IMPACT OF INTERNET ON READING AND RESEARCH

HABITS OF MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS

TITLE PAGE

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Content

List of Tables

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Research Questions

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Scope of the study

1.8 Limitation of the study

1.9 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.2 Theoretical Framework

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research Design

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sample size determination

3.5 Sample size selection technique and procedure

3.6 Research Instrument and Administration

3.7 Method of data collection

3.8 Method of data analysis

3.9 Validity of the study

3.10 Reliability of the study

3.11 Ethical consideration

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation

4.2 Research Hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

References

Appendix
 ABSTRACT

The internet is one of the greatest recent advancement in the world of

information technology and has become a useful instrument that has
fostered the process of making the world a global village. However,
despite the added benefits of the internet to learning, teaching and
research, there is no provision of effective internet service in most of the
tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the impact of the internet for learning, teaching and research in
institutions of higher learning. Critical reviews to related literature were
made. Relevant theories were used to gratify the study. Quantitative
research design was used in which cross-sectional survey method was
adopted while the data collection instrument was questionnaire. The
results from the analysis of the responses showed that students and staff
use internet mainly for research and e-mail. However, the findings
revealed five categories of readers; the non-readers who believe that
reading is a boring activity and time consuming, the marginal readers
who do not have much interest in reading. They would rather do other
activities than reading. Readers read only when it is really necessary
especially to pass examination/quiz. Finally, some of the
recommendations made includes: The University has the potential to
make online access to the collections in the medical library possible if
required infrastructure is acquired. The library has the capacity to host
up to twenty (20) workstations. The University library should embark on
information literacy/sensitization programme for students in order to
effectively harness the various web-based electronic resources it
subscribed to.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Reading serves as a tool for students’ enhancement of intellectual

properties of people from generation to generations so as to ensure

continuous human and societal transformations and developments.

Reading is an act of decoding written, textual or graphic information in

order to make meaningful interpretations from an information material.

According to Sisulu (2004), reading is one of the fundamental building

blocks of learning and becoming a skilled and adaptable reader enhances

the chances of success in academics and beyond. Reading is not only

meant for success in examinations, it has the potential to enhance

individual political participation in a democratic and structured society.

Similarly, Osundare (2009) emphatically remarks that a country’s level of

development is a function of it’s level of mental and cultural evolution as

well as the state of its educational advancement, reading is essential for

this achievement. However, for this study, reading is seen as the process

of critically studying and mentally digesting and content of information

material for immediate or future use. The importance of reading is a

prerequisite for the appreciation of reading as a tool for the enhancement

of human intellectual abilities. The nation as a political entity is not

exempted from enjoying the benefits that emanate from the reading
populace. Reading enhances the application of recorded knowledge into

use where the citizens can readily be mobilized for attainment of political,

educational, social and economic goals of the nation (Mefor 2011).

In contemporary times, the internet also called the information

super highway has brought reading materials to the doorsteps of

polytechnic students, coming with the evolution that cannot be compared

with existing technologies that were before it. More also, internet has

boosted the bulk of knowledge available to students, and has also

provided a mechanism for easy access to knowledge and it collaborative

interaction between students and the students lecturers. Furthermore,

reports have indicated that students are reading more books because of e-

text, whether the digital software is on a handheld laptop or desktop

computer, thousands of book titles have been transformed into digital

books that can be read after being downloaded to the computer device

(Houghton, 2010), have broadened their horizon of academic

opportunities and researches, enabling them to carry out their research,

class assignments, write their examinations and share information

resources with the counterpart all over the world.

Furthermore, polytechnic undergraduate students in the course of

their academic works may find it easier to locate, evaluate and collect

information from variety of sources through the use of internet. However,

mass communication students experience challenges and difficulties in

their daily use of internet either for academic purpose or otherwise. Some

students tend to be faced with serious distraction because of their inability

to resist the screen while using internet social etc. seems to have far

reading implication for students reading culture because the pressure to

watch movies and interacts with people and loved ones via internet seems

to be overwhelming. Students may not be possible kept away from the

use of ICTs because of the range of opportunities it offers to its users.

Therefore effort is being made to proffer solutions to the problems

encountered by students which the use of internet in promoting reading

habit.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Reading among polytechnic students is the basic foundation of

literacy and also assists in the promotion of comprehension and critical

thinking skills. Consequently, the development of reading habits among

polytechnic students empowers human resources, enhances the

acquisition of general knowledge and broadmindedness, in order to

champion the much expected sustainable development in the education

and other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the use of information

and communication technologies for reading purposes among polytechnic

undergraduate students enhances learning faster and increases academic

productivity and opportunities, and promote creativity. However, when it

becomes a substitute for good reading, it becomes an issue that should be

given concern. In the 21st century, it has been observed that polytechnic

students spend time in some form of internet or the other such as internet,

laptops, computers, cable television, palmtops, Ipads, GSM phones, smart

phones, etc. The interest in reading is challenged and seems to have

waned significantly. Consequently, internet seems to have progressively

taking a steady control over the reading culture of undergraduate students

in Nigerian polytechnics. Our reading habit seems to be further

impoverished, the effects of poor reading habit is experienced where the

quality of graduate falls below standard, the rate of examination

malpractice is very high, and the country keeps battling with education

and economic under development. In view of this, this study seeks to find

out how internet can be used to enhance continuous reading habit

among mass communication student in Selected Tertiary institution in

Edo State.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of internet

on reading and research habits of mass communication students. The

specific objectives of the study are;

1. To ascertain the use of internet can have a significant impact on mass

communication student’s academic achievement

2. To ascertain if the use of internet enhances reading and research habit

among mass communication student

3. To ascertain whether student spend more time on internet than

reading?

