International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

Vol-10, Issue-4; Jul-Aug, 2025

Peer-Reviewed International Journal
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijeab.com/
Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijeab

Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-

chemical properties of coastal sandy soil under groundnut
cultivation
V P Shahana1, Dr. M. Latha1, Dr. P. Mohan Rao1, Dr. G. Ramesh2
1 Agriculturalcollege, Bapatla-522101, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2 KVK, Darsi-523247, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Email: [email protected]

Received: 22 Jul 2025; Received in revised form: 17 Aug 2025; Accepted: 23 Aug 2025; Available online: 31 Aug 2025
©2025 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023 on sandy loam soil to study the
effect of tank silt and wood ash on soil properties, including physical and physico-chemical properties under
groundnut cultivation. The experiment consisted of ten treatments with tank silt, wood ash and K 2SO4 foliar
application with different levels of RDK tested in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications.
Results indicated that the soil's physical properties were not significantly influenced by the imposed
treatments. Among the physico-chemical properties of soil, soil reaction (pH) did not show significant
influence from the treatments, whereas, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity and organic carbon
content were found to be improved due to the application of tank silt and wood ash.
Keywords— Coastal sandy soil, groundnut, tank silt, wood ash

I. INTRODUCTION effective and eco-friendly solution for improving

Soil fertility and quality are crucial factors that agricultural outcomes.
determine sustainable agricultural productivity, especially A field experiment was conducted during the rabi
in regions with challenging soil types like coastal sandy season of 2023 on coastal sandy soil to examine the effect
soils, where groundnut is widely cultivated. Groundnut of tank silt and wood ash on soil properties, particularly
(Arachis hypogaea L.), known as the “king of oil seeds”, is focusing on physical and physico-chemical characteristics
an important oilseed and food crop in India, which is also under groundnut cultivation. The study employed a
known as peanut or the poor man’s almond. It belongs to randomized block design (RBD) with ten treatments,
the family Leguminosae. On a dry seed basis, groundnut incorporating combinations of tank silt, wood ash, and
seed has 44–56% oil and 22–30% protein. It is also a rich K2SO4 foliar application at varying levels of Recommended
source of minerals (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and Dose of Potassium (RDK). Each treatment was replicated
potassium) and vitamins (E, K and B groups). It is reported three times.
that the total carbohydrates in groundnut seeds, including
both soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, range from 9.5 to
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
19.0% (Chowdhury et al., 2015)
The experiment was conducted at Agricultural College
The coastal sandy soils often exhibit poor nutrient
Farm, Bapatla under Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural
retention, low organic matter, and limited water-holding
University, Andhra Pradesh, India with TAG-24 variety of
capacity, necessitating innovative soil management
groundnut during rabi season in 2023-24 in sandy loam soil.
strategies. Amendments such as tank silt and wood ash have
The experiment was laid out in randomised block design
shown promise in enhancing soil properties, offering a cost-
(RBD) with ten treatments replicated thrice. The groundnut

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Shahana et al. Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-chemical properties of coastal sandy soil
under groundnut cultivation

