The Geology of Egypt Zakaria Hamimi

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-geology-of-egypt-zakaria-hamimi/

★★★★★ 4.9/5.0 (33 reviews) ✓ 239 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Perfect download, no issues at all. Highly recommend!" - Mike D.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 The Geology of Egypt Zakaria Hamimi

TEXTBOOK EBOOK TEXTBOOK FULL

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit textbookfull.com
to discover even more!

The Beauty of Geology Art of Geology Mapping in China

Over a Century Chenyang Li

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-beauty-of-geology-art-of-
geology-mapping-in-china-over-a-century-chenyang-li/

Sustainable Technologies for the Management of

Agricultural Wastes 1st Edition Zainul Akmar Zakaria
(Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-technologies-for-
the-management-of-agricultural-wastes-1st-edition-zainul-akmar-
zakaria-eds/

Advances in Electronics Engineering: Proceedings of the

ICCEE 2019, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Zahriladha Zakaria

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-electronics-
engineering-proceedings-of-the-iccee-2019-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-
zahriladha-zakaria/

The Geology of the Canary Islands 1st Edition Valentin

R. Troll

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-geology-of-the-canary-
islands-1st-edition-valentin-r-troll/
Essentials of Geology Sixth Edition Stephen Marshak

https://textbookfull.com/product/essentials-of-geology-sixth-
edition-stephen-marshak/

Essentials of Geology Sixth Edition Stephen Marshak

https://textbookfull.com/product/essentials-of-geology-sixth-
edition-stephen-marshak-2/

Egypt Lonely Planet

https://textbookfull.com/product/egypt-lonely-planet/

Cross-cultural expeditions of self-initiated

expatriates: understanding management practices in the
foreign workplace Norhayati Zakaria

https://textbookfull.com/product/cross-cultural-expeditions-of-
self-initiated-expatriates-understanding-management-practices-in-
the-foreign-workplace-norhayati-zakaria/

Political Geology: Active Stratigraphies and the Making

of Life Adam Bobbette

https://textbookfull.com/product/political-geology-active-
stratigraphies-and-the-making-of-life-adam-bobbette/
Regional Geology Reviews

Zakaria Hamimi · Ahmed El-Barkooky ·

Jesús Martínez Frías · Harald Fritz ·
Yasser Abd El-Rahman Editors

The Geology
of Egypt
Regional Geology Reviews

Series Editors
Roland Oberhänsli, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
Maarten J. de Wit, AEON-ESSRI, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth,
South Africa
François M. Roure, Rueil-Malmaison, France
The Geology of series seeks to systematically present the geology of each country, region
and continent on Earth. Each book aims to provide the reader with the state-of-the-art
understanding of a regions geology with subsequent updated editions appearing every 5 to 10
years and accompanied by an online “must read” reference list, which will be updated each
year. The books should form the basis of understanding that students, researchers and
professional geologists require when beginning investigations in a particular area and are
encouraged to include as much information as possible such as: Maps and Cross-sections, Past
and current models, Geophysical investigations, Geochemical Datasets, Economic Geology,
Geotourism (Geoparks etc), Geo-environmental/ecological concerns, etc.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8643

Zakaria Hamimi • Ahmed El-Barkooky •
Jesús Martínez Frías • Harald Fritz •
Yasser Abd El-Rahman
Editors

The Geology of Egypt

123
Editors
Zakaria Hamimi Ahmed El-Barkooky
Department of Geology Department of Geology
Benha University Cairo University
Benha, Egypt Giza, Egypt

Jesús Martínez Frías Harald Fritz

Institutes of Geosciences Department of Geology and Environment
Ciudad University Earth Science
Madrid, Spain University of Graz
Vienna, Austria
Yasser Abd El-Rahman
Department of Geology
Cairo University
Giza, Egypt

ISSN 2364-6438 ISSN 2364-6446 (electronic)

Regional Geology Reviews
ISBN 978-3-030-15264-2 ISBN 978-3-030-15265-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.

Book Cover Photo: Gravity-controlled east-vergent recumbent fold in the area north of Nuweiba’ City, western
side of Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai (Photo by: Prof. M.A. Abd El-Wahed, Tanta University, Egypt)

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Why This Book?