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

HO1: Internet usage does not enhance reading and research habits of

mass communication students

HO2: Use of internet can have a significant impact on mass

communication student’s academic achievement

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results from this study will educate the administrators in the

education sector and the general public on the effect of internet and other

related technologies on the student are reading culture in Nigeria.This

research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the

effect of personality trait on student’s academic performance, thereby

constituting the empirical literature for future research in the subject

area.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the impact of internet on the reading

habit of Nigeria student. The researcher encounters some constrain which

limited the scope of the study However, like in every human endeavour,

the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study

which posed as a limitation. The significant constraint was the scanty

literature on the subject owing to the nature of the discourse thus the
researcher incurred more financial expenses and much time was required

in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the

process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a

limited choice of sample size. More so, the choice of the sample size was

limited to mass communication student only as few respondent were

selected in selected tertiary institutions in Edo State to answer the

research instrument hence cannot be generalize to other State. However,

despite the constraint encountered during the research, all factors were

downplayed in other to give the best and make the research successful.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

INTERNET: A global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected

networks using standardized communication protocols

READING HABIT:Reading is one of the most fundamental skills a child

needs to learn to succeed in life. Developing good reading habits is vital

to your child's future not just academically, but in everyday life as well.

Reading allows for exposure to words and phrases that you might not use

as part of normal speech.

STUDENT: A student is a learner or someone who attends an educational

institution. In the United Kingdom, those attending university are termed

"students" while "pupil" refers to an attendee of a lower educational

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Literature review refers to the critical examination of the state of

knowledge, including substantive findings as well as theoretical and

methodological contribution to a particular topic. In line with this

definition, the literature reviewed revolved around the exploration of the

intrinsic meaning of variables under study.

Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant

literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and

furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously

contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen

the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

TERTIARY INSTITUTION

The tertiary institutions is a higher education, a post-secondary section of

the national education system of Nigeria was programmed to educate

universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, colleges of Technology

Technical Colleges and Universities of Technology (section five,

paragraph thirty-one of the National Policy on Education (FGN, 2004).

Other functions of the tertiary institutions are higher education such as

teaching and research, also to be able to develop students' man power and
 to develop nation. Further, section 5 paragraph 32 of National Policy on

Education states that tertiary institution are to perform the following such

as development, inculcation of proper value - orientation for the survival

of the individuals and society. Also, tertiary education is to help in the

area of acquisition of an objective view of the local and external

environments of individuals and these could be achieved through

teaching research, dissemination of existing and new information and

service to the community such as seminars, workshops and educative

forum etc.

Tertiary institutions generally are to assist in the development of the

nation's development goals. To ensure a success of higher education in

Nigeria, though all these functions are still in the tertiary institution.

Defining tertiary education may be a little difficult. This is so because it

refers to the gamut of all post-secondary educational institutions. It is

used synonymously with higher education. These include the University,

Polytechnic, College of Education, Vocational Training Centre. Their

goals, according to the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2014),

include:

1. To contribute to national development through high-level relevant

manpower training.

2. To provide physical and intellectual skills which enable individuals to be

self-reliant and useful members of the society.

The question of whether tertiary education in Nigeria plays its role (and

significantly too) particularly with respect to the essence of education and

the goals set for it in the national policy on education should agitate our

minds at this point. In more organized societies, tertiary education is

acknowledged and respected as the engine house for research and

innovations which are fundamental to social and economic

transformation. Responsible and informed governments look upto tertiary

institutions for empirically based ideas to support policies rather than

base such policies on common sense or political consideration as mostly

observed in Nigeria. Governments in organized societies fund tertiary

institutions to carry out researches on national priorities such as security,

warfare, health, agriculture etc. When will governments in Nigeria

respect the place of tertiary institutions in this regard? The recurrent face-

off between Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and the

Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) on the revitalization of the

universities looks like the government is being bored in its unwillingness

to comprehend the need for a functioning university system nor to fund it.

While playing its primary role of feeding the human mind and liquidating

ignorance, tertiary education produces competent managers of available

resources. These are persons equipped with appropriate values, thinking,

creative and innovative ability and sound knowledge of how the economy

can be made to function and grow. One of the major roles of tertiary
education as a driver and propeller of the economy is to produce a

production-oriented rather than consumption-oriented citizenry.

Social Media

Social media is that means that employs mobile and web based

technology to create highly interactive platforms via which individuals

and community share, co-create, discuss and 12 modifies user-generated

content (Kietzmannn, 2012). Social media is a phrase being tossed around

a lot. It is a website that does not just give you information but interact

with you while giving you information. It is a group of internet based

application that allows the creation and exchange of users generated

content. It is easy to confuse social media with social news because we

often refer to members of the news as the media. Adding to it, that social

news site is also social media site. Some media website includes: 

Social Bookmarking: interact by tagging website and searching through

website book marked by others (Blink list, simple).  Social News:

interact by voting for articles and commenting on them (Digg, propello).

Social Networking: interact by adding friends, commenting on photo

and profiles, sharing groups for discussions (Facebook, 2go, BB chat) 

Social Photo and Video Sharing: interact by sharing photos or videos

and commenting on the user submission. (Youtube and Fliki). 

 Wikis: interact by adding articles and editing existing articles.

(Wikipedia, wikia). Social media refers to the means of interaction among

people in which they create, share, exchange and comment among

themselves in different networks.

