Planning Department: Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment Feasibility Study TECHNICAL INPUT REPORT

T No. 1

Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment - Feasibility Study Technical Input Report No.1: Methodologies and Findings of Users Wind Comfort Level Survey Nov 2008

CUHK

Planning Department: Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment Feasibility Study TECHNICAL INPUT REPORT No. 1

VERSIONS

3 Dec 2007

First circulated version (v2) to PlanD and SG. Comments received on 27 Feb 08. Responds to Comments made on 17 Mar 08. Revised version (v9) submitted to PlanD. Revised version 11d. HKOs comments have been incorporated. Revised and submitted to PlanD with comments responded on 4 Nov 08.

30 Jun 2008 17 Sept 2008

4 Nov 2008

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1) Urban outdoor thermal comfort is important for people using outdoor spaces. The main objectives of the Users Wind Comfort Level Survey are i) to understand the outdoor thermal comfort requirements of Hong Kong people and ii) to find out the range of comfortable wind environment required by them. 2) The methodology of the Users Wind Comfort Level Survey include: i) micro-meteorological measurement and ii) user questionnaire survey. The data were collected throughout 2006-2007 to capture a wide range of weather conditions of Hong Kong. 2702 interviews have been completed. 3) In line with international practice, the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) comfort model is used to analysis the results. The model allows a synergetic understanding of human thermal comfort based on various environmental and physiological inputs, like air temperature, radiation, humidity, clothing, and so on. The PET value that one expresses a neutral (neither cool nor warm) thermal sensation (nTS) is known as the neutral PET (nPET). 4) The summer months are considered more critical for urban thermal comfort in Hong Kong, the summer dataset is a key focus of analysis. The Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) long-term air temperature data have been used to establish the nPET under typical HK summer condition. Based on the survey, it is established that the summer mean nPET is 28.1, and about 50% of the surveyed subjects would express nTS when PET is in the range of 27-29; 32% will express thermal sensation of too warm, 13% hot and 4% very hot. For the summer nPET = 28.1, for example, under an air temperature of 27.9, relative humidity of 80%, and a person standing or walking under shade on streets or in urban spaces, in the summer months, a light breeze of 0.53-1.30 m/s would be thermally comfortable. 5) Due to thermal adaptation, the winter nPET is lower, at 14.6 under HK typical winter conditions. About 70% of the surveyed subjects would express nTS when PET is in the range of 14-16 . Even at PET of 13 or lower, only 42% of the surveyed subjects express TS=-1 or lower. For Hong Kongs typical mean winter air temperature of 16.3 , assume mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) of 17 (in shade), wind speed needs to exceed 3 m/s to result in PET of 13 or lower. Except for exposed conditions, in very windy days, thermal discomfort due to wind in the winter months is unlikely to be an issue. 6) For urban air ventilation, the survey results suggest that providing a light breeze in summer is important and beneficial for the hot summer months of Hong Kong. It is important that the city is planned to optimise air ventilation. Apart from air ventilation, to further improve urban thermal comfort, it is useful: i) to provide more shaded areas in the city and ii) to provide greeneries, such as planting more trees. They help to reduce solar radiation gain and lower air temperature.

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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

1 INTRODUCTION 2 3 BACKGROUND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Micro-meteorological Measurement 3.2 User Questionnaire Survey 3.2.1 Site Selection 3.2.2 Sample Size 3.2.3 Survey Sampling 3.2.4 Survey Subject 3.2.5 Survey Questionnaire 3.2.6 Survey Procedure 3.2.7 Programme of Survey 3.3 Data Analysis 3.3.1 Data Organization 3.3.2 Methods of Analysis SURVEY FINDINGS 4.1 Results Based on Summer Data, Summer Non-A/C Data, and Winter Data 4.2 Further Analysis of Typical Summer and Winter Conditions in Hong Kong Based on HKO Data 4.3 Establishment of Wind Requirement Using Neutral PET Value for the Summer 4.4 Wind and Thermal Comfort in the Winter Months 4.5 Various Environmental Conditions for Summer nPET=28.1

5 6 7 8 10 10 10 11 11 12 15 17 20 20 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 27 29 29

5 CONCLUSION 6 POSTSCRIPT 7 REFERENCES

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8 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11

Appendix 12 Appendix 13 Appendix 14 Appendix 15

Details of Measuring Equipment Questionnaire for Users Wind Comfort Level Study Charts Showing Relationships between PET and TS Frequency Charts Showing Relationships between Air Temp, Wind Speed and TS 45 Maps of Summer User Survey Locations in Chronological Order 46 HKO Long-Term Monthly Air Temperature Data 119 Look-up Table Showing % of Subjects with nTS and Corresponding nPET Range 120 PET Look-up Table 121 TS-PET Relationship under Typical Hong Kong Summer and Winter Conditions 127 Various Environmental Conditions for Summer nPET=28.1 degree C 128 Physiologically Equivalent Temperature as Indicator for Impacts of Climate Change on Thermal Comfort of Humans 129 PET Programme Code in Fortran 132 Further Statistical Understanding 146 Further Understanding of the Logistic Regression Simulation 147 Climatic requirements when neutral PET=28.5 150

33 33 35 39

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INTRODUCTION

Outdoor climatic conditions have great influences on thermal comfort sensation of people outdoors and may therefore affect people using outdoor urban spaces such as streets, plazas, playgrounds, urban parks and so on. For instance, thermal discomfort may be resulted when people are exposed to the sun and high temperature in the hot summer time and the uncomfortable feeling may discourage them from using open area like urban park. Thus, the provision of comfortable outdoor conditions is crucial in promoting the use of outdoor urban spaces. The outdoor thermal comfort sensation of people depends on the particular combination of air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and relative humidity. Concerning wind, in accordance with a thermal comfort study conducted under a hot and humid summer in Thailand, the provision of air flow can effectively improve the thermal comfort sensation of people. It indicated that an appropriate wind environment can help to alleviate the heat stress in the hot summer time (Givoni et al., 2004, Khedari et al., 2000). Stage A of Feasibility Study for Establishment of Air Ventilation Assessment System (AVAS Study) in 2005 opined that a mean wind speed of 1.5 m/s 50% of the time can provide a desirable and comfortable environment during summer months in Hong Kong when pedestrians are walking under shade. This understanding is an approximation, and is based on researches conducted in similar tropical environments elsewhere with theoretical calculations (Cheng and Ng, 2006). In order to establish an eventual benchmark and standard for Hong Kong, it is necessary to confirm the information obtained based on observations of local people and climate. The Users Wind Comfort Level Survey will address this issue. In the assignment brief, the details of the survey, including the survey coverage, methodology, questionnaire, survey findings and thermal comfort requirements for Hong Kong people, will be elaborated in this report. The primary objectives of the user survey are: i) to understand the outdoor thermal comfort requirements of Hong Kong people and ii) to find out the range of comfortable wind environment required by them. The findings of the survey will serve as a basis for setting the eventual air ventilation assessment standard, so that the expectation and aspiration of Hong Kong people on wind environment could be reasonably addressed.

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BACKGROUND

The issue of outdoor thermal comfort has attracted wide attention in recent years; a large amount of research has been conducted to understand the thermal sensation of people in different outdoor spaces; under different climatic conditions; and with different adaptive behaviours. A couple of research reviews have been done in the field of outdoor thermal comfort. This section highlighted a comprehensive outdoor comfort study known as RUROS (Rediscovering the Urban Realm and Open Spaces) conducted in Europe as a funded project under the European Unions Fifth Framework Programme for Research (Key Action 4: City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage) (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis, 2006). The methodology set out in the RUROS project serves as a basis for the current users wind comfort study and thus, its sample size and methodology are consistent with the international standard of other thermal comfort surveys carried out around the world, such as the RUROS project. According to the preceding outdoor thermal comfort researches conducted in different places, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity have been identified as the most crucial factors which affect the thermal sensation of people indoor. Based on ASHRAE Standard 55-2004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, these environmental factors are essential and must be addressed when defining conditions for thermal comfort (ASHRAE, 2004). Solar radiation intensity, which is not included in indoor thermal comfort prediction, has been found extremely influential in outdoor thermal comfort issue (Givoni et al., 2003, Nagara, 1996). Apart from the subjective questionnaire survey, the immediate microclimatic conditions in which the interviewees exposed to were also monitored during the survey. The microclimatic factors measured include air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity. The measurements were conducted using a portable mini weather station as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Portable mini weather station used in RUROS project

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The physical environmental conditions obtained through the objective measurements were later correlated with the subjective thermal comfort evaluation provided by the interviewees. This analysis enabled the understanding of peoples subjective feeling towards different outdoor climatic conditions. The readers may refer to further details of the thermal comfort study under the context of the RUROS project by visiting its project website http://alpha.cres.gr/ruros/. The RUROS project serves as an exemplar for succeeding outdoor comfort studies. The ASCCUE (Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change in the Urban Environment) project funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council has adopted the RUROS methodology for studying the outdoor comfort conditions in Manchester and Lewes, UK (Nicol et al., 2006). Besides, several other outdoor comfort studies conducted in different parts of the world have also applied similar methodology in acquiring thermal comfort data (Ahmed, 2003, Spagnolo and de Dear, 2003, Stathopoulos et al., 2004, Thorsson et al., 2004). The current users wind comfort study largely adopts the RUROS methodology but the questionnaire is modified in order to suit the unique context of urban Hong Kong. The next section presents the details of the methodology employed in the current users wind comfort study. 3 METHODOLOGY

The methodology employed in the current users wind comfort survey has an international standing in the field of thermal comfort study; it has been widely adopted in outdoor thermal comfort researches all over the world, e.g. the RUROS project (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis, 2006, Ramos and Steemers, 2003). Richard de Dear, a thermal comfort expert who was one of the major contributors to the adaptive thermal comfort model set out in ASHRAE Standard 55-2004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, has applied this methodology in a study of outdoor thermal comfort in Sydney (Spagnolo and de Dear, 2003). Besides, the methodology has also been applied in many other outdoor thermal comfort studies conducted in different parts of the world (Ahmed, 2003, Nicol et al., 2006, Spagnolo and de Dear, 2003, Stathopoulos et al., 1999, Stathopoulos et al., 2004, Thorsson et al., 2004). The methodology can basically be divided into two parts: i) micro-meteorological measurement and ii) user questionnaire survey. The former includes physical measurement of the microclimatic conditions at the immediate surrounding of the subjects. The latter consists of questionnaire survey addressing the subjective thermal comfort data including the subjects thermal sensation, comfort vote, record of subjects demographic background,