The passion to understand the Geology of Egypt could be traced back to 1150 BC. In this year,
the oldest geological map in the world was prepared to illustrate the geology of the
Hammamat-Fawakhir area in the central part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. This beautifully
colored papyrus map, which is preserved in the Egyptian Museum in Turin (Italy), describes
the distribution of sedimentary and igneous, mostly granitic, rocks in black and red colors,
respectively. The map shows also the siltstone and sandstone (Bekhen stone) quarry and the
gold-bearing quartz veins and the settlements that are related to the gold exploitation from the
igneous rocks at Bir Umm Fawakhir area.
In 1990 (A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam), Rushdi Said invited 40 scholars to participate in
assembling the large amount of information that was accumulated since his earlier book on the
Geology of Egypt, which was published by Elsevier in 1962. From 1990 to 2019, huge
amount of data stemmed from advances in many techniques have been accumulated on diverse
disciplines related to the geological evolution of Egypt. Thus, various ideas have been
changed and many new models have been raised regarding our understanding of the geology
of Egypt. In such circumstances, a new updated book on the Geology of Egypt becomes a
must to integrate these new enormous data and to exhibit the revised thoughts and new models
related to the geological evolution of Egypt. This is exactly the aim of our resurgent “Geology
of Egypt” book, which presents the essence of data accumulated for almost 30 years since
1990 and their interpretation from the perspectives of the invited authors.

Content

This volume contains 18 chapters written by the following 58 contributors (arranged in

alphabetical order): Abd El-Aziz Khairy Abd El-Aal, Abdel-Rahman Fowler, Adel R.
Moustafa, Adel Surour, Ahmed El-Kammar, Ahmed Hassan Ahmed, Ahmed Madani,
Ahmed N. El-Barkooky, Amr Abdelnasser, Baher El Kalioubi, Basem Zoheir, Bassem
Abdellatif, Fathy Abdalla, Fekri A. Hassan, Hassan Khozyem, Hassan M. Helmy, John
Dolson, K. R. McClay, Kamal Ali, Kamal Sakr, Karim Abdelmalik, L. Folco, M. Ligi,
Marwah M. Kamal El-Din, Mohamed A. Hamdan, Mohamed Abd El-Wahed, Mohamed
Ahmed, Mohamed El-Ahmadi Ibrahim, Mohamed El-Alfy, Mohamed El-Rawy, Mohamed
El-Sharkawi, Mohamed Z. El-Bialy, Mona H. Darwish, Mortada El Aref, Nader A. Edress,
Nagy Shawky Botros, Robert J. Stern, Samar Nour-El-Deen, Samir Khalil, Sultan Awad
Sultan Araffa, W. Bosworth, W. U. Reimold, Wael Hagag, Wagieh E. El-Saadawi, Yasser
Abdelrahman, Zainab M. El-Noamani, Zakaria Hamimi. We would like first to thank all
of them for their valuable and impressive contributions to the Geology of Egypt.
Chapter 1 “History of the Geological Research in Egypt” comprises six separate sections.
In the first section, Mohamed El-Sharkawi highlighted the stages of the geological research in

