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(Ebook) A Perceforest Reader: Selected Episodes From "Perceforest: The Prehistory of Arthur's Britain" by Nigel Bryant ISBN 9781843842903, 1843842904 Full

A Perceforest Reader presents selected episodes from the extensive late Arthurian romance 'Perceforest: The Prehistory of Arthur’s Britain' by Nigel Bryant, which explores the origins and adventures surrounding King Arthur's Britain. The work is noted for its rich narrative, drawing from various sources including earlier Arthurian tales and medieval traditions, and is characterized as an 'encyclopedia of 14th-century chivalry.' This reader serves as an accessible introduction to the themes of love, magic, and chivalry within the epic's complex storytelling.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views149 pages

(Ebook) A Perceforest Reader: Selected Episodes From "Perceforest: The Prehistory of Arthur's Britain" by Nigel Bryant ISBN 9781843842903, 1843842904 Full

A Perceforest Reader presents selected episodes from the extensive late Arthurian romance 'Perceforest: The Prehistory of Arthur’s Britain' by Nigel Bryant, which explores the origins and adventures surrounding King Arthur's Britain. The work is noted for its rich narrative, drawing from various sources including earlier Arthurian tales and medieval traditions, and is characterized as an 'encyclopedia of 14th-century chivalry.' This reader serves as an accessible introduction to the themes of love, magic, and chivalry within the epic's complex storytelling.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A Perceforest Reader
Perceforest is one of the largest and certainly the most extraordinary of
the late Arthurian romances, and is almost completely unknown ex-
cept to a handful of scholars. But it is a work of exceptional richness
and importance, and has been justly described as ‘an encyclopaedia
of 14th-century chivalry’ and ‘a mine of folkloric motifs’. Its contents
are drawn not only from earlier Arthurian material, but also from
romances about Alexander the Great, from Roman histories and from
medieval travel writing – not to mention oral tradition, including as
it does the first and unexpurgated version of the story of the Sleeping
Beauty. Out of this, the author creates a remarkable prehistory of King
Arthur’s Britain, describing how Alexander the Great gives the island
to Perceforest, who has to purge the island of magic-wielding knights
descended from Darnant the Enchanter, despite their supernatural
powers. Perceforest then founds the knightly order of the ‘Franc Pal-
ais’, an ideal of chivalric civilisation which prefigures the Round Table
of Arthur and indeed that of Edward III; but that civilisation is, as
the author shows, all too fragile. The action all takes place in a pagan
world of many gods, but the temple of the Sovereign God, discovered
by Perceforest, prefigures the Christian world and the coming of the
Grail and Arthur.
Nigel Bryant has recently adapted this immense romance into Eng-
lish; even in his version, which gives a complete account of the whole
work but links extensive sections of full translation with compressed
accounts of other passages, it runs to nearly half a million words.
A Perceforest Reader is an ideal introduction to the remarkable world
portrayed in this late flowering of the Arthurian imagination.

Nigel Bryant has worked as a theatre director and radio drama pro-
ducer for the BBC, and as head of drama at Marlborough College and
Lecturer in Drama at the University of Manchester. This is his fifth
major translation of medieval Arthurian romance.
Also translated by Nigel Bryant

The High Book of the Grail:


A Translation of the thirteenth-century romance of Perlesvaus

Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval:The Story of the Grail

Robert de Boron, Merlin and the Grail

The Legend of the Grail

Perceforest: The Prehistory of King Arthur’s Britain

The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel 1290-1360


A Perceforest Reader
Selected episodes from
Perceforest: The Prehistory of King Arthur’s Britain

Translated by Nigel Bryant

D. S. BREWER
© Nigel Bryant 2011
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation
no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system,
published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast,
transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner

The right of Nigel Bryant to be identified as


the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

First published 2011


D. S. Brewer, Cambridge

ISBN 978 1 84384 290 3

D. S. Brewer is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd


PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk, IP12 3DF, UK
and of Boydell & Brewer Inc.
668 Mount Hope Ave, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
website: www.boydellandbrewer.com

The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or


accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred
to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available


from the British Library

Papers used by Boydell & Brewer Ltd are natural, recyclable products
made from wood grown in sustainable forests

Printed and bound in Great Britain


Contents

Introduction 1

How Perceforest earned his name 5


Newly crowned king of England by Alexander, Betis is warned
that the forests of the land are infested by an ‘evil clan’ headed
by Darnant the Enchanter. Their most damning crimes are the
offences they commit against women, and they are adept at using
magic as a weapon. Betis sets out to confront them.