Andreas and Michael (2010) are of the opinion that social media is a

group of internet based application that builds on the ideological

foundation and allows the creation and exchange of users – generated

content. Social media has become one of the major channel of chatting

through platforms such as 2go, BB chat, blogger and wiki a. There has

been an increase in the mobile social media which has created new

opportunity for browsing. The internet usage effect of social media, in

views of Nielsen (2012) is that, students continue to spend more time on

the social media than any site. The total time spent on social media across

mobile devices increased by 37%, 121 billion minutes in July 2012

compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011. Kaplan and Haenlein (2010)

classified social media into six different classes as follows:

 Collaborative Project (Wikipedia)

 Blogs and Micro blogs (Twitter)

 Content Communities (Youtube)

 Social Networking Site (Facebook; 2go; BB chat)

 Virtual Game World (World of war craft)

  Virtual Second World (Second life) Technology includes the blogs,

picture sharing, music sharing, crowd sourcing, e-mail, instant messaging

and voice over.

These services could be integrated via social network aggregation

platforms. Mobile Social Media When social media is used in

combination with mobile devices, it is called mobile social media. Social

media is a group of mobile marketing application that allows the creation

and exchange of users generated content. Due to the fact that mobile

social media runs on mobile devices, it differs from traditional social

media as it incorporates new factors such as the current location of the

user, time delay between sending and receiving. According to Kaplan

(2002), social media can be divided into four types: 

 Space-timers (location and time sensitive): exchange of message with

relevance for specific location and time (Face book, 2go, BB chat) 

 Quick-time (time sensitive): transfer of traditional social media

application to mobile services to increase immediacy (posting twitter

messages, status update [2go], and updating display picture [dp] [bbm]).

 Space-locators (location sensitive): exchange message with relevance for

one specific location which are tagged to certain place (yelp, sype). 

 Slow-timers (neither location nor time sensitive): transfer traditional

social media application to mobile devices (reading a wikipedia entry).

Social Networking Sites

It is used to describe any website that enables users to create public

profiles within that website and form relationship with other users of the

same website who access their profile. It is used to describe community

base website, online discussion forum, chat rooms and other social space

online. Commonly, the phrase “social networking sites” is used as an

umbrella term for all social media and computer-mediated

communication, including but not limited to Facebook, Twitter,

LinkedIn, and Myspace, as well as the inaugural social networking sites

of Cyworld, Bebo and Friendster. Ellison and Boyd (2007) define social

network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct

profiles, display user connections, and search and traverse within that list

of connections. A social media is an online service or platforms that focus

on facilitating the building of social network among people who share

interest, activities and background on real life connections. It is a website

that allows users to share information within a selected group. It is a great

way to stay connected and a convenient way to share 15 photos from trips

(Awake, 2012). It consists of a representation of each user (profiles),

social links and a variety of additional services.

Impacts of Social Networking Sites

Through email and instant messaging, online communities are created

where a gift economy and reciprocal altruism are encouraged through co-

operation. 2go and other social networking tools are increasingly the
objective of scholarly research. Scholars in many fields have begun to

investigate the impact of social networking site, investigating how such

site may play into issues of identity, privacy, social, youth culture and

education. Several website are beginning to tap into the power of the

social networking model for philanthropy. In 2011 HCL technologies

conducted research that showed that 50% of British workers are banned

from the use of social media during office hours. In this view, when one

is chit-chatting, the content of the message reveal a lot about an

individual. In chatting, comments, photos, and status should speak less of

an individual. Kim in summary says: “if you are mindful of what you are

doing, you can maintain a measure of privacy on a social network”

(Awake, 2012); and, in reference to this, Proverbs 10:19, states that “In

the abundance of words, there does not fail to be transgression, but the

one keeping his in check is acting discreetly”. “It’s a vortex that sucks

one in and one has no idea you’ve been trapped. One of the ironies of the

internet is that it keeps you apart from the most important things’. It is a

great way to stay connected with people but you just have to know when

to shut it down. Raquel concluded that it seems that when people go on a

social network they lose their mind” (Awake, 2012). Features of Social

Networking Sites According to the Boyd and Ellison (2007) article

entitled “Why Youth Heart, Social Networking Site: the role of

networked publics in teenage life?” It shares a variety of technical

features that allows individuals to construct a public or semi-public

office, articulate list of their users that they share connection with and

view their list of connections within the system. In an article titled ‘social

networking sites’ definition and scholarship, Boyd and Ellison adopt

Sunden’s (2003) description of profiles as unique pages where one can

type oneself into being a profile is generated from answer to question,

such as age, location and interest. Some site allows users upload

pictures’, add multimedia content or modify the look of their profile. For

instance, 2go allows the user to update their status and change profile

pictures and BB chat that allows them change display picture, name and

status. They allow them search for users and share a list of contact and

there are sections dedicated to comments from friends and other users. To

protect their privacy, they have a control that allows users to choose who

can view their profile, contact and add them to their list of contacts

The Internet and Education

The Internet is becoming the dominant force in the information world,

transforming the ways in which information is aggregated, stored,

searched, and retrieved. In addition, Campbell, Martin, and Fabos (2009,)

noted that the Internet is facilitating the convergence of media forms, the

process whereby old and new media are available via the integration of

personal computers and high-speed satellite-based phone or cable links.

The new media such as the Internet can be used for both points to mass
communications as well as to point message distribution. They are also

extremely de-centralized, require very low investment, provide greater

interactivity and public participation and are much more difficult to

control (Banerjee, 2008). With this scenario, it is therefore not surprising

for the new media to gain popularity and acceptance in civil society.

