CSE(AI)-Final Year -Cloud Computing

Unit - 2
Cloud Computing: Applications & Paradigms
1 . Challenges,
2 . Existing and new application opportunities,
3 . Architectural styles of cloud applications,
4 . Workflows coordination of multiple activities,
5 . Coordination based on a state machine model -the Zoo Keeper,
6 . The Map Reduce programming model,
7 . Apache Hadoop.

Applications:
1 . Healthcare
2 . Energy systems
3. Transportation
4 . Manufacturing
5. Education
6. Government
7 .Mobile communication

8 .Application development.

1. Introduction
Cloud computing offers on-demand access to computing resources over the internet. Its
applications refer to the various use cases and industries where cloud technologies are
applied, while paradigms refer to the architectural and service models that define how cloud
services are delivered.

2. Cloud Computing Applications

Cloud computing applications span across different domains and offer scalable, flexible, and
cost-effective solutions.
A. Business Applications
B. Healthcare Applications

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C. Education
D. Scientific Research
E. Entertainment & Media
F. Government Services
G. Internet of Things (IoT)

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A . Business Applications
Definition:
Business applications in cloud computing refer to software programs and tools used by
businesses that are hosted on cloud platforms and delivered via the internet. These
applications help organizations manage various operations such as customer relations,
finance, human resources, marketing, collaboration, and analytics without maintaining
physical infrastructure.
Here is a detailed explanation of Cloud Computing – Business Applications with examples
and structure suitable for academic use:

Cloud Computing: Business Applications

1. Introduction
In the business world, cloud computing enables companies to access computing resources
like servers, storage, and software services over the internet. These resources are scalable,
cost-effective, and accessible on demand, which makes them ideal for a wide range of
business applications.

2. Importance of Cloud in Business

• Reduced IT Costs: No need to invest in physical servers or infrastructure.
• Scalability: Resources can be increased or decreased based on business needs.
• Remote Access: Employees can work from anywhere.
• Business Continuity: Automatic backups and disaster recovery ensure uptime.
• Innovation: Faster deployment of new products and services.

3. Types of Business Applications Using Cloud

A. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
• CRM applications manage customer data, interactions, and sales processes.
• Example: Salesforce – Allows businesses to manage customer relationships in the
cloud with real-time updates, analytics, and automation.
B. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
• Integrates all business processes like HR, finance, sales, supply chain.
• Example: SAP Business ByDesign or Oracle ERP Cloud – Offers end-to-end process
management over the cloud.

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C. Collaboration and Productivity Tools

• Tools that enable teams to work together in real-time.
• Examples:
o Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Drive)
o Microsoft 365 (Word, Excel, Teams)
• Supports file sharing, team chats, video conferencing, etc.
D. E-commerce Platforms
• Cloud enables hosting and scaling of e-commerce websites.
• Examples:
o Shopify, BigCommerce, Magento Cloud
o Handles product listings, payments, shipping, and analytics.
E. Data Analytics & Business Intelligence
• Cloud-based BI tools allow companies to analyze large datasets quickly.
• Examples:
o Google BigQuery, Amazon Redshift, Power BI
o Visual dashboards, real-time reports, and predictive analytics.
F. Marketing Automation
• Automates marketing campaigns, email tracking, customer targeting.
• Examples:
o HubSpot, Mailchimp, Marketo
G. Accounting and Finance
• Cloud-based accounting tools help manage invoices, payroll, and tax.
• Examples:
o QuickBooks Online, Xero, Zoho Books
H. Human Resource Management (HRM)
• Manages recruitment, attendance, payroll, and employee records.
• Examples:
o Workday, BambooHR, SAP SuccessFactors

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4. Benefits of Cloud Applications for Businesses

Feature Benefit

Pay-as-you-go model Cost savings; pay only for used services

Automatic updates No manual patching or upgrades

Data centralization All departments access same data

Integration Easily integrates with other tools

Global accessibility Remote work enabled across geographies

6. Real-World Examples

Company Cloud Usage Example

Netflix Uses AWS to deliver video content globally

Coca-Cola Uses SAP Cloud to manage supply chain and inventory

Airbnb Uses Amazon EC2 and S3 for hosting and image storage

Unilever Uses Microsoft Azure for customer engagement and analytics

Spotify Runs its music streaming backend on Google Cloud Platform

B . Healthcare Applications in Cloud Computing

Healthcare applications in cloud computing refer to cloud-based software systems and
services used in the medical and healthcare industry to store, manage, process, and share
health-related information. These applications help doctors, hospitals, clinics, and patients
access medical services, records, and analytics securely over the internet.
Healthcare applications in cloud computing are online tools that help hospitals
and doctors manage patient care more efficiently by storing medical records, enabling
virtual consultations, and analyzing health data—all using cloud technology.
Key Points:
• Hosted on cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure).
• Accessible via web or mobile apps.

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• Used for Electronic Health Records (EHRs), telemedicine, diagnostics, medical

imaging, etc.
• Ensure data security, privacy, and real-time access.
• Improve patient care, cost-efficiency, and operational management.

Examples of Healthcare Cloud Applications:

Application Area Example Tool Purpose

Electronic Health
Epic, Cerner, Allscripts Store and manage patient records
Records

Telemedicine Practo, Teladoc Remote consultations via video calls

Medical Imaging Storage Ambra Health, GE Cloud Store and analyze X-rays, MRIs, etc.

Apple Health, FitBit

Health Monitoring Track vital signs and sync to the cloud
Cloud

Manage appointments, billing,

Hospital Management Mediware, Kareo
inventory

C . Education
Cloud computing applications in education are cloud-based platforms, tools, and services
that support teaching, learning, administration, and collaboration. These applications allow
students, teachers, and educational institutions to access learning materials, manage
courses, communicate, and store data through the internet.
Cloud computing has revolutionized education by making learning more flexible,
collaborative, and accessible. Whether it's through online classes, digital libraries, or virtual
labs, cloud applications empower educational institutions to offer better learning
experiences with minimal infrastructure costs.

