CHAPTER 2: CAPACITANCE AND APPLICATIONS

Test Your Concepts-I

⇒ 380 × 10 −9 = 50 × 10 −12 × V1
(Based on General Capacitance)
380 × 10 −9
1. The common potential, ⇒ V1 = = 7600 V
50 × 10 −12
C1V1 + C2V2
V= (b) Work required to turn the dial from 180° to 0° is
C1 + C2
W = Gain in energy of capacitor
Here C1 = 20 μF = 20 × 10 −6 F , V1 = 500 V
1 ⎞ q ( C2 − C1 )
2
q2 q2 q2 ⎛ 1
C2 = 10 μF = 10 × 10 −6 F , V2 = 200 V ⇒ W= − = ⎜ − =
2C1 2C2 2 ⎝ C1 C2 ⎠⎟ 2C1C2
20 × 10 −6 × 500 + 10 × 106 × 200 ( 380 × 10 −9 )2 ( 950 − 50 ) × 10 −12
⇒ V=
20 × 10 −6 + 10 × 10 −6 ⇒ W=
2 × 50 × 10 −12 × 950 × 10 −12
⇒ V = 400 V
⇒ W = 1.368 × 10 −3 J
2. The energy stored in the condenser is given by
4. Initial energy stored in the capacitors
1
U= CV 2 1 1
2 U1 = C1V12 + C2V22
where C = 100 μF = 100 × 10 −6
F , V = 200 V 2 2
1 1
1 2 ⇒ U1 = × 0.1 × 10 2 + C2 × 0 = 5 J
U= × 100 × 10 −6 × ( 200 ) = 2 J 2 2
2
When discharged through a resistor ( 2 Ω ) , the whole When charging battery is removed, the charge remains
energy is dissipated as heat. So, heat produced is given constant. This charge is collected by first capacitor
by ( q1 = C1V1 ) then redistributed equally in such a way
that their potentials are equal i.e.,
Q=U =2 J
V1′ = V2′
3. When the dial is at 0° , the capacitance of the capacitor
q1′ q′
is given by ⇒ = 2
C1 C2
C1 = 50 pF = 50 × 10 −12 F
Now since, q1′ = q2′ {given}
When dial is at 180° , the capacitance is given by
⇒ C1 = C2 = C ( say )
C2 = 950 pF = 950 × 10 −12 F
∴ Common potential
The potential difference across capacitor C2 , is given
q1 + q2 CV1 + 0 V1
by V= = = =5V
C1 + C2 C+C 2
V2 = 400 V
So, final energy stored is
Charge on capacitor C2 is
1
q = C2V2 = 950 × 10 −12 × 400
U2 = ( C1 + C2 )V 2
2

⇒ q = 380 × 10 −9 C 1
⇒ U2 = ( 2C )V 2 = CV 2 = 0.1 × ( 5 )2 = 2.5 J
2
(a) When battery is disconnected the charge remains
U 2 2.5 1
the same and so, q = constant. Let V1 be the ⇒ = =
U1 5 2
potential difference across capacitor when dial
reads 0° . Then 5. (a) Let the charge on sphere of radius R1 be
q1 ( = q ) and that on the sphere of radius R2 be
q = C1V1 q2 ( = Q − q ) , then the total energy is
 Hints and Explanations H.127

1 q12 1 q22
Test Your Concepts-II (Based on Series and
U = U1 + U 2 = + Parallel Combination of Capacitors)
2 C1 2 C2
1 1
⇒ U=
q2
+
(Q − q )2
1. (a) U=
2
2
2
2
C ( ΔV ) + C ( ΔV ) = C ( ΔV )
2

8πε 0 R1 8πε 0 R2 C
(b) The altered capacitor has capacitance C ’ = . The
For U to be minimum we must have 2
total charge is the same as before.
dU
=0 So, qinitial = qfinal
dq
2q 2(Q − q ) ⇒ C ( ΔV ) + C ( ΔV ) = C ( ΔV ′ ) +
C
( ΔV ′ )
⇒ + ( −1 ) = 0

CHAPTER 2
8πε 0 R1 8πε 0 R2 2
4 ΔV
q Q−q ⇒ ΔV ′ =
⇒ = 3
R1 R2 2 2
1 ⎛ 4 ΔV ⎞ 1 ⎛ C ⎞ ⎛ 4 ΔV ⎞
⎛ R1 ⎞ (c) U’= C⎜ ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟
⇒ q=⎜ Q = q1 2 ⎝ 3 2 2 3 ⎠
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎟⎠
( ΔV )2
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⇒ U ′ = 4C
and Q − q = ⎜ Q = q2 3
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎟⎠ (d) The extra energy comes from work put into the
1 q1 1 R1Q system by the agent pulling the capacitor plates
(b) V1 = = apart.
4πε 0 R1 4πε 0 R1 ( R1 + R2 )
1 Q 2. (a) Capacitors connected in series.
⇒ V1 = Initially, capacitance C is
4πε 0 R1 + R2
1 q2 1 R2Q 1 1 1 d d
V2 = = = + = +
4πε 0 R2 4πε 0 R 2 ( R1 + R2 ) C C1 C2 ε 0 A ε 0 A

1 Q ε0 A
⇒ V2 = ⇒ C=
4πε 0 R1 + R2 2d
When the plates are moved in the given manner,
⇒ V1 − V2 = 0 net capacity C’ of the system is given by
6. Let V1 be the potential of C0 after first charging, then 1 d − Δd d + Δd
= +
C’ ε0 A ε0 A
( C + C0 )V1 = C0V0
⇒ V1 =
C0V0
C + C0
{ ∵ C1′ =
ε0 A
d − Δd
ε A
and C2′ = 0
d + Δd }
ε0 A
Let V2 be the potential of C0 after second charging ⇒ C’ =
then 2d
Net capacitance remains same as before.
C0V1 = ( C + C0 )V2
(b) Two identical capacitors C1 and C2 connected in
⎛ C0 ⎞ ⎛ C0 ⎞ ⎛ C0 ⎞
2 parallel. Initially the net capacity of the system is
⇒ V2 = ⎜ V0 = ⎜ V0
⎝ C + C0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ C + C0 ⎟⎠ ⎝ C + C0 ⎟⎠ ε0 A
C = C1 + C2 = 2
and so on d
10 where, A is the area of the plates, and d the dis-
⎛ C0 ⎞
⇒ V10 = V = ⎜ V0 tance between the plates, for both the capacitors.
⎝ C + C0 ⎟⎠ When the plates are brought closer by Δd in
⎡ 1 ⎤ ε0 A
one capacitor, its capacity increases to ;
⎢ ⎛ V0 ⎞ 10
⇒ C= ⎜ ⎟ − 1 ⎥ C0 d − Δd
⎢⎣ ⎝ V ⎠ ⎥⎦ whereas the capacity of the second capacitor,
H.128 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

whose plates are moved away by Δd, decreases to ⇒ C2 ( 90 ) = C1 ( 10 ) + ( 2 ) ( 10 ) C1 C2

