert Aldrich (Sydney), Flavio Eichmann
(Bern), Matthias Häussler (Frankfurt), Lisa Nalbone (Florida), and
Klaas Voß (The Hague) for their exceptional intellectual generosity and
great friendship. In the same way, I would like to thank Paula Bradish
(Hamburg) for her outstanding support in preparing my work for
publication.
The road from the original project to this book became a fascinating
journey around the globe, one I was able to share with Giovanna Vidal—
thank you!
 Contents

1 Introduction: Feminizing Empire 1

Decolonization and the Iberian Dictatorships 4
Transforming African Women 10
Perspectives: Violence and Gender in Africa’s Iberian Colonies 14

2 Soft Power: Uplifting “Native Women” 21

Between Metropoles and Colonies 25
First Steps and New Opportunities in Africa 28
Toward the Realities in the Colonies 33
Between Oppositions 40
Religion 45
Epilog: Toward Repressive Modernization? 49

3 Violence: Authoritarian Transformations 67

Winning Hearts and Minds 72
Transformative Wars 78
Destruction and Construction 85
Development, the New Name for Peace 91
Epilog: Poor but Fraternal and Generous? 101

4 “African Skin and a Hispanic Heart”? Racism, Ethnic

Relations, Class, and Gender 125
Pride: Luso- and Hispanotropicalism, A Shared Discourse 129

vii
viii    Contents

Racial Prejudice and Cultural Inferiorization 136

Abuse and Sexual Exploitation 144
Epilog: Toward a Subordinated Female Elite 151

5 The “Bargains” of African Women’s Cooperation 167

The Empire: Cooperation and Collaboration 169
The Bargain of “Indigenous” Cooperation 174
Advantages and Disadvantages: Education in the Metropoles 179
Chosen 185
Obligations and Benefits and Their Subversion 190
Epilog: Leaving to Stay 195

6 Staging Iberian Domesticity in Africa 211

Implementing Iberian Domesticity in the Colonies 217
Spreading the Gospel 227
Folklore and Sports 236
Epilog: Nationalizing Through the Taste Buds? 241

7 Empire and Nation-States: Competing Projects 255

Revolutionary Women’s Organizations in Mozambique
and Angola 257
The “Other” Modernizers: FRELIMO and the MPLA 266
Competing Visions of the Nation 272
Epilog: Nationalisms and Nation-States 280

8 Epilog: The Presence of Imperial Pasts 291

Exit Options 292
Contested Citizenship 297
Toward a Cultural Empire? 299

Bibliography 307

Index 341
 About the Author

Andreas Stucki specializes in Iberian and Caribbean history. He is cur-

rently a lecturer and an associate researcher at the History Department
of the University of Bern. From 2017 to 2018, he was a visiting scholar
at the History Department of the University of Sydney and from 2015
to 2016 at the Department of Iberian and Latin American Cultures at
Stanford University. Andreas has published a book on the forced reset-
tlement of civilians in the Cuban Wars of Independence (1868–1898)
in German with Hamburger Edition (2012), which was translated into
Spanish as Las Guerras de Cuba: Violencia y campos de concentración
(Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros, 2017). Further publications include
articles in the Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, the
Journal of Genocide Research, and the Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies
as well as contributions to edited collections.

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