Key Features:
• Anywhere, anytime access to resources
• Remote learning and online exams
• Collaborative tools for projects and teaching
• Cost-effective and scalable infrastructure

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• Data backup and disaster recovery

Popular Cloud Applications in Education:

Application Area Example Tool Functionality

Learning Google Classroom, Manage courses, assignments,

Management Moodle grading

Zoom, Microsoft Conduct online classes and

Video Conferencing
Teams, Meet virtual meetings

File Storage & Google Drive, Dropbox,

Store and share study materials
Sharing OneDrive

Secure online testing and

Online Assessment ProctorU, Exam.net
evaluation

Simulate lab experiments in

Virtual Labs Labster, AWS Educate
the cloud

Kindle Cloud Reader, Access digital textbooks and

E-book Libraries
NPTEL online content

Email &
Gmail, Outlook, Slack Institutional communication
Communication

Benefits of Cloud in Education:

• Remote Learning: Students and teachers can access classes from
anywhere.
• Cost Efficiency: No need to invest in physical servers or data centers.
• Collaboration: Enables group work using shared documents and
platforms.
• Analytics: Track student performance and attendance in real time.
• Data Security: Encrypted storage and regular backups ensure safety.

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D . Scientific Research in Cloud Computing Applications

Definition:
Scientific Research in Cloud Computing Applications refers to the use of cloud-
based platforms, services, and infrastructure to conduct, manage, and
accelerate scientific experiments and investigations. Cloud computing provides
on-demand access to powerful computing resources, enabling researchers to
analyze large datasets, run complex simulations, and collaborate globally—
without the need for physical servers or supercomputers.
Cloud computing empowers scientific research by providing flexible, scalable,
and cost-efficient computing resources. It allows scientists to focus on
innovation and discovery, while the cloud handles data storage, processing, and
collaboration. This leads to faster discoveries, global teamwork, and reduced
infrastructure costs.
Key Characteristics:
• Remote Access: Scientists can run experiments from anywhere.
• High-Performance Computing (HPC): Needed for simulations and
modeling.
• Big Data Storage: Store petabytes of research data (e.g., genetic
sequences, particle data).
• Collaboration: Teams across the world can share code, data, and
results in real-time.
• Reproducibility: Experiments can be re-run using cloud-based virtual
environments.

Applications of Cloud in Scientific Research:

Research Domain Cloud Usage Example

Genomics & Analyzing DNA sequences using AWS Genomics,

Bioinformatics Google Genomics.

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Research Domain Cloud Usage Example

CERN uses OpenStack Cloud to analyze data from the

Physics & Astronomy
Large Hadron Collider.

Simulations of climate models on Microsoft Azure,

Climate Science
Google Earth Engine.

AI-driven molecular modeling using cloud-based GPU

Drug Discovery
instances.

NASA uses cloud to process satellite images and

Earth Observation
geographical data.

Benefits of Cloud for Scientific Research:

• Scalability: Instantly access more computing power when needed.
• Cost-Efficiency: Pay only for what is used (no need to buy hardware).
• Massive Storage: Store and process large datasets (e.g., petabytes).
• Faster Time to Results: No waiting for hardware availability.
• Data Security: Cloud providers offer encrypted storage and access
control.
Real-World Examples:
• CERN (Switzerland): Uses cloud computing to process over 30 petabytes
of particle collision data.
• Human Genome Project: Utilized cloud to map the human genome using
distributed processing.
• NASA Earth Science: Analyzes real-time climate and space data using
cloud-based analytics tools.

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E . Entertainment & Media

Definition:
Entertainment and Media cloud computing applications refer to the use of
cloud-based platforms and services to create, store, distribute, and stream
digital content such as movies, music, games, and live events over the internet.
These applications enable on-demand access, real-time content delivery, and
massive scalability for global audiences.
Cloud computing has transformed the entertainment industry by making
content instantly accessible, globally scalable, and cost-effective. From video
streaming to online gaming and live broadcasting, the cloud ensures that media
content is delivered smoothly and securely to users worldwide.
Why Cloud is Used in Entertainment & Media:
• To deliver content anytime, anywhere on multiple devices.
• To support millions of concurrent users.
• To store and manage terabytes to petabytes of video, audio, and game
data.
• To enable real-time editing, rendering, and streaming.
• To ensure data security and copyright protection.
Applications in Entertainment & Media:

Area Cloud Usage Example

Netflix, YouTube, Amazon Prime use cloud to stream

Video Streaming
content globally.

Spotify, Apple Music, Gaana use cloud for audio streaming

Music Streaming
and recommendations.

Xbox Cloud Gaming, Google Stadia, NVIDIA GeForce NOW

Gaming
offer cloud-based game streaming.

Hotstar, Twitch, Facebook Live stream live events using

Live Broadcasting
cloud servers.

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Area Cloud Usage Example

Studios use AWS Thinkbox, Azure Batch to render graphics

Animation & VFX
and special effects.

Content Cloud CMS platforms manage movies, songs, metadata,

Management and licensing.

Virtual Reality Cloud is used to stream interactive VR experiences in real

(VR) time.

Benefits:
• On-demand Content Delivery – Stream instantly with low latency.
• Massive Storage – Store high-quality HD/4K/8K content efficiently.
• Scalability – Serve millions of users without service interruption.
• Security – DRM (Digital Rights Management) and encryption protect
content.
• Collaboration – Editors, animators, and developers can work together
remotely.
Real-World Examples:
• Netflix uses AWS to deliver high-quality video to over 200 million users.
• Spotify runs on Google Cloud Platform to stream music and analyze user
data.
• Disney+ Hotstar used cloud autoscaling during IPL to handle millions of
viewers.

F. Government Services in Cloud Computing

Government Services in Cloud Computing refer to the use of cloud-based
platforms by government agencies to deliver public services, manage citizen
data, improve transparency, and enable digital governance. It helps
governments reduce infrastructure costs and enhance service delivery to
citizens.