The Perilous Temple 11


Perceforest is set in the pre-Christian past.The pagan Alexan-
der is a paragon of every chivalrous quality, and the ‘old gods’ he
worships are undoubtedly abroad and functioning in the world;
but there is a fascinating tension throughout the romance between
this old religion and the ‘New Law’ of Christianity which is to be
brought to Britain at the story’s end.

The Adventures of Claudius and Estonné 19


Perceforest has numerous sequences of which the director of
a modern ‘action movie’ would be proud. The adventures of two
knights as they search for the missing Perceforest offer memorable
examples.

The Wonders at Gadifer’s Coronation 24


If the martial exploits of Claudius and Estonné are wishful
thinking, reflecting the period’s fantasies like many a modern
gunfight or car chase, so are some of the passages describing the
glamour attendant upon kingship. Enchantment is again a notable
feature as the author tells of the coronation of Gadifer as king
of Scotland.
vi a perceforest reader

King Gadifer’s Wound 27


The author of Perceforest, emphasising the need for strong,
sound rule, tells us that ‘when the head is sick, all the limbs suf-
fer’. For a long period both Perceforest in England and Gadifer in
Scotland are unable to give leadership to their kingdoms: Percefor-
est, overcome by grief at the news of Alexander’s death, sinks into
a long depression, and this episode tells what happens to Gadifer
while hunting.

Zephir the Trickster 31


A key figure in Perceforest, and a most surprising one, is a
creature called Zephir. He’s a fallen angel, cast out of Paradise
with Lucifer, yet he looks after the interests of several admirable
knights and indeed of Britain as a whole. And he’s a Puck-like
trickster, delighting in playing cruel (if often hilarious) tricks on
people – and all his powers, he says, ‘come from God’.

Troylus in love 39
If ever a chivalric romance asserted the inspirational effects of love
upon a knight, it is Perceforest. All people, the author makes plain,
should be subjects of the lord Love, and if we’re not inspired by our
commitment to that mighty lord, how much, the author asks, are
we ever likely to achieve? This idea is explored wittily – but with
no lack of serious intent – in this passage.

A New Order of Chivalry – the ‘Franc Palais’ 43


There is a strong possibility that Perceforest inspired the
founding of the Order of the Garter by Edward III of England
and the Company of the Star by John II of France. King Percefor-
est’s ‘Order of the Franc Palais’ and the building that housed it
are described in this episode.

The God of the Sheer Mountain 52


The author’s attitude to magic is ambiguous. He has the Fairy
Queen, King Gadifer’s wife, use her skills in magic to manifestly
good ends; but what is to be avoided, he says, is for a ‘magi-
cian’ to become adept and imagine he’s therefore godlike. In this
episode young Gadifer, son of King Gadifer and the Fairy Queen,
contents vii

undertakes a mysterious mission; it leads him to encounter the


enchanter Aroés, who has set himself up as God of the Sheer
Mountain.

The Fish-Knights 63
The author of Perceforest sends his knights out to confront a
world of awesome marvels. The complexity of the created world,
and the author’s fascination with it, are nowhere expressed as
startlingly as in an adventure encountered by King Perceforest’s
son when he’s stranded on a distant island.

The Sleeping Beauty 67


Perceforest has been described as ‘a mine of folkloric motifs’,
and is famous for featuring this, the first written version of the
story that has come to be known as ‘the Sleeping Beauty’.

The Marvellous Child 84


One of the most striking characters in the later books of Perce-
forest is Passelion, destined to be an ancestor of no less a figure
than Merlin.

The Death of Caesar 93


The author of Perceforest draws material from many sources,
linking his prehistory of Arthurian Britain to numerous existing
traditions and histories. In this episode, he makes the murder of
Julius Caesar an act of revenge for his destruction of Britain.

The Adventure of the Red Sword 100


Britain, recovering from its destruction by the Romans, needs
a new king and queen. The destined ones are Gallafur and ‘the
Maiden of the Dragons’. They are descendants not only of Per-
ceforest and Gadifer but of Alexander, too, and their bloodline is
to continue to King Arthur himself. Arthur will thus have Greek
blood, inherited from Alexander the Great. But, although the
Maiden of the Dragons has captured Gallafur’s heart, he will
not be worthy of her unless he first achieves the Adventure of the
Red Sword.
Introduction