People are now free, and have the opportunity to create their own news as

well as to get the other side of the story by getting news from the Internet

which is seen as free from control (Rosenstiel, 2005). In almost every

aspect, the internet has become the most efficient source for information,

as well as the most efficient and valid method to share information with

the masses in a rapid, easy, cheap, and reliable manner (Rosenstiel,

2005). All the while, the internet sharpens a person’s ability to search and

disseminate information.

The advent of social network platforms may also be impacting the

way in which learners engage with technology in general. For a number

of years, Prensky (2001) dichotomy 17 between digital natives and digital

immigrants has been considered a relatively accurate representative of the

ease with which people of a certain age rate, in particular, those born

before and after 1980, use technology. Social networking and their

educational uses are of interest to many researchers. Living Stone and

Brake (2010) in their opinion said ‘social networking site, like much else

on the internet representing a moving target for researchers and policy

makers’. Recent trends indicate that 47% of American adults use social

network. A national survey in 2009 found that 37% of online teenagers

use social networking site which increased to 555% three years later (Len

Hart, Purcell, Smith and Zickuhr, 2010). It has also, shown that it

provides opportunity within professional education but however, there are

constraints in such areas.

Concept of Reading

Reading is interpreting written or printed materials. In other words the

ability of a person to decipher or decode codes before him is defined as

reading. Reading may also be defined as giving meaning to what is

before you. Marie Clay‟s definition of reading provides a framework for

discussing our goals for reading instruction. She writes, “I define reading

as a message- getting, problem-solving activity which increases in power

and flexibility the more it is practiced” (1991, p. 6).Reading is not only a

cognitive, psycholinguistic activity, but also a social activity. Reading

is a complex cognitive process requiring visual, auditory and motor

skills to enable a child to recognize words and symbols, to associate them

with the appropriate sounds and to invest them with meaning derived

from previous experience. It has been established by Morris (1966) in

Reid and Donaldson (1977) that reading achievement is related to the

skill of the teacher, and that the child taught by untrained, inexperienced
and unskilled teachers tend to be especially backward in reading (Reid

and Donaldson, 1977, p. 62).

According to Hengari (2007), reading is the ability to make sense

of written or printed symbols. It includes word recognition,

comprehension and interpretation, appreciation and application of what is

read. It is an interaction with language that has been coded into print.

Reading performance, good or poor, reflects the knowledge and

competencies available to the learner and how these are activated and

coordinated during the reading process. Reading is a prominent element

of the entire education curriculum across all subject areas beginning in

the earliest grade. Children with delays in reading will experience

feelings of deep inadequacy. Reading is a language process. The child

being taught to read must understand the relationship between reading

and his/her language. The facets of reading that teachers must consider if

they are to guide children‟s growth in reading includes decoding print

into sound and decoding a graphic representative of language into

meaning (Heilman, 1977). Reading can be considered to be the basic

need in the modern world of science and technology.

It has been observed that learning to read is the main emphasis in

reading structure in the primary stage. Therefore, a pupil who does not

master the various word recognition techniques is likely to end up

disabled in reading. Some eminent writers opine that for children to read
independently, it is important that they learn variety of methods which

involves recognition and identification. This study is therefore, centered

on the phonics instruction method to correct reading difficulty.

READING AND RESEEARCH HABIT AMONG

UNDERGRADUATE

Reading is of immense value for the success of every society as it

imparts knowledge; hence, the ability to read should be highly valued

because it is a pre-condition for social and economic advancement.

Reading empowers students to improve on their bulk of vocabulary hence

there is positive improvement on the written and spoken language of

students that read voraciously because every unknown word or term is

looked up in a dictionary (Divya, 2007). Most Nigerian students depend

on reading literature to improve on their command of English language

and habit of reading good literature helps them identify new words and

phrases which may be encountered in everyday conversation.

Emphatically, it may be difficult for a society to attain meaningful

development and growth if they do not make reading a part of their lives

and culture because cultivating reading culture is an important

development strategy to individuals and nations.

According to (Onifade 2012), there has been a growing concern

that reading culture among Nigerians especially students has waned

significantly, and that many students never borrow or read a book from
their library throughout their stay in school. The university library uses

statistics to present overwhelming evidence that the number of students

who use the library technology holds a promise of improved access to

information, better illustration of concept, increased interactivity and

communication between students and their lecturers. Fortunately,

observation has shown that the potential to harness readability among

students. It can provide polytechnic undergraduate students with

television channels where discussion on educating literatures or book

review can trigger curiosity for further reading of such books.

Furthermore, studies have shown that general news headline and the

summary of the news and events can contribute positively to reading

habit by triggering the interest of students to purchase the newspaper for

full details of the content of such information material.

Reading enlightens the mind, makes the intellect sharper and

makes an individual travel far without motion (Braunger &Lewis, 2006).

Generally speaking, reading has been accepted as an interactive process, a

communication process, an active process and a meaning inducing

process. Reading is not just about printed matter, but about the ability to

interpret anything that is intended to convey a message or that which is to

enable communication. Reading can be said to be the bedrock of most

forms of learning activities culminating in literacy. One of the most

important factors in education is ability to read, understand and critically

apprehend the text (Hetting & Knapp,2001). To be capable of doing these

students must develop their reading habits on daily basis. Capability of

understanding text and reading habits should be developed from early

childhood through the whole life (Beck& Mckeown, 2001). Reading

habits are also vital part of lifelong learning concept (Raeyaeckers 2002).

It is therefore not surprising that every nation prides itself in the reading

culture of its literate population. A good reading culture in any nation is

therefore an enviable virtue.