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Key Features:
• Centralized digital portals
• Real-time data processing
• Secure data storage and sharing
• Scalable infrastructure for high user traffic
• Disaster recovery and business continuity
Applications:

Service Area Example Services / Tools

Digital Identity Aadhaar (India), eID (Estonia)

E-Governance Portals MeeSeva, Digital India, e-Procurement platforms

Smart City
Traffic, pollution, and energy monitoring via cloud
Management

Public Records Land records, tax filings, birth/death certificates

Healthcare & Welfare Cloud systems for public health records & subsidies

Cloud-enabled alert systems, data backup &

Disaster Response
recovery

Benefits:
• Reduced infrastructure and IT maintenance costs
• Improved access to services across rural and urban regions
• Enhanced security and compliance with regulations
• Faster and more efficient service delivery
G. Internet of Things (IoT) in Cloud Computing
Definition:

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IoT in Cloud Computing refers to the integration of Internet of Things devices

(sensors, smart appliances, wearables, etc.) with cloud platforms for real-time
data collection, processing, storage, and analysis.
Why Combine IoT with Cloud?
IoT devices generate massive amounts of data that need:
• High storage capacity
• Real-time analytics
• Global access
• Remote device management
Cloud computing meets all these needs efficiently.
Applications:

IoT Domain Cloud Usage Example

Smart Homes Google Nest, Alexa – control devices via cloud

Smart Cities Traffic lights, pollution sensors uploading data to cloud

Industrial IoT Machines in factories sending status to cloud (AWS IoT

(IIoT) Core)

Wearables (Fitbit, Apple Watch) tracking and syncing

Healthcare IoT
health data

Agriculture Soil sensors, drones feeding data to cloud dashboards

Benefits:
• Centralized data storage and visualization
• Real-time monitoring and alerts
• Remote management of devices
• Secure and scalable infrastructure
• Enables AI/ML-based predictive analysis

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• In Government Services, cloud computing enhances public service

delivery, data handling, and digital governance.
• In IoT, cloud platforms provide the necessary storage, computing, and
intelligence to manage billions of interconnected devices.
Both applications demonstrate the power of cloud computing in transforming
infrastructure, increasing efficiency, and enabling innovation at scale.
Here is a clear, complete explanation of Cloud Computing & Paradigms,
including definitions, types, and diagrams – ideal for academic study or lab
manuals.

Cloud Computing & Paradigms

What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing is a model for delivering on-demand computing services
over the internet. These services include servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, and analytics—accessible from anywhere, at any time,
on a pay-as-you-go basis.
Cloud computing paradigms define how cloud services are structured,
delivered, and deployed. Understanding these paradigms is crucial for
selecting the right cloud model for different business, research, or public
service needs. With service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), deployment models
(public, private, hybrid), and emerging paradigms (serverless, edge, cloud-
native), cloud computing offers flexible, scalable, and cost-effective IT
solutions.
Key Characteristics:
• On-Demand Self-Service
• Broad Network Access
• Resource Pooling
• Rapid Elasticity (Scalability)
• Measured Service (Billing by Use)

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What are Cloud Paradigms?

Cloud paradigms are the models and architectures used to deploy and deliver
cloud services. These paradigms define how services are structured, who
controls them, and how users access them.
Types of Cloud Paradigms:

Service Models (How services are delivered)

Model Description Example

IaaS (Infrastructure Provides virtual hardware (e.g., AWS EC2, Google

as a Service) servers, storage, networks). Compute Engine

PaaS (Platform as a Provides runtime environment, Google App Engine,

Service) development tools, and database. Heroku

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Model Description Example

SaaS (Software as a Delivers software applications over Gmail, Dropbox,

Service) the internet. Microsoft 365

Deployment Models (Where services are hosted)

Model Description Example

Services offered over the

Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Public Cloud public internet, shared by
Microsoft Azure
multiple users.

Exclusive cloud used by a

Private Cloud VMware, OpenStack
single organization.

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Model Description Example

Combination of public and

Hybrid Cloud AWS Outposts, Azure Arc
private clouds.

Government departments or
Community Shared among organizations
banking sectors sharing a
Cloud with similar interests.
common cloud

Emerging Paradigms (Modern cloud trends)

Paradigm Description Use Case

Serverless Code execution without managing

AWS Lambda
Computing servers.

Processing data near the data Smart traffic

Edge Computing
source/device. systems, IoT

Microservices-based apps using

Cloud-Native Kubernetes, Docker
containers and DevOps.

Summary Table:

Paradigm Type Category Examples

Service Model IaaS AWS EC2, Azure VMs

PaaS Google App Engine, Heroku

SaaS Gmail, Salesforce

Deployment Model Public Cloud AWS, GCP, Azure

Private Cloud OpenStack, VMware

Hybrid Cloud Azure Stack, AWS Outposts

Community Cloud Government cloud networks

Emerging Paradigm Serverless AWS Lambda, Azure Functions

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Paradigm Type Category Examples

Edge Computing Cisco Edge, Azure IoT

Cloud Native Docker, Kubernetes

Challenges in Cloud computing

Challenges in Cloud Computing Applications & Paradigms
Cloud computing offers vast benefits—scalability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness—but it also
presents several technical, security, and operational challenges. These challenges vary
depending on the cloud applications, service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), and deployment
paradigms (public, private, hybrid, edge).
While cloud computing brings flexibility, accessibility, and efficiency, it also introduces
significant technical, security, and operational challenges. Understanding and addressing
these challenges is vital to ensure reliable, secure, and cost-effective deployment of cloud
applications and paradigms.
1. Security and Privacy
• Data Breaches: Sensitive data is stored in shared environments. If cloud security is
weak, hackers can steal it.
• Insider Threats: Employees or service providers may misuse access.
• Compliance: Cloud users must adhere to regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, etc.
Example: In healthcare cloud apps, patient data must be encrypted and stored securely to
meet HIPAA standards.
2. Data Loss and Recovery
• Accidental deletion or system crashes may lead to permanent data loss.
• Backup and disaster recovery processes must be robust and automated.
Example: Scientific research data sets in cloud must be regularly backed up to avoid data
corruption.
3. Limited Control and Flexibility
• In SaaS and PaaS, users don’t have control over the underlying infrastructure.
• Developers may face limitations in customization.
Example: Government cloud services might need stricter control over infrastructure than
what public clouds offer.