ε0 A
. Net capacity of the system becomes ⇒ 9C2 = C1 + 2
d + Δd
2ε 0 Ad 2C2 2 μF
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⇒ 9C2 = +2
C ’ = ε0 A ⎜ + =
⎝ d − Δd d + Δd ⎟⎠ d 2 − ( Δd )2 3
⇒ 25C2 = 6
2ε 0 A 100 V
⇒ C’ =
⎛ Δd 2 ⎞ 6
d−⎜ ⇒ C2 = = 0.24 μF
⎝ d ⎟⎠ 25
We find that C ’ > C and hence net capacitance and C1 = 0.16 μF
increases.
1 1
6. U= CPV 2 = ( C1 + C2 )V 2
3. The initial charge on the larger capacitor is 2 2
Q = C ΔV 1
⇒ ( C1 + C2 ) ( 2 )2 = 0.1
2
⇒ Q = ( 10 μF ) ( 15 V ) = 150 μC
⇒ ( C1 + C2 ) = 5 × 10 −2 …(1)
An additional charge q is pushed through the 50 V
battery, giving the smaller capacitor charge q and the 1
Similarly CSV 2 = 1.6 × 10 −2
larger charge 150 + q ( in μC ) . 2
1 ⎛ C1C2 ⎞
q 150 μC + q ⇒ ( 2 )2 = 1.6 × 10 −2
⇒ 50 V= + 2 ⎜⎝ C1 + C2 ⎟⎠
5 μF 10 μF
⇒ 500 μC = 2q + 150 μC + q ⇒ C1C2 = 4 × 10 −4 …(2)

⇒ q = 117 μC Solving equations (1) and (2), we get

q 117 μC C1 = 40 mF and C2 = 10 mF
Across the 5 μF capacitor ΔV = = = 23.3 V
C 5 μF
ε0 A
7. In the figure, C1 =
Across the 10 μF capacitor 3d
150 μC + 117 μC ε0 A
ΔV = = 26.7 V C2 =
10 μF 2d
ε0 A
and C3 =
q2 ⎛ q2 ⎞ d
4. (a) U i = = x1 and
2Ci ⎜⎝ 2ε 0 A ⎟⎠

q2 ⎛ q2 ⎞ A C1 3d
Uf = =⎜ x2
2C f ⎝ 2ε 0 A ⎟⎠
B C2 2d
q2
⇒ Wext = W = U f − Ui = ( x2 − x1 ) C3 d
2ε 0 A
1 1⎛ ε A⎞ Now, C2 is short circuited so that C1 and C3 are in
(b) Ui = CiV 2 = ⎜ 0 ⎟ V 2
2 2 ⎝ x1 ⎠ series.
1 1⎛ ε A⎞ C1C3
Uf = C fV2 = ⎜ 0 ⎟ V2 ⇒ C AB =
2 2 ⎝ x2 ⎠ C1 + C3
ε0 A
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⇒ C AB =
⇒ Wexternal = U f − U i = ε 0 AV 2 ⎜ − ⎟ 4d
2 ⎝ x2 x1 ⎠
8. In series the charge on each capacitor is same.
5. Initially C1 ( 60 ) = C2 ( 40 ) q
Therefore, potential difference given by V = across
C
3C1 = 2C2 the capacitors are in inverse ratio of their capacitors.
Now, q2 = q1 + qacross 2 μF Hence
 Hints and Explanations H.129

q This is the required expression for the net capacitance

V1 = = 130 V and
C1 and is independent of d and hence of the position of
the central H-shaped part.
q
V2 = = 100 V
C2 10. The given capacitor may be supposed to be formed of a
large number of differential capacitors each connected
C2 V1 130 in parallel. Consider one such capacitor of width dx
⇒ = =
C1 V2 100 at a distance x from O . The area of each plate of this
C1 10 small capacitor, dA ( = adx ) .
⇒ = …(1)
C2 13 Separation between these plates, EF = d + x tan θ
and so the smaller capacitance is C1 . If dC be the capacitance of this small capacitor, then

CHAPTER 2
As capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the ε 0 dA ε ( adx ) ε ( adx )
dielectric constant ( K ) , so dC = = 0 = 0
( EF ) d + x tan θ d + xθ
New capacitance C1′ of the first capacitor is
{since for small θ , tan θ = θ }
5 ⎧ C1′ K1′ 5 ⎫ ε 0 ( adx ) ε ( adx ) ⎛ xθ ⎞
−1
C1′ = C1 ⎨∵ = = ⎬
2 ⎩ C1 K1 2 ⎭ ⇒ dC = = 0 ⎜⎝ 1 + ⎟
⎛ xθ ⎞ d d ⎠
d⎜ 1 + ⎟
New capacitance of second capacitor C2′ does not ⎝ d ⎠
change, so ε 0 ( adx ) ⎛ θ ⎞
⇒ dC = ⎜⎝ 1 − x ⎟⎠ {using Binomial Theorem}
C2′ = C2 d d
5
C1′ 2 C1 5 10 25 a
⇒ = = × = {using (1)}
C2′ C2 2 13 13 θ E

If V1′ and V2′ are the respective potential differences, dx

then d
V1′ C2′ 13
= = …(2) F
V2′ C1′ 25 O
dx
Also, V1′ + V2′ = 230 V …(3) x
Solving (2) and (3) , we get a