IMPACT OF INTERNET ON READING AND RESEARCH

HABITS OF MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS

The onset of information technology world over and in Nigeria in

particular has revolutionized the reading habits of young people

especially in tertiary institutions. On one hand the new technology has

enhanced students’ learning experiences. It has created platforms for

them to interact with the world and network socially all round the

world.The emergence of the new digital environment has captured the

interest of many researchers. With the growing amount of digital

information available, people particularly young adults are found

spending more time reading electronic materials (Liu, 2005; Ramirez,

2003). A growing amount of reading time is spent more on skimming and

browsing for information on the internet. On the other hand, the nature

and purpose of reading seems to deviate as well from the traditional

reading methods, which are brief, linear and less structured. Some

researchers argued that the growth of electronic media may give negative

implication to the fact that people are less engaged in extensive reading

and lack the ability to read deeply and to sustain a prolonged engagement

in reading (Liu, 2005). Others would argue that people still prefer printed

documents when it comes to reading. Both Liu (2005) and Ramirez

(2003) provide evidence that people would print from the internet in

order to engage further reading. Liu also provides the evidence that the

age factor contributes to reading behavior on the internet. In addition,

younger people can tolerate more time reading the screen-based

materials. Literature reviewed showed that digital media (TV, the internet

and computer games) seem to be the most important factors that affect

reading today, especially among younger populations (Solomon, 1979). A

recent study by the National Endowment for the Arts, (2004) suggested a

decline in literacy reading in the United states and brought much attention

to revitalizing the role of reading in America(Institute of Museum and

Library Services ,2006). The (NEA) queried if people read any book in

the past year in any format, including e-formats and discovered a drop

from 60.9% in 1992 to 56.6% in 2002 (Bauerlein,2004). Cull (2011)

opined that while the internet is a text saturated world, reading online

screens tends to be significantly different from reading printed text. In his

study he reviewed literature from a variety of disciplines on the

technological, social, behavioral and neuro scientific impacts that the

internet is having on the practice of reading.

Student’s addictiveness to social media On the internet

students engage in a variety of activities some of which may be

potentially addictive. (kuss and Griffiths, 2011). The mass appeal of

social media on the internet could be a cause for concern, particularly

when attending to the gradually increasing amount of time students spend

online. Undergraduates spend more time on Facebook, Twitter and other

social media through smartphones that are now in abundance among

these youths. Many student cannot go for two-three hours without

checking and updating their profiles on these social networks even at the

detriment of other activities such as educational and career pursuit.

(Morahan- Martin and Schumacher, 2000) explain social media addiction

as the excessive use of the internet and the failure to control this usage

which seriously harms a person’s life. In an article on the Daily Trust

newspaper, Itodo (2011) posits that there seem to be an alarming rate of

social networking obsession among students today; a trend that could

affect their academic, social and spiritual lives negatively if not properly

controlled.

Many concerned parents have expressed grave concern that they could

hardly get the attention of their children and wards, as they seem to have

been carried away by the fascinating world of social networks. Some

youths are such social freaks that they have now carved out for

themselves a world of fantasy and illusion for detached from reality.

Bello (2012) of the Sunday Observer observes that if the dangerous trend

of social media network “obsession” if left unchecked could further affect

an already collapsing education system in Nigeria. The reason students

are performing poorly in school these days might not be farfetched. While

poor quality of lecturers can quickly take the blame, one might think

harder if the phrase “Facebook frenzy” has not been heard of. It is a

common sight to see a youth chatting in sensitive and highly organized

places like church, mosque and lecture venues. Some are so carried away

that even as they are walking along the high way, they keep chatting.

Attention has been shifted from visible to invisible friends, while

important ventures like study and writing are affected in the process. This

phenomenon has become a source of worry to many who believe in

knowledge and skill acquisition (McQuail 2008). Jeong (2005) noted that

internet addiction is significantly and negatively related to students’

academic performance, as well as emotional attributes. In a study of 884

students of different universities in Nigeria, (Olowu & Seri 2012).

Indicated that students in Nigeria are spending too much time on social

networking sites at the detriment of other necessary things such as their

studies. They explained that Youths’ use of these social networking sites

even point towards obsession. The youths have made the social media
their top priority and continued to need more usage in order to feel

satisfied.

In Ogedebe, Emmanuel & Musa (2012), a study on Facebook and

Academic Performance in Nigeria Universities was carried out on 122

university students; they tested six hypotheses to know the effect of

Facebook on the academic performance of students in selected

universities. The study tested among other hypotheses that the more time

a student spends on Facebook, the lower his or her grade point average

will be. In Olubiyi (2012), the author observed that the bone of contention

of the social media is the obsessive attitude of Nigerian youths towards

its use. He pointed out that students waste their time through idle chats

and other immoral acts. Students are so engrossed in the social media

networks that they are almost 24 hours online. Even in classrooms and

lecture theatres, it has been observed that some students are always busy

pinging, 2going or Facebooking, while lectures are on. The result is that

quality time that ought to be spent on academic research and other

productive networking is lost. Students Exposure to Social Media It has

been observed in recent times that students have unlimited access to the

internet as well as the social media. Students connect with computer to

send and receive information’s anywhere on the globe. The

manufacturing and distribution of equally sophisticated cellular phones

has complicated the situation, as students no longer need to visit a

cybercafé before they send and receive messages. Some school are so

equipped that there is internet connection made available within the

school premises as well as in the library. Online Wikipedia and blogs are

the main resource centers for students as attention have been shifted from

making research in the library to overall dependence on theses social 28

platforms. It is a common thing to see a student reading in the library and

putting the books aside on hearing the sound of a ping on the phone.

According to a joint study by Campus2Careers and Study Breaks on the

use of mobile devices among students discovered that, an average

undergraduate spend 3.6 hours a day with their cell phones and

smartphones, while spending less time with computers, TV’s, handheld

gaming devices and e-readers. Influence of Social Media Network on

Student Academic Performance Though there have been many social,

economic, and environmental factors that have added to the pressure of

university students in the past ten years, the drop-out rate for students is

still a major national problem (Bowen, 2008). Current statistics show that

university students in Nigeria are under increased pressure due to higher

academic standards in other countries, and it has become more important

than ever for educators to encourage graduation and further education

(Bowen, 2008). However, with more and more students being

preoccupied with social media networks and technological social lives,

how will this affect their studies? It is estimated that even those students
who do graduate high school, one out of three does not have possess the

knowledge and skills that would lead him or her to the next level, such as

college or an advanced trade school (Bowen, 2008). The top academic

areas that many school professionals are concerned about are English

(ELA) and advanced literacy (Williams, 2008). The current generations

of teens live in a fast-paced technological world with many different

types of communication happening all at the same time. For example, he

or she may be on the computer on a SNS, while also talking on the phone,

sending instant messages to a friend, and emailing someone else all 29 at

the same time (Williams, 2008). While there may be some advantages to

this, such as the teen learning how to type faster and multi-task many

things at once, there may also be a breakdown in much of that

communication (Williams, 2008). Literacy has also taken a dive in the

past decade, which has caused many educators to question what can be

done to help students improve their reading, writing, speaking, and

thinking- all of the most basic skills for a successful future (Wise, 2009).

As one researcher stated, “Literacy is, in reality, the cornerstone of

student achievement, for any student, in any grade” (Wise, 2009, 373).

The question that many school professionals have with regards to

communication is whether or not a tertiary institution student is able to

follow school curriculum in courses like English or Language Arts

(Williams, 2008). Also, will it be possible to teach them without the use

of multi-tasking and using new forms of technology.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

User and gratification theory

User and gratification theory was developed in 1974 by Katz, Blumler

and Gurevitch (Wimmer& Dominick 2011:294). Basically, the theory

places more emphasis on “what people do with media” rather than “what

media do to people” (Katz, 1959 cited in Idakwo, (2011:24). Uses and

Gratifications theory is the study of the gratifications or benefits that

attract and hold audiences to various types of media and the types of

content that satisfy their social and psychological needs.

Social networking sites as new media of communication also lends itself

to uses and gratifications approach, in part due to its interactive nature

(Grant, 2005:627). Uses and gratifications research has typically focused

on how media are used to satisfy cognitive and affective needs involving

personal needs and entertainment needs (Rubin, 2002:46).

This hypothesis specifically puts power in the hands of the crowd. Instead

of expecting that media messages have immediate, uniform impacts on

the individuals who devour them, the Uses and Gratifications point of

view suggests that beneficiaries make planned, purposeful choices about

the media messages they open themselves to and at what recurrence

taking into account individual needs and cravings independent of its

impact on them-positive or negative.

Relating this theory to this current study, it shows that students use Social

networking sites like facebook, whatsapp, instagram, twitter etc just to

satisfy their needs- which may either be physical or psychological

irrespective of the direction of its influence on their academic

performance. Besides, it offers explanations to suggest that students use

this site for varying reasons. In other words, users select media based on

how well each one helps them meet specific needs or goals. Hence, this

study tries to find out how this uses and gratification derived from the use

of social media by students of Veritas University impacts on their

academic performances.

The Big Six information skills model (Eisenberg and Berkowitz in

1990)

The Big Six information skills model developed by Eisenberg and

Berkowitz in 1990, was adopted for this study . The Big 6 information

skills Model developed by Eisenberg and Berkowitz in 1990, is a 6 stage

model to help people solve problems or make decisions using available

information. Each of the six steps has two sub-skills. Task definition

requires students to identify the exact information problem presented to

them. They must also identify the types of information needed in order to

solve the problem. They must have a clear hypothesis, a specific question,
and a clear understanding of what is needed in order to answer that

question. The information seeking strategies stage requires students first

to identify all the possible sources of information, and then to evaluate

each source to determine which are best for them to use.

The next two steps, location and access and use of information, are

comprised of traditional bibliographic skills. Students must not only find

individual resources such as books, magazines, reference materials, and

Web sites, but also find the information within each source through the

use of tables of contents, indexes, and other resource-specific tools. Next,

they must engage each source (read, view or listen) and extract specific

information from it through the application of note-taking, highlighting,

and summarizing. Synthesis requires students to make a decision, create a

product, or formulate an answer. Synthesis is linked to task definition in

that students are expected to answer the specific question they created

when initially engaging in the problem-solving process. Finally,

evaluation requires students to evaluate not only their final product but

also to evaluate how well they perform the information solving tasks.

A critical look at various models of information literacy proves that

information literacy is crucial when it comes to usage of library

resources. Therefore, as an important independent variable in e-resources

utilization, the Big 6 Information Skills Model propounded by Eisenberg

and Berkowitz in 1990 will serve as one of the pillars this research work
will anchor on. The reason being that, the Big 6 Information Skills Model

of Eisenberg and Berkowitz is more encompassing in terms of

information access and utilization. This model is relevant to this research

work because it is concerned with the use of information. The model

connects information search and use skills with technology tools in a

systematic manner to find, use, apply, and evaluate information for

specific needs and tasks. Consequently, the use of e-resources by

postgraduate students and the extent to which they use them will depend

on their ability to define information need, locate information, evaluate

and apply it appropriately to meet the academic purposes such as: writing

research and term papers, doing assignments, augmenting class works

and sourcing for information in subject areas.