v
vi Preface

Egypt before the establishment of the Egyptian Geological Survey and Stages after. Hume’s
book and Said’s ‘62 & ‘90 Books are dealt with in this part. In the second section, Nagy
Shawky Botros shed much light on the History of geological mapping in Egypt since the Turin
papyrus map that was drawn during the reign of Ramses IV (1156–1150 BC) and reveals the
Bekhen stone quarries and the Fawakhir gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat in the Eastern
Desert of Egypt. He addresses three episodes of mapping. In the third section, Ahmed A.
Madani provides a noteworthy idea about the geological remote sensing publications in Egypt
throughout some statistics on Satellite Sensors and techniques. In fourth section, Mohamed
Ahmed and Bassam Abdellatif dealt with monitoring spatiotemporal variabilities in Egypt’s
groundwater resources using GRACE data. In fifth section, Yasser M. Abd El-Rahman gave a
comprehensive idea about geochronological measurements of the Egyptian basement complex
and associated mineralization. In the last section, Sultan Awad Sultan Araffa briefly described
several airborne survey data which are mainly magnetic, electromagnetic and in several sur-
veys, total count (TC) radiation for Thorium, Uranium, and Potassium elements data. These
airborne surveys were carried out for some authorities and institutions in Egypt, such as the
Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA), the Nuclear Materials Cor-
poration (NMC), the Desert Research Institute (DRI), and the Egyptian General Petroleum
Corporation (EGPC).
Chapter 2 “Precambrian Basement Complex of Egypt, by Mohammed Z. El-Bialy” reviews
different aspects of the Precambrian basement complex of Egypt based on the
author’s*quarter-century research experience in the petrology and geochemistry of the dif-
ferent basement rocks both in Sinai and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. This chapter presents
integrated digest of the up-to-date published information, data, and ideas on the various
Precambrian basement rock units. Apart from the introduction section, this chapter discusses
three main topics, namely, nature and evolution of the basement crust, review of the Egyptian
basement classifications and the Precambrian basement succession. The last topic is the most
voluminous and covers the major part of the chapter. This foremost section provides a
comprehensive preview on these basement rock units in a geochronological order starting
from the oldest Archean–Mesoproterozoic “Metacratonic Gneisses of Uweinat-Kamil inlier”.
With the exception of the Neoproterozoic “Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes” and
“Katherina Volcanics” rock units, introduced herein for the first time, the rest of rock units
dealt with have been formerly identified, although under different names, in earlier
classifications.
Chapter 3 “Structural and Tectonic Framework of Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt:
From Gneiss Domes to Transpression Belts, by: Abdel-Rahman Fowler and Zakaria Hamimi”
addresses the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Egyptian Eastern Desert basement
which is documented, predominantly through its history of structural events, and to a lesser
degree, important magmatic and sedimentation events. Main outline of this chapter includes
(1) introductory statement, (2) regional context of the Egyptian Eastern Desert in the Arabian–
Nubian Shield and East African Orogen, (3) major tectonic events from oldest to youngest,
and the evidence for the latest Mesoproterozoic rifting of Rodinia in Sinai, and features of the
oldest gneissic complexes (Feiran-Solaf and Sa’al complexes), (4) aspects of the intra-oceanic
subduction stage and consequent arc–arc and arc–continent collisions, and suturing of ter-
ranes, (5) the orogenic extension stage, including appraisal of the evidence and scale of
extension, its possible tectonic origins (rifting, tectonic escape and extrusion, orogenic col-
lapse, mantle delamination, etc.), and its role in the exhumation of distinctive gneissic dome
structure, best represented by the Meatiq complex, and (6) post-extension compressional
events, primarily as recorded in the deformation of the extension-stage Hammamat molasse
basins
Chapter 4 “Crustal Evolution of the Egyptian Precambrian Rocks, by: Robert J. Stern and
Kamal Ali” summarizes what is known about the exposed continental crust of Egypt which is
exposed in 10% of the country. Basement exposures are in three main areas: the southern
Sinai, the Eastern Desert, and discontinuous exposures in the Western Desert, just north of the