crop was sown under irrigated conditions with a spacing of The findings indicate that the application of tank
30 cm x 10 cm.Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were silt and wood ash didn’t show any significant effect on the
supplied through urea, single super phosphate (SSP) and bulk density of the soil. However, a non-significant
muriate of potash (MOP). The recommended dose of 40 kg reduction is observed in bulk density due to the application
P2O5 and 30 kg N ha-1 were applied uniformly to all plots. of tank silt and wood ash. The range of bulk density in tank
The recommended dose of K2O @ 50 kg ha-1 was applied silt-added soil was 1.41 Mg m-3 to 1.42 Mg m-3 and wood
as per the treatments. Nitrogen was applied in 2 equal splits ash-added soil was 1.55 Mg m-3 to 1.56 Mg m-3. The
(1/2 at the time of sowing and the remaining half at 30 highest bulk density (1.58 Mg m-3 and 1.57 Mg m-3) was
DAS). The entire quantity of P and K fertilizers was applied observed in the treatment T1 (100% RDK) and T2 (75%
as basal before sowing. Wood ash @ 500 kg ha -1 and tank RDK) which received only inorganic fertilizers. The non-
silt @ 6000 kg ha-1 were applied to each plot according to significant effect of tank silt and wood ash on bulk density
the treatments 1 week before the date of sowing. Foliar might be due to the short duration of the experiment.
spraying of 2% K2SO4 was done at 35 DAS according to However, a reduction was observed in bulk density due to
treatment. the application of tank silt and wood ash. Tank silt,
Treatment details: T1 – 100% RDK, T2 – 75% characterized by its substantial clay and organic matter
RDK, T3 –75% RDK + wood ash, T4 – 75% RDK + wood content, improves soil structure and reduces bulk density
ash + K2SO4 foliar application at 35 DAS), T5 – 75% RDK upon application, as documented by Srinivasa et al.
+ tank silt, T6 –75% RDK + tank silt + K2SO4 foliar (2010). This enhancement in soil structure resulting in
application at 35 DAS, T7 –50% RDK + wood ash, T8 – decreased bulk density has been observed previously in
50% RDK + wood ash + K2SO4 foliar application at DAS, studies by Rao et al. (2017) and Degala et al. (2018).
T9 – 50% RDK + tank silt and T10 – 50% RDK + tank silt The finer texture of wood ash, which can modify
+ K2SO4 foliar application at 35 DAS. pore size distribution and increase soil porosity, particularly
The physical properties like BD, MC, WHC and in sandy soils, might be the reason for the observed non-
Aggregate stability were analyzed by clod method (Dastane significant decrease in bulk density after application of
1967), gravimetric method (Rao et al., 2017), Keen- wood ash, as noted by Chirenje and Ma (2002). Similarly,
Raczkowski method (Piper, 1966), Wet sieving method in studies by Sartori et al. (2007) and Moragues-Saitua et al.
Yoder’s apparatus (Gupta, 1965). The pH and EC were (2017) have confirmed that the effect of the application of
measured with (1: 2.5- soil: water) potentiometry method wood ash on bulk density was non-significant as observed
given by Jackson (1973). Organic carbon and CEC were in the present study.
estimated by Walkley and Black’s (1934) wet digestion 3.1.2 Moisture content
method and sodium saturation method (Black, 1965) According to the results presented in table 1, the
respectively. application of wood ash and tank silt did not result in a
Fisher’s method of analysis of variance was statistically significant change in soil moisture content.
followed for analysis and interpretation of the data as However, there was a slight, non-significant increase in
suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1978). The level of moisture content was observed with these treatments.
significance used in ‘F’ test at 0.05 level of probability was Among the treatments, those involving tank silt
worked out for significance. application and wood ash application demonstrated a
higher moisture content when compared to the treatments
received only inorganic fertilizer. There has been an
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
increase of 4.7 to 6.8 % moisture content in tank silt added
3.1 Physical properties soil and 1.36 to 3.4 % moisture content in wood ash added
The physical properties of soil recorded at soil compared to unamended soil.
the harvest of the crop are presented in Table 1. The This increase in moisture content due to tank silt
findings indicate that the application of tank silt and wood application can be attributed to the high water-holding
ash did not show any significant effect on the physical capacity and organic carbon content of tank silt
properties of the soil. However, a non-significant (Srinivasarao et al., 2013). According to Bhanavase et al.
improvement was observed in physical properties due to (2011), the application of tank silt also increased the clay
the application of wood ash and tank silt. content in the plough layer, which directly influenced the
3.1.1 Bulk density amount of water available to the soil.