V1′ = 78.7 V and V2′ = 151.3 V . The net capacitance of capacitor is obtained by inte-
grating the expression with respect to x between 0 to
9. Let d be the separation between the plates of first a i.e.,
capacitor, the separation between the plates of second a
capacitor will be [ a − ( b + d ) ] .
a
ε0a ⎛ θ ⎞ ε0a ⎡ θ x2 ⎤
The capacitances of these capacitors are
C=
d ∫
⎜⎝ dx − xdx ⎟⎠ =
0
d
⎢x −
d ⎣
⎥
d 2 ⎦0
ε A ε0 A
C1 = 0 and C2 = ε0a ⎡ aθ 2 ⎤ ε 0 a 2 ⎡ aθ ⎤
d a − (b + d) ⇒ C= ⎢a − ⎥= 1−
Since the capacitors are in series, so the equivalent d ⎣ 2d ⎦ d ⎢⎣ 2d ⎥⎦
capacitance of the combination C is given by 11. (a) The equivalent of Arrangement 1 is shown. Let C
be capacitance of each capacitor.
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
C C1 C2 ⎛ ε 0 A ⎞ ⎛ ε0 A ⎞ x
⎜⎝ ⎟ 2 3
d ⎠ ⎜⎝ [ a − ( b + d ) ] ⎟⎠
P Q
1 1 a−b y z
⇒ = [d + a − b − d] =
C ( ε0 A ) ε0 A 2 1 4 3
ε0 A The net capacitance of y and z connected in
⇒ C=
a−b series is
H.130 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

C Capacitors C1 and C23 are in series; so the equiva-

C yz = lent capacitance C of the entire combination is
2
Now C yz and capacitor x are connected in 1 1 1 1 1 3
= + = + =
parallel. Therefore net capacitance between P Ceq C1 C23 6 12 12
and Q , Ceq = 4 μF
C 3 3⎛ ε A⎞ (b) The total charge that flows from the battery is
CPQ =C+ = C= ⎜ 0 ⎟
2 2 2⎝ d ⎠
Q = CeqV = ( 4 × 10 −6 ) ( 12 ) = 4.8 × 10 −5 C
(b) The equivalent of Arrangement 2 is shown.
Capacitors C1 and C23 are in series, hence they
x carry the same charge Q = 4.8 × 10 −5 C .
2 1
The voltage across C1 ,
z
P 4Q
Q 4.8 × 10 −5
V1 = = =8V
C1 6 × 10 −6
2 3 The voltage across the combination C23 is
y
Q 4.8 × 10 −5
V23 = = =4V
The net capacitance of x and y connected in par- C23 12 × 10 −6
allel is
Cxy = 2C C2
C1 C1 C23 C2
+ –
Now Cxy and z are connected in series. Therefore
+Q –Q +Q –Q Q2 Q2
net capacitance of arrangement between P and
C3
Q is Q3 Q3
+ – + –
CCxy C ( 2C ) 2 2⎛ ε A⎞ + –
C3
CPQ = = = C= ⎜ 0 ⎟
C + Cxy C + 2C 3 3⎝ d ⎠
C23 is parallel combination of C2 and C3 and
12. The capacitance is maximum when the plates of one hence they have the same potential
group are parallel to the plates of other group, so that V2 = V3 = 4 V
the effective area of each plate is A.
The charges on C2 and C3 are
Since the alternate plates are connected together the
potential difference across any two consecutive plates Q2 = C2V2 = ( 4 × 10 −6 ) ( 4 ) = 1.6 × 10 −5 C
is same. The n plates of given arrangement form
( n − 1 ) capacitors connected in parallel. Therefore the Q3 = C3V3 = ( 8 × 10 −6 ) ( 4 ) = 3.2 × 10 −5 C
maximum capacitance of radio capacitor is So we have V1 = 8 V , Q1 = 48 μC
ε A ε A V2 = 4 V , Q2 = 16 μC
C = 0 + 0 + ... ( n − 1 ) times
d d
V3 = 4 V , Q3 = 32 μC
ε A
⇒ C = ( n − 1) 0 Also, we note that Q2 + Q3 = Q1 = Q
d
14. (a) The two condensers in the middle are connected
13. (a) Capacitors C2 and C3 are in parallel, so their
together and hence act as a single conductor. Thus
equivalent capacitance is
effectively there are three plates which form two
C23 = C2 + C3 = 4 + 8 capacitors in parallel.
⇒ C23 = 12 μF Capacitance of each capacitor,
ε0 A
C1 C23 C=
d
So, net capacitance of combination is
2ε 0 A
a b CPQ = 2C =
d
 Hints and Explanations H.131

(b) The four plates are alternatively connected and Therefore, the energy density (u) should also be
form three capacitors in parallel. So, the net constant.
capacitance of combination is given by 1 q2
U= ε 0 E2 =
3ε 0 A 2 2 A 2ε 0
CPQ = 3C =
d So, total stored energy, U = ( u ) (total volume)
15. (a) The capacitance of capacitor ( A , B ) is ⎛ q2 ⎞ q2
U=⎜ 2 ⎟ ( A.d ) = ⎛ Aε ⎞
ε 0 A1 ε 0π R12 ⎝ 2A ε0 ⎠ 2⎜ 0
C1 =
d1
=
d1 ⎝ d ⎟⎠

2
⇒ U=
q2
{
∵C=
Aε 0
}

CHAPTER 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0.1 ⎞
π
⎜⎝
36π × 10 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
9⎟ 1 2C d
⇒ C1 = −3
= F
2 × 10 288 × 108 (b) In case of a spherical conductor (of radius R ) the
excess charge resides on the outer surface of the
The capacitance of capacitor ( C , D ) is
conductor. The field inside the conductor is zero.
ε 0 A ε 0π R22 It extends from surface to infinity. And since the
C2 = =
d2 d2 potential energy is stored in the field only, it will
2
be stored in the region extending from surface to
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0.12 ⎞ infinity. Also the field is non-uniform, the energy
π
⎜⎝
36π × 10 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
9⎟ 1 density u is also non-uniform. Hence, the total
⇒ C2 = = F
3 × 10 −3 300 × 108 energy can be calculated using the concept of
The capacitors C1 and C2 are in series. Therefore, integration. Electric field at a distance r from the
centre is,
equivalent capacitance C is given by
1 q
1 1 1 E=
= + = 288 × 108 + 300 × 108 4πε 0 r 2
q
C C1 C2 R
1
1 u ( r ) = ε 0 E2
⇒ = 588 × 108 2
C 2
1 ⎛ 1 q⎞
1 ⇒ u( r ) = ε0
⇒ C= = 17 × 10 −12 F = 17 pF 2 ⎜⎝ 4πε 0 r 2 ⎟⎠
588 × 108
(b) Energy stored by capacitors Energy stored in a volume dV = ( 4π r 2 ) dr is

1 1 dU = u dV
CV 2 = × ( 17 × 10 −12 ) × ( 120 )
2
U=
2 2
⇒ U = 1.224 × 10 −7 J r