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and clothing and activities during the survey. Subjects thermal sensation and comfort vote will be recorded by face-to-face interview while subjects demographic background, clothing and activities will be recorded by observation. Eventually, the results of the questionnaire survey will be correlated with the micro-meteorological data; this analysis will provide understanding of peoples subjective feeling towards different outdoor climatic conditions. 3.1 Micro-meteorological Measurement Measurements of outdoor microclimatic conditions are made with mobile meteorological station mounted on a camera tripod with spirit level as shown in Figure 2. All equipment set-ups have been calibrated by the technicians before the survey. The design of this mobile meteorological station has made reference to the meteorological devices used in several preceding studies (Katzschner, 2003, Lindberg, 2004, Nicol et al., 2006, Ramos and Steemers, 2003, Spagnolo and de Dear, 2003). The meteorological station includes sensors for the measurement of air temperature (), globe temperature (), wind speed (m/s), relative humidity (%) and solar radiation (W/m2). These environmental factors have been identified to be the most influential in peoples outdoor thermal comfort sensation (Givoni et al., 2003, Lindberg, 2004, Nagara, 1996, Penwarden, 1973, Sasaki et al., 2000, Tacken, 1989). Wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity are measured using TESTO 3-function probe. A circular white disc made with polystyrene is placed above the opening on the measurement probe where air temperature and relative humidity sensors are located; the disc shaded these sensors from direct sun exposure. Globe temperature is the temperature measured by a globe thermometer. In this study, the globe thermometer used was tailor-made with reference to preceding studies to improve its response time (Humphreys, 1977, Nikolopoulou et al., 1999). The thermometer basically consists of a thermocouple wire held at the middle of a 38mm diameter black table tennis ball. The temperature assumed by the globe at equilibrium results from a balance between heat gain and lost by radiation and convection. The globe temperature is a component for calculating the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), which is one of the microclimatic elements to predict the thermal comfort of people. Tmrt is calculated from the globe temperature via the following equation (ASHRAE, 2004):

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Tmrt

1.10 * 108 * V 0.6 4 (t g ta ) = (t g + 273) + 0.4 *D

273

Where is emissivity (0.95 for a black globe), D is globe diameter, V is ai speed in m s-1, Ta is air temperature in deg Celsius and tg is glove thermometers temperature in deg Celsius. TESTO flexible Teflon Type K thermocouple is used for the globe temperature measurement. The air temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity and wind speed sensors are connected to a TESTO 400 data logger with 5 seconds sampling and logging time. In addition to the TESTO sensors, another set of air temperature and relative humidity sensors with a tailor-made sun shade are also installed for the purpose of cross checking. This set of measurement includes a HOBO high-accuracy temperature sensor connected to a HOBO H8 data logger with built in relative humidity sensor. The sampling and logging time are set to 5 seconds and 1 minute respectively. Solar radiation is measured using LICOR LI-200SA pyranometer connected to a LICOR 1400 data logger with 5 seconds sampling time. Figure 2 shows the setup of the mobile meteorological station. Details of the sensors used in the measurement are listed in Appendix 1. The timing systems inside the equipment are regularly synchronized with the Hong Kong Observatorys timing system.

Figure 2: The mobile meteorological station

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3.2 User Questionnaire Survey 3.2.1 Site Selection The primary objective of the user questionnaire survey is to obtain the subjective outdoor thermal comfort sensation of local people in the urban environment of Hong Kong. The site selection process aims to capture a wide range of environmental conditions. Under this context, the survey sites are carefully selected based on parameters related to the regional climatic conditions, topographic characteristics and urban morphology. The parameters applied in this study include wind environment, ground coverage, street pattern, building height and building density. Within a survey site, areas with different microclimatic conditions (say shaded, unshaded, windy, wind-stagnant areas and so on) will be chosen as study areas in the survey. Thus, the data obtained from the survey will include a wide range of microclimatic conditions which people might encounter in urban Hong Kong. Apart from the microclimatic consideration, the survey locations are selected based on different kinds of land uses and activities. Three types of site, i.e. street, estate and park, have been selected. For the estate, private and public housing estates are included. Prior permissions from the property management companies and Housing Authority will be obtained before the survey is carried out in the selected estates. These categories take into account the differences in nature of activities in the survey sites and the psychological expectation of the people. 3.2.2 Sample Size The assignment brief requires 1000 completed interviews to be obtained from the survey. Similar survey design has been applied in many thermal comfort surveys. In the RUROS project, the sample size for the surveys carried out in four out of seven cities was about 1000. These surveys were conducted in four seasons (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis, 2006). The survey conducted in Sydney by thermal comfort expert Richard de Dear had a sample size of 1018, in which 585 and 433 interviews were conducted in summer and winter respectively (Spagnolo and de Dear, 2003). The total sample size of Ahmeds study in Bangladesh was about 1500 and all data were obtained in summer (Ahmed, 2003). Therefore, the 1000 target sample size is in line with the international practice.

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3.2.3 Survey Sampling Probability sampling is not adopted in this survey because the results are not inferred from the whole population of Hong Kong. Also, there is no preceding thermal comfort study conducted anywhere in the world that adopts probability sampling because it is known that the population cannot be defined in this kind of survey. There are also several practical reasons which make probability sampling not practically feasible to be carried out in this study1. Instead, the study follows the general practice of urban thermal comfort study of the research community to establish a physio-psychological relationship between thermal sensation (TS) based on the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) model. 3.2.4 Survey Subject According to the guidelines for survey and behavioural research ethics of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000), in the case of using normal secondary school children (i.e. form 1 and above) as research subjects, school consent is deemed sufficient but parental consent is strongly recommended. Moreover, the guidelines state that children (i.e. age below 18) should not be asked to serve as research subjects if the required data could be obtained from adults. In view of this, the subject targets of the survey are the outdoor general public at the age of 18 or above. Special attention is paid on the gender and age composition so that gender and age biases could be reduced as far as possible.

First, it is not practically feasible to define the population of the survey and major predictor variables are controllable. For example, the interviewers could know the gender and age of the interviewees. However, the probability of being selected is unknown because the interviewers cannot predict or even count the exact number of passers-by who would pass by the study site during the survey unless the site area is entirely sealed by the interviewers in advance. During the survey, the interviewers would stop the passers-by haphazardly and ask them to answer the questionnaire. It is difficult to establish a complete sampling list and randomly selecting sampling units could hardly be possible. Thus, respondents are eventually selected with unknown probability. Apart from this, selecting respondents with a known probability from passers-by at specific site could be laborious and costly. When taking these considerations into account, it is not necessary to attempt probability sampling. Even though probability sampling is not attempted, the objective of the survey as mentioned above could still be attained and the results could be inferred to the intended scope of the survey. Second, in terms of resources, probability sampling could be achieved provided that extra resources could be reached, say more provision of interviewers and funding. This is because probability selection of areas and individuals are very expensive, and extra costs in terms of time, money, human resources and so on would be required. At last, as mentioned above, time would be one of the extra costs if random sampling was attempted. Usually, survey with probability sample needs longer time to be finished. Therefore, if the survey sample was random, the Study would not be finished on time and within three years. In that situation, longer completion time, together with extra funding and human resources, would be needed.

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3.2.5 Survey Questionnaire Subjective thermal comfort data is recorded using a questionnaire adapted from several preceding studies (de Dear et al., 1997, Stathopoulos et al., 2004) with special reference to the one used in the RUROS project (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis, 2006) and the ASHRAE standard questionnaire for indoor thermal comfort study (ASHRAE, 2004). These questionnaires have been developed through a series of pilot investigation. The questionnaire being used in the current wind comfort survey is attached in Appendix 2. The questionnaire is divided into two parts. Part A addresses the immediately past thermal experience of the subjects and their subjective sensation of the corresponding microclimatic conditions. Most of the questions were adapted from the preceding studies although the options for the answers might be slightly different. The questions in Part A are as follows: 1. Question Answer Reason 2. Question Answer Reason 3. Question Answer Reason 4. Question Answer Reason 5. Question Answer Have you done this questionnaire before? Yes/ No (If the answer is Yes, the interview will be terminated.) Ensure the subject is not repeat sampled Have you been staying in Hong Kong in the past 6 months? Yes/ No To understand the subjects long-term acclimatization In the past 15 minutes, have you been to (or stayed in) indoor spaces with air-conditioning or heating system (including bus, taxi, minibus, etc)? Yes / No To understand the subjects short-term acclimatization What were you doing in the past 15 minutes? Waiting for people or cars / resting / standing / sitting / working / grocery shopping / shopping / doing exercises/ others To understand the subjects immediately past experience Why do you choose to sit/stand at this particular place? (can choose more than one item) In shade / under tree-cover / under sunshine / breezy / fresh air/ views / have an appointment / no particular reason / going to school or work/ close to home or office or school or station/ others

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Reason 6. Question Answer Reason 7. Question Answer Reason 8. Question Answer Reason 9. Question Answer Reason 10. Question Answer Reason 11. Question Answer Reason 12. Question Answer Reason

The reason for being in the place of interview How do you feel in terms of thermal perception? Very Hot / Hot / Too warm / Neutral / Too cool / Cold / Very Cold (7-point scale from +3 to -3 according to the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale) To understand the subjects thermal sensation Is the interviewees head/ body exposed to the direct sunlight? (observation by interviewer) Yes / No To understand if the subject is exposed to direct sun How do you feel about the exposure to the sun? Sun makes me uncomfortable / Just right / Not enough, Id like to get more sun (3-point scale from +1 to -1) To understand the subjects perception of the solar condition How do you feel about the wind? Stagnant / Too still / Slightly still / Just right / Slightly windy / Too windy / Much too windy (7-point scale from +3 to -3) To understand the subjects perception of the wind condition How do you feel about the air, in terms of humidity? Too humid / Just right / Too dry (3-point scale from +1 to -1) To understand the subjects perception of air humidity How is your skin, in terms of wetness? Drops of sweat / Moist / Just right/ Dry / Very dry (5-point scale from +2 to -2) To understand the subjects skin condition Overall, what would you say about this place? Very comfortable / Comfortable / Uncomfortable / Very uncomfortable (4-point scale: 2 / 1 /- 1 /- 2) To understand the subjects perception of overall comfort

Part B of the questionnaire contains information obtained by pure observation. It includes i) time of interview, ii) location of interview, iii) the immediate weather conditions during

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the survey, iv) the subjects clothing and activities during the interview and v) the subjects demographic background (gender and age composition). The time of the interview is recorded by the interviewer with his or her watch synchronized with the Hong Kong Observatorys timing system. The location of the interview is marked on the map provided in the questionnaire. The exact location of the survey is shown in Appendix 5. The immediate weather conditions are observed by the interviewer during the survey. The clothing of the subjects is recorded by the interviewer using the garment checklist provided in the questionnaire. The checklist was extracted from ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 and ISO Standard 7730 (ASHRAE, 2004, ISO, 1994). Figure 3 shows the garment checklist included in the questionnaire and the clothing insulation value of each item. Clothing insulation is defined as the resistance to sensible heat transfer provided by a clothing ensemble; it is expressed in unit clo. The ensemble clothing insulation value is the sum of individual garment clothing value. Underwear is assumed to be standard values and different for males (0.03 clo) and females (0.04 clo); it will be added to the total clothing value. The total clothing value of each subject will be coded into an excel spreadsheet after the survey.

