Appendix A: Cost Equations and

Curves for the CAPCOST Program

The purpose of this appendix is to present the equations and

figures that describe the relationships used in the capital
equipment-costing program CAPCOST introduced in Chapter 7
and used throughout the text. The program is based on the
module factor approach to costing that was originally
introduced by Guthrie [1, 2] and modified by Ulrich [3].

A.1 PURCHASED EQUIPMENT COSTS

All the data for the purchased cost of equipment for the second
edition of this book were obtained from a survey of equipment
manufacturers during the period May to September of 2001, so
an average value of the CEPCI of 397 over this period should be
used when accounting for inflation.
Additional process equipment were added to the third
edition as follows:
Conveyors

Crystallizers

Dryers

Dust Collectors

Filters

Mixers

Reactors

Screens

The purchased costs for these types of equipment were obtained

in 2003, but the costs given in this appendix have been
normalized to 2001. For this additional equipment, bare
module factors were not available, nor were pressure factors or
materials of construction factors. In general, these units are
generally bought as a package, and installation in the plant is
not expensive. The bare module factors for these units are taken
to be the field installation factors given by Guthrie [1, 2].
Data for the purchased cost of the equipment, at ambient
operating pressure and using carbon steel construction,
were fitted to the following equation:

where A is the capacity or size parameter for the equipment.

The data for K1, K2, and K3, along with the maximum and
minimum values used in the correlation, are given in Table A.1.
These data are also presented in the form of graphs in Figures
A.1–A.17. It should be noted that in these figures, the data are
plotted as as a function of size attribute A. This form of
the graph clearly illustrates the decreasing cost per unit of
capacity as the size of the equipment increases.

Table A.1 Equipment Cost Data to Be Used with

Equation (A.1)

Equipment Equipment Capacity, Min Max

Type Description K1 K2 K3 Units Size Size

Blenders Kneader 5.0141 0.5867 0.3224 Volume, 0.14 3

2
m

Ribbon 4.1366 0.5072 0.0070 Volume, 0.7 11

2
m

Rotary 4.1366 0.5072 0.0070 Volume, 0.7 11

2
m

Centrifuges Auto batch 4.7681 0.9740 0.0240 Diameter, 0.5 1.7

separator m

Centrifugal 4.3612 0.8764 −0.0049 Diameter, 0.5 1

separator m

Oscillating 4.8600 0.3340 0.1063 Diameter, 0.5 1.1

screen m

Solid bowl 4.9697 1.1689 0.0038 Diameter, 0.3 2

w/o motor m

Compressors Centrifugal, 2.2897 1.3604 −0.1027 Fluid 450 3000

axial, and power,
reciprocating kW

Rotary 5.0355 −1.8002 0.8253 Fluid 18 950

power,
kW
2
Conveyors Apron 3.9255 0.5039 0.1506 Area, m 1.0 15
2
Belt 4.0637 0.2584 0.1550 Area, m 0.5 325
2
Pneumatic 4.6616 0.3205 0.0638 Area, m 0.75 65
2
Screw 3.6062 0.2659 0.1982 Area, m 0.5 30

Crystallizers Batch 4.5097 0.1731 0.1344 Volume, 1.5 30

3
m

Drives Gas turbine −21.7702 13.2175 −1.5279 Shaft 7500 23,000

power,
kW

Intern comb. 2.7635 0.8574 −0.0098 Shaft 10 10,000

engine power,
kW

Steam 2.6259 1.4398 −0.1776 Shaft 70 7500

turbine power,
kW

Electric— 2.4604 1.4191 −0.1798 Shaft 75 2600

explosion- power,
proof kW

Electric— 1.9560 1.7142 −0.2282 Shaft 75 2600

totally power,
enclosed kW

Electric— 2.9508 1.0688 −0.1315 Shaft 75 2600

 open/drip- power,
proof kW
2
Dryers Drum 4.5472 0.2731 0.1340 Area, m 0.5 50
2
Rotary, gas 3.5645 1.1118 −0.0777 Area, m 5 100
fired
2
Tray 3.6951 0.5442 −0.1248 Area, m 1.8 20