2.3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES

In the past, undergraduates rely heavily on print materials such as

newspaper for information because they help to create and improve

reading habits, knowledge, and awareness. They can be part of good

study habits for students in any area of specialization (Kumar, Singh&

Siddiqui, 2011). Most recently, there have been worrisome observations

about the reading habits of the teaming population in some countries in

Africa and some parts of the world.

Cull (2011) opined that while the Internet is a text– saturated

world, reading online screens tends to be significantly different from

reading printed text. In his study, he reviewed literature from a variety of

disciplines on the technological, social, behavioural, and neuro- scientific

impacts that the Internet is having on the practice of reading. A particular

focus was given to the reading behaviour of emerging university students,

especially within Canada and the United States. A brief overview was

provided of the recent transformation of academic libraries into providers

of online digital text in addition to printed books and other materials. On

the other hand, it seems it has had some negative effects on their reading

habits. Instead of people reading books, they now listen to people talk on

You Tube, Facebook etc. So, they do not feel the need to read any longer.

A survey carried out by Book Aid International (2003) in Sonaike

(2004) found out that children in developed countries read for relaxation,

while a majority of children in developing countries read for

examinations. The fact that a nation cannot rise above its literacy level,

makes it imperative to determine the influence the use of internet is

having over the reading culture of students in tertiary institutions in

Nigeria and this is what this study sets out to do. It can be seen from the

review of the literature that there is the worrisome phenomenon of poor

reading habits of students coupled with the fact of Internet use by

students has revolutionized the reading habits of young people especially

in tertiary institutions. In spite of these facts, research is yet to establish

and determine the influence of internet use on reading habits among

students in higher institutions with particular reference to the time spent

on reading web pages. This is what this study seeks to do.

Ofodu Graceful Onovughe (2012)conducted a study on the

Internet use and reading habits of higher institution students in Ekiti

State. The study was conducted using a descriptive survey research

method. The population for the study consists of one state university, one

private university and a federal polytechnic. The simple random sampling

technique was used to select the sample that was used for the study. 266

higher institution first year students were randomly selected from the

population. This cut across all disciplines ranging from arts to science to

engineering and social sciences, inclusive of both sexes. The survey

instrument was a questionnaire titled ‘Internet use and reading habits of

higher institution students in Ekiti state’. All data were analyzed using

simple percentages. Finding revealed that a large percentage of the

respondents generally enjoy reading and it could be safely said that the

reading culture of the students is favourable since the advent of internet.

It also reveals that large number respondents actually engage in activities

that may not add value to their academic performance.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
 In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study.

A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to

systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the

research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by

the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated

in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this

study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to

the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are

sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can

use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with

numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-

ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often

used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore

frequently used in social and psychological research.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of

elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar

characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age,

sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it

constitute of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.

 The general objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of

internet on reading and research habits of mass communication students

using selected Universities in Edo State as case study. Mass

communication student Selected Universities in Edo State forms the

population of the study.

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

A study sample is simply a systematic selected part of a population

that infers its result on the population. In essence, it is that part of a whole

that represents the whole and its members share characteristics in like

similitude (Udoyen, 2019). In this study, the researcher adopted the

convenient sampling method to determine the sample size.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE SELECTION TECHNIQUE AND

PROCEDURE

According to Nwana (2005), sampling techniques are procedures

adopted to systematically select the chosen sample in a specified away

under controls. This research work adopted the convenience sampling

technique in selecting the respondents from the total population.

In this study, the researcher adopted the convenient sampling

method to determine the sample size. Out of all the entire population of

mass communication student in selected universities in Edo State, the

researcher conveniently selected two hundred and twelve(212)

participant from who are mass communication student which form the
sample size. According to Torty (2021), a sample of convenience is the

terminology used to describe a sample in which elements have been

selected from the target population on the basis of their accessibility or

convenience to the researcher.

3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

The research instrument used in this study is the questionnaire. A

survey containing series of questions were administered to the enrolled

participants. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first

section inquired about the responses demographic or personal data while

the second sections were in line with the study objectives, aimed at

providing answers to the research questions. Participants were required to

respond by placing a tick at the appropriate column. The questionnaire

was personally administered by the researcher.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Two methods of data collection which are primary source and

secondary source were used to collect data. The primary sources was the

use of questionnaires, while the secondary sources include textbooks,

internet, journals, published and unpublished articles and government

publications.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

 The responses were analyzed using simple percentage which

provided answers to the research questions. Hypothesis test was

conducted using Chi-Square Statistic package for social science (SPSS)..

3.9 VALIDITY OF THE STUDY

Validity referred here is the degree or extent to which an

instrument actually measures what is intended to measure. An instrument

is valid to the extent that is tailored to achieve the research objectives.

The researcher constructed the questionnaire for the study and submitted

to the project supervisor who used his intellectual knowledge to critically,

analytically and logically examine the instruments relevance of the

contents and statements and then made the instrument valid for the study.

3.10 RELIABILITY OF THE STUDY

The reliability of the research instrument was determined. The

Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the reliability of

the instrument. A co-efficient value of 0.68 indicated that the research

instrument was relatively reliable. According to (Taber, 2017) the range

of a reasonable reliability is between 0.67 and 0.87.

3.11 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The study was approved by the Project Committee of the

Department. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants

before they were enrolled in the study. Permission was sought from the
relevant authorities to carry out the study. Date to visit the place of study

for questionnaire distribution was put in place in advance.