Figure 3: Garment checklist

The activity of the subject is recorded by the interviewer using an activity checklist provided in the questionnaire. Activity level is expressed in unit met. 1 met equals to the energy generated inside the body due to metabolic activity of 58.2 W/m2, which is equal to the energy produced per unit surface area of an average person of surface area 1.8 m2,

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seated at rest. The activity checklist used was extracted from ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 and ISO Standard 7730 (ASHRAE, 2004, ISO, 1994); it contains three options, i.e. sitting (1 met), standing (1.2 met) and walking (2 met). The gender of the subject is observed by the interviewer and the age group (i.e. youth/ middle-aged/ elderly) of the subject is estimated by the interviewer. The design of the questionnaire has been approved by Professor Baruch Givoni, a renowned expert in thermal comfort issues (Givoni et al., 2004, Givoni et al., 2006, Givoni et al., 2003). The questionnaire was eventually translated into Cantonese. In the real survey, the interviewers are asked to read out the questions word by word in accordance with the questionnaire. This ensures that the questioning technique used by all interviewers could remain consistent. 3.2.6 Survey Procedure University students were employed to conduct the survey. These students are mostly undergraduates taking social science subjects such as Architecture, Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Therefore, most of them already have some basic knowledge of conducting survey. Before the real survey was conducted, these student interviewers were briefed on the purpose of the study; they were taught how to handle the mobile meteorological station and also practical techniques on conducting questionnaire survey. Total 8 students were needed in each survey session. The students were divided into 4 survey teams and each team was given a designated place for conducting the survey. Each team was given a mobile meteorological station; the students had to carry out the micro-meteorological measurement at the same time while they conducted the questionnaire survey as shown in Figure 4. As the questionnaire is divided into two parts (Part A and Part B), each team member was responsible for one part of the questionnaire. In other words, one member of the team would approach the subjects and ask them the subjective questions in Part A of the questionnaire. The other member of the team would take care of the meteorological measurement and make the observation in Part B of the questionnaire. This splitting of tasks allows simultaneous filling of Part A and Part B of the questionnaire and thus shortens the time of the survey process; the whole survey process would take about 2 minutes to complete.

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Figure 4: Interviewers are conducting the pilot survey on street

In accordance with the procedure described in preceding studies, subjects within 3 metres of the mobile meteorological station are appropriate for doing the questionnaire survey (Spagnolo and de Dear, 2003) because the climatic data recorded by the portable equipment will be consistent with the climatic conditions experienced by the subjects during the survey. Each interview lasts about 2 minutes. The interviewers were instructed to invite people who had been staying at the survey area for some time as well as those who were just passing by to do the interview. This could avoid the bias of excluding those dislike the microclimatic environment (e.g. sunlight, wind, etc.) of the survey area and just pass by very quickly. In order to eliminate any repeated interview, interviewers had to make sure that each interviewee was interviewed once only. The first question of the questionnaire tackles this problems it asks the interviewees if they have done the interview before. If the answer is yes, the survey will be terminated. Then, the interviewers would look for other interviewees who had not done the interview before. To account for the daily changing climatic conditions, the survey was conducted in three different sessions a day. In summer, the first session started in the early morning 7-9am; the afternoon session 12-2pm and the evening session 5-7pm. Since the winter time is shorter, the morning session started at 7-9am; afternoon session 11am-1pm and evening session 3-5pm. The survey is coordinated by a survey supervisor who is a researcher employed for this project. The survey supervisor is responsible for the following tasks:

Arranging time for the survey

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Coordinating student interviewers Arranging equipment Seeking permission from Government departments and private companies for conducting survey in their properties Monitoring the interview process during the survey Downloading data from the equipment

The survey supervisor worked closely with the project investigators, student interviewers and the technical support staff to ensure the survey was carried out professionally and the data collected were of high standard and quality suitable for the use in this study. 3.2.7 Programme of Survey A pilot survey was carried out from 18th-30th August 2006. A total of 8 undergraduate students from The Chinese University of Hong Kong were employed for the study and a total of 937 interviews were completed. The survey was conducted in accordance with the procedures set out in Section 3.2.6. These 8 students were divided into 4 teams carrying out the survey in different locations ranging from high-density urban areas to rural new towns (details are shown in Table 1). The purposes of the pilot survey include:

Test and calibrate the measuring equipment in real conditions Test and calibrate the questionnaire Familiar the survey supervisor with the actual processes Train the student interviewers to improve their practical skills on handling the equipment and conducting the interview

In a single day of the survey, each survey team was able to complete about 40 questionnaires. Based on the results, the original questionnaire has been modified to better suit the local context. The major modifications to the questions were concerning the immediately past experiences of the subjects. In the revised version, more options for the answers were provided. For instance, in Question 4, items such as standing, sitting and shopping were not included in the original questionnaire but were added after the pilot survey. Although the data collected in this pilot survey were not used in the actual study, an initial analysis of the pilot data confirmed that the study was on the right track.

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After the pilot survey, the survey continued from November 2006 to August 2007 and had been completed on 30th August 2007. In order to ensure a wide range of environmental conditions to be captured in the study, the user survey was deliberately conducted in different microclimatic conditions and types of site. Therefore, the data collected would allow us to understand how different microclimatic parameters and places affect peoples outdoor thermal sensation. The details of the user survey such as date, time, location, type of site, number of completed interviews and team number are summarized in Tables1 and 2. Table 1 shows the locations of the survey. In summary, the number of interviews completed on streets, in estates and in parks during a year are 1490, 801 and 411 respectively. More interviews were completed on streets and in estates due to the localized thermal load difference at the pedestrian level. Figures A3.4-A3.6 in Appendix 3 show the relationship between PET and subjects thermal sensation (TS) recorded at different site types. These figures are for reference only and detailed analysis will not be covered in this report. Obviously, the mean air temperature measured on streets and in estates are normally higher than that measured in parks. In Table 2, excluding the pilot data obtained in summer 2006, the total number of completed interviews is 2702. The target subjects are Hong Kong residents, i.e. people who have been staying in Hong Kong for 6 months prior to the survey. As the primary objective of the study is to address the comfort requirement of Hong Kong people, for those who are not defined as Hong Kong residents, their data are excluded in the analysis. These cases, however, only account for about 3% of the entire sample size. Among the 2702 completed interviews, 1135 interviews, i.e. 42%, were completed in autumn and winter of 2006. 1567 interviews, i.e. 58%, were completed in spring and summer of 2007.

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* Site type: P=park, PR=private housing estate, PU=public housing estate, S=street Table 1: Details of the users wind comfort level survey

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Table 2: Summary of the sample size

3.3 Data Analysis 3.3.1 Data Organization The microclimatic data collected by the mobile meteorological station and the subjective data obtained from the user survey are input to a single spreadsheet for analysis; the spreadsheet contains 7 sections which store different data. Section 1 contains 4 columns i.e. subject number, date of interview, start time of interview and end time of interview. Subject number is the number given to each questionnaire for the purpose of identification. The start and end time of the interview are used for averaging of the climatic data. Section 2 contains 10 columns correspond to the Part A of the questionnaire which address the subjects immediately past experience; their sensation towards various environmental factors and their overall comfort perception. Section 3 contains 3 columns containing the clothing and activity data. The clothing values of the items checked in the garment checklists on the questionnaire are added up and the sums are entered in the clothing column. The types of activities checked in the activity checklists are entered in the activity column and the last column translates the types of activity entered to metabolic rates in met. Section 4 addresses the demographic information i.e. gender and age of the subjects.

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Section 5 contains 6 columns. The first five columns contain the climatic data i.e. air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, globe temperature and solar radiation measured by the meteorological station. The data entered in these columns are the average values for the duration of the interview; it is calculated according to the start and end time of the interview. The last column is mean radiant temperature (Tmrt)2. During the survey, HKO climatic data such as air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and wind direction were downloaded from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) website (http://www.weather.gov.hk/contente.htm)3 for cross reference. Section 6 has 4 columns containing the measured data from the Meteorological Station of HKO. Quarter-hourly data are obtained from the daily profiles and the average of any two succeeding values represents the conditions of the quarter time in between. For example, if the interview was taken place at 8:22 - 8:24 am, the HKO columns will show the average values of 8:15 am and 8:30 am. Section 7 contains the value of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). 3.3.2 Methods of Analysis Since peoples thermal sensation is subjective, it is therefore difficult to make use of thermal sensation alone to establish an objective wind requirement for Hong Kong people. Due to this reason, only using PET as a medium could establish the objective wind requirement directly. Typically, according to international practice, e.g. RUROS project, the survey environmental data are firstly input into a physiologically developed index, i.e. PET, which has taken into account the human biological characteristics. Once the neutral PET is calculated, then the various environmental parameters can be computed based on the PET calculation. The relationship between thermal sensation (TS), PET and wind is shown as below.

Tmrt is defined as the uniform temperature of an imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of radiant heat as in the actual non-uniform enclosure. Theoretically, it can be calculated from the measured surface temperatures and the corresponding angle factors between person and the surfaces. However, since the theoretical calculation is rather complicated, practically Tmrt is determined by measurement of air and globe temperature and wind speed. HKO data of air temperature and relative humidity are obtained from Hong Kong Observatory station, wind speed and wind direction data are from Waglan Island station and solar radiation data are from Kings Park station.

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In recent years, energy balance based thermal indices are being increasingly applied to assess human thermal comfort. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is the first and still popular thermal comfort index, defined by Fanger (1972). However, PMV has deficiencies in assessing the outdoor human thermal comfort and was then replaced by the more universally applicable model: Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) model, introduced by Hoppe (1993, 1999). The PET is based on the Munich Energy Balance Model for Individual (MEMI) and has taken into account of both the environmental climatic parameters (including air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity etc) and the human factors (clothing index, activities etc). Although PET cannot be explicitly presented as linear summation of the climatic parameters, detailed calculation of PET has been published by Andreas Matzarakis and Bas Amelung, 2008. (Appendix 11). Standard programme codes in many popular programming languages are also available. The PET programme coded by the PET original author, Prof. H. Hoppe, is attached at Appendix 12. All in all, the reasons for using PET as the thermal comfort index for this study are: PET, based on human physiological modeling and heat balance is the most comprehensive OUTDOOR thermal comfort index until now. PET has been widely used for outdoor thermal study by researchers around the world irrespective of climatic conditions i.e. in both temperate and tropical climates. (E., Johansson, 2006, A., Matzarakis, 1999, J. Bouyer, 2007 and A. Gulyas, 2006 etc) PET is the thermal index used officially by the Germany Meteorological Office and PETs methodology and parameters have been documented in the German standard VDI 3787 part 2. Based on PET, it is relatively straight forward to calculate, using the Fortran programme, the relationship between wind and thermal comfort under various environmental parameters. The need for wind is the main focus of the study. After collecting all data from the survey, the complete set of data is first sorted in accordance with the microclimatic conditions during the survey. The whole set of data is divided into two subsets, i.e. winter 2006 and summer 2007. The winter 2006 dataset include data collected during autumn and winter while summer 2007 dataset includes data

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collected during spring and summer. More interviews were completed in summer 2007 because summer is the most critical season throughout a year. Therefore, summer 2007 dataset is more important in analysis. This dataset is divided into summer 2007 non-A/C data and summer 2007 A/C data. The former is the main focus in analysis because acclimatization effect of the subjects has been taken into account. This distinguishes subjects who have and have not been to (or stayed in) air-conditioned indoor space within 15 minutes prior to the survey. It is assumed that the level of acclimatization would have significant effects on the human heat-balance model, which is particularly influential on the calculation of PET. The data in each subset is then broken down into groups according to subjects TS vote ranging from -3 to 3 and the corresponding PET value. After that, the mean neutral PET value of the subjects who have TS=0 (neither cool nor warm) is calculated. Since PET is a function of climatic variables (Hoppe, 1999), the mean neutral PET value can establish the wind requirement for Hong Kong people. The findings will be shown in section 4 in detail. Using this data binning and aggregation approach could reduce the variations due to individual differences.