Dust Baghouse 4.5007 0.4182 0.0813 Volume, 0.08 350

3
collectors m

Cyclone 3.6298 0.5009 0.0411 Volume, 0.06 200

3
scrubbers m

Electrostatic 3.6298 0.5009 0.0411 Volume, 0.06 200

3
precipitator m

Venturi 3.6298 0.5009 0.0411 Volume, 0.06 200

3
scrubber m
2
Evaporators Forced 5.0238 0.3475 0.0703 Area, m 5 1000
circulation
(pumped)
2
Falling film 3.9119 0.8627 −0.0088 Area, m 50 500
2
Agitated film 5.0000 0.1490 −0.0134 Area, m 0.5 5
(scraped wall)
2
Short tube 5.2366 −0.6572 0.3500 Area, m 10 100
2
Long tube 4.6420 0.3698 0.0025 Area, m 100 10,000

Fans Centrifugal 3.5391 −0.3533 0.4477 Gas 1 100

radial flowrate,
3
m /s

Backward 3.3471 −0.0734 0.3090 Gas 1 100

curve flowrate,
3
m /s

Axial vane 3.1761 −0.1373 0.3414 Gas 1 100

flowrate,
3
m /s

Axial tube 3.0414 −0.3375 0.4722 Gas 1 100

flowrate,
3
m /s
2
Filters Bent 5.1055 0.4999 0.0001 Area, m 0.9 115
2
Cartridge 3.2107 0.7597 0.0027 Area, m 15 200
2
Disc and 4.8123 0.2858 0.0420 Area, m 0.9 300
drum
2
Gravity 4.2756 0.3520 0.0714 Area, m 0.5 80
2
Leaf 3.8187 0.6235 0.0176 Area, m 0.6 235
2
Pan 4.8123 0.2858 0.0420 Area, m 0.9 300
2
Plate and 4.2756 0.3520 0.0714 Area, m 0.5 80
frame
2
Table 5.1055 0.4999 0.0001 Area, m 0.9 115
2
Tube 5.1055 0.4999 0.0001 Area, m 0.9 115

Furnaces Reformer 3.0680 0.6597 0.0194 Duty, kW 3000 100,000

furnace

Pyrolysis 2.3859 0.9721 −0.0206 Duty, kW 3000 100,000

furnace

Nonreactive 7.3488 −1.1666 0.2028 Duty, kW 1000 100,000

 fired heater
2
Heat Scraped wall 3.7803 0.8569 0.0349 Area, m 2 20
exchangers
2
Teflon tube 3.8062 0.8924 −0.1671 Area, m 1 10
2
Bayonet 4.2768 −0.0495 0.1431 Area, m 10 1000
2
Floating head 4.8306 −0.8509 0.3187 Area, m 10 1000
2
Fixed tube 4.3247 −0.3030 0.1634 Area, m 10 1000
2
U-tube 4.1884 −0.2503 0.1974 Area, m 10 1000
2
Kettle 4.4646 −0.5277 0.3955 Area, m 10 100
reboiler
2
Double pipe 3.3444 0.2745 −0.0472 Area, m 1 10
2
Multiple pipe 2.7652 0.7282 0.0783 Area, m 10 100
2
Flat plate 4.6656 −0.1557 0.1547 Area, m 10 1000
2
Spiral plate 4.6561 −0.2947 0.2207 Area, m 1 100
2
Air cooler 4.0336 0.2341 0.0497 Area, m 10 10,000
2
Spiral tube 3.9912 0.0668 0.2430 Area, m 1 100

