This refers to the ability of

the mineral to be react in

any form of stress like
hammering or bending.
What diaphaneity will a
mineral have if it allows
light to pass through
clearly?
Who created the Mohs
Hardness Scale?
What is the difference between
the point of breakage in a
mineral? cleavage and fracture.
ROCKS
 THE
ROCKS
•A rock is a naturally
occurring solid aggregate
of one or more minerals.
•Petrology is the scientific study
of rocks.
•Petrologist classified rocks
based on how they were formed.
In general, rocks are classified as
igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rock.
Three types of Rocks
•Igneous
•Metamorphic
•Sedimentary rocks
 Igneous
•formed from hardening
and crystallization of
magma or molten
material that originates
deep within the earth.
 Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when
magma makes its way to Earth’s surface as
lava and then cools. The crystals are very
small (fine-grained) since the cooling process
is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly
beneath the Earth surface and are created by
magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have
very large crystals (coarse grained).
Igneous rocks are classified based on

•COMPOSITION
•TEXTURE
 Igneous rocks are classified based on
1. Composition- it refers to rock’s
mineral and chemical make-up.
• Felsic – igneous rocks that are
light in colors; feldspar and
silicates
• Mafic – dark-colored igneous
rocks made up of magnesium,
calcium and iron
• Intermediate – refers to igneous
rocks between mafic and felsic
composition. IRON FELDSPAR
• Ultramafic – denotes igneous
rocks that composed chiefly of
mafic minerals.
 Igneous rocks are classified based on
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the
size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral
crystals.
• Aphanistic – fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by
aid of microscope.

BASALT
 Igneous rocks are classified based on
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the
size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral
crystals.
• Phaneritic - coarse-grained rocks

GRANITE
 Igneous rocks are classified based on
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the
size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral
crystals.
• Porphyritic – large crystals with small crystals

ANDESITE
 Igneous rocks are classified based on
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the
size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral
crystals.
• Glassy - a rock that looks like colored glass with no
visible mineral crystal.

BIOTITE
 Igneous rocks are classified based on
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the
size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral
crystals.
• Pyroclastic- results from explosive fragmentation of
volcanic material.

TUFF
 Metamorphic
• forms from pre-
existing rocks: either
metamorphic,
igneous, sedimentary
or other metamorphic
rocks that have been
altered by agents of
metamorphism.
 Metamorphism - transformation of
one rock type into another.
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
1. Regional-due to changes in pressure and
temperature over large region of the crust. It may
happen when rock is buried deep below the
surface of the earth.
2. Contact-the rock minerals and textures are
changed mainly by heat due to contact with
magma.
 Metamorphic rocks are classified
based on
A. Foliated rocks – can be arranged in terms of increasing
metamorphism, and it appeared layered or banded with
compressed mineral grains. Example: mica

SCHIST GNEISS
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES
OF ROCKS?
WHY DO VOLCANIC ROCKS
HAVE FINE-GRAIN MINERAL
CRYSTALS?
 WHY DOES SOME ROCK IS
DARKER IN COLOR THAN THE
OTHERS?
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY
ROCKS?
 WHY DO SOME FOLIATED
METAMORPHIC ROCKS LOOK
DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER?
 Metamorphic rocks are classified
based on
B. Non-foliated rocks – usually made up of only few minerals.

MARBLE QUARTZITE
 Sedimentary rocks
• Provide information about surface
conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.
• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period
of time harden into rocks.
HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED?
1. WEATHERING
2. EROSION
3. DEPOSITION
4. COMPACTION
5. CEMENTATION
HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED?
•WEATHERING
•Breaking down of rocks and minerals by
the natural elements into smaller pieces
without moving
HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED?
•EROSION
•Movement of broken down weathered
rocks from one place to another
HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED?
•DEPOSITION
•When sediments from erosion settle out
of the wind, water or ice and left or are
deposited in a different place
HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED?
•COMPACTION
•due to increase of pressure of
layered sediments it bind
together to form the sedimentary
rocks.
HOW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED?
•CEMENTATION
•Minerals that dissolved in water start to
crystallize that acts as the glue
 THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
➢Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation
of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and shells.
Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale

CONGLOMERATE SANDSTONE
BRECCIA SHALE
 THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
➢Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate
from a solution.
Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater
becomes closed off and evaporates.

HALITE
 THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
➢Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal
debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of
plants fragments.

COAL