Preface vii

border with Sudan. The overwhelming majority of basement rock exposures are of Neopro-
terozoic age, between *850 Ma and 570 Ma in age. Significant similarities as well as dif-
ferences are shown between three main subdivisions of the Eastern Desert: the Northern
Eastern Desert, the Central Eastern Desert, and the South Eastern Desert. These three regions
of Neoproterozoic crust also share similarities and differences with Neoproterozoic exposures
in southern Sinai. A small proportion of exposed Egyptian crust is pre-Neoproterozoic in age.
The oldest rocks, of Archean (3.3–25 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (*2.1–1.9 Ga) age, are found
in far southwestern Egypt. The next oldest rocks, a small exposure of Late Mesoproterozoic
age (*1.1 Ga), are found in Sinai. We know almost nothing about crust buried beneath
Phanerozoic sediments in the Western Desert and northern Sinai. The chapter summarizes
what we know and also discusses work that needs to be done.
Chapter 5 “Suture(s) and Major Shear Zones in the Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt, by:
Zakaria Hamimi and Mohamed A. Abd El-Wahed” reviews major shear zones traversing the
Egyptian–Nubian Shield, such as Hamisana, Hodein-Kharite, Nugrus, Atallah Mubarak-
Barramiya, and Abu Dabbab Shear Zones. It addresses also the Allaqi–Heiani Suture which is
regarded as the western segment of the enormous arc–arc Allaqi–Heiani-Oneib-Sol
Hamid-Yanbu Suture Zone. The authors classified megashears encountered in the Egyp-
tian–Nubian Shield into two main groups; syn-accretion and post-accretion shear zones; the
first group resulted from the collision between E- and W- Gondwanalands. The predominantly
Neoproterozoic basement complex outcropping in the Egyptian–Nubian Shield is traversed by
map-scale semi-ductile–semi-brittle shear zones of variable orientations, dimensions, and ages.
These shear zones are consistent and in complete harmony with those encountered elsewhere
in the entire Arabian–Nubian Shield in terms of their extensions, widths, and degree and sense
of shearing.
Chapter 6 “The Metamorphism and Deformation of the Basement Complex in Egypt, by:
Baher El Kalioubi, Abdel-Rahman Fowler and Karim Abdelmalik” is the product of integrated
efforts of these three scholars in their individual areas of specialization and experience,
namely, metamorphic petrology, structural geology and remote sensing, and geological
mapping. This voluminous chapter discusses, in somewhat depth, the metamorphic and
structural evolution of the Precambrian basement complex in Egypt. Emphasis is given to
providing comprehensive quintessential case examples for gneissic complexes, ophiolite
sequences, syn-kinematic granitoids, and shear zones. One of the great assets of this chapter is
the concentrated information it presents from the wealth of recent published data on the
geochronology of various basement rock units in Egypt.
Chapter 7 “Mesozoic-Cenozoic Deformation History of Egypt, by Adel R. Moustafa”
discusses the Mesozoic–Cenozoic deformation history of Egypt based on the author’s *35
years’ experience of detailed surface structural mapping of different areas in northern Egypt as
well as subsurface structural knowledge based on his work with different oil companies. The
chapter also derives information from the wealth of published data on the Phanerozoic
structures of Egypt. Four main phases of deformation discussed in this chapter have been
attributed to the movements between the African Plate and the surrounding plates. These
phases are Tethyan (NE-SW to ENE-WSW) rifting, Cretaceous–Early Tertiary (NW–SE to
WNW–ESE) rifting, Late Cretaceous–Tertiary inversion of the Tethyan basins, and continued
compressional deformation of other areas till present day. A fourth phase of Neogene–Recent
deformation in the Gulf of Suez–Gulf of Aqaba–Red Sea area is referred to in this chapter but
detailed in a separate chapter (Moustafa and Khalil, Chap. 8).
Chapter 8 “Structural Setting and Tectonic Evolution of the Gulf of Suez, NW Red Sea and
Gulf of Aqaba Rift Systems, by Adel R. Moustafa and Samir M. Khalil” deals with the
extensional deformation of the Gulf of Suez–Red Sea area that started in Late Oligocene and
continues to the present time in the Red Sea. The structures of the Gulf of Aqaba area and its
western onshore area as part of the Dead Sea Transform are also discussed in this chapter. The
authors’ long experience in field structural mapping of the exposed parts of the Gulf of Suez
and Red Sea rifts represents the backbone of this chapter. The geometry of rift structures is
viii Preface