Heaters Diphenyl 2.2628 0.8581 0.0003 Duty, kW 650 10,750

heater

Molten salt 1.1979 1.4782 −0.0958 Duty, kW 650 10,750

heater

Hot water 2.0829 0.9074 −0.0243 Duty, kW 650 10,750

heater

Steam boiler 6.9617 −1.4800 0.3161 Duty, kW 1200 9400

Mixers Impeller 3.8511 0.7009 −0.0003 Power, 5 150

kW

Propeller 4.3207 0.0359 0.1346 Power, 5 500

kW

Turbine 3.4092 0.4896 0.0030 Power, 5 150

kW

Packing Loose (for 2.4493 0.9744 0.0055 Volume, 0.03 628

3
towers) m

Process Horizontal 3.5565 0.3776 0.0905 Volume, 0.1 628

3
vessels m

Vertical 3.4974 0.4485 0.1074 Volume, 0.3 520

3
m

Pumps Reciprocating 3.8696 0.3161 0.1220 Shaft 0.1 200

power,
kW

Positive 3.4771 0.1350 0.1438 Shaft 1 100

displacement power,
kW

Centrifugal 3.3892 0.0536 0.1538 Shaft 1 300

power,
kW

Reactors Autoclave 4.5587 0.2986 0.0020 Volume, 1 15

3
m

Fermenter 4.1052 0.5320 −0.0005 Volume, 0.1 35

3
m

Inoculum 3.7957 0.4593 0.0160 Volume, 0.07 1

3
 3
tank m

Jacketed 4.1052 0.5320 −0.0005 Volume, 0.1 35

3
agitated m

Jacketed 3.3496 0.7235 0.0025 Volume, 5 45

3
nonagitated m

Mixer/settler 4.7116 0.4479 0.0004 Volume, 0.04 60

3
m
2
Screens DSM 3.8050 0.5856 0.2120 Area, m 0.3 6
2
Rotary 4.0485 0.1118 0.3260 Area, m 0.3 15
2
Stationary 3.8219 1.0368 −0.6050 Area, m 2 11
2
Vibrating 4.0485 0.1118 0.3260 Area, m 0.3 15

Tanks API—fixed 4.8509 −0.3973 0.1445 Volume, 90 30,000

3
roof m

API—floating 5.9567 −0.7585 0.1749 Volume, 1000 40,000

3
roof m

Towers Tray and 3.4974 0.4485 0.1074 Volume, 0.3 520

3
packed m
2
Trays Sieve 2.9949 0.4465 0.3961 Area, m 0.07 12.30
2
Valve 3.3322 0.4838 0.3434 Area, m 0.70 10.50
2
Demisters 3.2353 0.4838 0.3434 Area, m 0.70 10.50

Turbines Axial gas 2.7051 1.4398 −0.1776 Fluid 100 4000

turbines power,
kW

Radial 2.2476 1.4965 −0.1618 Fluid 100 1500

gas/liquid power,
expanders kW

Vaporizers Internal 4.0000 0.4321 0.1700 Volume, 1 100

3
coils/jackets m

Jacketed 3.8751 0.3328 0.1901 Volume, 1 100

3
vessels m
 Figure A.1 Purchased Costs for Compressors and Drives
(Cost Data for Compressors and Drives Taken from R-Books
Software by Richardson Engineering Services, Inc. [4])
Figure A.2 Purchased Costs for Evaporators and Vaporizers
 Figure A.3 Purchased Costs for Fans, Pumps, and Power
Recovery Equipment (Cost Data for Fans Taken from R-Books
Software by Richardson Engineering Services, Inc. [4])

Figure A.4 Purchased Costs for Fired Heaters and Furnaces

Figure A.5 Purchased Costs for Heat Exchangers
Figure A.6 Purchased Costs for Packing, Trays, and
Demisters
 Figure A.7 Purchased Costs for Storage Tank and Process
Vessels (Data for Storage Tanks Taken from R-Books Software
by Richardson Engineering Services, Inc. [4])

Figure A.8 Purchased Costs for Blenders

Figure A.9 Purchased Costs for Centrifuges

Figure A.10 Purchased Costs for Conveyors

Figure A.11 Purchased Costs for Crystallizers

 Figure A.12 Purchased Costs for Dryers

Figure A.13 Purchased Costs for Dust Collectors

Figure A.14 Purchased Costs for Filters

 Figure A.15 Purchased Costs for Mixers

Figure A.16 Purchased Costs for Reactors

Figure A.17 Purchased Costs for Screens

Data from the R-Books software, marketed by Richardson

Engineering Services, Inc. [4], were used as a basis for several of
the graphs and correlations; acknowledgment is given in the
appropriate figures.

A.2 PRESSURE FACTORS

As was pointed out in Chapter 7, the costs of equipment
increase with increasing operating pressure. In this section, the
method of accounting for changes in operating pressure
through the use of pressure factors is covered.

A.2.1 Pressure Factors for Process Vessels

The pressure factor for horizontal and vertical process
(pressurized) vessels of diameter D meters and operating at a
pressure of P barg is based on the ASME code for pressure
vessel design [5]. At base material conditions using a maximum
allowable stress for carbon steel, S, of 944 bar, a weld efficiency,
E, of 0.9, a minimum allowable vessel thickness (tmin) of 0.0063
m (1/4 inch), and a corrosion allowance, CA, of 0.00315 m (1/8
inch) gives the following expression:

If FP, vessel is less than 1 (corresponding to tvessel < 0.0063 m),

then FP, vessel = 1. For pressures less than −0.5 barg, FP, vessel
=1.25. It should be noted that Equation (A.2) is strictly true for
the case when the thickness of the vessel wall is less than 0.25
D; for vessels in the range D = 0.3 to 4.0 m, this occurs at
pressures of approximately 320 barg; see Section 23.1.2 for
more details. If maximum allowable stress values (S) are known
they should be substituted in Equation (A.2).