SURVEY FINDINGS

4.1 Results Based on Summer Data, Summer Non-A/C Data, and Winter Data In Appendix 3, Figures A3.1-A3.3 show the relationship between PET and TS in summer and winter, and different levels of acclimatization effect have been taken into account. Based on the summer (Apr Aug) 2007 A/C and non-A/C data (see Figure A3.2 in Appendix 3), the mean and median nPET are 28 and 29 respectively. Taking into account the acclimatization effect, survey subjects not having been to an A/C space are separated for further analysis. Based on the summer 2007 non-A/C data (see Figure A3.1 in Appendix 3), the mean and median nPET are 27 and 29 respectively. In Figure A3.3, it shows the PET-TS relationship based on the winter (Nov Jan) 2006 AC and non-A/C data. When TS=0, the mean and median neutral PET value are 19 and 20 respectively. Difference in the neutral PET value in different seasons exists due to human adaptation of different climatic conditions. nPET is usually lower in winter.

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4.2 Further Analysis of Typical Summer and Winter Conditions in Hong Kong Based on HKO Data The survey data is further analysed based on HKO typical summer (Jun to Aug) weather conditions. Based on HKO 1885-2004 mean air temperature (Ta) data, the mean Ta during Hong Kong summer months, i.e. Jun to Aug, is 27.9. And based on HKO 1971-2000 monthly Ta data, the mean daily minimum and mean daily maximum Ta during Hong Kong summer months, i.e. Jun to Aug, are 26.4 and 30.9 respectively (see Table 3 and also Appendix 6). Furthermore, based on the user survey, taking into account thermal adaptation, the mean neutral PET=1.1639*HKO-Ta - 4.3683 (with R=0.6777) (see Figure 5). Using this formula, the mean nPET = 28.1. The nPET range could be decided based on the above findings and the number of subjects obtaining TS=0. When PET ranging from 27-29, the survey results show that about 50% of subjects express TS=0 (see Appendix 7), 32% express too warm, 13% express hot, and 4% express very hot. The winter data is further analysed based on HKO winter (Dec to Feb) typical weather conditions. Based on HKO 1885-2004 air temperature (Ta) data, the mean Ta during Hong Kong winter months, i.e. Dec to Feb, is 16.3. And based on HKO 1971-2000 monthly Ta data, the mean daily minimum and mean daily maximum Ta during Hong Kong winter months, i.e. Dec to Feb, are 14.7 and 19.2 respectively (see Table 3 and also Appendix 6). Using the formula of PET=1.1639*HKO-Ta - 4.3683 (with R=0.6777), the winter nPET is 14.6 (see Figure 5). The neutral PET range could be decided based on the above findings and the number of subjects obtaining TS=0. When PET ranging from 14-16, about 70% of subjects express TS=0 (see Appendix 7). At this range, only 21% express too cool and 2% express cold. Nobody expresses very cold. A TS-PET relationship under typical Hong Kong summer and winter conditions is attached in Appendix 9. The understanding suggests that given a typical weather conditions, the survey subjects will report an increasing TS, i.e. from -1 to 3, when PET increases.

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Table 3: HKO 1971-2000 mean daily minimum and mean daily maximum air temperature

Figure 5: The adaptive neutral PET as related to HKO air temperature data

4.3 Establishment of Wind Requirement Using Neutral PET Value for the Summer The wind requirement could be established using the neutral PET value. Under the typical summer condition defined based on HKO long-term climatic data, the mean air temperature is 27.9 and mean neutral PET value is 28.1. The wind requirement could be established using these data. In Table 4, it is assumed that the neutral PET is 28.1, air temperature 27.9, Tmrt ranging from 30-344 and relative humidity 80%, a wind speed of 0.53-1.30 m/s would be required. Calculation of the nPET from the HKO 1971-2000 dataset has also been conducted. From the HKO technical note No. 83, the mean summer temperature is 28.3. Using the formula, the mean nPET is 28.5. Under this condition, a wind speed of 0.48-1.29 m/s can be
4

In Figure 6, Tmrt 32-34 has high frequencies based on the summer 2007 non-A/C data.

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identified (Appendix 15). Hence there is insignificant difference in the recommended wind speed for long-term and short-term climatic data set.

Figure 6: Tmrt of HK urban conditions based on summer 2007 non-A/C data

*Ta=air temperature, Tmrt=Mean Radiant Temperature, V=wind velocity Table 4: Climatic requirements when neutral PET=28.1

4.4 Wind and Thermal Comfort in the Winter Months The winter months in Hong Kong is mild. Based on Appendix 7, the survey results indicate that even at PET of 13 or lower, only 42% of the surveyed subjects express TS=-1 or lower. For Hong Kongs typical mean winter air temperature of 16.3 , assume Tmrt of 17 (in shade), wind speed needs to exceed 3 m/s to result in PET of 13 or lower. Hence, it is concluded that except for exposed conditions in very windy days, thermal discomfort due to wind is unlikely to be an important issue.

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4.5

Various Environmental Conditions for Summer nPET=28.1

Figure 7: Various environmental conditions for summer nPET=28.1 (also see Appendix 10)

Referring to Figure 7, for example, when air temperature is 28 , if one were to walk or sit under shades (hence in condition of no solar radiation and low Tmrt of 30 ), a light breeze of about 0.5 m/s over the body would likely to allow one to achieve thermal comfort. Take another example of a cooler summer day of air temperature of 26 . be under shades, it is possible to be thermally comfortable without wind. Take yet another example of a hotter summer day of air temperature of 30 . to be under shade, one needs wind of 2 m/s or more to cool down. Note that in all the three examples, it is very important that shades are provided. If one were to be under the direct sun in the summer in Hong Kong, it is unlikely to be thermally comfortable. 5 CONCLUSION If one were If one were to

The summer months are considered to be of concern for urban thermal comfort in Hong Kong. HKO long-term air temperature data have been used to establish the nPET under typical HK summer condition. Based on the survey, it is established that the summer mean nPET is 28.1, and about 50% of the surveyed subjects express nTS when PET is in the range of 27-29. 32% express thermal sensation of too warm, 13% hot and 4% very hot. For the summer nPET = 28.1, for example, under a mean HKs summer air

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temperature of 27.9, relative humidity of 80%, and a person standing or walking under shade on streets or in urban spaces of Tmrt of 30-34, a light breeze of 0.53-1.30 m/s would be thermally neutral. Due to thermal adaptation, the winter nPET is lower, at 14.6 under HK typical winter conditions. About 70% of the surveyed subjects would express nTS when PET is in the range of 14-16 . Even at PET of 13 or lower, only 42% of the surveyed subjects express TS=-1 or lower. For Hong Kongs typical mean winter air temperature of 16.3 , assume Tmrt of 17 (in shade), wind speed needs to exceed 3 m/s to result in PET of 13 or lower. Hence, it is concluded that save some exposed conditions in very windy days, thermal discomfort due to wind is unlikely to be an important issue. Moreover, based on the survey findings, when lower air temperature and higher wind speed combine together, the chance of obtaining TS=0 would be greater. This is shown in Appendix 4. In Figure A4.1, it shows that the percentage of the subjects getting TS=0 increases gradually with an increasing wind speed. Figure A4.2 shows that air temperature decreases gradually with an increasing wind speed. When these findings combine together, it could be concluded that lower air temperature together with a higher wind speed could increase the probability of getting TS=0. Hence, based on the survey findings, two ways are recommended to improve the wind environment for Hong Kong and enhance peoples thermal comfort level, especially in summer: i) To improve Hong Kong wind environment by ensuring a conducive wind environment with wind speed of 0.53-1.30 m/s in the city through better planning, optimal development potentials and building coverage, layout and disposition. ii) To reduce solar radiation gains on pedestrian on streets or in urban open spaces by providing shades. Canopies covered building recesses and walkways, colonnades, and so on are useful. Tmrt under shades is in the order of a few degrees higher than air temperature. For a summer temperature of 27.9, Tmrt in shades is about 30-34, whereas if one were under the sun, Tmrt can be as high as 50-60 and it is not realistic to achieve thermal comfort under such a high Tmrt. In short, providing shading is very important. iii)To reduce the localized thermal load with greening. Trees and their canopies, shrubs, flower beds and grass areas are effective. The evapotranspiration of

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plants reduces sensible temperature [ie. Lower the air temperature (Ta)]. For a small and green urban park of a size of say 100m x 100m, it can have the localized thermal load of about 2-3 lower than nearby streets. An oasis like this in the urban area can greatly enhance the probability of pedestrian thermal comfort environment when traversing the city. The above suggestions to reduce the air temperature (Ta) and mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) due to solar radiation could further improve human thermal comfort by lowering the environmental PET value. The survey findings suggest a range of wind environment needs for Hong Kong, i.e. a light breeze of 0.53-1.30 m/s. Nonetheless, the process of establishing a standard is inevitably related to the governments urban planning policy, the social and political environment, and so on. Therefore, apart from the findings of this study, other social and political factors should also be taken into account.

POSTSCRIPT

Further analysis using statistical simulation was carried out by PlanD statisticians. The findings are for reference (see Appendices 14 and 15).

REFERENCES

Ahmed, K. S. (2003) Comfort in urban spaces: defining the boundaries of outdoor thermal comfort for the tropical urban environments. Energy and Buildings, 35, 103-110. ASHRAE (1997) ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE (2004) Standard 55: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Butera, F. M. (1998) Chapter 3 - Principles of thermal comfort. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2, 39-66. Cheng, V. & Ng, E. (2006) Thermal Comfort in Urban Open Spaces for Hong Kong. Architectural Science Review, 49, 236-242.