16. (a) Electric field is uniform between the plates of the dr

capacitor. The magnitude of this field is
σ q
E= =
ε 0 Aε 0

+ – r =∞
+
+
+
–
–
–
⇒ Total energy stored is, U =
∫ dU
r=R
E=0 + – E=0 Substituting the values and integrating, we get
+ –
+ – q2
+ – U=
+ – 2 ( 4πε 0 R )
E = εσ
0 q2
⇒ U=
2C
{∵ C = 4πε 0 R }
H.132 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

Test Your Concepts-III Q

⇒ =κ
(Based on Dielectrics and Breakdown) Q0
1. Arrangement A is equivalent to a combination of two Please note that this situation is not the same as
d the situation where the battery is removed from
capacitors each of area A, separation and connected
2 the circuit before inserting the dielectric.
in series. So,
C
1 1 1 (d 2) + d 2 3. (a) Net capacitance without inserting the slab is,
= + = 2
CS C1 C2 ε 0 K1A ε 0 K 2 A ⎛ C⎞
⇒ q = ⎜ ⎟V
⎝ 2⎠
1 ε A⎡ K K ⎤
= 0 ⎢ 1 2 ⎥ Since, electric field
CS d ⎣ K1 + K 2 ⎦
K 1K 2 ⎛V⎞
where KS = Potential Difference ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ V
K1 + K 2 E= = 2 =
separation between the plates d 2d
Arrangement B is equivalent to combination of two
A C C C KC
capacitors each of area , separation d and con-
nected in parallel. So, 2
q q q q
⎛ A⎞ ⎛ A⎞
ε 0 K1 ⎜ ⎟ ε 0 K 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
C p = C3 + C 4 = +
d d
V V
ε A ⎡ K + K2 ⎤
Cp = 0 ⎢ 1 ⎥⎦ Net capacitance after inserting the slab is
d ⎣ 2
K1 + K 2 ⎛ K ⎞
where K P = C′ = ⎜ C
2 ⎝ K + 1 ⎟⎠
CS 2 K 1K 2 2 4 K 1K 2 ⎛ K ⎞
Now = × = ⇒ q′ = CV ⎜
CP K1 + K 2 ( K1 + K 2 ) ( K1 + K 2 )2 ⎝ K + 1 ⎟⎠

CS 4 × 2 × 3 24 Electric field
⇒ = =
CP ( 2 + 3 )2 25 Potential Difference
E′ =
Separation between the plates
ε 0 A Q0
2. (a) C0 = =
d ΔV0 ⎛ 1 ⎞
V⎜
⎝ K + 1 ⎟⎠ V
When the dielectric is inserted at constant voltage, E′ =
d ( K + 1)d
then
Q Electric field decreases by a factor
C = κ C0 =
ΔV0 ⎛ V⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟
1
E
= 2d ⎠ =
K +1
C0 ( ΔV0 )
2
Since, U 0 = E′ ⎛ V ⎞ 2
2 ⎜⎝ ( ⎟
K + 1)d ⎠
and U =
1 2
C ( ΔV ) =
(
κ C0 ΔV02 ) (b) Charge that flows through the battery is q′ − q
2 2
U CV ( K − 1 )
⇒ =κ Charge Flowing =
U0 2( K + 1)

The extra energy comes from (part of the) elec-

trical work done by the battery in separating the
4. C=
ε0 A
d−t+
t
=
C0
t
1− +
t { ∵ C0 =
ε0 A
d }
extra charge. k d kd
(b) Q0 = C0 ΔV0 where t = 2 ( 0.1 mm ) = 0.2 mm , d = 4 mm and K = 3
and Q = C ΔV0 = κ C0 ΔV0 Putting values, we get C0 = 44.25 pF
 Hints and Explanations H.133

44.25 1 ⎛ V2 ⎞
Now, C = ⇒ U1 = ( K1ε 0 ) ⎜ 2 ⎟
0.2 0.2 2
1− + ⎝ d1 ⎠
4 ( 3 )( 4 )
44.25 1 ⎛ ε 0 K1V 2 ⎞
⇒ C= pF ⇒ U1 =
1 1 2 ⎜⎝ d12 ⎟⎠
1− +
20 60
7. The system of three parallel plates form two parallel
44.25 × 60 2655 plate capacitors connected in series.
⇒ C= =
60 − 3 + 1 58 The capacitance of first capacitor
⇒ C = 45.77%
K1ε 0 A

CHAPTER 2
So, %age change is C1 =
d1
ΔC ⎛ 45.77 − 44.25 ⎞ and capacitance of second capacitor
× 100 = ⎜ ⎟⎠ × 100 = 3.4%
C0 ⎝ 44.25
K 2ε 0 A
⇒ Percentage increase in the value of capacitance is C2 =
d2
3.4%
The net capacitance C is given by
ε A
5. (a) C= 0 1 1 1 1 1
d = + = +
C C1 C2 ⎛ K1ε 0 A ⎞ ⎛ K 2ε 0 A ⎞
ε0 A ⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠
(b) C= 1 2
d−t
Since, t → 0 1 1 ⎡ d1 d2 ⎤ 1 d1K 2 + d2 K1
⇒ = + =
C ε 0 A ⎢⎣ K1 K 2 ⎥⎦ ε 0 A K 1K 2
ε 0 A 2ε 0 A
(c) C= =
d2 d ε 0 K 1K 2 A
⇒ C=
6. (a) Since both are connected to the same potential, d1K 2 + d2 K1
hence they are in parallel. So,
8. The capacitances C2 and C3 are in series, each having
⎛ ε A⎞ ⎛ ε A⎞ A d
Cnet = K1 ⎜ 0 ⎟ + K 2 ⎜ 0 ⎟ area and separation .
⎝ d1 ⎠ ⎝ d2 ⎠ 2 2
⎛K K ⎞ ⎛ A⎞
⇒ Cnet = ε 0 A ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟ ε
⎝ 1 d2 ⎠
d ⎜ 0 2⎟ ⎛ ε A⎞
C2 = K 2 ⎜ = K2 ⎜ 0 ⎟
d ⎟ ⎝ d ⎠
Q ⎜⎝ ⎟
(b) σ= 2 ⎠
A
⎛ ⎛ A⎞ ⎞
⇒ σ=
CV ⎜ ε 0 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎛ ε0 A ⎞
A ⇒ C3 = K 3 ⎜ ⎟ = K 3 ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎜
d
⎟ d ⎠
ε 0 AV ⎛ K1 K 2 ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⇒ σ= +
A ⎜⎝ d1 d2 ⎟⎠ Equivalent capacitance of C2 and C3 is
⎛K K ⎞ 2
⇒ σ = ε 0V ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟ ⎛ ε A⎞
⎝ d1 d2 ⎠ K2K3 ⎜ 0 ⎟
C 2C 3 ⎝ d ⎠ ⎛ K2K3 ⎞ ε 0 A
C′ = = =
C2 + C3 ⎛ ε 0 A ⎞ ⎜⎝ K 2 + K 3 ⎟⎠ d
(c) U1 =
1 2
ε E1 ( K 2 + K 3 ) ⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠
2
V1 ⎛ ⎛ A⎞ ⎞
Since ε = K1ε 0 and E1 =
d
, so ⎜ ε 0 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎛ ε0 A ⎞
Also C1 = K1 ⎜ ⎟⎠ = K1 ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎝ d 2d ⎠
2
1
( K1ε 0 ) ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
V
U1 =
2 ⎝ d1 ⎠
H.134 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