A.2.2 Pressure Factors for Other Process Equipment

The pressure factors, FP, for the remaining process equipment
are given by the following general form:

The units of pressure, P, are bar gauge or barg (1 bar = 0.0 barg)
unless stated otherwise. The pressure factors are always greater
than unity. The values of constants in Equation (A.3) for
different equipment are given in Table A.2, and also shown are
the ranges of pressures over which the correlations are valid.
The values for the constants given in Table A.2 were regressed
from data in Guthrie [1, 2] and Ulrich [3]. Extrapolation outside
this range of pressures should be done with extreme caution.
Some equipment does not have pressure ratings and therefore
has values of C1–C3 equal to zero. If cost estimates are required
for these units at high pressures and the equipment cost is
affected by pressure, then these correlations should again be
used with caution.

Table A.2 Pressure Factors for Process Equipment

Pressure
Equipment Equipment Range
Type Description C1 C2 C3 (barg)

Compressors Centrifugal, 0 0 0
–
axial, rotary,
 and
reciprocating

Drives Gas turbine 0 0 0

–

Intern. comb. 0 0 0
–
engine

Steam 0 0 0
–
turbine

Electric— 0 0 0
–
explosion-
proof

Electric— 0 0 0
–
totally
enclosed

Electric— 0 0 0
–
open/drip-
proof

Evaporators Forced 0 0 0 P<0

circulation 0.1578 −0.2992 0.1413 10<P<150
(pumped),
falling film,
agitated film
(scraped
wall), short
tube, and
long tube

Fans* Centrifugal 0 0 0 ΔP<1kPa

radial, and
centrifugal
backward
curve

0 0.20899 −0.0328 1<ΔP<16kPa

Axial vane 0 0 0 ΔP<1kPa

and axial tube

0 0.20899 −0.0328 1<ΔP<4kPa

Furnaces Reformer 0 0 0 P<10

furnace

0.1405 −0.2698 0.1293 10<P<200

Pyrolysis 0 0 0 P<10
furnace

0.1017 −0.1957 0.09403 10<P<200

Nonreactive 0 0 0 P<10
fired heater

0.1347 −0.2368 0.1021 10<P<200

Heat Scraped wall 0 0 0 P<40

exchangers

0.6072 −0.9120 0.3327 40<P<100

13.1467 −12.6574 3.0705 100<P<300

Teflon tube 0 0 0 P<15

Bayonet, 0 0 0 P<5
fixed tube 0.03881 −0.11272 0.08183 5<P<140
sheet, floating
 head, kettle
reboiler, and
U-tube (both
shell and
tube)

Bayonet, 0 0 0 P<5
fixed tube −0.00164 −0.00627 0.0123 5<P<140
sheet, floating
head, kettle
reboiler, and
U-tube (tube
only)

Double pipe 0 0 0 P<40

and multiple
pipe

0.6072 −0.9120 0.3327 40<P<100

13.1467 −12.6574 3.0705 100<P<300

Flat plate and 0 0 0 P<19

spiral plate

Air cooler 0 0 0 P<10

−0.1250 0.15361 −0.02861 10<P<100

Spiral tube 0 0 0 P<150

(both shell
and tube)

−0.4045 0.1859 0 150<P<400

Spiral tube 0 0 0 P<150

(tube only)

−0.2115 0.09717 0 150<P<400

Heaters Diphenyl 0 0 0 P<2

heater, −0.01633 0.056875 −0.00876 2<P<200
molten salt
heater, and
hot water
heater

Steam boiler 0 0 0 P<20

2.594072 −4.23476 1.722404 20<P<40

Packing Loose (for 0 0 0

−
towers)