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de Dear, R., Gail, B. & Cooper, D. (1997) ASHRAE RP-884 Final Report: Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. Australia, Sydney: Maquarie Research Ltd, Maquarie University. Fanger, P.O. (1972) Thermal comfort. McGraw-Hill, New York Givoni, B., Khedari, J. & Hirunlabh, J. (2004) Comfort formula for Thailand. Proc: National Solar Energy Conference, Portland, Oregon, US, July 2004. Givoni, B., Khedari, J., Wong, N. H., Feriadi, H. & Noguchi, M. (2006) Thermal sensation responses in hot, humid climates: effects of humidity. Building Research and Information, 34, 496-506. Givoni, B., Noguchi, M., Saaroni, H., Pochter, O., Yaacov, Y., Feller, N. & Becker, S. (2003) Outdoor comfort research issues. Energy and Buildings, 35, 77-86. Heidari, S. & Sharples, S. (2002) A comparative analysis of short-term and long-term thermal comfort surveys in Iran. Energy and Buildings, 34, 607-614. Hoppe, P. (1993) Heat balance modelling, Experimentia 49, 741-746 Hoppe, P. (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71-75. Hong Kong Observatory (2006-2007) Climatic Data [online]. Available at: <http://www.weather.gov.hk/contente.htm> [Accessed from Aug 2006 to Aug 2007]. Humphreys, M. A. (1977) The optimum diameter for a globe thermometer for use indoors. Building Research Establishment Current Paper, 9/78. ISO (1994) ISO 7730: Moderate thermal environments - determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. Geneva: International Standards Organization. Kalton, G. (1983) Introduction to survey sampling. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc. Katzschner, L. (2003) Urban bioclimate and open space planning. Proc: Fifth International Conference on Urban Climate, Lodz, Poland, September 2003. Khedari, J., Yamtraipat, N., Pratintong, N. & Hirunlabh, J. (2000) Thailand ventilation comfort chart. Energy and Buildings, 32, 245-249. Lindberg, F. (2004) Microclimate and behaviour studies in an urban space Proc: Public Space Conference, Lund, Sweden, February 2004. Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H. & Iziomon, M. G. (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 76-84. Nagara, K. (1996) Evaluation of the thermal environment in an outdoor pedestrian space. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 497-505.

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Nicol, F., Wilson, E., Ueberjahn-Tritta, A., Nanayakkara, L. & Kessler, M. (2006) Comfort in outdoor spaces in Manchester and Lewes, UK. Proc: Windsor Conference 2006: Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings: Getting them right, Windsor, UK, April 2006. Nikolopoulou, M., Baker, N. & Steemers, K. (1999) Improvements to the globe thermometer for outdoor use. Architectural Science Review, 42, 27-34. Nikolopoulou, M. & Lykoudis, S. (2006) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries. Building and Environment, 41, 1455-1470. Nikolopoulou, M., Lykoudis, S. & Kikira, M. (2003) Thermal comfort in outdoor spaces: field studies in Greece. Proc: Fifth International Conference on Urban Climate, Lodz, Poland, September. Parsons, K. C. (2002) The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy and Buildings, 34. Penwarden, A. D. (1973) Acceptable wind speeds in towns. Building Science, 8, 259-267. Ramos, M. C. C. & Steemers, K. (2003) Comfort in urban spaces: the roles of physiological and psychological parameters. Proc: Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA03), Santiago, Chile, November 2003. Sasaki, R., Yamada, M., Uematsu, Y. & Saeki, H. (2000) Comfort environment assessment based on bodily sensation in open air: relationship between comfort sensation and meteorological factors. Journal of Wind Engineering25 and Industrial Aerodynamics, 87, 93-110. Spagnolo, J. & de Dear, R. (2003) A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia. Building and Environment, 38, 721-738. Stathopoulos, T., Wu, H. & Zacharias, J. (1999) Field survey on outdoor human comfort in an urban climate. Proc: Wind Engineering into the 21st Century: 10th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1999. Stathopoulos, T., Wu, H. & Zacharias, J. (2004) Outdoor human comfort in an urban climate. Building and Environment, 39, 297-305. Tacken, M. (1989) A comfortable wind climate for outdoor relaxation in urban areas. Building and Environment, 24, 321-324. The Chinese University of Hong Kong (2000) Guidelines for Survey and Behavioural Research Ethics [online]. Available at: <http://ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/~b216718/Survey_Ethics/guidelines.html> [Accessed 20 December 2006].

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Thorsson, S., Lindqvist, M. & Lindqvist, S. (2004) Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Goteborg, Sweden. International Journal of Biometeorology, 48, 149-156. Bouyer, J., Vinet, J., Delpech P., Carre S., (2007), Thermal comfort assessment in semi-outdoor environment: Application to comfort study in stadia, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95,963-976 Gulyas, A.,Unger J.,, Matzarakis, A., (2006), Assessment of microclimatic and human comfort conditions in a complex urban environment: modelling and measurement, Building and Environment, 41,1713-1722 Johansson, E., Emmanuel, R., (2006), The influence of urban design on outdoor thermal comfort in the hot, humid city of Colombo, Sri Lanka, International Journal of Biometeorology, 51: 119-133

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APPENDICES Details of Measuring Equipment

Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

Questionnaire for Users Wind Comfort Level Study

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Appendix 3

Charts Showing Relationships between PET and TS

Figure A3.1 PET vs. TS (Summer 2007 Non-A/C Data)

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Figure A3.2 PET vs. TS (Summer 2007 A/C + Non-A/C Data)

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Figure A3.3 PET vs. TS (Winter 2006 A/C + Non-A/C Data)

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Figure A3.4 PET vs. TS (Summer 2007 Non-A/C Data, Parks)

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Figure A3.5 PET vs. TS (Summer 2007 Non-A/C Data, Estates)

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Figure A3.6 PET vs. TS (Summer 2007 Non-A/C Data, Streets)

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Appendix 4 Frequency Charts Showing Relationships between Air Temp, Wind Speed and TS Figure A4.1 Frequency Chart Showing Wind Speed and % of Subjects Obtaining TS=0 Based on Summer 2007 Non-A/C Data Season Summer 2007 Adaptation No AC within 15 min prior survey Place Park + Estate + Street
Percentage of Thermal Sensation = 0 (All Places, Summer 2007, non air conditioned subjects)
80 70 60

% subject with TS=0

50 40 30 20 10 0
WS <=0.5 0.5 < WS <=1.0 1.0 < WS <=1.5 1.5 < WS <=2.0 2.0 < WS <=2.5 WS >2.5

Wind Speed Category (WS in m/s)

Figure A4.2 Frequency Chart Showing Wind Speed and Air Temperature Based on Summer 2007 Non-A/C Data Summer 2007 Season Adaptation Place No AC within 15 min prior survey Park + Estate + Street

35.00

30.00

Air Temp

25.00

43

117

119 256

20.00

292

254

15.00

WS <=0.5 m/s

0.5 < WS <=1.0 1.0 < WS <=1.5 1.5 < WS <=2.0 2.0 < WS <=2.5 m/s m/s m/s m/s

WS >2.5m/s

Wind Category

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Appendix 5

Maps of Summer User Survey Locations in Chronological Order

Figure A5.1 Survey at Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong, at 7-9am on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.2 Survey at Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong, at 11am-1pm on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.3 Survey at Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong, at 3-5pm on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.4 Survey at Yu Man Fong, Kwun Tong, at 7-9am on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.5 Survey at Yu Man Fong, Kwun Tong, at 11am-1pm on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.6 Survey at Yu Man Fong, Kwun Tong, at 3-5pm on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.7 Survey at Yeung Uk Road, Tsuen Wan, at 7-9am on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.8 Survey at Yeung Uk Road, Tsuen Wan, at 11am-1pm on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.9 Survey at Yeung Uk Road, Tsuen Wan, at 3-5pm on 12 April 2007

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Figure A5.10 Survey at City One Shatin, Shatin, at 7-9am on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.11 Survey at City One Shatin, Shatin, at 11am-1pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.12 Survey at City One Shatin, Shatin, at 3-5pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.13 Survey at Hong Kong Park, Admiralty, at 7-9am on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.14 Survey at Hong Kong Park, Admiralty, at 11am-1pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.15 Survey at Hong Kong Park, Admiralty, at 3-5pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.16 Survey at Tin Shui Wai, at 7-9am on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.17 Survey at Tin Shui Wai, at 11am-1pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.18 Survey at Tin Shui Wai, at 3-5pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.19 Survey at Tung Chung, at 7-9am on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.20 Survey at Tung Chung, at 11am-1pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.21 Survey at Tung Chung, at 3-5pm on 28 April 2007

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Figure A5.22 Survey at Vision City, Tsuen Wan, at 11am-1pm on 9 May 2007

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Figure A5.23 Survey at Vision City, Tsuen Wan, at 3-5pm on 9 May 2007

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Figure A5.24 Survey at Man Wa Lane, Sheung Wan, at 7-9am on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.25 Survey at Man Wa Lane, Sheung Wan, at 12-2pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.26 Survey at Man Wa Lane, Sheung Wan, at 5-7pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.27 Survey at the Central, Central, at 7-9am on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.28 Survey at the Central, Central, at 12-2pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.29 Survey at the Central, Central, at 5-7pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.30 Survey at Shun Tak Center, Sheung Wan, at 7-9am on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.31 Survey at Shun Tak Centre, Sheung Wan, at 12-2pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.32 Survey at Shun Tak Centre, Sheung Wan, at 5-7pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.33 Survey at Gage Street, Sheung Wan, at 7-9am on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.34 Survey at Gage Street, Sheung Wan, at 12-2pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.35 Survey at Gage Street, Sheung Wan, at 5-7pm on 19 July 2007

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Figure A5.36 Survey at Seafront, Causeway Bay, at 7-9am on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.37 Survey at Victoria Park (near Children Playground), Causeway Bay, at 12-2pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.38 Survey at Victoria Park (near Children Playground), Causeway Bay, at 5-7pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.39 Survey at Victoria Park (near Children Playground), Causeway Bay, at 7-9am on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.40 Survey at Seafront, Causeway Bay, at 12-2pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.41 Survey at Seafront, Causeway Bay, at 5-7pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.42 Survey at Jardines Crescent, Causeway Bay, at 7-9am on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.43 Survey at Victoria Park (near Fountain), Causeway Bay, at 12-2pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.44 Survey at Jardines Crescent, Causeway Bay, at 5-7pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.45 Survey at Victoria Park (near Fountain), Causeway Bay, at 7-9am on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.46 Survey at Jardines Crescent, Causeway Bay, at 12-2pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.47 Survey at Victoria Park (near Fountain), Causeway Bay, at 5-7pm on 26 July 2007

