NEET 2025 Biology: Chapter-wise Question Bank & Revision Notes
CLASS 11: Chapter-Wise Key Questions & Revision Notes
1. Diversity of Living Organisms
Key Questions:
- 3 domain system by Carl Woese
- Differences: Monera vs Protista vs Fungi
- Binomial nomenclature rules
- Examples: Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms
Quick Notes:
- Kingdom Monera: prokaryotic, peptidoglycan wall (e.g., E. coli)
- Protista: unicellular eukaryotes (e.g., Amoeba)
- Plantae: autotrophic, cell wall of cellulose
- Animalia: multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrophic
2. Cell Structure and Function
Key Questions:
- Functions of mitochondria, ER, Golgi
- