10

Managing Tables Using DML

Statements

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Course Roadmap

Lesson 1: Introduction

Unit 1: Retrieving, Restricting,

and Sorting Data

Unit 2: Joins, Subqueries, and Lesson 10: Managing Tables Using DML You are here!
Set Operators Statements

Lesson 11: Introduction to Data Definition

Unit 3: DML and DDL Language

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Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• Describe each data manipulation language (DML) statement
• Control transactions

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HR Application Scenario

HR HR
Application
Application

Emp_ID First Name Last Salary

It is time for me to update the Name
employee directory! Let me first 100 Steven King 24000
delete the employees who have
quit and insert new hires. 104 Bruce Ernst 6000

141 Trenna Rajs 3500

…
Clicks INSERT and INSERT UPDATE DELETE
enters values for the
new employee.

Ben
Selects a record and clicks
DELETE to delete an employee.

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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table

– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transaction control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and
SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• Manual Data Locking
– FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement
– LOCK TABLE statement
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Data Manipulation Language

• A DML statement is executed when you:

– Add new rows to a table
– Modify existing rows in a table
– Remove existing rows from a table
• A transaction consists of a collection of DML statements that form a logical unit of work.

Insert Update Delete

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Adding a New Row to a Table
New row
DEPARTMENTS

Insert a new row

into the
DEPARTMENTS table.

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INSERT Statement Syntax

• Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO table [(column [, column...])]

VALUES (value [, value...]);

• With this syntax, only one row is inserted at a time.

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Inserting New Rows

• Insert a new row containing values for each column.

• List values in the default order of the columns in the table.
• Optionally, list the columns in the INSERT clause.

INSERT INTO departments(department_id,

department_name, manager_id, location_id)
VALUES (70, 'Public Relations', 100, 1700);

• Enclose character and date values within single quotation marks.

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Inserting Rows with Null Values

• Implicit method: Omit the column from the

column list.

INSERT INTO departments (department_id,

department_name)
VALUES (30, 'Purchasing');

• Explicit method: Specify the NULL keyword in the VALUES list.

INSERT INTO departments

VALUES (100, 'Finance', NULL, NULL);

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Inserting Special Values

The SYSDATE function records the current date and time.

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id,

first_name, last_name,
email, phone_number,
hire_date, job_id, salary,
commission_pct, manager_id,
department_id)
VALUES (113,
'Louis', 'Popp',
'LPOPP', '515.124.4567',
SYSDATE, 'AC_ACCOUNT', 6900,
NULL, 205, 110);

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Inserting Specific Date and Time Values

• Add a new employee.

INSERT INTO employees

VALUES (114,
'Den', 'Raphealy',
'DRAPHEAL', '515.127.4561',
TO_DATE('FEB 3, 2016', 'MON DD, YYYY'),
'SA_REP', 11000, 0.2, 100, 60);

• Verify your addition.

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Creating a Script

• Use the & substitution in a SQL statement to prompt for values.

• & is a placeholder for the variable value.
INSERT INTO departments
(department_id, department_name, location_id)
VALUES (&department_id, '&department_name',&location);

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Copying Rows from Another Table

• Write your INSERT statement with a subquery:

INSERT INTO sales_reps(id, name, salary, commission_pct)

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE job_id LIKE '%REP%';

• Do not use the VALUES clause.

• Match the number of columns in the INSERT clause to those in the subquery.
• Inserts all the rows returned by the subquery in the table, sales_reps.

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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table

– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transaction control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• Manual Data Locking
– FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement
– LOCK TABLE statement
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Changing Data in a Table

EMPLOYEES

Update rows in the EMPLOYEES table:

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UPDATE Statement Syntax

• Modify existing values in a table with the UPDATE statement:

UPDATE table
SET column = value [, column = value, ...]
[WHERE condition];

• Update more than one row at a time (if required).