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4. Vendor Lock-in
• Migrating from one cloud provider to another is often complex and costly.
• Different providers use different APIs, architectures, and formats.
Example: If a business builds apps using AWS-specific services, moving to Azure later could
involve major rework.

5. Performance and Latency Issues

• Cloud applications relying on internet connectivity may face delays.
• Applications requiring real-time processing (e.g., IoT, gaming) suffer from latency.
Example: In IoT applications, edge computing is used to reduce latency, but it's harder to
manage and scale.
6. Integration Complexity
• Existing legacy systems may be incompatible with cloud services.
• Integrating various cloud and on-premises applications becomes complex.
Example: Banks often face challenges in integrating cloud-based services with their
traditional core banking software.
7. Cost Management
• Though cloud is cost-effective, uncontrolled usage leads to unexpected bills.
• Tracking and managing usage across services and regions is challenging.
Example: In scientific research, running high-performance simulations 24/7 can exceed
budget limits if not monitored.
8. Scalability & Resource Allocation
• Auto-scaling can fail if apps are not designed properly.
• Improper load balancing can result in resource overuse or underuse.
Example: Media streaming platforms must scale rapidly during live events, which requires
precise resource allocation.
9. Compliance & Legal Issues
• Data stored in different countries must follow local data laws.
• Governments may restrict cross-border data transfers.
Example: European data centers must comply with GDPR regulations even if the company is
US-based.

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10. Multi-Tenancy Risks

• Cloud environments often serve multiple users.
• Improper isolation can lead to data leakage between tenants.
Example: In public clouds, if virtual machines are not securely partitioned, one customer
may access another’s data.
Summary Table:

Challenge Description Affected Paradigm

Security & Privacy Risk of unauthorized access, data leakage All (Public Cloud most)

Vendor Lock-in Difficult to migrate across cloud providers SaaS, PaaS

Performance Issues Latency in real-time apps IoT, Edge

Integration Difficulty Incompatibility with legacy systems Hybrid Cloud

Mismanaged usage leads to unexpected

Cost Overruns IaaS, SaaS
expenses

Risk of accidental deletion or disaster

Data Loss & Backup IaaS
recovery failure

Compliance Government,
Legal restrictions on data storage and usage
Challenges Healthcare

Limited
Lack of control in PaaS/SaaS models PaaS, SaaS
Customization

Existing Cloud Applications and New Application Opportunities

Cloud computing has transformed how applications are developed, deployed, and
consumed. It supports a wide range of applications — from simple web hosting to complex
data processing pipelines. Let’s explore these existing cloud applications and the emerging
opportunities they bring.
Cloud computing not only supports traditional applications like reporting and
hosting but also paves the way for high-tech, on-demand services such as real-time AI
processing, smart city IoT systems, and blockchain-based platforms. As technology evolves,
the cloud will remain central to deploying scalable and intelligent applications across all
sectors.
I. Existing Cloud Applications
Existing cloud applications fall into three main categories:

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1. Processing Pipelines
These are data-intensive and sometimes compute-intensive applications that process large
volumes of data in stages (pipelines). They are widely used in many cloud-based systems.
Types of Processing Pipelines:

Type Description Example Use

Supports creation of indexes on large datasets

Indexing Google Search Index
gathered by web crawlers.

Scans massive databases to locate patterns, Customer behavior

Data Mining
insights, or specific records. analysis

Image Enables image resizing, thumbnail creation, Instagram photo filters,

Processing compression, and encryption. Google Photos

Converts video files from one format to

Video
another (e.g., AVI to MP4) to suit different YouTube video processing
Transcoding
devices.

Document Converts or encrypts large document Google Docs format

Processing collections, uses OCR to digitize paper records. conversion, CamScanner

2. Batch Processing Systems

These are scheduled or recurring operations that handle large amounts of data, typically in
businesses or enterprises. Many of these tasks have deadlines and security constraints.
Examples of Batch Processing Applications:
• Report Generation: For daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly reports in sectors like retail
and manufacturing.
• Financial Transaction Summaries: Processing daily data from banks, insurance
companies, etc.
• Inventory Management: Tracking and managing stock levels for large enterprises.
• Billing & Payroll: Automated systems for handling employee payments and billing
customers.
• Software Management: Updating code repositories, performing nightly builds.
• Testing & Verification: Automated testing of new hardware or software components.
Security and reliability are critical here, especially in banking, health care, and government
applications.

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3. Web Applications
Web-based cloud applications are dynamic, event-driven, and seasonal. The cloud allows
them to be temporarily deployed, scaled, and removed as needed.
Examples of Web-based Cloud Applications:

Type Description

Temporary websites for events like conferences, festivals,

Event Websites
or workshops.

Seasonal Applications Tax reporting portals (e.g., April 15 deadline in the U.S.).

Marketing/Promotional
Short-term websites that promote products or sales.
Campaigns

Websites that are active during peak hours and scale

Auto-Scaling Websites
down when idle.

New Application Opportunities in Cloud Computing

As cloud computing evolves, new applications are emerging, driven by technologies like AI,
IoT, and edge computing.

Emerging Application
Description
Area

Cloud provides tools for machine learning training and inference

AI/ML Applications
using GPUs and TPUs.

Cloud platforms manage and analyze data from billions of

IoT (Internet of Things)
connected sensors and devices.

Processing data near the source to reduce latency and bandwidth

Edge Computing
usage.

Deploy decentralized apps and manage smart contracts in the

Blockchain Applications
cloud.

Access to experimental quantum processors via the cloud for

Quantum Computing
research and problem-solving.

Cloud hosts real-time 3D environments and virtual interactions for

Metaverse/AR/VR
games, work, or learning.