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Figure A5.48 Survey at Argyle Street, Mong Kok, at 7-9am on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.49 Survey at Argyle Street, Mong Kok, at 12-2pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.50 Survey at Argyle Street, Mong Kok, at 5-7pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.51 Survey at Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui, at 7-9am on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.52 Survey at Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui, at 12-2pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.53 Survey at Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui, at 5-7pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.54 Survey at Park Lane Shoppers Boulevard, Tsim Sha Tsui, at 7-9am on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.55 Survey at Park Lane Shoppers Boulevard, Tsim Sha Tsui, at 12-2pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.56 Survey at Park Lane Shoppers Boulevard, Tsim Sha Tsui, at 5-7pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.57 Survey at Fa Yuen Street, Mong Kok, at 7-9am on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.58 Survey at Fa Yuen Street, Mong Kok, at 12-2pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.59 Survey at Fa Yuen Street, Mong Kok, at 5-7pm on 1 August 2007

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Figure A5.60 Survey at Heng Fa Chuen at 7-9am on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.61 Survey at Heng Fa Chuen at 12-2pm on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.62 Survey at Heng Fa Chuen at 5-7pm on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.63 Survey at Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong at 7-9am on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.64 Survey at Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong at 12-2pm on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.65 Survey at Kwun Tong Road, Kwun Tong at 5-7pm on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.66 Survey at Sha Tsui Road, Tsuen Wan at 7-9am on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.67 Survey at Sha Tsui Road, Tsuen Wan at 12-2pm on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.68 Survey at Sha Tsui Road, Tsuen Wan at 5-7pm on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.69 Survey at Kwai Chung Estate, Kwai Chung, at 7-9am on 4 August 2007

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Figure A5.70 Survey at Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Mei Foo, at 12-2pm on 29 August 2007

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Figure A5.71 Survey at Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Mei Foo, at 5-7pm on 29 August 2007

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Figure A5.72 Survey at Kwai Chung Estate, Kwai Chung, at 12-2pm on 30 August 2007

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Figure A5.73 Survey at Kwai Chung Estate, Kwai Chung, at 5-7pm on 30 August 2007

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Appendix 6

HKO Long-Term Monthly Air Temperature Data

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Appendix 7 Look-up Table Showing % of Subjects with nTS and Corresponding nPET Range

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Appendix 8

PET Look-up Table

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Appendix 9 Conditions

TS-PET Relationship under Typical Hong Kong Summer and Winter

Based on the survey non-A/C dataset, the understanding of TS vs. mean PET can be summarized as follows: Winter (with Ta=16.3): When TS= -1, n=76 1.0667 * HKO -Ta 3.8788 (R= 0.4058) When TS= 0, n=348 1.1639* HKO-Ta 4.3683 (R=0.6777) When TS=1, n=61 1.1971* HKO-Ta 3.2432 (R=0.6546) Summer (with Ta=27.9): When TS= -1, n=10, 1.0667 * HKO -Ta 3.8788 (R= 0.4058) When TS= 0, n=262 1.1639* HKO-Ta 4.3683 (R=0.6777) When TS= 1, n=208 1.1971* HKO-Ta 3.2432 (R=0.6546) When TS= 2, n=144 1.3805* HKO-Ta 7.6544 (R= 0.5947) When TS=3, n=61 1.2438* HKO-Ta 3.1422 (R= 0.4222) PET= 25.9 nPET= 28.1 PET= 30.2 PET= 30.9 PET= 31.6 PET= 13.5 nPET= 14.6 PET=16.3

Note: Using the survey non-A/C dataset, when survey results of various TS (-1, 0, 1, 2, 3) are filtered, a HKO Ta vs. PET is regressed, and winter Ta of 16.3 and summer Ta of 27.9are input to the regressed equations shown above, PET value could be found. The understanding suggests that given a typical weather conditions, the survey subjects will report an increasing TS when PET increases.

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Appendix 10

Various Environmental Conditions for Summer nPET=28.1 degree C

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Appendix 11 Physiologically Equivalent Temperature as Indicator for Impacts of Climate Change on Thermal Comfort of Humans
Andreas Matzarakis and Bas Amelung

Since the 1960s, heat balance models of the human body have become more and more accepted in the assessment of thermal comfort. The basis for these models is the human energy balance equation. One of the first heat balance models is the comfort equation defined by Fanger (1972). Two decades later, Jendritzky et al. (1990) managed to make Fangers approach applicable to outdoor conditions by assigning appropriate parameters to adjust the model the much more complex outdoor radiation conditions. This approach, which is also known as the Klima Michel Model, is now increasingly being applied. Since this model was designed only to estimate an integral index for the thermal component of climate and not to represent a realistic description of thermal body conditions, it is able to work without the consideration of fundamental thermo-physiological regulatory processes. For example, in Fangers approach the mean skin temperature and sweat rate are quantified as comfort values, being only dependent on activity and not on climatic conditions (Hppe 1999).

More universally applicable models take into account all basic thermoregulatory processes, like the constriction or dilation of peripheral blood vessels and the physiological sweat rate (Hppe 1993, 1999). They enable the user to predict real values of thermal quantities of the body, i.e. skin temperature, core temperature, sweat rate or skin wetness. The Munich energy balance model for individuals (MEMI) (Hppe 1993) is such a thermo-physiological heat balance model. It is the basis for the calculation of the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). In detail the MEMI model is based on the energy balance equation (9.1) for the human body: M+W+R+C+E +E +E +S= D Re Sw 0 (9.1) Where, M the metabolic rate (internal energy production), W the physical work output, R the net radiation of the body, C the convective heat flow, ED the latent heat flow to evaporate water diffusing through the skin (imperceptible perspiration), Ere the sum of heat flows for heating and humidifying the inspired air, ESw the heat flow due to evaporation of sweat, and S the storage heat flow for heating or cooling the body mass. The individual terms in this equation have positive signs if they result in an energy gain for the body and negative signs in the case of an energy loss (M is always positive; W, ED and Esw are always negative). The unit of all heat flows is in Watt (Hppe 1999).

The individual heat flows in Eq. 9.1, are controlled by the following meteorological parameters (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1998; Hppe 1999):

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Air temperature: C, ERe Air humidity: ED, ERe, ESw Wind velocity: C, ESw Mean radiant temperature: R Thermo-physiological parameters are required in addition: Heat resistance of clothing (clo units) Activity of humans (in Watt)

The human body does not have any selective sensors for the perception of individual climatic parameters, but can only register (by thermoreceptors) and make a thermoregulatory response to the temperature (and any changes) of the skin and blood flow passing the hypothalamus (Hppe 1993, 1999). These temperatures, however, are influenced by the integrated effect of all climatic parameters, which are in some kind of interrelation, i.e. affect each other. In weather situations with less wind speed, for instance, the mean radiant temperature has roughly the same importance for the heat balance of the human body as the air temperature. At days with higher wind speeds, air temperature is more important than the mean radiant temperature because it dominates now the increased enhanced convective heat exchange. These interactions are only quantifiable in a realistic way by means of heat balance models (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1998; Hppe 1999). PET is defined to be equivalent to the air temperature that is required to reproduce in a standardised indoor setting and for a standardised person the core and skin temperatures that are observed under the conditions being assessed (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1998; Hppe 1999). The standardised person is characterised by a work metabolism of 80 W of light activity, in addition to basic metabolism; and by 0.9 clo of heat resistance as a result of clothing.

The following assumptions are made for the indoor reference climate: Mean radiant temperature equals air temperature (Tmrt = Ta). Air velocity (wind speed) is fixed at v = 0.1 m/s. Water vapour pressure is set to 12 hPa (approximately equivalent to a relative humidity of 50% at Ta = 20C).

The calculation of PET includes the following steps:

Calculation of the thermal conditions of the body with MEMI for a given combination of meteorological parameters.

Insertion of the calculated values for mean skin temperature and core temperature into the model MEMI and solving the energy balance equation system for the air temperature Ta (with v = 0.1 m/s, VP = 12 hPa and Tmrt = Ta).

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Finally the resulting air temperature is equivalent to PET. PET allows the evaluation of thermal conditions in a physiologically significant manner, too. With respect to this, Matzarakis and Mayer (1996) transferred ranges of PMV for thermal perception and grade of physiological stress on human beings (Fanger 1972; Mayer 1993) into corresponding PET ranges (Table 9.2). They are valid only for the assumed values of internal heat production and thermal resistance of the clothing.

It is worth mentioning that the VDI-guideline 3787 part 2 methods for the human-biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for urban and regional planning, part I: climate(Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1998) recommends the application of PET for the evaluation of the thermal component of different climates to emphasize the significance of PET more further. This guideline is edited by the German Association of Engineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure VDI).

PET can be calculated with the radiation and bioclimate model RayMan, which is suitable for the calculation of the radiation fluxes and thermal indices a.e. PET in easy and complex environments (Matzarakis et al. 2000). RayMan includes the MEMI model and the calculation procedure for PET and is free available software.

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Appendix 12 PET Programme Code in Fortran

Physiologisch aequivalente Temperatur PET (berechnet auf der Basis von MEMI) I

C----------------------------------------------------------------------+

program PETBER

real acl,adu,aeff,age,c(0:10),cair,cb,cbare,cclo,csum, + di,ed,emcl,emsk,enbal,enbal2,ere,erel,eres,esw,eswdif, + eswphy,eswpot,eta,evap,facl,fcl,fec,feff,food,h,hc,he, + ht,htcl,icl,mbody,met,metbf,metbm,metf,metm,p,po, + r1,r2,rbare,rcl,rclo,rclo2,rdcl,rdsk,rob,rsum,rtv, + sigm,sw,swf,swm,ta,tbody,tcl,tcore(1:7),tex,tmrt,tsk,tx, + v,vb,vb1,vb2,vpa,vpex,vpts,wetsk,wd,work,wr,ws,wsum,xx

integer contr,count1,count2,pos,sex character esc esc=char(27) open (6,file = 'out.tab')

PERSONENDATEN

age = 35. mbody ht = 75.

= 1.75

work = 80. eta = 0. icl = 0.9 fcl = 1.15 pos = 1

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sex = 1

KONSTANTEN

po p

= 1013.25 = 1013.25

rob = 1.06 cb = 3.64 * 1000.

food = 0. emsk = 0.99

emcl = 0.95 evap = 2.42 * 10. ** 6. sigm = 5.67 * 10. **(-8.)

