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Statistics Exam Prep

The document provides comprehensive notes on statistics exam preparation, covering descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, skewness, kurtosis, basic probability rules, and common distributions. It includes examples for each topic, such as calculating mean, variance, and probabilities for different scenarios. Key concepts like qualitative vs quantitative data, random variables, and types of distributions are also discussed.

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14 views2 pages

Statistics Exam Prep

The document provides comprehensive notes on statistics exam preparation, covering descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, skewness, kurtosis, basic probability rules, and common distributions. It includes examples for each topic, such as calculating mean, variance, and probabilities for different scenarios. Key concepts like qualitative vs quantitative data, random variables, and types of distributions are also discussed.

Uploaded by

sanjaysajib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics Exam Preparation Notes & Practice

Questions

1.1 Descriptive Statistics


Types of Data & Measurement Scales
• Qualitative: Non-numeric (e.g., gender, color).
• Quantitative: Numeric (Discrete = countable, Continuous = measurable).
• Scales: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Example: Identify measurement scale for: Blood group, Exam rank, Temperature (°C), Age.
Answer: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.

Measures of Central Tendency


• Mean, Median, Mode, Quartiles.
Example: Find mean, median, and mode of {2,3,4,4,5,7,8}.
Solution: Mean=4.71, Median=4, Mode=4.

Measures of Dispersion
• Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, IQR, Coefficient of Variation.
Example: Data {5,7,9,11,13} → Range=8, Variance=8, SD≈2.83.

Skewness & Kurtosis


• Skewness: Positive (right tail), Negative (left tail), Zero (symmetric).
• Kurtosis: Leptokurtic (high peak), Platykurtic (flat), Mesokurtic (normal).

1.2 Basic Probability & Distributions


Basic Probability Rules
• P(A) = Favorable / Total.
• Addition Rule: P(A ∪ B) = P(A)+P(B)−P(A ∩ B).
• Multiplication Rule: P(A ∩ B) = P(A)×P(B|A).
Example: Roll a die. Find P(odd or prime) = 2/3.

Marginal & Conditional Probability


• Marginal: Probability of one event regardless of others.
• Conditional: P(A|B) = P(A∩B)/P(B).
Example: P(tea|coffee)=0.5 when 20% like both and 40% like coffee.

Random Variables & Expectation


• Discrete vs Continuous.
• Expectation E(X)=Σ[x·P(x)].
Example: Coin tossed 3 times → E(X)=1.5 heads.

Common Distributions
• Binomial: P(X=k)=C(n,k)p^k(1−p)^(n−k).
• Poisson: P(X=k)=(λ^k e^−λ)/k!.
• Normal: Symmetric, bell-shaped.
Examples:
Binomial: Toss 5 coins, P(3 heads)=0.3125.
Poisson: Avg 3 cars/min, P(2 cars)=0.224.
Normal: N(170,10), P(X>180)=0.1587.

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