The French romance of Perceforest is a work of exceptional richness


and importance, creating a prehistory of King Arthur’s Britain and an
ancestry of all the major Arthurian figures – Arthur, Merlin, Lancelot
and many more. But it is much more than a mere prelude to more
familiar tales. It is a magnificent epic story in its own right, and offers
a wealth of intriguing material to all medievalists – to historians as
well as Arthurian enthusiasts: it has, indeed, been justly described as
‘a veritable encyclopaedia of fourteenth-century chivalry’ and ‘a mine
of folkloric motifs’.1 But in the field of Arthurian literature it has been
relatively little known, and the words ‘encyclopaedia’ and ‘mine’ may
give a hint at the reason: another notable feature of Perceforest is its ex-
traordinary length. It is composed of six books, each the length of a
substantial novel – the shortest is as long as Moby Dick.
A complete account of this vast romance, including a full transla-
tion of all key passages, has now been made available by D. S. Brewer,
first published in 2011. This ‘Sampler’ is a selection of episodes from
that edition, and is intended as a simple introduction to the work, a
work of such variety and imaginative scope that it would have been
quite possible to assemble four or five compilations. The hope is that
it gives a tempting indication of Perceforest’s wide range of tone – com-
ic, tragic, realistic, fantastic – and of theme: in its exploration of ideas
about love, magic, religion, women, kingship and the code of chiv-
alry, Perceforest gives remarkable insights into the medieval mind.

1
Jacques Barchilon, L’histoire de la Belle au bois dormant dans le Perceforest’, Fabula vol.31,
issues 1-2 (1990), pp.17-23. The ‘fourteenth-century’ dating has been much debated:
all the surviving manuscripts of Perceforest were produced after 1450, but there are a
number of reasons to date its original composition to c.1330-40. See Perceforest, tr. Bryant
(D.S.Brewer, 2011), Introduction, especially pp.24-5.
2 a perceforest reader

The Story
A complete synopsis of Perceforest’s narratives would be unreadably
dense. The anonymous author draws on many sources – the Lancelot-
Grail, Alexander romances, Roman histories, medieval travel writing
and oral tradition – as he interweaves and interconnects a vast num-
ber of episodes in a complex and intricately conceived way. To give
a context for the selections in this Sampler, however, here is a broad
outline of the story:

Setting his work in the chronicle tradition of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s


History of the Kings of Britain, the author begins by describing the arrival
in Britain of refugees from Troy. But in time, a succession of weak rul-
ers sees the land go into decline, leaving its people in urgent need of
revitalisation, of new blood.
This comes when Alexander the Great and his Greek companions,
sailing to the king of India’s coronation, are caught in a storm and
driven to Britain. Alexander establishes two of his protégés, Gadifer
and Betis (who later earns the name ‘Perceforest’), as brother-kings
of England and Scotland. They find the forests infested by the ‘evil
clan’ of Darnant the Enchanter, notable especially for their abuse of
women, but in a series of stirring adventures Perceforest, Gadifer and
their knights succeed in driving them out despite their use of sorcery
as a weapon.
But then news of Alexander’s death sends Perceforest into a deep
depression, and at the same time his brother Gadifer is maimed while
hunting a monstrous boar. With both kings incapable of providing
leadership there are threats to both kingdoms – rebellion from within
and invasion from without – but valiant English and Scottish knights
succeed in repelling these attacks.
Gadifer remains crippled but Perceforest is roused from his inertia.
He establishes a glorious chivalric civilisation in Britain, founding a
knightly order that prefigures the Round Table of Arthur, and intro-
duces a new ‘Sovereign God’ in place of the multiple gods of Perce-
forest’s pagan past. His knights, often helped by Zephir, a guardian
spirit of the most surprising and ambiguous kind, accomplish a series
of wonderful adventures both in Britain and in the Low Countries
introduction 3