Process Horizontal
†
vessels and vertical

Pumps Reciprocating 0 0 0 P<10

−0.245382 0.259016 −0.01363 10<P<100

Positive 0 0 0 P<10
displacement

−0.245382 0.259016 −0.01363 10<P<100

Centrifugal 0 0 0 P<10

−0.3935 0.3957 −0.00226 10<P<100

Tanks API—fixed 0 0 0 P<0.07

roof

API—floating 0 0 0 P<0.07
roof
†
 †
Towers Tray and
packed

Trays Sieve 0 0 0
−

Valve 0 0 0
−

Demisters 0 0 0
−

Turbines Axial gas 0 0 0

−
turbines

Radial 0 0 0
−
gas/liquid
expanders

Vaporizers Internal 0 0 0 P<5

coils/jackets
and jacket
vessels

−0.16742 0.13428 0.15058 5<P<320

*Pressure factors for fans are written in terms of the pressure rise across the fan, ΔP,
where ΔP is measured in kPa.
†See Equation (A.2).
Source: Correlated from Data in Guthrie, K. M., “Data and Techniques for Preliminary
Capital Cost Estimating,” Chem. Eng. March 24, 1969: 114–142; Guthrie, K. M., Process
Plant Estimating Evaluation and Control (Solana Beach, CA: Craftsman Book Co., 1974);
Ulrich, G. D., A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics (New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984).

A.3 MATERIAL FACTORS AND BARE

MODULE FACTORS
As was pointed out in Chapter 7, the costs of equipment change
with changes in the material of construction. In this section, the
method of accounting for different materials of construction is
covered.

A.3.1 Bare Module and Material Factors for Heat Exchangers,

Process Vessels, and Pumps
The material factors, FM, for heat exchangers, process vessels,
and pumps are given in Figure A.18, with the appropriate
identification number listed in Table A.3. The bare module
factors for this equipment are given by the following equation:
 Figure A.18 Material Factors for Equipment in Table A.3
(Averaged Data from References [1–3, 6–8])

Table A.3 Identification Numbers for Material

Factors for Heat Exchangers, Process Vessels, and
Pumps to Be Used with Figure A.18

Identification Equipment Equipment Material of

Number Type Description Construction

1 Heat Double pipe, CS-shell/CS-

exchanger multiple pipe, tube

2 fixed tube sheet, CS-shell/Cu-

floating head, tube

3 U-tube, bayonet, Cu-shell/Cu-

kettle reboiler, tube
scraped

4 wall, and spiral tube CS-shell/SS-

tube

5 SS-shell/SS-
tube

6 CS-shell/Ni
alloy tube

7 Ni alloy,
shell/Ni alloy-
tube

8 CS-shell/Ti-
tube

9 Ti-shell/Ti-
tube

10 Air cooler CS tube

11 Air cooler Al tube

12 Air cooler SS tube

13 Flat plate and spiral CS (in contact

plate with fluid)

14 Flat plate and spiral Cu (in contact

plate with fluid)

15 Flat plate and spiral SS (in contact

plate with fluid)

16 Flat plate and spiral Ni alloy (in

 plate contact with
fluid)

17 Flat plate and spiral Ti (in contact

plate with fluid)

18 Process Horizontal, vertical CS

vessels (including towers)

19 Horizontal, vertical SS clad

(including towers)

20 Horizontal, vertical SS
(including towers)

21 Horizontal, vertical Ni alloy clad

(including towers)

22 Horizontal, vertical Ni alloy

(including towers)

23 Horizontal, vertical Ti clad

(including towers)

24 Horizontal, vertical Ti
(including towers)

25 Pumps Reciprocating Cast iron

26 Reciprocating Carbon steel

27 Reciprocating Cu alloy

28 Reciprocating SS

29 Reciprocating Ni alloy

30 Reciprocating Ti

31 Positive Cast iron

displacement

32 Positive Carbon steel

displacement

33 Positive Cu alloy
displacement

34 Positive SS
displacement

35 Positive Ni alloy
displacement

36 Positive Ti
displacement

37 Centrifugal Cast iron

38 Centrifugal Carbon steel

39 Centrifugal SS

40 Centrifugal Ni alloy

The values of the constants B1 and B2 are given in Table A.4.