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Shahana et al. Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-chemical properties of coastal sandy soil
under groundnut cultivation

0.5

0.45
Electrical conductivity (dS m-1)

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
Treatments

Fig.1 Effect of tank silt and wood ash on electrical conductivity (dS m-1) of soil at harvest of groundnut crop

Fig.2 Effect of tank silt and wood ash on cation exchange capacity of soil at harvest of groundnut crop

The treatment of soil with wood ash has been saturated hydraulic conductivity was found to be linear
observed to reduce saturated hydraulic conductivity, across the range of ash application rates used, as reported
resulting in a slight increase in soil moisture content. This by Chirenje and Ma (2002). This indicates a consistent
reduction in hydraulic conductivity is directly related to relationship between the amount of ash applied and the
the decrease in pore diameters caused by the addition of extent of reduction in hydraulic conductivity, thereby
ash, which enables water to remain in the root zones for a enhancing moisture retention in the soil.
longer period when it is most needed. The decrease in

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Shahana et al. Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-chemical properties of coastal sandy soil
under groundnut cultivation

Table 1. Effect of different sources of potassium application on physical and physico-chemical properties of soil at harvest
Bulk Moisture EC
WHC pH CEC
Treatments density content (dS OC(%)
(%) (1:2.5) (Cmol(p+)kg1)
(Mg/m3) (%) m-1)
T1 – 100% RDK 1.58 14.8 17.2 6.56 0.34 10.97 0.47
T2– 75% RDK 1.57 14.7 17.1 6.57 0.33 10.80 0.46
T3 – 75% RDK + Wood ash 1.56 15.2 17.4 7.30 0.43 11.10 0.48
T4 – 75% RDK + Wood ash + K2SO4 foliar
1.55 15.1 17.5 7.28 0.43 11.14 0.48
application at 35 DAS
T5 – 75% RDK + Tank silt 1.41 15.4 18.1 7.39 0.48 13.52 0.62
T6 – 75% RDK + Tank silt + K2SO4 foliar
1.42 15.7 18.3 7.38 0.49 14.13 0.61
application at 35 DAS
T7– 50% RDK + Wood ash 1.56 14.9 17.5 7.28 0.41 11.01 0.47
T8 – 50% RDK + Wood ash + K2SO4 foliar
1.55 15.2 17.4 7.27 0.43 10.99 0.47
application at 35 DAS
T9 – 50% RDK + Tank silt 1.41 15.4 18.3 7.39 0.47 13.87 0.60
T10 – 50% RDK + Tank silt + K2SO4 foliar
1.42 15.5 18.2 7.36 0.48 13.61 0.59
application at 35 DAS
S.Em (±) 0.08 0.85 0.85 0.33 0.03 0.52 0.03
CD @ 0.05 NS NS NS NS 0.08 1.56 0.08
CV (%) 9.16 9.69 8.38 8.03 12.09 7.54 8.41

3.1.3 Water holding capacity particles can clog soil pores by swelling when combined
The results show that the soil's ability to retain with water, thereby enhancing the ability to retain water.
water was not considerably impacted by the addition of 3.2 Physico-chemical properties
wood ash or tank silt. However, compared to treatments The physico-chemical properties of soil recorded at
with only inorganic fertilizer application, the application the harvest of the crop are presented in Table 1. Among the
of wood ash and tank silt showed a slight improvement in physicochemical properties of soil, soil reaction (pH) was not
water-holding capacity. This non-significant effect on significantly influenced by the treatments. In contrast,
enhancing water-holding capacity can likely be attributed electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic
to the short duration of the experiment being a single- carbon content were found to be significantly affected by
season study. different treatments and improved due to the application of
The water holding capacity ranged from 18.3 % tank silt and wood ash.
in tank silt-added soil to 17.1 % in soil with the addition of 3.2.1 Soil Reaction (pH)
only inorganic fertilizers. There was an increase of 5.8 to
The findings indicate that the application of wood
7.0 % of water holding capacity in tank silt-added soil and
ash and tank silt did not significantly alter soil pH levels at
a 1.7 to 1.8 % increase in wood ash-added soil compared
the harvest. There was a slight increase in soil pH in
to soil that received only inorganic fertilizer.
treatments involving both wood ash and tank silt, with pH
The application of tank silt likely increased the values ranging from 6.56 to 7.39. The application of tank silt
soil plasticity due to the high concentration of clay particles with a pH of 9.1 resulted in a more substantial increase in soil
with plastic properties present in the tank silt. This increase pH compared to wood ash with a pH of 8.5.
in plasticity may have also contributed to the observed
Sundaram and Annadurai (2018) also reported
enhancement in water-holding capacity (Rajeshwar and
similar pH changes in soil due to tank silt application. Soil
Ramulu, 2015). Johan et al. (2021) previously reported on
pH has increased because of the alkaline nature of tank silt,
the impact of wood ash application on the soil's water-
which is the result of the buildup of salt during tank silt
holding capacity. Their findings revealed that wood ash

