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Referees, Match Officials and Abuse

This book explores issues related to the abuse of referees and match officials in
sport. Drawing on original empirical research in football, rugby union, rugby league
and cricket, it provides an insight into the complexities involved in the recruitment,
retention and development processes of match officials from across the global sports
industry.
Using an evidence-based approach, the book examines why abuse occurs, the
operational environments in which match officials operate, and underlying issues
and trends that cut across sports and therefore can be linked to wider societal trends.
It challenges global sport policy and discusses the development of an inclusive,
cohesive and facilitative environment for match officials, players, coaches and
spectators to ensure the future provision of global sport.
Referees, Match Officials and Abuse is an invaluable resource for all students,
scholars and national governing bodies of sport with an interest in match officials,
sports governance, sport policy, sport management and the sociology of sport.

Tom Webb is Course Leader for the MSc Sports Management and Senior Lecturer
in Sports Management and Development at the University of Portsmouth, UK. He is
also founder and coordinator of the Referee and Match Official Research Network.

Mike Rayner is Associate Head (Education) at the University of Portsmouth, UK.

Mike is a Fellow of The Institute of Leadership and Management (ILM), Fellow of
the Chartered Institute for Sports Management and Physical Activity (CIMSPA), a
Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and an Academic Member of the
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD).

Jamie Cleland is Senior Lecturer in Sport and Management at the University of

South Australia. His research explores a range of social issues in sport.

Jimmy O’Gorman is Senior Lecturer in Sports Development, Management

and Coaching in the Department of Sport and Physical Activity at Edge Hill
University, UK.
Routledge Focus on Sport, Culture and Society

Routledge Focus on Sport, Culture and Society showcases the latest cutting-
edge research in the sociology of sport and exercise. Concise in form
(20,000–50,000 words) and published quickly (within three months), the
books in this series represents an important channel through which authors
can disseminate their research swiftly and make an impact on current
debates. We welcome submissions on any topic within the socio-cultural
study of sport and exercise, including but not limited to subjects such as
gender, race, sexuality, disability, politics, the media, social theory, Olym-
pic Studies, and the ethics and philosophy of sport. The series aims to be
theoretically-informed, empirically-grounded and international in reach,
and will include a diversity of methodological approaches.

List of titles

Rugby in Global Perspective

Playing on the Periphery
Edited by John Harris and Nicholas Wise

Doping in Sport
A Defence
Thomas Søbirk Petersen

Racism and English Football

For Club and Country
Daniel Burdsey

Referees, Match Officials and Abuse

Research and Implications for Policy
Tom Webb, Mike Rayner, Jamie Cleland and Jimmy O’Gorman

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/

sport/series/RFSCS
Referees, Match Officials
and Abuse
Research and Implications for Policy

Tom Webb, Mike Rayner, Jamie

Cleland and Jimmy O’Gorman
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 Tom Webb
The right of Tom Webb to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Webb, Tom (Thomas), author. | Rayner, Mike, 1983– author. |
Cleland, Jamie, author. | O’Gorman, Jimmy, author.
Title: Referees, match officials and abuse : research and implications
for policy / Tom Webb, Mike Rayner, Jamie Cleland, Jimmy
O’Gorman.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021. |
Series: Routledge focus on sport, culture and society | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020027251 (print) | LCCN 2020027252 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781138364677 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429431203 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Sports officiating—Psychological aspects. | Sports
and state. | Violence in sports.
Classification: LCC GV735 .W43 2021 (print) | LCC GV735 (ebook) |
DDC 796.01/9—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027251
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027252

ISBN: 978-1-138-36467-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-43120-3 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents

List of figures viii

List of tables ix
Preface x
Acknowledgements xii

1 Introducing and defining match official abuse 1

Scope of the book 1
History of sport official abuse 2
The current situation 4
Defining abuse 5
Structure of the book 8

2 Examining abuse: the importance of governing bodies

in sport 14
Introduction 14
Abuse and retention across sports 14
Abuse in England: governing body approaches 16
The extent of abuse towards match officials 19
Abuse in action 20
Match official abuse in sport 22
Conclusion 26

3 Organisational culture, non-reporting of abuse and

discontinuation: implications for match officials
and administrators 30
Introduction 30
Organisational culture 31
vi Contents
Organisational culture and intention to leave 33
Non-reporting: problems in the systems 37
Conclusion 44

4 Facilitating a positive environment: the role of resilience,

mental fortitude and conflict management when
supporting match officials 49
Introduction 49
The role of resilience for match officials 50
Mental fortitude and toughness in sports match officials 52
Intergroup conflict and conflict resolution 60
Case study – umpire abuse incident report, local cricket
match 2019 62
Conclusion 67

5 The importance of policy and the need for mental health

interventions and support 71
Introduction 71
Mental health and sport 72
“Sport has a long way to go” 74
Match officials and mental health concerns 76
Supporting match officials – mentoring 80
The absence of appreciation and empathy for match
officials 82
Conclusion 85

6 The experience of match officials outside England 90

Introduction 90
Match officials in the media 91
Spectator behaviour 91
It’s not just spectators that are the problem 92
What about football specifically? 94
Football referees in France and the Netherlands 96
Referee experiences of abuse 98
Support and disciplinary processes 100
The influence of professional football 102
Conclusion 104
 Contents vii
7 Evidencing good practice and tackling abuse 109
Good practice and innovations in match official support
in England 110
Good practice and innovations in match official support
around the world 112
Improving the situation: promoting a positive way
forward 114
Conclusion 122

Index 125
Figures

2.1 Have you been verbally abused? 18

2.2 Have you been physically abused? 19
2.3 How often do you receive what you would consider
to be abuse? 20
3.1 Do episodes of abuse make you question whether to
continue officiating? 42
3.2 Are you thinking of leaving officiating in the next 12 months? 43
4.1 Mental fortitude training program for sustained success 52
4.2 Environment characteristics affecting resilience 54
4.3 What is your view of the current training products offered? 56
4.4 What is your view of the current personal development
opportunities offered to match officials? 57
5.1 Conceptual model of the factors influencing match official
welfare and future outcomes 76
6.1 Have you been verbally abused? 97
6.2 Have you been physically abused? 97
6.3 How often do you receive what you would consider to
be abuse? 98
7.1 Take the pledge campaign poster 115
Tables

4.1 Characteristics of performance under pressure 66

7.1 10-point plan to control and reduce abuse, increase support
and improve retention 116
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