The bare module cost for ambient pressure and carbon steel
construction, , and the bare module factor for the
equipment at these conditions, , are found by setting FM
and FP equal to unity. The data given in Tables A.3 and A.4 and
Figure A.18 are average values from the following references:
Guthrie [1, 2], Ulrich [3], Navarrete [6], Perry et al. [7], and
Peters and Timmerhaus [8].
 Table A.4 Constants for Bare Module Factor to Be
Used in Equation (A.4)

Equipment
Type Equipment Description B1 B2

Heat Double pipe, multiple pipe, scraped wall, 1.74 1.55

exchangers and spiral tube

Fixed tube sheet, floating head, U-tube, 1.63 1.66

bayonet, kettle reboiler, and Teflon tube

Air cooler, spiral plate, and flat plate 0.96 1.21

Process Horizontal 1.49 1.52

vessels

Vertical (including towers) 2.25 1.82

Pumps Reciprocating 1.89 1.35

Positive displacement 1.89 1.35

Centrifugal 1.89 1.35

Source: Correlated from Data in Guthrie, K. M., “Data and Techniques

for Preliminary Capital Cost Estimating,” Chem. Eng. March 24, 1969:
114–142; Guthrie, K. M., Process Plant Estimating Evaluation and
Control (Solana Beach, CA: Craftsman Book Co., 1974); Ulrich, G. D., A
Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics (New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984).

A.3.2 Bare Module and Material Factors for the Remaining

Process Equipment
For the remaining equipment, the bare module costs are related
to the material and pressure factors by equations different from
Equation (A.4). The form of these equations is given in Table
A.5. The bare module factors that correspond to the equations
in Table A.5 are given in Figure A.19 using the identification
numbers listed in Table A.6. Again, the data used to construct
Figure A.19 are compiled from average values taken from
Guthrie [1, 2], Ulrich [3], Navarrete [6], Perry et al. [7], and
Peters and Timmerhaus [8]. In addition, bare module factors
for the equipment added to the third edition of the book
(conveyors, crystallizers, dryers, dust collectors, filters, mixers,
reactors, and screens) are given separately in Table A.7.

Figure A.19 Bare Module Factors for Equipment in Table

 A.6 (Average Data from References [1–3, 6–8])

Table A.5 Equations for Bare Module Cost for

Equipment Not Covered by Tables A.3 and A.4

Equipment Type Equation for Bare Module Cost

Compressors and
blowers without
drives

Drives for
compressors and
blowers

Evaporators and
vaporizers

Fans with electric

drives

Fired heaters and

furnaces

FT is the superheat correction factor for steam

boilers (FT = 1 for other heaters and furnaces) and
is given by
2
FT = 1 + 0.00184ΔT – 0.00000335(ΔT)

where ΔT is the amount of superheat in °C.