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Updating Rows in a Table

• Values for a specific row or rows are modified if you specify the WHERE clause:

UPDATE employees
SET department_id = 50
WHERE employee_id = 113;

• Values for all the rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause:
UPDATE copy_emp
SET department_id = 110;

• Specify SET column_name= NULL to update a column value to NULL.

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Updating Two Columns with a Subquery

Update employee 103’s job and salary to match those of employee 205.

UPDATE employees
SET (job_id,salary) = (SELECT job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 205)
WHERE employee_id = 103;

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Updating Rows Based on Another Table

Use the subqueries in the UPDATE statements to update row values in a table based on
values from another table:

UPDATE copy_emp
SET department_id = (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 100)
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 200);

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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table

– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transaction control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and
SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• Manual Data Locking
– FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement
– LOCK TABLE statement
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Removing a Row from a Table

DEPARTMENTS

Delete a row from the DEPARTMENTS table:

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DELETE Statement

You can remove existing rows from a table by using the DELETE statement:

DELETE [FROM] table

[WHERE condition];

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Deleting Rows from a Table

• Specific rows are deleted if you specify the WHERE clause:

DELETE FROM departments

WHERE department_name = 'Finance';

• All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause:
DELETE FROM copy_emp;

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Deleting Rows Based on Another Table

Use the subqueries in the DELETE statements to remove rows from a table based on values
from another table:

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE department_id IN
(SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_name
LIKE '%Public%');

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TRUNCATE Statement

• Removes all rows from a table, leaving the table empty and the table structure intact
• Is a data definition language (DDL) statement rather than a DML statement; cannot be
undone
• Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

• Example:

TRUNCATE TABLE copy_emp;

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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table

– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transaction control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• Manual Data Locking
– FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement
– LOCK TABLE statement
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Database Transactions

A database transaction consists of one of the following:

• DML statements that constitute one consistent change to the data
• One DDL statement
• One data control language (DCL) statement

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Database Transactions: Start and End

• Begin when the first DML SQL statement is executed

• End with one of the following events:
– A COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement is issued.
– A DDL or DCL statement executes (automatic commit).
– The user exits SQL Developer or SQL*Plus.
– The system crashes.

Database transaction
on table/s

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Advantages of COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements

Using COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements, you can:

• Ensure data consistency
• Preview data changes before making changes permanent
• Group logically related operations

COMMIT ROLLBACK

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Explicit Transaction Control Statements
Time COMMIT

Transaction

DELETE

SAVEPOINT A

INSERT

UPDATE

SAVEPOINT B

INSERT
ROLLBACK ROLLBACK ROLLBACK
to SAVEPOINT B to SAVEPOINT A

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Rolling Back Changes to a Marker

• Create a marker in the current transaction by using the SAVEPOINT statement.

• Roll back to that marker by using the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statement.

UPDATE...
SAVEPOINT update_done;

ROLLBACK to this point

INSERT...
ROLLBACK TO update_done;

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Implicit Transaction Processing

• An automatic commit occurs in the following circumstances:

– A DDL statement is issued
– A DCL statement is issued
– A normal exit from SQL Developer or SQL*Plus, without explicitly issuing COMMIT or
ROLLBACK statements
• An automatic rollback occurs when there is an abnormal termination of SQL Developer
or SQL*Plus, or a system failure.

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State of Data Before COMMIT or ROLLBACK

• You can recover the data of the previous state.

• You can review the results of the DML operations by using the SELECT statement in the
current session.
• Other sessions cannot view the results of the DML statements issued by the current
session.
• The affected rows are locked; other sessions cannot change the data in the affected
rows.

Current session changes

stored in buffer

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State of Data After COMMIT

• Data changes are saved in the database.

• The previous state of the data is overwritten.
• All sessions can view the results.
• Locks on the affected rows are released; those rows are available for other sessions to
manipulate.
• All savepoints are erased.