Summary Table: Existing vs New Opportunities

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Category Examples Scope

Processing Indexing, image/video processing, document Data-centric

Pipelines conversion applications

Batch Processing Reports, billing, payroll, inventory, testing Enterprise workflows

Web Applications Event sites, seasonal portals, promotional pages Time-based scaling

AI/ML, IoT, Blockchain, Edge Computing, Innovation &

New Applications
Quantum disruption

Here is a clear explanation of Architectural Styles of Cloud Applications based on your

provided content, broken down by concepts and simplified with key points:

Architectural Styles of Cloud Applications

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1. Frontend
Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud computing system.
Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are used by the client to
access the cloud computing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser to access
the cloud platform.
2. Backend
Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service provider. It contains the
resources as well as manages the resources and provides security mechanisms. Along with
this, it includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control
mechanisms, deployment models, etc.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
Following are the components of Cloud Computing Architecture
1. Client Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend component. It
contains the applications and user interfaces which are required to access the cloud
platform. In other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to interact with
the cloud.
2. Application : Application is a part of backend component that refers to a software or
platform to which client accesses. Means it provides the service in backend as per
the client requirement.
3. Service: Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services
like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type of service the user accesses.
4. Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and Runtime
platform/environment to the Virtual machine.
5. Storage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service and
management of stored data.
6. Infrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and software
components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network devices, virtualization
software etc.
7. Management: Management in backend refers to management of backend
components like application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and
other security mechanisms etc.
8. Security: Security in backend refers to implementation of different security
mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources, systems, files, and
infrastructure to end-users.
9. Internet: Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and
backend and establishes the interaction and communication between frontend and
backend.

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10. Database: Database in backend refers to provide database for storing structured
data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databases services include
Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google CLoud SQL.
11. Networking: Networking in backend services that provide networking infrastructure
for application in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and virtual private
networks.
12. Analytics: Analytics in backend service that provides analytics capabilities for data in
the cloud, such as warehousing, business intelligence and machine learning.
Cloud Computing Architecture Example
The following applications uses cloud computing architecture :
1. Online Learning App (GeeksforGeeks Classroom)
Students are using GeeksforGeeks application for watching tutorials for learning purpose,
they solve different coding problems and take quizzes also for testing their skills. They can
use this anywhere by using their mobile phones, tablets or personal laptop. For storing
videos and study materials Geeksforgeeks are using cloud services like Amazon S3. It also
uses AWS Lambda to run small backend tasks like checking quiz answers or updating
progress. For managing users and logins securely, services like AWS IAM (Identity and Access
Management) are used. All of this helps the application work smoothly, keeps your data
safe, and makes sure your learning experience is always available and fast.
2. Online Store (E-Commerce Website)
Everyone is using online websites like Amazon or Flipkart for online shopping. It uses cloud
computing to run its website and manage orders. When you browse and buy products,
you’re using the front end. In the background, cloud services keep track of what’s in your
cart, handle payments, and update stock. Developers use platforms like AWS Elastic
Beanstalk to run the website easily. The product photos are saved in cloud storage like
Amazon S3, and customer details are stored in databases. Cloud tools also watch over the
site to keep it secure and running fast.
3. Mobile App Backend (Food Delivery App)
Think of a food delivery app like Zomato or Swiggy. You use the app to order food, and
everything works smoothly just because of cloud computing. The app you see on your phone
is the front layer. When you order something, cloud services handle the process in the
background like telling the restaurant, tracking your order, and handling payments. Platforms
like Firebase help with storing user info and sending notifications. The servers that run the
app live in cloud data centers like Google Cloud or AWS, and all your data is kept safe using
secure login systems.
Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture
The following are the benefits of cloud computing architecture:

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• Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.

• Improves data processing requirements.
• Helps in providing high security.
• Makes it more modularized.
• Results in better disaster recovery.
• Gives good user accessibility.
• Reduces IT operating costs.
• Provides high level reliability.
• Scalability.

1. Stateless Client-Server Architecture

• In cloud applications, most systems follow a request/response model between:
o Clients (users or systems making requests)
o Stateless Servers (which respond to requests without remembering previous
ones)
Key Features:
• Stateless: Each request is treated independently. The server does not retain any
client context between requests.
• Simple & Robust: If the server crashes and restarts, clients can just re-send the
request.
• Scalable: No need to reserve memory to store session data for clients.
Benefits:
• Easy recovery from failures.
• Scales better with many users.
• Reduces complexity in server design.

2. Stateful (Connection-Oriented) vs Stateless Architecture

• Stateful systems maintain session or connection data (e.g., chat apps or gaming
servers).
o Limited scalability due to memory constraints.
• Stateless systems don’t need to store connection state.

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o Ideal for cloud apps like e-commerce, file storage, etc.

3. Data Communication Challenges in Cloud
• Systems may use different architectures, languages, and data formats.
• So, communication must be:
o Standardized
o Interoperable
Issues:
• Endian differences (Big-Endian vs Little-Endian)
• Character encoding (ASCII vs UTF-8)
• Data must be serialized (converted to bytes for transmission)
• Must be deserialized at the receiving end

4. Middleware for Communication

a) RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
• Uses stubs to serialize/deserialize (called marshalling).
• Lets a program call a function on another machine as if it were local.
b) ORB (Object Request Broker)
• Middleware that handles:
o Data transformation into byte stream
o Communication between systems
o Data reconstruction at the receiving end
c) CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
• Developed in 1990s
• Enables systems in different programming languages and platforms to communicate
• Uses IDL (Interface Definition Language) to define object interfaces

5. Web Service-Based Architectures

a) SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
• XML-based messaging protocol

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• Supports protocols like HTTP, SMTP, JMS

• Used in Enterprise Web Services
SOAP Model Includes:
• Senders, Receivers
• Intermediaries
• Message Paths
b) WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
• XML format for describing Web Services
• Defines:
o Services
o Endpoints (Ports)
o Data Types
o Operations (e.g., login, fetchData)
o Bindings (transport & format like HTTP + XML)
6. REST (Representational State Transfer)
• Lightweight architecture style for distributed systems
• Supports communication between stateless servers and clients
• Uses HTTP for all operations
REST Features:
• Platform & language independent
• Easily passes through firewalls
• Supports CRUD operations via HTTP methods:
o GET – Read data
o POST – Create data
o PUT – Update data
o DELETE – Remove data
Why REST is Popular:
• Easier than CORBA, RPC, or SOAP
• Widely used in modern cloud services (e.g., Google, Facebook APIs)