 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the

questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the

respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were

derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the

simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as

interpretation of the information gathered. A total of two hundred and

twelve (212) questionnaires were administered to respondents of two

hundred (200) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular,

incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this

study a total of 200 was validated for the analysis.

4.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Table 4.1: Demographic profile of the respondents

Demographic information Frequency Percent

Gender

Male 119 59.5%

Female 81 40.5%

Age

18-25 87 43.5%

26-30 54 27%
31-35 33 16.5%

36+ 26 13%

Marital Status

Single 110 55%

Married 85 42.5%

Separated/Divorced/Widowed 05 2.5%

Level 13 50%

100/200L 85 42.5%

300L 103 51.5%

400L 12 6%

Source: Field Survey, 2021

4.2 HYPOTHESIS TEST

HO1: Internet usage does not enhance reading and research habits of

mass communication students

HO2: Use of internet can have a significant impact on mass

communication student’s academic achievement

HYPOTHESIS ONE

Table 4.3: Internet usage does not enhance reading and research habits of

mass communication students

Options Fo Fe Fo - Fe (Fo - (Fo˗-

Fe)2 Fe)2/Fe

Yes 93 66.7 26.3 691.7 10.4

No 68 66.7 1.3 1.7 0.2

 Undecided 39 66.7 27.7 767.2 11.5

Total 200 200 22.1

Source: Extract from Contingency Table

Degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)

(3-1) (2-1)

(2) (1)

=2

At 0.05 significant level and at a calculated degree of freedom, the critical

table value is 5.991.

Findings

The calculated X2 = 22.1 and is greater than the table value of X 2 at 0.05

significant level which is 5.991.

Decision

Since the X2 calculated value is greater than the critical table value that is

22.1 is greater than 5.991, the Null hypothesis is rejected and the

alternative hypothesis is accepted which states that Internet usage does

enhance reading and research habits of mass communication students.

HYPOTHESIS TWO

Table 4.3: Use of internet can have a significant impact on mass

communication student’s academic achievement.

Options Fo Fe Fo - Fe (Fo - (Fo˗-

Fe)2 Fe)2/Fe

Yes 83 66.7 16.3 265.7 4.0

No 72 66.7 5.3 28.1 0.4

Undecided 45 66.7 21.7 470.9 7.1

Total 200 200 11.5

Source: Extract from Contingency Table

Degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)

(3-1) (2-1)

(2) (1)

=2

At 0.05 significant level and at a calculated degree of freedom, the critical

table value is 5.991.

Findings

The calculated X2 = 11.5 and is greater than the table value of X 2 at 0.05

significant level which is 5.991.

Decision

Since the X2 calculated value is greater than the critical table value that is

11.5 is greater than 5.991, the Null hypothesis is rejected and the
alternative hypothesis is accepted which states that Use of internet can

have a significant impact on mass communication student’s academic

achievement.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

The general objective of this study is to ascertain the impact of

internet on reading and research habits of mass communication students

using selected Universities in Edo State as case study. The study

examined if internet enhances the reading and research habit of mass

communication student in selected universities in Edo State.

The study adopted the survey descriptive research design and with

the aid of convenience sampling method, the researcher conveniently

selected tow hundred and twelve (212) participant from who are mass

communication student in selected universities in Edo State. Self-

structure questionnaire was issued to the respondent of which 200 was

retrieved and validated for the study. Data was analyzed using simple

percentage, presented in frequencies and tables. Hypothesis test was

conducted using Chi-Square Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

(SPSS v.23).

5.2 CONCLUSION

The presence of new media and the Internet in particular, has posed a

challenge to conventional media; especially the printed newspaper

(Domingo & Heinonen, 2008).The introduction of information

technology in Kenya is a welcome development. The use of internet for

educational purposes is also of immense benefit especially in the area of

being globally relevant and current. However, when it comes as a

substitute for good reading competences, it should be a cause of concern.

Internet seems to have reduced the interest in reading of printed materials,

vocabulary development and general knowledge, broadmindedness which

individuals get from having good reading habits. Findings from the study

revealed that Internet usage does enhance reading and research habits of

mass communication students. However when student spend more time

on the internet for leisure that for reading and research purposes, this

would have a significant impact on their academic achievement.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

From the findings of the study, the following recommendations were

made:

1. Concerted effort be made to encourage students to use most of their

after school time (leisure) for profitable activities on the internet that will

add value to their academic performance.

2. Lecturers should give assignment that will compel students to make

use of the internet for academic reading. 

3. Lecturers should encourage students to give enough time for personal

study on the internet. Most students look up to their college teachers’

advice. This will help add value to their academic information. 

4. Lecturers should give information about web sites where students’ can

get unlimited education material information. 

5. Colleges/Universities should have an electronic library open to all

students’ with all necessary accessories.

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APPENDIXE

QUESTIONNAIRE

PLEASE TICK [√] YOUR MOST PREFERRED CHOICE AND AVOID

TICKING TWICE ON A QUESTION

SECTION A

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Gender

Male [ ] Female [ ]

Age

17-20

22-28 [ ]

29-37 [ ]

38 and above [ ]

Marital Status

Single [ ]

Married [ ]

Separated [ ]

Level

100/200[ ]

300 [ ]

400 [ ]

SECTION B

Question 1: Does the use of internet have a significant impact on mass

communication student’s academic achievement?

OPTIONS PLEASE TICK

Yes

No

Undecided

Question 2: Can the use of internet enhance reading and research habit

among mass communication student?

OPTIONS PLEASE TICK

Yes

No

Undecided

Question 3: Does the student spend more time on internet than reading?

OPTIONS PLEASE TICK

Yes

No

Undecided