INTERAKTIVE DATENEINGABE

do 180 count2 = 1,1000

10

print *,esc,'[2J' print *,esc,'[37;44m' print '(1x,a,\)',' Lufttemperatur Ta in C read *, ta print '(1x,a,\)',' Mittl. Strahlungstemperatur Tmrt in C read *,tmrt print '(1x,a,\)',' Dampfdruck EL in hPa read *,vpa print '(1x,a,\)',' Windgeschwindigkeit v in m/s read *,v :' :' :' :'

UEBERPRUEFUNG DER EINGABEDATEN

print *,esc,'[2J' print *,esc,'[37;41m' print '(a,f10.2)',' Die Lufttemperatur in C betraegt : ',ta

print '(a,f10.2)',' Die Strahlungstemp.in C betraegt : ',tmrt print '(a,f10.2)',' print '(a,f10.2)',' Der Dampfdruck in hPa betraegt Die Windgeschw. in m/s betraegt : ',vpa : ',v

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print *,' ' print *,' ' print *, + ' print *, + ' wenn ja = 1 , nein = 0 , zurueck zum Anfang : ' read *,contr if (contr .eq. 0) goto 10 Sind die eingegebenen Werte richtig? '

print *,esc,'[2J' print *,esc,'[30;42;5m' print *,' +Ergebnisse C ' Etwas Geduld bitte, ich liefere gleich die

AUFRUF DER UNTERPROGRAMME

call INKOERP + +

(age,cair,eta,ere,erel,eres,evap,h,ht,mbody, met,metbf,metbm,metf,metm,p,rtv,sex,ta,tex, vpa,vpex,work)

call BERECH (acl,adu,aeff,c,cair,cb,cbare, + + + + + + + cclo,count1,csum,di,ed,emcl,emsk,enbal, enbal2,ere,erel,esc,esw,eswdif,eswphy,eswpot, evap,facl,fcl,fec,feff,food,h,hc,he,ht,htcl,icl,j, mbody,p,po,r1,r2,rbare,rcl, rclo,rclo2,rdcl,rdsk,rob,rsum,sex,sigm,sw,swf,swm, ta,tbody,tcl,tcore,tmrt,tsk,v,vb,vb1,vb2, vpa,vpts,wetsk,wd,wr,ws,wsum,xx)

call PET (acl,adu,aeff,cair,emcl,emsk,esw,evap, + + facl,feff,h,p,po,rdcl,rdsk, rtv,sigm,ta,tcl,tsk,tx,vpts,wetsk)

call PRINT (age,count2,ed,esc,esw,ere,h,ht,icl,j,mbody, + + rsum,csum,ta,tcl,tcore,tmrt,tsk,tx,v, vpa,wetsk,work,ws,wsum)

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read *, contr if (contr .ne. 1) goto 190 180 continue

190

stop end

INNERE KOERPERENERGIE

subroutine inkoerp(age,cair,eta,ere,erel,eres,evap,h,ht,mbody, + + met,metbf,metbm,metf,metm,p,rtv,sex,ta,tex, vpa,vpex,work)

real age,cair,eta,ere,erel,eres,evap,h,ht,mbody, + + met,metbf,metbm,metf,metm,p,rtv,ta,tex, vpa,vpex,work

integer sex

metbf = 3.19 * mbody ** (3./4.) * (1. + 0.004 *(30. -age) + + 0.018 *((ht*100./(mbody**(1./3.))) - 42.1))

metbm = 3.45 * mbody ** (3./4.) * (1. + 0.004 *(30. -age) + + 0.010 *((ht*100./(mbody**(1./3.))) - 43.4))

metm = work + metbm metf = work + metbf

if(sex .eq. 1) if(sex .eq. 2)

met = metm met = metf

h = met * (1. - eta)

SENSIBLE RESPIRATIONS ENERGIE

cair = 1.01 * 1000. tex rtv = 0.47 * ta + 21.0

= 1.44 * 10. ** (-6.) * met

eres = cair * (ta - tex) * rtv

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LATENTE RESPIRATIONSENERGIE

vpex

= 6.11 * 10. ** (7.45 * tex / (235. +tex))

erel= 0.623 * evap / p * (vpa - vpex) * rtv

SUMME DER ERGEBNISSE

ere = eres + erel return end

UNTERPROGRAMM BERECH

subroutine BERECH (acl,adu,aeff,c,cair,cb,cbare, + + + + + + + cclo,count1,csum,di,ed,emcl,emsk,enbal, enbal2,ere,erel,esc,esw,eswdif,eswphy,eswpot, evap,facl,fcl,fec,feff,food,h,hc,he,ht,htcl,icl,j, mbody,p,po,r1,r2,rbare,rcl, rclo,rclo2,rdcl,rdsk,rob,rsum,sex,sigm,sw,swf,swm, ta,tbody,tcl,tcore,tmrt,tsk,v,vb,vb1,vb2, vpa,vpts,wetsk,wd,wr,ws,wsum,xx)

real + + + + + + +

acl,adu,aeff,c(0:10),cair,cb,cbare, cclo,csum,di,ed,emcl,emsk,enbal, enbal2,ere,erel,esw,eswdif,eswphy,eswpot, evap,facl,fcl,fec,feff,food,h,hc,he,ht,htcl,icl, mbody,p,po,r1,r2,rbare,rcl, rclo,rclo2,rdcl,rdsk,rob,rsum,sigm,sw,swf,swm, ta,tbody,tcl,tcore(1:7),tmrt,tsk,v,vb,vb1,vb2, vpa,vpts,wetsk,wd,wr,ws,wsum,xx

integer count1,count3,j,sex character esc esc=char(27)

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wetsk adu

= 0. = 0.203 * mbody ** 0.425 * ht ** 0.725

hc = 2.67 + ( 6.5 * v ** 0.67) hc = hc * (p /po) ** 0.55

feff = 0.725 C rcl = icl / 6.45 facl = (- 2.36 + 173.51 * icl - 100.76 * icl * icl + 19.28 + C if (facl .gt.1.) facl = 1. * (icl ** 3.)) / 100.

rcl = (icl/6.45)/facl if (icl.ge.2.) y = 1.

if ((icl .gt. 0.6) .and. (icl .lt. 2.))

y = (ht - 0.2) / ht

if ((icl .le. 0.6) .and. (icl .gt. 0.3)) y = 0.5 if ((icl .le. 0.3) .and. (icl .gt. 0.)) y = 0.1

r2 r1

= adu * (fcl - 1. + facl) / (2. * 3.14 * ht * y) = facl * adu / (2. * 3.14 * ht * y)

di

= r2 - r1

HAUTTEMPERATUREN

do 90 j = 1,7

tsk

= 34. =0 = (ta + tmrt + tsk) / 3. =1

count1 tcl count3 enbal2 = 0.

20

acl

= adu * facl + adu * (fcl - 1.)

rclo2 = emcl*sigm *((tcl+273.2)** 4.-(tmrt+273.2)** 4.)*feff htcl = 6.28 * ht * y * di / (rcl * alog(r2/r1) * acl) tsk = 1. / htcl * (hc * (tcl - ta) + rclo2) + tcl

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STRAHLUNGSSALDO

aeff

= adu * feff

rbare = aeff * (1.-facl) * emsk * sigm * + ((tmrt + 273.2) ** 4. - (tsk + 273.2) ** 4.)

rclo = feff * acl * emcl * sigm * + rsum ((tmrt + 273.2) ** 4. - (tcl + 273.2) ** 4.) = rbare + rclo

KONVEKTION

cbare = hc * (ta - tsk) * adu * (1. - facl) cclo = hc * (ta - tcl ) * acl

csum = cbare + cclo

KERNTEMPERATUR

c(0) = h + ere c(1) = adu * rob * cb c(2) c(3) c(4) c(5) c(6) c(7) c(8) c(9) = 18. - 0.5 * tsk = 5.28 * adu * c(2) = 0.0208 * c(1) = 0.76075 * c(1) = c(3) - c(5) - tsk * c(4) = - c(0) * c(2) - tsk * c(3) + tsk * c(5) = c(6) * c(6) - 4. * c(4) * c(7) = 5.28 * adu - c(5) - c(4) * tsk

c(10) = c(9) * c(9) - 4. * c(4) * + C if (tsk.eq.36.) tsk=36.01 tcore(7) = c(0) / (5.28 * adu + c(1) * 6.3 / 3600.) + tsk tcore(3) = c(0) / (5.28 * adu + (c(1) * 6.3 / 3600.) / + (1 + 0.5 * (34. -tsk))) + tsk (c(5) * tsk - c(0) - 5.28 * adu * tsk)

if (c(10) .lt. 0.) goto 22 tcore(6) = (- c(9) - c(10) ** 0.5) / (2. * c(4)) tcore(1) = (- c(9) + c(10) ** 0.5) / (2. * c(4)) 22 if (c(8) .lt. 0.) goto 24

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tcore(2) = (- c(6) + abs(c(8)) ** 0.5) / (2. * c(4)) tcore(5) = (- c(6) 24 abs(c(8)) ** 0.5) / (2. * c(4))

tcore(4) = c(0) / (5.28 * adu + c(1) * 1. / 40.) + tsk

TRANSPIRATION

tbody = 0.1 * tsk + 0.9 * tcore (j) swm = 304.94 * (tbody - 36.6) * adu / 3600000. vpts = 6.11 * 10. ** (7.45 * tsk / (235. + tsk))

if (tbody .le. 36.6) swm = 0. swf = 0.7 * swm

if(sex .eq. 1) sw = swm if(sex .eq. 2) sw = swf eswphy = - sw * evap he fec = 0.633 * hc / (p * cair) = 1. / (1. + 0.92 * hc * rcl)

eswpot = he * (vpa - vpts) * adu * evap * fec wetsk = eswphy / eswpot

if (wetsk .gt. 1.) wetsk = 1.

eswdif = eswphy - eswpot

if (eswdif .le. 0.) esw = eswpot if (eswdif .gt. 0.) esw = eswphy if (esw .gt. 0.) esw = 0.

DIFFUSION

rdsk = 0.79 * 10. ** 7. rdcl = 0. ed = evap / (rdsk + rdcl) * adu * (1 - wetsk) * (vpa-vpts)

MAX VB

vb1 = 34. - tsk

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vb2 = tcore(j) - 36.6

if (vb2 .lt.0.) vb2 = 0. if (vb1 .lt.0.) vb1 = 0. vb = (6.3 + 75. * (vb2)) / (1. + 0.5 * vb1)

ENERGIEBILANZ

enbal = h + ed + ere + esw + csum + rsum + food

KLEIDUNGSTEMPERATUR

if (count1 .eq.0) xx = 1. if (count1 .eq.1) xx = 0.1 if (count1 .eq.2) xx = 0.01 if (count1 .eq.3) xx = 0.001

if (enbal .gt. 0.) tcl = tcl + xx if (enbal .lt. 0.) tcl = tcl - xx

if ((enbal .le. 0.) .and. (enbal2 .gt. 0.)) goto 30 if ((enbal .ge. 0.) .and. (enbal2 .lt. 0.)) goto 30 enbal2 = enbal count3 C if (count3 .gt. 200) goto 30 goto 20 30 if ((count1 .eq.0.).or.(count1.eq.1.).or.(count1.eq.2.)) then count1 = count1 + 1. enbal2 = 0. goto 20 end if C if (count1 .eq. 3.) then C if ((j .eq. 2) .or. (j .eq. 5)) goto 40 if ((j .eq. 6) .or. (j .eq. 1)) goto 50 if (j .eq. 3) goto 60 = count3 + 1

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if (j .eq. 7) goto 70 if (j .eq. 4) goto 80

end if

40

if (c(8) .lt. 0.) goto 90 if ((tcore(j) .ge. 36.6) .and. (tsk .le. 34.050)) goto 80 goto 90

50

if (c(10) .lt. 0. ) goto 90 if ((tcore(j) .ge. 36.6) .and. (tsk .gt. 33.850)) goto 80 goto 90

60

if ((tcore(j) .lt. 36.6) .and. (tsk .le. 34.000)) goto 80 goto 90

70

if ((tcore(j) .lt. 36.6) .and. (tsk .gt. 34.000)) goto 80 goto 90

80

if ((j .ne. 4) .and. (vb .ge. 91.))

goto 90

if ((j. eq. 4) .and. (vb .lt. 89.)) goto 90 if (vb .gt. 90.) vb = 90.