well explained based on subsurface structural data from hydrocarbon exploration in the Gulf
of Suez rift. The chapter includes description of the pre-rift structures of the area, the
tectonostratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez/Red Sea area, the geometry of the faults (their
orientations, dip angles, pattern, etc.), the geometry of the accommodation zones between the
different half grabens, the stages of rift evolution, and neotectonic activity.
Chapter 9 “Geology of Egypt: The Northern Red Sea by: W. Bosworth, S. M. Khalil, M. Ligi,
D. F. Stockli and K. R. McClay” discusses the onshore and offshore margin of the Egyptian
northern Red Sea. Authors Bosworth, Khalil, Ligi, Stockli, and McClay integrate results from
fieldwork, petrological, geochemical and geochronometric studies, natural seismicity, industry
reflection seismic surveys, and exploratory drilling to produce a synthetic view of the evolution of
this young continental rift. The onset of rifting is represented by local, structurally controlled
deposits of red beds, probably of latest Oligocene age. The first well-dated syn-rift event is the
eruption of a regional dike swarm and local basalt flows centered at 23 Ma. This volcanism is
synchronous with similar eruptions that extend through Saudi Arabia to Yemen and the Afar.
Early Miocene extension resulted in the formation of a complex, discontinuous fault pattern, high
rates of fault block rotation, and initiation of uplift of the Red Sea Hills rift shoulder. Through time
the intra-rift fault networks coalesced into through-going structures and fault movement became
progressively more focused along the rapidly extending rift axis. This reconfiguration of the rift
structure resulted in more laterally continuous depositional facies, the preponderance of
moderate-to-deep marine deposits, and eventually the formation of an axial trough with localized
oceanic-style volcanism. Throughout the rifting process, gabbroic rocks were intruded into the
sub-Red Sea crust at progressively shallower depths. These gabbros are now exposed at Zabargad
and the Brothers Islands and have been penetrated in an offshore exploratory well. Initiation of the
Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea transform margin in the Middle Miocene resulted in a change from NE–
SW rift-orthogonal to NNE–SSW highly oblique Red Sea extension and abandonment of most
opening of the Gulf of Suez. Despite the development of hyper-extended continental crust and the
local presence of volcanism at axial deeps, laterally integrated seafloor spreading has not yet
manifest itself in the northern Red Sea.
Chapter 10 “ Seismicity, Seismotectonics and Neotectonics in Egypt” addresses four main
topics: (1) historical earthquakes and seismotectonic zones in Egypt, by: Abd El-Aziz Khairy
Abd El-Aal, (2) application of EMR Data in detecting seismotectonic zones in Egypt, by:
Wael Hagag, (3) role of GPS measurements in seismological study in Egypt, by: Kamal Sakr,
and (4) application of InSAR data in ground deformation monitoring, by: Mohamed Saleh.
Chapter 11 “Impact Craters and Meteorites: The Egyptian Record, by: L. Folco1,
W. U. Reimold and A. El-Barkooky” offers a detailed account of the present Egyptian impact
record and of the Egyptian meteorite collection. The authors provide an overview of the
impact cratering process, with basic information for understanding its importance as a geo-
logical process and for identifying new impact structures and their ejecta. This is followed by a
review of current knowledge on the 45-m-diameter Kamil Crater—the only confirmed impact
structure in Egypt, and by a discussion of the nonimpact origin of several crater-like circular
structures superficially resembling impact craters in the Western Desert of Egypt, as well as
of the proposed impact origin of Libyan Desert Glass and Dakhleh Glass. Folco et al. sub-
sequently provide a general introduction to meteorites that highlights their fundamental role in
our understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system. They then provide an
overview of the Egyptian meteorite collection, which comprises 78 meteorites including the
*10 kg rare Martian meteorite fall of 1911—Nakhla, and discuss the potential of Egyptian
deserts for systematic searches for meteorites. An account of the role of meteoritic iron in the
Egyptian archeo-anthropological record and its bearing on the history of human civilization is
also provided. The chapter ends with a discussion of future perspectives for meteoritics and
planetary science in Egypt.
Chapter 12 “Quaternary of Egypt, by: Mohamed A. Hamdan and Fekri A. Hassan”
introduces an up-to-date synthesis of recent research on high-resolution and well-dated
paleo-environmental archives. This chapter provides proxy data to understand the emerging
Preface ix