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Summary Table:

Architecture Common
Uses Communication State
Style Protocols

Cloud apps, REST

Stateless Server Request/Response No HTTP
APIs

RPC Client-server apps Remote function call Optional TCP

Object-level
CORBA Enterprise apps Optional TCP
interaction

SOAP/WSDL Web services XML over HTTP/SMTP Optional HTTP, XML

REST Web/mobile APIs CRUD over HTTP No HTTP

Workflows: Coordination of Multiple Activities in Cloud Computing

What is a Workflow?
A workflow is a structured set of tasks or activities arranged in a sequence or pattern to
achieve a specific outcome. In cloud computing, workflows allow for the coordination and
management of multiple interdependent tasks across distributed systems.
Workflow Models
Workflow models serve as abstractions to represent key properties of entities involved in
workflow management systems.

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Key Concepts in Workflow Modeling

• Task: Central unit of work in a workflow. Tasks are characterized by:
o Name: Unique identifier
o Description: Natural language explanation of the task
o Actions: Environmental changes caused by executing the task
o Preconditions: Conditions that must be true before execution
o Post-conditions: Conditions that must be true after execution
o Attributes: Indicate resource needs, security, actors, reversibility, etc.
o Exceptions: Describes how to handle anticipated events (using <event,
action> pairs)

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Task Types
• Primitive Task: Cannot be broken down further
• Composite Task: A structure of multiple tasks with a defined execution order,
inheriting properties from both workflows and tasks
• Routing Task: Connects two tasks; controls flow between predecessor and successor
tasks
Routing Tasks: Types & Execution
• Fork Routing Task: Triggers multiple successor tasks
o All successors enabled
o Conditional enabling based on evaluated expressions
o Mutually exclusive conditions (only one enabled)
o Random selection (k out of n successors)
• Join Routing Task: Waits for predecessor tasks to finish
o All predecessors must complete
o k out of n predecessors required
o Iterative execution (loop between fork and join)
Process Description / Workflow Schema
A workflow schema defines tasks and their execution order. It includes one start and one
end symbol. Provided in Workflow Definition Language (WFDL), it supports:
• Conditional logic (choice)
• Concurrency
• Fork and join constructs
• Iterative execution
Workflow Lifecycle
1. Creation: Defining tasks and goals
2. Definition: Formalizing structure and attributes
3. Verification: Ensuring logical and syntactic correctness
4. Enactment: Executing the workflow using an engine

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Workflow vs. Computer Programs

Workflow lifecycles are similar to traditional software:
• Specification ~ Programming
• Planning ~ Program Generation
• Verification ~ Syntax Checking
• Enactment ~ Program Execution
Case and Enactment
• A case is an instance of a workflow execution.
• Enactment Engine: Program responsible for executing workflows
• Enactment Model: Steps taken to process a case from start to end
Transition Systems & AI Planning
• Workflows can be represented using a transition system showing paths from an
initial state to a goal state
• AI-based planning: Generates workflow automatically based on goal state, tasks,
preconditions, and post-conditions
• Case state: Tracks progress within the transition system during execution
Here is a clear explanation of "Multiple Activities in Cloud Computing" suitable for
academic or lab manuals:

Multiple Activities in Cloud Computing

Introduction
Cloud computing is not limited to running a single task or application. It often supports
complex applications made up of multiple interrelated activities (or tasks) that work
together to achieve a larger goal. These activities need to be properly coordinated,
scheduled, and managed to ensure smooth and efficient execution.
What Are Multiple Activities?
Multiple activities refer to the individual tasks or processes that make up a larger cloud-
based application or workflow. Each activity may involve data processing, storage access,
communication with services, or user interaction.

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Key Components

Component Description

Task A basic unit of work (e.g., processing a file, sending an email).

Activity A group of related tasks performed together to complete a sub-process.

Workflow A sequence or network of activities/tasks to achieve a business objective.

Scheduler Allocates resources and sets the execution time for each activity.

Orchestrator Ensures activities are executed in the correct order and monitors status.

Types of Activities
1. Data Collection
o From sensors, user input, APIs, etc.
2. Data Processing
o Analyze, transform, or clean data (e.g., using Spark, Hadoop).
3. Storage Operations
o Upload/download data to/from cloud storage (e.g., S3, Blob).
4. Application Services
o Run code on cloud (e.g., AWS Lambda, Azure Functions).
5. Communication
o Activities involving API calls, messaging, or notifications.
6. User Interaction
o Deliver output through web/mobile UI or dashboards.

Example Workflow: Online Order Processing

Step Activity

1 User places an order

2 Inventory check

3 Payment processing

4 Order confirmation via email/SMS

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Step Activity

5 Package the product

6 Schedule delivery

7 Update order status in database

Each step involves one or more cloud services (e.g., databases, compute, messaging, etc.).
Benefits of Handling Multiple Activities in the Cloud
• Scalability: Handle high volumes of simultaneous tasks
• Automation: Seamless execution of dependent activities
• Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go pricing for each activity
• Reliability: Tasks can be retried or redirected on failure
• Speed: Parallel execution of independent tasks
Cloud Tools for Managing Activities

Tool/Service Role

AWS Step Functions Manages and coordinates multiple AWS services

Azure Logic Apps Automates workflows with minimal code

Apache Airflow Schedules and monitors workflows in Python

Google Cloud Composer Manages workflows on Google Cloud

Challenges
• Synchronization between tasks
• Fault tolerance and error handling
• Data consistency across multiple services
• Security of each individual activity

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Coordination Based on a State Machine Model – The ZooKeeper in Cloud

Computing

1. Introduction
In cloud computing, coordination among distributed components is crucial to ensure
reliability, availability, and synchronization. Apache ZooKeeper is a centralized service used
to maintain configuration information, naming, synchronization, and group services across
a large cluster.
One of the primary coordination models that ZooKeeper implements is the State Machine
Model.

