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THE O CCUPATION OF IRAQ
THE OCCUPATION

OF IRAQ
WINNING THE WAR, LOSING THE PEACE

ALI A. ALLAWI

YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS

NEW HAVEN AND LONDON
Copyright © 2007 Ali A. Allawi

All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and
except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.

For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:
U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com
Europe Office: sales @yaleup.co.uk www.yaleup.co.uk

Set in Minion by J&L Composition, Filey, North Yorkshire

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Allawi, Ali A., 1947–

The occupation of Iraq: winning the war, losing the peace/Ali A. Allawi.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–300–11015–9 (alk. paper)
1. Iraq War, 2003– 2. Iraq—Politics and government—2003– I. Title.
DS79.76.A393 2007
956.7044’3—dc22
2006039445

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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 Contents

List of Illustrations vii

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xiv
List of People who Appear in this Book xv
List of Abbreviations xix
Glossary of Arabic Terms xxii

Prologue 1
Chapter 1 The Great Divides 17
Chapter 2 The Rise of the Opposition 39
Chapter 3 The Build-up to War 62
Chapter 4 The Invasion 77
Chapter 5 Occupation Authorities 96
Chapter 6 A Collapsed State – a Ruined Economy –
a Damaged Society 114
Chapter 7 Deepening Rifts in a Brittle Society 132
Chapter 8 Dismantling the Ba’athist State 147
Chapter 9 The Formation of the Governing Council and the Rise
of the Insurgency 163
Chapter 10 The Shadow of Real Power 190
Chapter 11 The Enigma of Ayatollah Sistani 204
Chapter 12 A Constitution in Waiting 219
Chapter 13 The Fires of Sectarian Hatreds 233
Chapter 14 A Marshall Plan for Iraq? 249
Chapter 15 April 2004 – the Turning Point 266
Chapter 16 The Interim Iraqi Government 280
Chapter 17 Arabs and Persians 294
Chapter 18 Showdown at the Shrine 316
Chapter 19 To Hold or Abort an Election 334
Chapter 20 Corruption and the Potemkin State 348
vi CONTENTS

Chapter 21 Iraqi Society on the Eve of Free Elections 370

Chapter 22 The Vote 388
Chapter 23 Negotiating a Constitution 403
Chapter 24 Crises and the Jaafari Government 418
Chapter 25 Into Uncharted Waters 436
Epilogue 453

Notes 461
Index 494
 Illustrations

1 Ali al-Wardi (1913–95).

2 Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr.
3 The bodies of a Kurd father and his infant son in Halabja, killed by the
Iraqi chemical attack on the city, 16 March, 1988. (IRNA/AFP/Getty
Images)
4 Operation Desert Storm, launched on 16 January, 1991. (David Giles/
Empics)
5 Ayad Allawi and Ahmad Al Chalabi voting to expand the Iraqi National
Congress in 1999. (Doug Kanter/AFP/Getty Images)
6 Cereals being unloaded in Umm Qasr as part of the United Nations Oil-
for-Food programme, established 1995. (J. B. Russell/Corbis Sygma)
7 Demolishing the statue of Saddam Hussein in Firdaus Square, 9 April,
2003. (Oleg Nikishin/Getty Images)
8 Paul Bremer, Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority, May
2003. (Abaca Press/Empics)
9 An example of Shi-Sunni antipathy, exacerbated by the war in Iraq.
(Wathiq Khuzaie/Getty Images)
10 Basra University Library’s reading room, gutted by looters.
11 The Central Bank of Iraq, guarded by US troops. (Thomas Hartwell/
USAID)
12 Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. (Ahmad al-Rubaye/AFP/Getty Images)
13 The Iraqi Governing Council sign the country’s interim constitution,
8 March, 2004.
14 Fallujah, April 2004.
15 Moqtada al-Sadr, leading the Friday prayers at the Kufa Grand Mosque.
(Ahmad al-Rubaye/AFP/Getty Images)
16 Members of the Mahdi army in Imam Ali shrine, Najaf.
17 Najaf. (Ahmad al-Rubaye/AFP/Getty Images)
18 The Green Zone, Baghdad.
19 The aftermath of a suicide bombing, Baghdad, 2005.
viii ILLUSTRATIONS

20 An Iraqi couple voting, 30 January, 2005.

21 US Army and Iraqi National Guard soldiers, Haifa, 2005. (Joe Raedle/
Getty Images)
22 Prime Minister Ibrahim Jaafari with other parliamentarians being sworn
in at the first session of Iraqi parliament, 16 March, 2002, Baghdad.
(Jacob Silberberg-Pool/Getty Images)
23 Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki and the first elected government of Iraq
since the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, 20 May, 2006. (Ali Haider/
epa/Corbis)
24 Saddam Hussein at the opening of his trial, 19 October, 2006 (David
Furst-Pool/Getty Images)

Maps page
1 The Middle East xxv
2 The Tribes of Iraq xxvi
3 Demographic Map of Iraq 19
 Preface

I first left Iraq in November 1958, a few months after the Revolution of 14
July, 1958. I had been sent abroad – to boarding school in England, in
deepest Sussex – to escape the turmoil of post-revolutionary Baghdad. My
extended family had been intimately involved in the affairs of the country,
providing ministers, senators, governors and ambassadors to what had been
the kingdom of Iraq. But all that suddenly ended. A few mutinous army
units had brought our charmed world to an abrupt end. No one resisted the
mutineers, apart from the guards at the Royal Palace. The old order simply
surrendered to its fate, with hardly a whimper of protest. We were on the
wrong side of the revolution, and that was that.
For the next decade, moving from schools in England and then to univer-
sity in the United States, I always kept a close watch on events in Iraq. In time,
my family had made its peace with the new republican order. I ceased to be an
exile and became more of an Iraqi student abroad. I was looking forward to
resuming my life in Iraq after graduation. But this was not to be. The return
of the Ba’ath Party to power on 30 July, 1968 ended whatever hopes I had
about returning to Iraq. Instinctively I knew that the new Ba’athist rulers were
a different breed from the parade of army officers that had previously run the
country. I reckoned that the Ba’athists would rule Iraq with an iron fist. They
would impose a totalitarian system that would tolerate no dissent. And this is
exactly what they did – but far more virulently and bloodily than I would ever
have imagined. A new exile began for me, this time considerably longer,
stretching for over thirty years.
Throughout the thirty years of the second exile, I hardly ever stopped
thinking about Iraq. Many writers have described the condition of exile,
dispossession and wanderings, and exile from totalitarian regimes has addi-
tional characteristics: an obsession with travel documents; an exaggerated
sensitivity to officialdom; an ambivalent relationship to the culture of one’s
adopted land; uncertainty about the permanence of the condition of exile
itself. All in all, an exile’s is a melancholic state of mind, although with
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