Chapter 1.
Object-Oriented Concepts
1.1 Abstraction
• Definition: Showing only the essential details while hiding unnecessary
implementation.
• Purpose: Simplifies complexity.
• Real-world Example:
o Using a mobile phone: You press keys to dial but don’t know the internal
working of circuits.
• C++ Example:
class Shape {
public:
virtual void draw() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
void draw() { cout << "Drawing Circle"; }
};
• Here, the abstract class hides implementation details.
1.2 Encapsulation
• Definition: Wrapping data (variables) and code (functions) into a single unit (class).
• Purpose: Data security and controlled access.
• Real-world Example: ATM machine → you interact with a secure interface.
• C++ Example:
class Account {
private:
double balance; // private data
public:
void setBalance(double b) { balance = b; }
double getBalance() { return balance; }
};
1.3 Inheritance
• Definition: Deriving a new class from an existing one.
• Purpose: Code reuse.
• Types of Inheritance in C++:
o Single
o Multiple
o Multilevel
o Hierarchical
o Hybrid
• Example:
class Animal {
public:
void eat() { cout << "Eating..."; }
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void bark() { cout << "Barking..."; }
};
int main() {
Dog d;
d.eat();
d.bark();
}
1.4 Polymorphism
• Definition: “Many forms” → same function behaves differently.
Types:
1. Compile-time (Static) → Function overloading, Operator overloading.
class Print {
public:
void show(int x) { cout << "Int: " << x; }
void show(double y) { cout << "Double: " << y; }
};
2. Run-time (Dynamic) → Achieved using virtual functions.
class Animal {
public: virtual void sound() { cout << "Animal Sound"; }
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public: void sound() { cout << "Bark"; }
};
int main() {
Animal* a;
Dog d;
a = &d;
a->sound(); // Bark
}
1.5 Advantages of OOP
• Reusability (via inheritance).
• Security (via encapsulation).
• Flexibility & maintainability.
• Easy debugging.
• Simulates real-world entities
1.6 Applications of OOP
• Banking Systems – handling accounts, loans.
• Gaming – objects like players, weapons.
• Simulation software – flight simulator, hospital mgmt.
• GUI applications – Windows, Android apps.
• Object-oriented databases.
2. Introduction to C++
2.1 Data Types
Type Example Description
int 10 Integer values
float 3.14 Single precision decimal
double 3.14159 Double precision decimal
char 'A' Single character
bool true/false Boolean values
string "Hello" Sequence of characters
2.2 new Operator and Keywords
• new → dynamic memory allocation.
• delete → free memory.
int* p = new int(25);
cout << *p;
delete p;
• Some C++ keywords: class, public, private, virtual, friend, namespace, this, new, delete.
2.3 Namespace Concept
• Prevents name conflicts.
• Example:
namespace A { int x = 10; }
namespace B { int x = 20; }
int main() {
cout << A::x;
cout << B::x;
2.4 Input & Output
• cin → input
• cout → output
int a;
cin >> a;
cout << "Value = " << a;
2.5 Simple C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Welcome to C++!";
return 0;
2.6 Reference Variables
• Another name for an existing variable.
int a = 5;
int &ref = a;
ref = 10; // a also becomes 10
2.7 Classes and Objects
• Class: User-defined type.
• Object: Instance of class.
class Student {
public:
int roll;
string name;
void display() { cout << roll << " " << name; }
};
int main() {
Student s1;
s1.roll = 1; s1.name = "Amit";
s1.display(); }
2.8 this Pointer
• Points to the current object.
class Test {
int x;
public:
void setX(int x)
this->x = x;
};
2.9 Access Specifiers
Specifier Access
public Anywhere
private Within class only
protected Within class & derived classes
2.10 Defining Members
1. Inside class
class Demo {
int x;
public:
void setX(int a) { x = a; }
};
2. Outside class
class Demo
int x;
public:
void setX(int a);
};
void Demo::setX(int a)
x = a;