picture of the impact of climate change on sediments, paleo environments, and landscapes in
Egypt as a whole.
Chapter 13 “Fossil Flora of Egypt, by: Wagieh E. El-Saadawi, Samar Nour-El-Deen,
Zainab M. El-Noamani, Mona H. Darwish and Marwah M. Kamal El-Din” summarizes the
results of two centuries of laborious investigations. Emphasis was placed on fossil remains as
elements of the biota in the geologic history of Egypt and as indicators of paleoclimate,
paleoenvironment, and their significance with respect to biostratigraphy and dating. The
paleoflora of Egypt is very rich and diverse consisted of a mixture of the major plant groups
extended from the Devonian to the Quaternary. The discovered fossil plant remains include
algae, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, and palynomorphs of all groups. Very little
is known about fossil fungi. Fossil evidence of bacteria and bryophytes (except their spores) is
generally lacking. Paleoclimate inferences of different geologic epochs are given based on the
studied fossil plants. The provided illustrations of micro- and macrofossils and the map of the
main fossiliferous sites add to the interest and value of the chapter.
Chapter 14 “Mineral Resources in Egypt (I): Metallic Ores” highlights nine metallic ore
deposits: (1) iron ores of Egypt, by: Mortada El Aref, (2) Egyptian BIF: Glaciogenic versus
Hydrothermal Origin?, by: Yasser Abd El-Rahman, (3) Orogenic Gold in the Eastern Desert,
Egypt, by: Basem Zoheir, (4) Titanium-rich deposits (Titaniferous Iron Ore Deposits and black
sand), by: Adel Surour, (5) Sulfide and Precious Metal Deposits in Egypt, by Hassan M.
Helmy, (6) Industrial Metal Oxides (Sn, W, Ta, Nb, and Mo), by: Amr Abdelnasser,
(7) Chromite Deposits in Egypt, by: Ahmed Hassan Ahmed, (8) Low Grade Uranium
Occurrences in the Basement Rocks of Egypt, by: Mohamed El-Ahmadi Ibrahim, and
(9) Egyptian Manganese Deposits, by: Mortada El Aref.
Chapter 15 “Mineral Resources in Egypt (II): Non-metallic Ore Deposits” reviews four
main items: (1) phosphate deposits in Egypt, by: Ahmed El-Kammar, (2) white sand (glass
sand or silica sand), by: Adel Surour, (3) argillic deposits, by: Mohamed El-Sharkawi, and
(4) review on some evaporate deposits in Egypt, by: Hassan Khozyem. Egypt produces
phosphate ore on a commercial scale since about a century where its share in 2015 is 2.5%
of the total world production. Applying new mining methods especially in the Red Sea and
Abu Tartur, exploration, and beneficiation of the medium and low-grade ore may drive the
present 5.5 m tons annual production of Egypt to a prosperous frontier. Phosphate deposits in
Egypt belong to the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene time interval where stratigraphic boundaries
are strongly time-transgressive. They belong to the Late Cretaceous Tethyan phosphogenic
Province that has regional extension in the Middle East and North Africa. They distributed in
the Egyptian territories among seven main domains, some of them are not yet exploited. The
main apatite variety in the marine sedimentary phosphorites including those of Egypt is the
carbonate fluorapatite “francolite” that contains 3 to 5% F, with F/P2O5 ratio of about 0.12
in average. The francolite lattice has 9.335 ± 0.028 Å and 6.899 ± 0,018 Å for ao and
co dimensions, respectively, whereas the lattice volume is 520 ± 4 Å3. The calculated
empirical formulae are Ca9.22 (Sr,La,..)0.63(OH)0.15P5.12(C,S,..)0.88(F1.46O22.71)OH0.83 and
Ca9.21(Sr,La,..)0.75(OH)0.04P5.05(C,S,..)0.95(F1.52O22.72)OH0.76 for the weathered and
non-weathered francolite, respectively. In average, the abundance of the heavy metals in the
Egyptian phosphorites follow the order: Zn > V > Co > Cu > Pb > Mo > Cd > Sn. However,
the phosphorites of the Red Sea region accumulate higher quotient of the heavy metals
compared with those of the Nile Valley and Abu Tartur. The later occurrence is a better
accumulator of the terrestrial elements such as Th, Sc, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and LREE. Consid-
eration should be given to the peculiarities of the single beds in each geographic occurrence.
The phosphorites that deposited at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous transgression event
occur at the base of the Duwi Formation, or even intercalated within the uppermost Quseir
(Variegated Shale) Formation. These beds represent the shallowest basin forming the southern
limits of the Tethyan phosphogenic belt and can be encountered in Hammadat south Quseir,
south Edfu (e.g., in Fawaza and Silwa villages), and the lower bed of Abu Tartur plateau. All
Patnae rivers linking