WASSERVERLUSTE

ws = sw * 3600. * 1000. if (ws .gt.2000.) ws = 2000. wd = ed / evap * 3600. * (-1000.) wr = erel / evap * 3600. * (-1000.)

wsum = ws + wr + wd

goto 100 90 100 continue return end

UNTERPROGRAMM PET

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subroutine PET (acl,adu,aeff,cair,emcl,emsk,esw,evap, + + facl,feff,h,p,po,rdcl,rdsk, rtv,sigm,ta,tcl,tsk,tx,vpts,wetsk)

real + + +

acl,adu,aeff,cair,cbare,cclo,csum,ed, emcl,emsk,enbal,enbal2,ere,erel,eres,esw,evap, facl,feff,h,hc,p,po,rbare,rclo,rdcl,rdsk,rsum, rtv,sigm,ta,tcl,tex,tsk,tx,vpex,vpts,wetsk,xx

integer count1

tx = ta enbal2 = 0. count1 = 0

150

hc = 2.67 + 6.5 * 0.1 ** 0.67 hc = hc * (p /po) ** 0.55

STRAHLUNGSSALDO

aeff = adu * feff rbare + = aeff * (1.- facl ) * emsk * sigm * ((tx + 273.2) ** 4. - (tsk + 273.2) ** 4.)

rclo = feff * acl * emcl * sigm * + ((tx + 273.2) ** 4. - (tcl + 273.2) ** 4.)

rsum = rbare + rclo

KONVEKTION

cbare = hc * (tx - tsk) * adu * (1. - facl) cclo = hc * (tx - tcl) * acl

csum = cbare + cclo

DIFFUSION

ed

= evap / (rdsk + rdcl) * adu * (1. - wetsk) * (12.-vpts)

ATMUNG

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tex

= 0.47 * tx + 21.

eres = cair * (tx - tex) * rtv vpex = 6.11 * 10. ** (7.45 * tex / (235. + tex))

erel = 0.623 * evap / p * (12. - vpex) * rtv ere = eres + erel

ENERGIEBILANZ

enbal = h + ed + ere + esw + csum + rsum

ITERATION BEZUEGLICH ta

if (count1 .eq.0) xx = 1. if (count1 .eq.1) xx = 0.1 if (count1 .eq.2) xx = 0.01 if (count1 .eq.3) xx = 0.001 if (enbal .gt.0.) if (enbal .lt.0.) tx = tx - xx tx = tx + xx

if ((enbal .le.0.) .and. (enbal2 .gt.0.)) goto 160 if ((enbal .ge.0.) .and. (enbal2 .lt.0.)) goto 160

enbal2 = enbal goto 150 160 count1 = count1 + 1 if (count1 .eq.4) goto 170 goto 150 170 return end

UNTERPROGRAMM PRINT

subroutine PRINT (age,count2,ed,esc,esw,ere,h,ht,icl,j,mbody, + + rsum,csum,ta,tcl,tcore,tmrt,tsk,tx,v, vpa,wetsk,work,ws,wsum)

real +

age,ed,esw,ere,h,ht,icl,mbody, rsum,csum,ta,tcl,tcore(1:7),tmrt,tsk,

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+ integer character esc

tx,v,vpa,wetsk,work,ws,wsum count2,j

SPEICHERUNG DER ERGEBNISSE IN DIE DATEI OUT.TAB

if (count2 .eq. 1) then write (6,*) ' Berechnung der write (6,*) ' Physiologisch Aequivalenten Temperatur P E T' write (6,*) ' aus dem Energiebilanzmodell MEMI write (6,*) write (6,*) ' Programmversion: Hoeppe, 1.5.1996 write (6,*) write(6,'(2(a,f8.2))') ' Arbeitsums. in W : ',work, +' Groesse : ',ht : ',mbody, ' ' '

write(6,'(2(a,f8.2))') ' Gewicht in kg +' Alter write(6,'(a,f8.2,a)') ' +' write (6,*) write (6,*) + ' Ta +' end if B Tmrt PET' V El Ts Position : ',age Kleidung in clo

: ',icl,

: stehend'

Tcl

Ws

',

write (6,'(9(f7.2))') ta,tmrt,v,vpa,tsk,tcl,ws,wetsk,tx

AUSGABE DER ERGEBNISSE AM BILDSCHIRM print *,esc,'[30;41;0m' print *,esc,'[37;44m' print *,esc,'[2J' print * ,' KLIMAPARAMETER in C in C in hPa in m/s ' : ',ta : ',tmrt : ',vpa : ',v

print '(a,f8.2)',' Lufttemperatur print '(a,f8.2)',' Strahlungstemperatur print '(a,f8.2)',' Dampfdruck print '(a,f8.2)',' Windgeschwindigkeit print *,' '

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print * ,'

KOERPERPARAMETER in C

' : ',

print '(a,f8.2)',' Kerntemperatur + tcore(j) print '(a,f8.2)',' Hauttemperatur

in C

: ', tsk : ',wsum : ',wetsk

print '(a,f8.2)',' Gesamtwasserverlust in g/h print '(a,f8.2)',' Hautbenetzung C WAERMEFLUESSE print *,' ' print *,' WAERMEFLUESSE'

print'(a,f8.2)',' Innere Waerme in W print'(a,f8.2)',' Strahlungssaldo in W print'(a,f8.2)',' Konvektion in W print'(a,f8.2)',' Wasserdampfdiffusion in W print'(a,f8.2)',' Schweissverdunstung in W print'(a,f8.2)',' Respiration in W print *,esc,'[37;41m' print'(a,f6.2)',' P E T

: ', h : ',rsum : ',csum : ', ed : ', esw : ', ere

',tx

print*,esc,'[37;40m' print *,'Wollen Sie noch mehr Daten verarbeiten ? (Ja=1, Nein=0) + return end '

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Appendix 13

Further Statistical Understanding

Simulation study on the statistical properties of the estimators 1) Since it has been agreed that probability sampling would not be attempted in the users wind comfort level survey, statistical analysis based on the assumptions of probability sampling should be very carefully interpreted. 2) The simulation analysis observes that there is a positive relationship between air temperature and the neutral PET value. This statistical observation coincides with the concepts of adaptation and acclimatization in the field of thermal bio-meteorology. Logistic regression analysis 1) The logistic regression analysis has confirmed that temperature, wind speed and solar radiation have statistically significant positive relationship with the neutral PET (nPET). The findings are in line with the understanding in the field of thermal bio-meteorology. 2) Furthermore, the analysis has confirmed the prediction power of the model using PET. This is more or less the same as the statistical model using individual micro-climatic variables.

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Appendix 14 Further Understanding of the Logistic Regression Simulation Background The consultant team has done the logistic regression simulation. Besides using solar radiation (SR) as one of the independent variables in the fitted model, mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) has been added. The purpose is to compare the results when different climatic parameters, i.e. air temperature (T), wind speed (WS), solar radiation (SR) and mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) are put in the fitted model in different combinations. Method 1: Using T, WS and Tmrt as independent variables The objective of this method is to find out how many Celsius degrees () of air temperature needs to increase when 1m/s of wind speed increases in order to keep the proportion of people perceiving neutral unchanged. In this method, T, WS and Tmrt are the independent variables and Tmrt holds constant in the equation derived from the logistic regression fitted model. From the SPSS analysis, the equation derived is =9.174-0.297T+0.629WS-0.048Tmrt (see Table A12.1)

Table A12.1: Equation Derived from the Fitted Model (Independent Variables: T, WS & Tmrt)

From the above equation, when 1m/s of wind speed increases, about 2.118 increase in air temperature can keep the proportion of people perceiving neutral unchanged. Method 2: Using T, WS and SR as independent variables When T, WS and SR are considered independent variables and SR holds constant, the equation derived from the fitted model is Table A12.2). =8.810-0.332T+0.517WS-0.001SR (see

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Table A12.2: Equation Derived from the Fitted Model (Independent Variables: T, WS & SR)

From the above equation, when 1m/s of wind speed increases, about 1.557 increase in air temperature can keep the proportion of people perceiving neutral unchanged. Method 3: Using T, WS, SR and Tmrt as independent variables In this case, T, WS, SR and Tmrt are considered independent variables, and SR as well as Tmrt hold constant, the equation derived from the fitted model is =9.151-0.298T+0.629WS-0.000SR (see Table A12.3).

Table A12.3: Equation Derived from the Fitted Model (Independent Variables: T, WS, SR & Tmrt)

From the above equation, it is shown that SR with 0.894 Sig. is not statistically significant in this case. Therefore, it reflects that SR does not have much relationship with the probability of perceiving neutral. Using the above equation, when 1m/s of wind speed increases, about 2.111 increase in air temperature can keep the proportion of people perceiving neutral unchanged. The result is as same as that generated from method 1.

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Conclusion Compared to the equations derived from method 1 and 3, it is shown that Tmrt is more statistically significant than SR in the logistic regression fitted model even if the results generated are almost the same. Moreover, the result obtained from method 1 and 3, i.e. 1m/s increase in wind speed needs about 2.11 increase in air temperature to keep the proportion of people perceiving neutral unchanged, is more approximate to the result obtained from the longitudinal survey in which changes in environment and human adaptation have been taken into account.

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Appendix 15 Climatic requirements when neutral PET=28.5

Calculation of the nPET from the HKO 1971-2000 dataset has also been conducted. From the HKO technical note No. 83, the mean summer temperature is 28.3. Using the formula as outlined in section 4.3 of the main text, the mean nPET is 28.5. Under this condition, a wind speed of 0.48-1.29 m/s can be identified. It is demonstrated that there is insignificant difference (refer to Table 4 in the main text) in the recommended wind speed based on long-term or the short-term climatic data set.

PET=28.5() Ta() Tmrt() 30 32 34 36 28.3 38 40 42 44 46 V(m/s) 0.48 0.87 1.29 1.80 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.26 5.01

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