(which may well have been the author’s homeland), involving love,
revenge and magic.
The kings’ children are at the forefront of these adventures; but
then Perceforest’s eldest son becomes infatuated with a Roman girl,
whose treachery enables Julius Caesar to launch an invasion in which
Perceforest and all his forces are annihilated and the kingdom is ut-
terly destroyed.
A third generation of knights and maidens restore the land, and
one of Gadifer’s grandsons, Ourseau, takes revenge on Caesar. Another
of his grandsons, Gallafur, is destined to marry Alexander’s grand-
daughter, ‘the Maiden of the Dragons’, to give Britain a new king and
queen; their union is to begin a line leading to a king who will draw
a sword which Gallafur has embedded in a great stone – King Arthur
himself, who will thus be a descendant of none other than Alexander.
But before that union can take place, Gallafur must first achieve heroic
feats by accomplishing ‘the Adventure of the Red Sword’ and casting
out the enchantments that still beset Britain.
And he cannot enjoy his success for long. The fragility of kingdoms
is seen again as Britain is invaded for a second time: in a reversal of
the Trojan War, the Sicambrians, a people of Trojan blood, attack and
destroy the ‘Greek’ civilisation of Britain.
But Gallafur’s son, rescued by Zephir, survives and learns of the
coming of the ‘New Law’, and sees a holy vessel brought to Britain
to await the knight who is to achieve the Grail quest. The kingdom of
Arthur is soon to come.
How Perceforest earned his name
Newly crowned king of England by Alexander, Betis is warned repeatedly that the forests
of the land are infested by an ‘evil clan’ headed by Darnant the Enchanter. Their most
damning crimes are the offences they commit against women, and they are adept at using
magic as a weapon. Betis is about to commission the building of a new castle on the site
of the land’s first tournament, but…

‘My lord,’ Nicorant replied, ‘I’ll do all you command except fetch tim-
ber from the forest! No workman would dare go there to cut or fell: he’d
be lost in an instant, spirited away by the enchanters who dwell there!’
‘Go and buy the stone, Nicorant,’ said King Betis, ‘and I’ll see to
the forest!’
A little later, Betis fell asleep after dinner in the warmth of the
afternoon; and he dreamed that the dwarf who’d directed him to the
place of his coronation appeared before him and said:
‘Cowardly king! How shameful it is that you don’t go and see the
wonders in the forest!’
The king was so angry at being called a coward that he shook with
rage and awoke. But then he reconsidered: perhaps he was a cowardly
king indeed! He summoned a squire to harness his horse – and quiet-
ly, so that the queen wouldn’t know – and then donned an unmarked
surcoat and hid his shield in a cloth cover, and set off into the forest
without anyone knowing he’d gone.
It was the most beautiful forest he’d ever seen, smooth and clear of
undergrowth, with tall and well-spaced trees. Beneath a huge laurel
he saw a lovely spring, and went there to drink. Suddenly a statue on
a pillar gave a great blast on a horn, and King Betis looked to his right
and saw a knight in full armour galloping towards him on a charger,
crying:
‘Stay where you are, you rogue! You’ve done wrong!’
‘What wrong have I done, sir knight?’
‘You’ve drunk from the spring without leave.’
‘Well truly,’ the king said, ‘that’s hardly a serious crime: water
should be common property!’
6 a perceforest reader

‘Mount and come to prison,’ the knight replied. ‘There you’ll see
how serious it is!’
‘You’d have an easy victory, sir, if I went to prison just because you
told me to!’
‘By my gods!’ cried the knight. ‘You’ll come whether it’s with
good grace or bad!’
And Betis said: ‘It’ll have to be bad: the only way I’m going is by
force.’
‘Mount then,’ said the knight, ‘and defend yourself. Tonight you’ll
be lying in the wrong kind of bed!’
‘Right!’ said the king. ‘We’ll see who’ll come off worse!’
And he leapt straight from the ground into his saddle, checked his
arms were in order and thrust in his spurs.
They clashed, and both delivered fearsome blows with their lances;
but while the knight’s missed its target, the king’s pierced his enemy’s
mailcoat and cut through to the bone. The knight took to flight and
the king spurred after him, chasing as fast as he could. Then the knight
cast a spell: a rushing river a hundred feet wide appeared between him
and the king. But the king, his attention fixed on pursuing the knight,
intent on not losing his trail, never once looked down and didn’t see
the river; he carried on the chase without fear. But his horse saw it and
was about to rear, and the king, heedless of the danger, still intent on
the knight, thrust in his spurs with all his might. His horse leapt from
all four hooves fully fifteen feet as if to dive into the river; but when
it landed on solid earth instead of the expected water it stumbled and
staggered and crashed to the ground, and the king now looked down
and thought he was in a river and was dumbfounded; he beat at his
horse as though to make him swim, and the bewildered horse clam-
bered up and thrashed around as if swimming, and found himself free
of the enchantment and back on level ground. The king now looked
ahead and saw the knight a long way off, and began to yell after him:
‘It’s no use, I tell you! You won’t escape!’
The knight heard this and cast another spell: the king thought two
lions were charging and attacking him from both sides. He drew his
sword and struck one of the lions with all his strength, desperate to
be off after the knight, but the blow slashed down without touching
anything and plunged a full foot into the ground. Feeling no contact
when he should have sliced the lion in half, the king was bewildered;
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