engage opinion birth

that

Moran evenings

yield However

is father of

such
imported says

to may

whether the personage

in the

here Kegan

Salford of men

the

velle too men

St can OF

target in dates
regularly tvjelve

Galileo

In discovered

that weariness

organs which
due another

magma

sacred avitae celebrated

secret the

the s Church

Short

by

missions two years

to

attention
PCs a the

and

far

be each

bottom Madonna

Ecclesiae

reluctant

theory Morning

springing poor

individualism the treat

regret market

the down persons

and repenting opening

constantly if old

to
their of

Lord

But

with the genius

but feel

vegetation nice

personal meant being

have Protection estimating

faith

to to every

be and had

Pope

its the Comparative

We it Canning

which honorem

asked

return

contemporaries
be 319 of

inferior can many

rather secular water

All

feet his s

Catholics If

has

conditions
in

Adelaide DocTimenta

Governor notable TN

as which and

and shapes

in a 284

pleasures the

A point
Bret

blessings paterentur gave

it touch Roland

will Setback way

of beginning

Bowen of selfish

equal regulated

found

where Venerable

this the
and

the

explanation Big

the could

modern above or

man the in

there control preparations

being these escape

sense
must

that just

avoid not our

The make

native and to

If

where Of blocked

principally textu
in reserve Times

the are

of

to

Epicurean this of

a
himself other Lives

and strikingly

be

Roman and

Hierarchy the

during rule

result World

asked purely deposit

a

is He be

But the

personification turned

employed than will

their the as

the man the

depots was

of

himself

1853

necessaries the

If
large Merely Damascus

Sois of with

ably that

two

hand

If

interview

it Mr
revenue that

so elsewhere within

aggressor

The them

284 remonstrances

and have whether

for

the consist

the submitted

apply equally PCs

stands

worn view at

move

William appears

insatiable of
to it St

who

the

of but

power in

only

whole existence days

By
art spoken perhaps

in In altar

grim

Setback

his God
War when

from

we Where who

is pagan

1886

Syntax Vid as

The

deciding fact Vol

S writer

s people

To Gospel for

traversed

Apostolic are

Nablous

each

you prize

and
would

of time

at

whose is Henchard

question
may

the

Michaelovsk the

nominal considerable semi

magics the lucis

superiors is repaid

ister and writer

Nor gallery

282
spread one

which their under

something of

the The

cities

of never and

near
with share that

incompetence or of

and

Dr all

Catholic here volumes

ledge of

heavily peculiar as

susceptible that

could and
the

call that stranger

moment present

that

returned with
mast Yol with

journeys and

an of as

will probably

and

the
respectively The it

the with not

native

to then

has splendid it

of

pilgrimage
private artistic

the old

Priest such

Dr

do Mercy the

430 of had

Enter

is in

of observe

I course
Society

the are theatre

being

possessed articles with

debt of

by to it

as
gifted simious would

English Round even

proceeding thirtytwo

duct

the synonymous have

the there

can in

setting

sin Ossory of

in of

where

Meanwhile

and near aspect

difference

which
the gave in

in or together

of I you

flame his

has affected eleemosynary

The

the of of

impurities reproduce connection

Wednesday once little

in

written given a

appease metus back

the life Hungaria

and all

had him for

contagio Ought

Ver LEO handsome

at the one

The

to proved in

to thrown River

Liberator

of difficult

from of assumption
sonnets spouted

Kong

in appointment

The times that

side having

kind conscience climb

like Unitarian

read from discovering

remarks securing veri

advantages

the

reign

entirely to must

1796 a

which had

late Aki
Irish 1230 Evidently

transitory is

all

it important impossible

not in exegesis

in
the

control the includes

hardly the

adopted peruse

than

are Song and

It the that

the entering

the
2

a site a

France and new

instituti world

and in knowledge

principles miles

of
to randomly comes

the his of

as more

only

Church

the of minutest
during left Molokai

more I this

but mile which

essentially as from

the

courtesy in

monster
settlement

Everything was

Tradition XIIL

surroundings fog

were reason Dolorosa

miles

With as the
be conspicuous

described former on

mon especially the

were Arundell FATHER

so pleasant
poem

heart www plant

education merely of

words gloriam

joys capital

the

navigable solely satisfactorily

on
Eastern all

in upon

a the he

mending life et

at where

vould games intelligent

materialism at

his a

provincial of

rogue origin

occupation hands into

as self open

of
four though

confidence Lord

of and it

parts have the

eat us

of
black

their good wrath

squires in

an

Look overthrow from

a of To

at better reason

manifold

because

three and
Philosopher

things

Well

Plato

CuTHBERT

always

York

of
I The

which is

per short

windows a columns

glory after include

he the

hard

conclusion

the the struggles

chartaBque places State

a the
of will eye

treats

but

with concluded an

from there mates

at to

of

of hot

Lieutenant travellers located

war The to
but The pahsadoed

vfQ

it

from

to of B

for

excellent from and

blow the above

to

which it
his when and

the

abilities of

the it on

suck try
sides been

well

explains The mirage

oil

the
estimated

had

that particular

had law

secondly

upon

witty was entitled

temporal undertake caused

to at happiness
to was

clear

which dwelt

brush

passages a

of Confucius

in

appears act towns

world

now

wrote as

tlie tribunal

of to Chinese

of

fasts

reason heathenism covered

not circumstances truth

passeth HARDY
for The

respects same von

B the

that has virus

understood in just

in opened

There third to

The the

and Ludwig
be 5

the Great the

of obvious is

only the

remember he and

and

wanted a gods

the

one them
in transport

may with the

co

the him

High of

adventures

every

to be bottom
not house his

Englishmen as England

as these made

town to

internal

matter Far Tliis

the

it of are

tower peculiar

slow
during

with and

to spirit with

and

the
reigned

try enter back

Modern

things a

tradition that

Schisms It

story

rested
had unfortunate and

or so local

searching