2. What is a State Machine Model?

A State Machine is an abstract model that represents a system as:
• A set of states
• A set of transitions between those states triggered by events
In distributed systems:
• Each node can be in a specific state
• A deterministic state machine ensures that the system behaves consistently, even
when replicated across nodes

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3. ZooKeeper as a State Machine

ZooKeeper uses the state machine replication model, where:
• All ZooKeeper servers maintain a replicated state machine
• One server is elected as the leader, others are followers
• All write operations (create, delete, update) are serialized and go through the leader
• Reads can be served by any server (eventual consistency)

4. ZooKeeper Components

Component Description

znodes Nodes in a hierarchical namespace (like a file system)

DataTree The in-memory representation of all znodes

Session Connection between client and server with timeout and ephemeral nodes

Watchers Mechanism for clients to get notified of znode changes

5. Coordination Services Provided by ZooKeeper

Service Description

Configuration
Store and update configuration settings dynamically
Management

Naming Service Map names to resources or services

Leader Election Elect a master node in a distributed cluster

Locking and Prevent multiple clients from modifying the same resource
Synchronization simultaneously

Group Membership Track and manage the list of available nodes in a group

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6. ZooKeeper's State Machine Workflow

Step-by-Step Process:
1. Client sends a request (create/update/delete znode)
2. Leader receives and assigns transaction ID
3. Leader broadcasts request to followers
4. Followers write to their logs and send acknowledgment
5. Leader commits the operation once majority (quorum) acknowledges
6. All servers apply the state change in the same order
This process ensures total order broadcast and consistency across all nodes.

7. Real-Time Coordination Example in Cloud

Suppose you're running a distributed Hadoop cluster in the cloud:
• ZooKeeper is used to elect a NameNode leader
• All DataNodes coordinate with the leader
• If the leader fails, ZooKeeper helps elect a new one
This ensures high availability and automatic failover.
8. ZooKeeper Guarantees

Guarantee Description

Sequential Consistency All operations are seen in the order they were issued

Atomicity Updates either succeed completely or not at all

Single System Image All clients see the same view of the system

Durability Once an update completes, it will persist

Timeliness Clients eventually see updates (not necessarily instantly)

9. Use Cases in Cloud Computing

• Service discovery: Keep track of live microservices
• Configuration management: Share config files across cloud nodes
• Leader election: For active master node selection in clusters

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• Job scheduling: Avoid duplication of scheduled tasks

10. Conclusion
ZooKeeper simplifies coordination in distributed systems through a state machine model
that guarantees consistency, reliability, and fault tolerance. It's widely used in cloud
computing environments for service orchestration, failover management, and resource
coordination.

The MapReduce Programming Model in Cloud Computing

Introduction:
MapReduce is a programming model developed by Google for processing and generating
large data sets in a distributed computing environment. It is one of the foundational
models for big data processing in cloud computing and is widely used in systems like Apache
Hadoop.
MapReduce plays a vital role in processing large-scale data in cloud computing
environments. It simplifies the task of developing parallel and distributed applications by
abstracting the complexity of data distribution, fault tolerance, and scalability.
It remains a foundational model for many cloud-based big data solutions today.

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What is MapReduce?
MapReduce is a framework that allows developers to write programs that can process
massive amounts of data in parallel across a distributed cluster of computers.
It consists of two main functions:
1. Map function
Takes a set of input data and converts it into a set of key-value pairs.
2. Reduce function
Merges all intermediate values associated with the same key to produce the final
output.
Why MapReduce in Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing provides scalable resources on demand, making it a perfect environment
for MapReduce. It enables:
• Parallel data processing
• High fault tolerance
• Scalability across multiple nodes
• Efficient use of resources

Working Phases of MapReduce:

1. Input Splitting:
o Input files are divided into splits.
o Each split is processed by a map task.
2. Mapping:
o The map() function processes each split and emits intermediate key-value
pairs.
3. Shuffling and Sorting:
o Intermediate data is shuffled and grouped by key.
o This is handled by the framework internally.
4. Reducing:
o The reduce() function processes each group of intermediate key-value pairs
and produces the final output.
Example: Word Count Program
Let’s say we want to count the frequency of each word in a document.

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Map Function:
map(String key, String value):
for each word in value:
emit(word, 1)
Reduce Function:
reduce(String key, Iterator values):
sum = 0
for each value in values:
sum += value
emit(key, sum)
Input:
Line1: Cloud computing is scalable
Line2: Cloud computing is powerful

Output:
cloud: 2
computing: 2
is: 2
scalable: 1
powerful: 1
Advantages of MapReduce in Cloud:
• Scalability: Easily processes petabytes of data across many machines.
• Fault Tolerance: Automatically handles node failures.
• Simplicity: Developers only write map and reduce functions.
• Cost Efficiency: Makes use of commodity hardware in the cloud.

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Use Cases:
• Log analysis
• Indexing for search engines
• Data mining
• Machine learning preprocessing
• ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tasks
Popular Implementations:
• Hadoop MapReduce
• Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce)
• Apache Spark (more advanced)

Apache Hadoop in Cloud Computing

Introduction
Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework for distributed storage and processing of
large datasets using a cluster of commodity hardware. It plays a significant role in cloud
computing because it allows cloud service providers and users to store, manage, and analyze
massive volumes of data efficiently and cost-effectively.
Apache Hadoop is a powerful big data processing tool, and its integration with
cloud computing brings scalability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness to data analytics. By
leveraging cloud platforms, users can avoid upfront hardware investments and scale their
operations efficiently based on demand.

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Why Hadoop in Cloud?

• Cloud platforms provide on-demand, scalable infrastructure.
• Hadoop provides parallel processing capabilities and fault tolerance.
• The combination allows big data analytics as a service.