Power recovery
equipment

Sieve trays, valve

trays, and
demister pads

where N is the number of trays and Fq is a

quantity factor for trays only given by

log10 Fq = 0.4771 + 0.08516log10 N – 0.3473 (log10

2
N) for N<20

Fq = 1 for N≥20

Tower packing

Table A.6 Identification of Material Factors for

Equipment Listed in Table A.5 to Be Used with Figure
A.19

Identification Equipment Material of

Number Equipment Type Description Construction

1 Compressors/blowers Centrifugal CS
compressor
or blower

2 Centrifugal SS
compressor
or blower

3 Centrifugal Ni alloy
compressor
or blower

4 Axial CS
compressor
or blower

5 Axial SS
 compressor
or blower

6 Axial Ni alloy
compressor
or blower

7 Rotary CS
compressor
or blower

8 Rotary SS
compressor
or blower

9 Rotary Ni alloy
compressor
or blower

10 Reciprocating CS
compressor
or blower

11 Reciprocating SS
compressor
or blower

12 Reciprocating Ni alloy
compressor
or blower

13 Drives for Electric— —

compressors and explosion-
blowers proof

14 Electric— —
totally
enclosed

15 Electric— —
open/drip-
proof

16 Gas turbine —

17 Steam —
turbine

18 Internal —
combustion
engine

19 Evaporators and Evaporator— CS

vaporizers forced circ,
short or long
tube

20 Evaporator— Cu alloy
forced circ,
short or long
tube

21 Evaporator— SS
forced circ,
short or long
tube

22 Evaporator— Ni alloy
forced circ,
short or long
tube
23 Evaporator— Ti
forced circ,
short or long
tube

24 Evaporator— CS
falling film,
scraped wall

25 Evaporator— Cu alloy
falling film,
scraped wall

26 Evaporator— SS
falling film,
scraped wall

27 Evaporator— Ni alloy
falling film,
scraped wall

28 Evaporator— Ti
falling film,
scraped wall

29 Vaporizer— CS
jacketed
vessel

30 Vaporizer— Cu
jacketed
vessel

31 Vaporizer— Glass
jacketed lined/SS coils
vessel

32 Vaporizer— Glass
jacketed lined/Ni coils
vessel

33 Vaporizer— SS
jacketed
vessel

34 Vaporizer— SS clad
jacketed
vessel

35 Vaporizer— Ni alloy
jacketed
vessel

36 Vaporizer— Ni alloy clad

jacketed
vessel

37 Vaporizer— Ti
jacketed
vessel

38 Vaporizer— Ti clad
jacketed
vessel

39 Vaporizer— CS
jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

40 Vaporizer— Cu
jacketed
 vessel +
internal coil

41 Vaporizer— Glass
jacketed lined/SS coils
vessel +
internal coil

42 Vaporizer— Glass
jacketed lined/Ni coils
vessel +
internal coil

43 Vaporizer— SS
jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

44 Vaporizer— SS clad
jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

45 Vaporizer— Ni alloy
jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

46 Vaporizer— Ni alloy clad

jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

47 Vaporizer— Ti
jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

48 Vaporizer— Ti clad
jacketed
vessel +
internal coil

49 Fans Fan with CS

electric drive

50 Fan with Fiberglass

electric drive

51 Fan with SS
electric drive

52 Fan with Ni alloy

electric drive

53 Fired heaters and Tube for CS

furnaces furnaces and
nonreactive
process
heater

54 Tube for Alloy steel

furnaces and
nonreactive
process
heater

55 Tube for SS
furnaces and
nonreactive
process
 heater

56 Thermal fluid —
heater—hot
water, molten
salt, or
diphenyl-
based oil

57 Power recovery Turbines CS

equipment

58 Turbines SS

59 Turbines Ni alloy

60 Trays and demister Sieve and CS

pads valve trays

61 Sieve and SS
valve trays

62 Sieve and Ni alloy

valve trays

63 Demister pad SS

64 Demister pad Fluorocarbon

65 Demister pad Ni alloy

66 Tower packing Packing Metal

(304SS)

67 Packing Polyethylene

68 Packing Ceramic

Table A.7 Bare Module Factors for Conveyors,

Crystallizers, Dryers, Dust Collectors, Filters, Mixers,
Reactors, and Screens

Equipment Equipment Bare Module Factor,

Type Description FBM

Blenders Kneader 1.12*

Ribbon 1.12*

Rotary 1.12

Centrifuges Auto batch separator 1.57*

Centrifugal separator 1.57

Oscillating screen 1.57*

Solid bowl w/o motor 1.27

Conveyors Apron 1.20

Belt 1.25

Pneumatic 1.25*

Screw 1.10

Crystallizers Batch 1.60

Dryers Drum 1.60

Rotary, gas fired 1.25

Tray 1.25

Dust collectors Baghouse 2.86*

Cyclone scrubbers 2.86*

 Electrostatic 2.86*
precipitator

Venturi scrubber 2.86*

Filters Bent 1.65*

Cartridge 1.65*

Disc and drum 1.65*

Gravity 1.65*

Leaf 1.65

Pan 1.65*

Plate and frame 1.80

Table 1.65*

Tube 1.65*

Mixers Impeller 1.38*

Propeller 1.38

Turbine 1.38

Reactors Autoclave 4.0*

Fermenter 4.0*

Inoculum tank 4.0*

Jacketed agitated 4.0*

Jacketed nonagitated 4.0*

Mixer/settler 4.0*

Screens DSM 1.34*

Rotary 1.34*

Stationary 1.34*

Vibrating 1.34

When possible, bare module factors are taken to be equal to the Field
Installation Factors from Guthrie [2]. Items marked * are estimates.

REFERENCES
1. Guthrie, K. M., “Data and Techniques for Preliminary
Capital Cost Estimating,” Chem. Eng. (March 24, 1969):vol
76 114–142.
2. Guthrie, K. M., Process Plant Estimating Evaluation and
Control (Solana Beach, CA: Craftsman Book Co., 1974).
3. Ulrich, G. D., A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process
Design and Economics (New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1984).
4. R-Books software marketed by Richardson Engineering
Services, Inc., January 2001.
5. Section VIII, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee, (New York, ASME,
2000).
6. Navarrete, P. F., Planning, Estimating, and Control of
Chemical Construction Projects (New York: Marcel Dekker,
1995).
7. Perry, R. H., D. W. Green, and J. O. Maloney, eds., Perry’s
Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 7th ed. (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1997).
8. Peters, M. S., and K. D. Timmerhaus, Plant Design and
Economics for Chemical Engineers, 4th ed. (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1991).