P Final energy of both capacitors

+Q
1 1
C2, K2 d/2 Uf = C ′V 2 + C ′V ′ 2
2 2
d C1, K1
2
1 1 5
( 3C )V 2 + ( 3C ) ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = CV 2
V
C3, K3 d/2 ⇒ Uf =
2 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 3
l l Ui CV 2 3
–Q ⇒ = =
Uf 5 2 5
CV
From figure it is clear that C1 is in parallel with C ′ 3
(combination of C2 and C3 ). Hence net capacitance
ε0
between P and Q . 10. (a) C= [ ( ℓ − x ) ℓ + κ ℓx ] = ε 0 [ ℓ 2 + ℓ x ( κ − 1 ) ]
d d
⎛ ε A ⎞ ⎛ K2K3 ⎞ ε 0 A
C = C1 + C ′ = K1 ⎜ 0 ⎟ + ⎜
1 ⎛ ε ( ΔV ) ⎞ 2
2
⎝ 2d ⎠ ⎝ K 2 + K 3 ⎟⎠ d 1
⎟⎠ [ ℓ + ℓx (κ − 1 ) ]
2
(b) U= C ( ΔV ) = ⎜ 0
2 2⎝ d
ε 0 A ⎛ K1 K2K3 ⎞
⇒ C= + ⎛ dU ⎞ ˆ ε 0 ( ΔV ) (
2
d ⎜⎝ 2 ( K 2 + K 3 ) ⎟⎠ (c) F = −⎜ i= ℓ κ − 1 ) to the left (out
⎝ dx ⎟⎠ 2d
Substituting given values of the capacitor)

8.8 × 10 −12 × ( 1 × 10 −4 ) ⎛ 4 6 × 2 ⎞ ( 2000 )2 ( 8.85 × 10 −12 ) ( 0.0500 ) ( 4.50 − 1 )

C= ⎜⎝ + ⎟ (d) F=
2 × 10 −3 2 6+ 2⎠ 2 ( 2.00 × 10 −3 )
⎛ 7⎞ F = 1.55 × 10 −3 N
⇒ C = 0.44 × 10 −12 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
11. The vertical orientation sets up two capacitors in
⇒ C = 1.54 × 10 −12 F = 1.54 pF parallel, with equivalent capacitance

9. With the switch S closed, the potential difference ⎛ A⎞ ⎛ A⎞

ε 0 ⎜ ⎟ κε 0 ⎜ ⎟
across capacitors A and B is same. So, ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎛ κ + 1 ⎞ ε0 A
CP = + =⎜
d d ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ d
QA QB
V= = where A is the area of either plate and d is the separa-
C C
tion of the plates. The horizontal orientation produces
The initial charges on the capacitors are given by two capacitors in series. If f is the fraction of the hori-
QA = QB = CV zontal capacitor filled with dielectric, the equivalent
capacitance is
When dielectric is introduced, the new capacitance of
either capacitor. 1
=
fd
+
(1 − f )d = ⎡ f + κ (1 − f ) ⎤ d
⎢ ⎥
C ′ = KC = 3C Cs κε 0 A ε0 A ⎣ κ ⎦ ε0 A
Now, when the switch S is opened, let the potential ⎡ κ ⎤ ε0 A
difference across capacitor A be V volt and that ⇒ Cs = ⎢ ⎥ d
across the capacitor B be V ′ volt. ⎣ f + κ ( 1 − f ) ⎦
When dielectric is introduced with the switch open κ +1 κ
For having C p = Cs we get =
(i.e., battery disconnected) then, the charge on capaci- 2 f + κ (1 − f )
tor B remains unchanged, so
⇒ (κ + 1 ) ⎡⎣ f + κ ( 1 − f ) ⎤⎦ = 2κ
QB = CV = C ′V ′
C V For κ = 2 , we get 3 ⎡⎣ 2 − ( 1 ) f ⎤⎦ = 4
⇒ V’= V= volt
C′ 3 2
⇒ f =
3
Initial energy of both capacitors
1 1
Ui = CV 2 + CV 2 = CV 2
2 2
 Hints and Explanations H.135

Test Your Concepts-IV (Based on Capacitor From (1) and (2), we get
Circuits, Kirchhoff's Laws, Charge Flown and q1
q1 + = 15 +q1 –q1 +q2 –q2
Generation of Heat) 2
A C2 B
C1 E
1. The given circuit forms an unbalanced Wheatstone ⇒ q1 = 10 μC
bridge. Let us suppose that the point A is connected q2 = 10 μC
to the positive terminal of a hypothetical battery and
B to the negative terminal of the same battery. Hence, So, voltage across the first capacitor is
a total charge q is stored in the capacitors. Seeing the q
V1 = 1 = 10 V
symmetry about the input and output points, we can C1
say that charges will be distributed as shown. and across the second is