Key Components of Hadoop

1. HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System):
o Stores data across multiple machines.
o Breaks large files into blocks and distributes them.
2. MapReduce:
o A programming model for processing large data sets with a parallel,
distributed algorithm.
3. YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator):
o Manages resources and schedules tasks.
4. Hadoop Common:
o Provides shared utilities and libraries.

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Benefits of Using Hadoop in Cloud Computing

Feature Description

Hadoop clusters can scale easily in cloud environments by adding more

Scalability
virtual machines.

Cost Efficiency Reduces the cost of hardware; cloud offers pay-as-you-go pricing.

Elasticity Resources can be scaled up/down based on workload.

Fault Tolerance Automatically replicates data and handles hardware failures.

Can store and process any kind of data: structured, semi-structured,

Flexibility
unstructured.

High
Cloud infrastructure and Hadoop replication ensure uptime.
Availability

Hadoop on Cloud Platforms

1. Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce):
o Managed Hadoop framework on AWS.
o Auto-scaling, integrated with S3 and EC2.
2. Google Cloud Dataproc:
o Fully managed Hadoop and Spark service.
o Fast provisioning and integrated with GCP tools.
3. Microsoft Azure HDInsight:
o Apache Hadoop distribution in the cloud.
o Supports Hadoop, Spark, Hive, HBase, Kafka.
Use Cases of Hadoop in Cloud
• Big Data Analytics
• ETL Pipelines
• Social Media Analysis
• Financial Fraud Detection
• IoT Data Processing
• E-commerce Recommendation Engines

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 CSE(AI)-Final Year -Cloud Computing

Challenges

Challenge Description

Security Data privacy and access control in shared cloud environments.

Transferring large data sets to/from cloud can be slow and

Data Movement
expensive.

Management
Cluster setup and tuning still require expertise.
Complexity

Applications in cloud computing

1 . Healthcare
2 . Energy systems
3. Transportation
4 . Manufacturing
5. Education
6. Government
7 .Mobile communication
8 .Application development.

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 CSE(AI)-Final Year -Cloud Computing

1. Healthcare
• Description: Cloud computing enables secure storage, sharing, and analysis of
medical records and imaging data.
• Applications:
o Electronic Health Records (EHR) accessible from anywhere.
o Telemedicine platforms for remote consultation.
o AI-based diagnostics using cloud-hosted models.
o Wearable health devices syncing data to the cloud.
o Collaborative research using shared datasets.
2. Energy Systems
• Description: Cloud platforms help monitor, control, and optimize energy production
and consumption.
• Applications:
o Smart grid management and real-time energy monitoring.
o Renewable energy forecasting using cloud-based analytics.
o Energy consumption analytics for smart homes and industries.
o Cloud-enabled IoT systems for controlling power usage.

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3. Transportation
• Description: Cloud computing enhances real-time tracking, routing, and logistics
planning.
• Applications:
o GPS and traffic management systems powered by the cloud.
o Fleet and logistics management with cloud-based dashboards.
o Autonomous vehicle data processing and model training.
o Integration with ride-sharing apps and services.
4. Manufacturing
• Description: Cloud aids in automation, production management, and predictive
maintenance.
• Applications:
o Smart factories with cloud-based IoT integration.
o Real-time monitoring of machines and production lines.
o Digital twins (virtual models) of products and equipment.
o Supply chain optimization using cloud analytics.

5. Education
• Description: Cloud platforms enable online learning, resource sharing, and
collaboration.
• Applications:
o Virtual classrooms and Learning Management Systems (LMS).
o Cloud-hosted academic content and resources.
o Student performance analytics using cloud tools.
o Online exams, assignments, and grading automation.
6. Government
• Description: Cloud enables better public service delivery and data transparency.
• Applications:
o E-Governance platforms for citizens to access services online.
o Cloud storage for large-scale government data and documents.

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 CSE(AI)-Final Year -Cloud Computing

o Disaster recovery and emergency response coordination.

o Inter-departmental collaboration using shared cloud platforms.

7. Mobile Communication
• Description: Cloud enhances mobile experiences through app hosting and data
synchronization.
• Applications:
o Cloud backup and restore for smartphones.
o Cloud-hosted apps and services (e.g., Gmail, Google Photos).
o Real-time messaging, file sharing, and streaming via cloud.
o Mobile cloud gaming and virtual desktops.

8. Application Development
• Description: Developers use cloud platforms for building, testing, and deploying
applications.
• Applications:
o Platform as a Service (PaaS) environments like Google App Engine, AWS
Elastic Beanstalk.
o Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines.
o Container orchestration using Kubernetes on the cloud.
o API hosting, monitoring, and scalability solutions.

Unit – 2 - Important Questions

5-Mark Questions:
1. What are the key challenges in cloud computing?
2. List and explain any three existing or new application opportunities in cloud
computing.
3. Explain the architectural styles used in cloud applications.
4. What is workflow coordination in cloud computing? Give examples.
5. Describe the concept of coordination using a state machine model with respect to
ZooKeeper.

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6. Briefly explain the MapReduce programming model with an example.

7. What is Apache Hadoop? What are its key features?
8. How is cloud computing used in the healthcare sector?
9. Explain cloud-based solutions in energy systems.

10 . Describe the role of cloud computing in mobile communication .

10-Mark Questions:
1. Discuss the major challenges faced in designing and implementing cloud computing
solutions.
2. Explain the emerging opportunities for cloud computing in various domains with
suitable examples.
3. Discuss in detail the architectural styles of cloud applications and their significance.
4. What is workflow coordination in cloud computing? Explain with a suitable
diagram and example.
5. Explain the coordination of cloud activities using ZooKeeper and its benefits in
distributed environments.
6. Describe the MapReduce programming model. Explain its working with an example
(map and reduce phases).
7. Explain the architecture of Apache Hadoop. What are its components and their
roles?
8. Write a detailed note on the applications of cloud computing in various fields like
healthcare, education, manufacturing, and government.
9. Discuss the role of cloud computing in application development. How does it help
developers and organizations?
10. Compare and contrast traditional application architectures with cloud-based
application architectures.

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