COMMIT

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Committing Data

• Make the changes:

DELETE FROM employees

WHERE employee_id = 113;

INSERT INTO departments

VALUES (290, 'Corporate Tax', NULL, 1700);

• Commit the changes:

COMMIT;

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State of Data After ROLLBACK

Discard all pending changes by using the ROLLBACK statement:

• Data changes are undone.
• Previous state of the data is restored.
• Locks on the affected rows are released.

DELETE FROM copy_emp;

ROLLBACK ;

ROLLBACK

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State of Data After ROLLBACK: Example

DELETE FROM test;

4 rows deleted.

ROLLBACK;
Rollback complete.

DELETE FROM test WHERE id = 100;

1 row deleted.

SELECT * FROM test WHERE id = 100;

No rows selected.

COMMIT;
Commit complete.

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Statement-Level Rollback

• If a single DML statement fails during execution, only that statement is rolled back.
• The Oracle server implements an implicit savepoint.
• All other changes are retained.
• The user should terminate transactions explicitly by executing a COMMIT or ROLLBACK
statement.

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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table

– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transaction control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• Manual Data Locking
– FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement
– LOCK TABLE statement
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Read Consistency

• Read consistency guarantees a consistent view of data at all times.

• Changes made by one user do not conflict with the changes made by another user.
• Read consistency ensures that, on the same data:
– Readers do not wait for writers
– Writers do not wait for readers
– Writers wait for writers

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Implementing Read Consistency

User A

UPDATE employees Data

SET salary = 7000 blocks
WHERE last_name = 'Grant';

Undo
segments

Changed
SELECT * and
FROM userA.employees; Read- unchanged
consistent data
image Before
User B change
(“old” data)

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Lesson Agenda

• Adding new rows in a table

– INSERT statement
• Changing data in a table
– UPDATE statement
• Removing rows from a table:
– DELETE statement
– TRUNCATE statement
• Database transaction control using COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT
• Read consistency
• Manual Data Locking
– FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement
– LOCK TABLE statement
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FOR UPDATE Clause in a SELECT Statement

• Locks the rows in the EMPLOYEES table where job_id is SA_REP.

SELECT employee_id, salary, commission_pct, job_id

FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
FOR UPDATE
ORDER BY employee_id;

• Lock is released only when you issue a ROLLBACK or a COMMIT.

• If the SELECT statement attempts to lock a row that is locked by another user, the
database waits until the row is available, and then returns the results of the SELECT
statement.

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FOR UPDATE Clause: Examples

• You can use the FOR UPDATE clause in a SELECT statement against multiple tables.

SELECT e.employee_id, e.salary, e.commission_pct

FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING (department_id)
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
AND location_id = 1500
FOR UPDATE
ORDER BY e.employee_id;

• Rows from both the EMPLOYEES and DEPARTMENTS tables are locked.
• Use FOR UPDATE OF column_name to qualify the column that you intend to change;
then only the rows from that specific table are locked.

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LOCK TABLE Statement

• Use the LOCK TABLE statement to lock one or more tables in a specified mode.
• This manually overrides automatic locking.
• Tables are locked until you COMMIT or ROLLBACK.

LOCK TABLE table_name

IN [ROW SHARE/ROW EXCLUSIVE/SHARE UPDATE/SHARE/
SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE/ EXCLUSIVE] MODE
[NOWAIT];

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Quiz Q
The following statements produce the same results:

DELETE FROM copy_emp;

TRUNCATE TABLE copy_emp;

a. True
b. False

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Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to use the following statements:

Function Description
INSERT Adds a new row to the table
UPDATE Modifies existing rows in the table
DELETE Removes existing rows from the table
TRUNCATE Removes all rows from a table
COMMIT Makes all pending changes permanent
SAVEPOINT Is used to roll back to the savepoint marker
ROLLBACK Discards all pending data changes
FOR UPDATE clause in SELECT Locks rows identified by the SELECT query

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Practice 10: Overview

This practice covers the following topics:

• Inserting rows into the tables
• Updating and deleting rows in the table
• Controlling transactions

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