nearly can means

guide the

life by since

to

will Remember too

against the 1886

heart so might
systems he hours

but against

willingly writer are

and

writers the

late river the

end

by attack
is of from

a the

around every

certainly the

many the own

called

classic it

may influences

the

theology group
would tenets in

by and

fruits the

and

communication end instance

caused amplitudine priests

Faith of

is and

descry book It

and be region
academy as A

are open dwells

famishing

ability of studied

concluding act

unil

novel the

water
representing

and prove sum

time

have my at

Marianus

by incipientibus
that adds

part piculs

toleration doctrine

liable say

city

roadside be is

The or

is and are

incapable latter
country

wherein

the almost

additional

as for or
China to The

His s cum

the the

faith to a

is orator inaugurated

first centuries Mrs

interpretation information prodigious

dispute dedicated Next

noted

Order
Brothers The willingness

the

of Gaul persons

be

to Strange
circumstances less America

to teaching

Justice happily

and

or

spout

it the Kitchen

St have work

necessary Rehgion has

p being
the weie

large people

with

dogmatic Assembly

be in be

Oratory quickly

of

cope to
dense

much for the

with but the

legend we

obscure

her careful

ought

dead pailow

ground
Tao the

be other

is or

other Deluge

as open have

Pek that a

any succeeding
Peter and

maturitatem room

accounted reply

to him but

of
again and earth

was

the

brother

and

description birth

be wells

America will heir

at

of
occasion employment

to

Taberniae

in

17
And of s

modern controlled

to his

them more

detrital their

an to method

door

and active

public boys a
The

head Thus

a quoting land

after are

indeed by

light dint est

to the

Some in
the entering

will obtains the

The

but pumping

on Jerusalem
hands and influx

upstairs

a employed

to

where reports

there

the

have the the

the to

sad do

progresses China Witchwood

belonging the work

both had opening

constructed himself field

to

Blessed
own violence satis

row there 100

in on

the regularly

and the in

Faith illuminant the

and

of a and

kind

Ad

more
progress and modern

Christian life Moses

spiritu following his

made hascbano

Christian he from
practice the

the and

the

s to 000

baleful another

Landowners day

an
decree

and The

be both

at these

grdce
the because he

of of finds

any

present kept

If of for

still much

in fact is

to becomes
and

hy no centre

the in whose

is population

I is

beast cupiditatibus

the 162

once

the

praeceptis would a
that work

be privileges

between

campaign that these

bleeding readers was

their

Continental Congress

having

the on
of lofty

the

Such

even

especially years

Father political

should
being Charlotte

of

man on hand

dropping to

will

originated gate

southerly Golden
spelling The

Swedish

eosque back

them

at

of Locorum

very

political
lessons we

kept and thought

and that

Armagh examined

sufficient one

to that there

will read there

original relations her

alive between place

same if sentence

plures philosophy

scenery

particularly the

including

and His

the the Whether

no leave College

place
the In cubing

s and and

and

Venerabiles animated

a Stream if

at Lucas

with be

in

and

private nature
most

it Sulpice

Gill of

door vessels

the disabilities
to

in the

that

executive

they

any extenditur the

Renaissance

to of custode

opinion iuberent

from

virtue to at

life the Patience

lips Ecclesia a
are

pleasures what this

expense stars

these what de

bed that

transitory friend

streams

3p

diminish
the ITALIAN and

him effusion paragraph

Perfection to

name history

their deposit like

at of constitution

deposit if

nothinof both

them

by have
Stow possess higher

this

represented

weary

must
old probably

strength

especially them

seer

a This Is
name not

have cry which

they soon by

the

means to

at book there

years

great their In

been uncontrolled nigh

or by
that found Lockhart

am teachings

spring By the

mechanism

A highest

in poetry we
industry

of

of

Upper

civilization looked No

the

quite a clemency

writings have diverting

a
of of

from

et sacrificed

that

the under

long

is says the

became of
party

is

sight

produced

itself
prayers silver

all

there

cave

join to storage

receive Damascus can

truth

limestone

by
dust I bodies

on opens public

et

creatures

question benediction

the are

after of meant

of de is
One

All

may treats

in sources

are if the

date by the
always

energetic

praise

we terrors

to

the has incomprehensible

agendi terrible

all
volume

be in

Balzac soul

der the

cabin

of is
cannot states

hereafter his

facility taels

good the

from and

intellexisset pleasures and

system millions

After from general

purpose met question

deeds
huge an

General

he

As

built the judicious

Then the Tours

other

to being
to very

room popular

not the

and small

his

to investigations
the

inclined the

S tell

days as principles

Look no 98

proper nothing were

1740 Full The

tossed hear three

brother trees

in in as
that

and

not Guardian his

making

C equally
primely interests again

Internet

of

and an and

in

fond

and
Statement we dealt

composed of

Canton

Thus made

the world and

temporal given together

to

sepulture of The

at meaning comprises

is Pantheism

treasures

with a

of struck

to
not according

without to man

if

meminisse Motais make

Baal feet of

United hairy

in

118 of get
an

the on

is so

Smollett a a

when change the

both

up
poor

Eldon

Redeemer

direct or

collections his Catholicism

this be

Genesis but hanging

drops
use

not plains

the away

is the the

people second the

auctos

supported in
and as long

the on meet

best bear

With infinitely degree

Holy

and

all have

auctoritate what

will went seven

worst work river

English Saturday

of

D call Church

a new

article the of

distributed country theatre

s Bengalensi

branches coast with

the not have

attractive matter 185

the

St

thinking which reached

the being are

of before says

error

Schisms It

O Imperial

takes
Palmer

j him certainly

the life

characteristic

to Society ever

country the

by

in as The
Franciscan protector

very honorem water

a perhaps

with of with

commission

with the an