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Shahana et al. Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-chemical properties of coastal sandy soil
under groundnut cultivation

development over time (Sankalpa and Kadalli, 2018). presence of cations and soluble salts in the wood ash.
Additionally, the application of wood ash raises soil pH According to Khan (2024), by releasing soluble salts and
also due to its alkaline properties and the buffering capacity cations present in the wood ash into the soil, it can raise the
of carbonates, particularly calcium carbonate (CaCO3) EC of the soil and contribute to the overall salinity.
(Arseneau et al., 2021). Wood ash also contains high 3.2.3 Cation Exchange Capacity
amounts of calcium and magnesium oxides associated with
The results indicate a significant variation among
their hydroxide which can neutralize soil acidity (Bonfim-
the treatments at the crop harvest stage. Specifically, the
Silva et al., 2021).
soil treated with tank silt exhibits a substantially higher
3.2.2 Electrical conductivity CEC compared to all other treatments. This highlights the
The data on electrical conductivity of soil is pronounced effect of tank silt on enhancing the soil's cation
presented in Fig.1 and Table 1. The electrical conductivity exchange capacity, distinguishing it from other
of soil treated with tank silt ranged from 0.47 to 0.49 dS soil amendments. The information presented here
m-1, soil treated with wood ash ranged from 0.41 to 0.43 dS highlights the notable increase in CEC caused by tank silt
m-1, and soil not treated with either wood ash or tank silt addition in comparison to wood ash and only inorganic
ranged from 0.33 to 0.35 dS m-1. fertilizer addition. Paramasivan and Kumar (2019)
Rajakumar and Ammal (2016) also observed an reported a similar positive influence of tank silt addition on
increase in electrical conductivity (EC) with the addition CEC as seen in our study. Furthermore, Wadne et al.
of tank silt. This increase was attributed to the nature of (2020) documented a two to threefold increase in soil CEC
tank silt as an erosion product, where soluble compounds following the application of tank silt. This increase was
are transported and deposited in the tanks. The elevated EC attributed to the inclusion of clay content from the tank silt,
concentrations in tank silt are likely due to this which is significantly positively correlated with CEC.
transportation process. Additionally, the application of These findings underscore the substantial role that tank silt,
tank silt may also release organic acids, especially in soils rich in clay, plays in enhancing the soil's cation
added with organic amendments, leading to a significant exchange capacity
release of ions into the soil solution. 3.2.4 Organic Carbon
Yilmaz et al. (2024) corroborate the increase in The data presented in table 1 indicate a significant
electrical conductivity (EC) resulting from the application impact on organic carbon content resulting from the
of wood ash. This enhancement in EC is attributed to the

0.7

0.6
Organic carbon (%)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
Treatments

Fig.3 Effect of tanksilt and wood ash on the organic carbon percentage of soil at harvest of groundnut crop

application of tank silt, compared to both unamended soil silt, highlighting its superior efficacy in improving soil
and soil treated with wood ash. The enhancement in organic organic matter over the other treatments.
carbon content is notably greater in soils amended with tank

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Shahana et al. Effect of tank silt and wood ash on physical and physico-chemical properties of coastal sandy soil
under groundnut cultivation

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