CHAPTER 2
q
C q2 V2 = 2 = 5 V
C2
q1 2C
A 2C B 3. Here, we observe that q1 , q2 , q3 and q4 are in μC
q3 (microcoulomb) and any battery supplies same mag-
2C C
nitude of charge from its both terminals.
q2 q1
3 μF 5V
q1 + q2 = q …(1)
q1
Applying Second Law, we have 5V q2 6 μF 2 μF 4 μF
q3 q4
q q q
− 1 − 3 + 2 =0
C 2C 2C
10 V
⇒ q2 − q3 − 2q1 = 0 …(2)
Select the sign of the charges on the capacitors
Plates inside the dotted line form an isolated system.
arbitrarily, we get
Hence,
− q1 − q2 + q3 + q4 = 0 …(1)
q2 + q3 − q1 = 0 …(3)
Applying Loop Law in three loops, one by one, we get
Solving these three equations, we have
q1 q2
2 3 q 5− + =0 …(2)
q1 = q , q2 = q and q3 = − 3 6
5 5 5
q2 q3
Now, let Ceq be the equivalent capacitance between 10 − − =0 …(3)
6 2
A and B . Then,
q3 q4
and 5 − + =0 …(4)
q q q 2 4
VA − VB = = 1+ 2
Ceq C 2C Solving these four equations, we get
q 2q 3q 7q 40
⇒ = + = q2 = q3 = 10 μC and q1 = q4 = μC
Ceq 5C 10C 10C 3
10 4. The charge distribution is shown in figure. The circuit
⇒ Ceq = C
7 is equivalent to two capacitors connected in series
q1 q with a battery in between them. Let the charge on C1
2. VA − + E − 2 − VB = 0 is q . The same charge will also appear on C2 . The rea-
C1 C2
son is as follows : Whatever charge appears on plate
q1 q of C1 (say- q ) then equal but opposite charge goes to
5− + 10 − 2 = 0
1 2 C2 through E1 . The potential drops across C1 and C2
q2 q q
⇒ q1 + = 15 …(1) will be and respectively. Which plate would
2 C1 C2
Also, we observe that be at higher potential will be decided by relative
− q1 + q2 = 0 strength of E1 and E2. If we move along the complete
loop, the total potential difference must be zero. Let
⇒ q1 = q2 …(2)
E2 > E1 .
H.136 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

C1 E2 C2 Effective capacitance of C3 and C4 is

–q +q –q +q C3C 4
C34 =
C3 + C 4
C12 and C34 are in parallel; equivalent capacitance of
E1 the circuit is
Ceq = C12 + C34
q q
Thus, + E1 + − E2 = 0 total charge on the capacitors is
C1 C2
Q = CeqV
⇒ q=
( E2 − E1 ) C1C2
C1 + C2 Charge Q divides into charge Q12 in C1 or C2 and
E − E1 C1C2 Q34 in C3 or C4 . We have
q = 2
C1 + C2 Q12 = C12V and Q34 = C34V

It is obvious from the figure that the addition of a battery Potential across capacitor C1 is
in between two capacitors is equivalent to charging the Q C2
V1 = 12 = V
potential applied to the two capacitors in series. C1 C1 + C2

5. Charge distribution is shown in figure. Consider the Potential drop at capacitor C3

loop NMLKN. Applying − ΔV = 0 , we have Q34 C4
V3 = = V
C3 C3 + C 4
E1 C1
1
K L Potential of A and B are
–(q1 + q2) (q + q )
1 2
E2 C2 ⎛ C2 ⎞
2 VA = V − V1 = ⎜ 1 − V
P +q2 –q2 O ⎝ C1 + C2 ⎟⎠
E3 C3
3 ⎛ C4 ⎞
N and VB = V − V3 = ⎜ 1 − ⎟V
+q1 –q1 M ⎝ C 3 + C4 ⎠

q1 ⎛ q1 + q2 ⎞ Thus, potential differences between A and B are

− E3 + + + E1 = 0 …(1)
C3 ⎜⎝ C1 ⎟⎠ equal to
Similarly, for loop OLKPO , we get ⎛ C4 C2 ⎞ C1C4 − C2C3
VA − VB = ⎜ − ⎟ V= V
⎛ q1 + q2 ⎞ q2 ⎝ C3 + C4 C1 + C2 ⎠ ( C1 + C2 ) ( C3 + C4 )
⎜⎝ C ⎟⎠ + E1 − E2 + C = 0 …(2)
1 2 This will be zero, if C1C4 − C2C3 = 0
Solving these equations, we get C1 C3
⇒ =
E2C2 − E1C2 − E1C3 + E3C3 C2 C 4
q1 + q2 = …(3)
C3 C2 This is the condition for a balanced Wheatstone bridge.
+ +1
C1 C1
7. Let the charges on capacitors C1 , C2 , and C3 be
(q + q ) Q1 , Q2 and Q3 . Potential differences are therefore
Now V1 − V0 = V1 =− 1 2
C1
{∵ V0 = 0 }
Q1 Q2 Q
, and 3 respectively. Look at the inner plates
E1 ( C2 + C3 ) − E2C2 − E3C3 C1 C2 C3
⇒ V1 =
C1 + C2 + C3 of the three capacitors connected to point A . From
conservation of charge, we have
E2 ( C1 + C3 ) − E1C1 − E3C3
Similarly, V2 = Q1 − Q2 + ( ±Q3 ) = 0 …(1)
C1 + C2 + C3
E3 ( C1 + C2 ) − E1C1 − E2C2 C1 C2
V3 = A
C1 + C2 + C3 –Q1 Q1 –Q2 Q2
6. Capacitors C1 and C2 are in series; their effective Q3
C3
capacitance is
CC
C12 = 1 2 B
C1 + C2 V1 V2
 Hints and Explanations H.137

Because all the inner three plates were neutral initially, In a closed loop the net potential drop must be zero,
therefore, whatever charge is induced on one is obvi- from KVL . Therefore, for loop 1, loop 2 and loop 3, we
ously drawn from others. Q3, the charge on the upper have
plate of C3 , may be positive or negative depending For Loop 1
upon the value of ( Q1 − Q2 ) .
q1 q2 q3
As we move along the closed loops in the sense shown, − − =0
C C C
we have
For Loop 2
Q1 Q3
−V1 + ∓ =0 …(2) q2 q4 q5
C1 C3 − + =0
C C C
Q2 Q3

CHAPTER 2
and V2 − ∓ =0 …(3) For Loop 3
C2 C3
q3 q5 q6
If Q3 is positive, then potential falls as we go from A − + =0 …(3)
C C C
⎛Q ⎞
to B . Hence ∓ Q3 in (1) implies ∓ ⎜ 3 ⎟ in (2) and (3).
⎝ C3 ⎠ The conductor that connects the second, third and fifth
From (2) and (3), we get capacitors is electrically neutral. Hence,

⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞ q3 + q5 − q2 = 0 …(4)
Q1 = ⎜ V1 + 3 ⎟ C1 and Q2 = ⎜ V2 ∓ 3 ⎟ C2
⎝ C3 ⎠ ⎝ C3 ⎠ On solving, we get
Substituting for Q1 and Q2 in (1),we get q4
q1 = q2 = q5 = q6 = and q3 = 0
2
V1C1 − V2C2 ± Q3 ( C1 + C2 + C3 )
=0 Therefore, C AB = 2C
C3
Method 2. Connect the connection of point a to b and
Q3 V C − V1C1 note the indicated Wheatstone bridge. Now simplify
⇒ = (±) 2 2
C3 C1 + C2 + C3 the circuit to obtain the desired result.
Thus potential difference between A and B
Balanced
V C − V1C1 wheatstone bridge
VAB = 2 2 Connect
C1 + C2 + C3 a to b
b C
8. Let the potential difference across the battery termi-
nals be V and the charge of the battery Q. To find the
capacitance of the battery means to find the capaci- a
tance of a capacitor which would have the same charge
Q on its plates as the battery at voltage V. Hence,
q1
A
9. Let the charges in three capacitors be as shown in
q2 1 q3 figure
V 2 μF 4 μF
q6 B C D
2 3
q4 q5
q1 q2
B 6 μF q3
Q
C AB = …(1)
V A F E
10 V 20 V
where from conservation of charge we must have
Q = q1 + q2 + q3 = q4 + q5 + q6 …(2) Charge supplied by 10 V battery is q1 and that from
20 V battery is q2 . Then,
q4
and V = V4 = q1 + q2 = q3
C
H.138 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

This relation can also be obtained by using the Junction is transferred to the right plate of the capacitor. Work
Law. The charges on the three plates which are in con- done by battery V1 in the process of charge transfer is
tact add to zero. Because these plates taken together given by
form an isolated system which can’t receive charges
Wbattery = V1 ΔQ = V1V2C …(3)
from the batteries. Thus,
q3 − q1 − q2 = 0 A part of this work changes the energy of the capacitor

⇒ q3 = q1 + q2 …(1) Q 2f Qi2
ΔUC = −
Applying Kirchhoff’s Second Law to loops BCFAB 2C 2C
1 1
and CDEFC , we get ΔUC = V12C − ( V2 − V1 ) C
2
2 2
q1 q3
− − + 10 = 0
2 6
1
ΔUC =
2
(
2V1V2 − V22 C )
⇒ q3 + 3 q1 = 60 …(2)
and the remaining part is lost as Joule heating. Hence
q2 q the heat generated H is given by
and − 20 + 3 = 0
4 6 1
ΔH = Wbattery − ΔUC = V22C
⇒ 3 q2 + 2q3 = 240 …(3) 2
Solving equations (1), (2) and(3), we have 11. When the switch is open, then Ceq = 4 μF
10 140 So, q = CeqV
q1 = μC , q2 = μC and q3 = 50 μC
3 3
⇒ q = 800 μC
10 μ C 140
μC This charge divides equally amongst the upper branch
3 3
and lower branch. So,
400
50 μ C V1 − Vb = V
3
400 200
V1 − Va = V= V
10 V 20 V 6 3
200
10. Initially, when the switch is closed on position 1, the ⇒ Va − Vb = V
3
capacitor C is connected in series with batteries V1
and V2 . When the switch is closed, then Va − Vb = 0
From KVL we have The charges on the capacitors before the switch S is
Qi closed are shown.
− V2 + V1 = 0
C +400 μ C –400 μ C +400 μ C –400 μ C

⇒ Qi = ( V2 − V1 ) C …(1) C1 3 μ F 6 μF C2
depending upon the sign of ( V2 − V1 ) , charge Qi on 200 V 0V
the left plate may be positive (if V2 > V1 ), or negative
( if V2 < V1 ) . However, charge on the right plate would C3 6 μ F 3 μF C4
be equal and opposite.
When the switch is moved to position 2, the left plate +400 μ C –400 μ C +400 μ C –400 μ C
earlier having charge +Qi , will have charge q
Q f = −V1C …(2) ′ =
Now, when the switch is closed, then Ceq μF
2
⇒ ′ V = 900 μC
q′ = Ceq
The net charge flow through the circuit is
ΔQ = Q f − Qi = ⎡⎣ −V1 − ( V2 − V1 ) ⎤⎦ C = −V2C This 900 μC is shared amongst 3 μF and 6 μF in
direct ratio of their capacitances. So
We can say that a net positive charge equal to V2C
is pulled by the battery of emf V1 from the left plate ⎛ 3 ⎞
q3 μF = ⎜ 900 = 300 μC and
of the capacitor, which flows through battery V1 and ⎝ 3 + 6 ⎟⎠
 Hints and Explanations H.139

⎛ 6 ⎞ ⇒ C = 2 × 10 −12 F
q6 μF = ⎜ 900 = 600 μC
⎝ 3 + 6 ⎟⎠ ⇒ C = 2 pF
+300 μ C –300 μ C +600 μ C –600 μ C 2. (a) Given, a = 2 × 10 −2 m , b = 4 × 10 −2 m and
q = 2 × 10 −6 C
C1 = 3 μ F 100 μ C 200 μ C 6 μ F = C2
V1 = 200 V S V2 = 0 V Let q′ charge comes on the inner sphere. Then,
300 μ C
q
200 μ C 100 μ C Vinner = 0
C3 = 6 μ F 3 μ F = C4
1 ⎡ q′ q ⎤ q′
⇒ + =0
+600 μ C –600 μ C +300 μ C –300 μ C 4πε 0 ⎢⎣ a b ⎥⎦ a

CHAPTER 2
a
Initial Final Charge ⇒ q′ = − ⋅ q = −10 −6 C b
b
Charge Charge Flown |Δq|
q′ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Now, Vinner − Vouter = ⎜ − ⎟
C1 400 μC 300 μC Δq1 = 100 μC 4πε 0 ⎝ a b ⎠

C2 400 μC 600 μC Δq2 = 200 μC 1

⇒ 0 − Vouter = −10 −6 × 109 × 10 2 ×
4
C3 400 μC 600 μC Δq3 = 200 μC ⇒ Vouter = 2.5 × 10 4 V
C4 400 μC 300 μC Δq4 = 100 μC (b) Charges appearing on different surfaces are as
shown in figure. Hence the charge retained on the
outer surface of the outer sphere is +10 −6 C or
Test Your Concepts-V +1 μC .
(Based on Spherical and Cylindrical
Capacitors) +10–6 C
+10–6 C
1. Let us assume a positive charge +q on A and a nega- –10–6 C
tive charge −q on B . Then their potentials are
1 q 1 q 1 q 1 q
VA = − and VB = −
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 d 4πε 0 d 4πε 0 R

A B
+q –q 3. Let q , v and c be the charge, potential and capaci-
R R
tance of individual (small) drop. Also let Q , V , C be
the corresponding quantities for bigger drop.
d As total charge is conserved, therefore the charge of
The potential difference is bigger drop
1 2q 1 2q Q = N × charge on small drop
V = VA − VB = −
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 d
⇒ Q = Nq
1 ⎡ 1 1⎤ q ⎛ d−R⎞
⇒ V=2 q − = ⎜ ⎟ Q
4πε 0 ⎢⎣ R d ⎥⎦ 2πε 0 ⎝ Rd ⎠ ⇒ =N …(1)
q
Since d ≫ R
Since the capacitance of a spherical drop is propor-
q tional to its radius ( C = 4πε 0 r ) , therefore if R and r
⇒ V=
2πε 0 R are radii of big drop and small drop respectively, then
q C R
Since, C = = …(2)
V c r
⇒ C = 2πε 0 R Now, since total mass of the drops is conserved, so, we
2 9 have
⇒ C= × Mass of bigger drop = N × Mass of small drop
9 × 109 1000
H.140 JEE Advanced Physics: Electrostatics and Current Electricity

The potential of A,
4 3 ⎛4 ⎞
⇒ π R ρ = N ⎜ π r 3ρ ⎟ { ρ is density of mercury} 1 ⎛ − q2 q1 + q2 ⎞
3 ⎝3 ⎠
VA = ⎜ + ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ a b ⎠
⇒ R = N1 3r
C R As sphere A is earthed VA = 0
⇒ = = N1 3 …(3)
c r 1 ⎡ − q2 q1 + q2 ⎤
⇒ + =0 …(3)
C
1 4πε 0 ⎢⎣ a b ⎥⎦
⇒ = N3
c Equation (3) gives
Again, by definition − q2 q1 + q2 − q2 Q
+ = 0 i.e., + =0
Q q a b a b
V= and v =
C c q2 a
⇒ =+ …(4)
V Q c ⎛ Q⎞⎛ c ⎞ N Q b
⇒ = ⋅ = ⎜ ⎟= = N2 3 …(4)
v C q ⎜⎝ q ⎠⎟ ⎝ C ⎠ N 1 3 Using this equation (1) gives

V
2 a
⇒ = N3 q1 + Q = Q
v b
⎛ a⎞ b− a
Q2 q2 ⇒ q1 = Q ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = Q
Also, U = and u = ⎝ b⎠ b
2C 2c
Q b
Q2 i.e., = …(5)
2 q1 b − a
U 2C ⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞
⇒ = 2 =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
u q ⎝ q ⎠ ⎝ C⎠ Potential difference between A and B
2c 1 q1
Vab = VB − VA = VB − 0 = VB =
U −
1 5 4πε 0 b
⇒ = N2 × N 3 = N3
u ∴ Capacitance
5
U Q Q Q
⇒ = N3 C= = = 4πε 0b
u VAB 1 q1 q1
4πε 0 b
4. Let Q be the charge given to outer sphere B . This
Using (5), we get
charge will be partly on outer surface and partly on
inner surface. Let q1 be charge on outer surface and ⎛ b ⎞ 4πε 0b
2
C = 4πε 0b ⎜ = {done already}
q2 on inner surface. Then ⎝ b − a ⎟⎠ b−a
q1 + q2 = Q …(1) 5. Charge on inner sphere is given by
+ a
+ + − q2 = − Q
+ + b
– +q2
+ – – + q1 8 cm
b –q2 ⇒ − q2 = − × 30 nC = −24 nC
+ – A– + 10 cm
a B
+ – – +
–
+ + b
+ + –q2 q1
+ q2
a
Q
The charge induced on inner sphere = −q2
The potential of B ,
1 q1 + q2 − q2 1 q1
VB = = …(2)
4πε 0 b 4πε 0 b
 Hints and Explanations H.141

Charge on inner surface of outer sphere is FOR OPTION (B)

q2 = +24 nC d = 10 −5 m
The charge Q is distributed into q1 and q2 so that the V
⇒ E=
electrostatic potential of inner sphere is zero. d
20
6. The given arrangement is a parallel combination of ⇒ E=
two capacitors. 10 −5
The capacity of a cylindrical capacitor is given by ⇒ E = 2 × 106 Vm −1 < 3 × 106 Vm −1
2πε 0 L Hence OPTION (B) is right to give as an answer.
C=
⎛ b⎞ Hence, the correct answer is (B).

CHAPTER 2
log e ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a⎠
4.
⎛ L⎞
2πε 0 K1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 10 μ F 1 μ F
⇒ C1 =
⎛ b⎞
log e ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a⎠ 10 μ F
11
⎛ L⎞
2πε 0 K 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ Hence, the correct answer is (A).
⇒ C2 =
⎛ b⎞
log e ⎜ ⎟ 5. The circuit show is a balanced Wheat Stone Bridge.
⎝ a⎠
Hence, the correct answer is (D).
πL
⇒ Ceq = C1 + C2 = ( K1 + K 2 ) 6. The given system is equivalent to a spherical capacitor
⎛ b⎞
log e ⎜ ⎟ of inner radius b and outer radius c . So, the capaci-
⎝ a⎠
⎛ bc ⎞
tance of the system will be 4πε 0 ⎜ .
⎝ c − b ⎟⎠
Single Correct Choice Type Questions
Hence, the correct answer is (D).
1. When the switch is closed, the inner plates of the two
capacitors get connected whereas the outer plates still 7. C = 4πε 0 R
are not connected and hence the circuit is not complete. ⇒ C = 711 μF
Hence, the correct answer is (A).
⇒ C ≅ 1000 μF
A
3. C = kε 0 ⇒ C ≅ 10 −3 F = 1 mF
d
A Hence, the correct answer is (B).
⇒ 1.77 × 10 −6 = 200 ( 8.85 × 10 −12 )
d 8. Q2 = −Q 3 {By induction}
A
⇒ = 10 3 Further,
d
Q2 2Q2 Q2 − ( −Q2 )
This ratio is satisfied by both OPTIONS (A) and (B). ΔV = = =
So to arrive at a conclusion we take help of the break C 2C 2C
through strength. Q2 − Q3
⇒ ΔV =
FOR OPTION (A) 2C
d = 10 −6 m Hence, the correct answer is (C).
V 10. On connecting both with a thin wire, the common
⇒ E=
d potential V is given by
20
⇒ E= ( C1 + C2 )V = C1V1 + C2V2
10 −6
C1V1 + C2V2
⇒ E = 2 × 107 Vm −1 > 3 × 106 Vm −1 ⇒ V=
C1 + C2
which is impossible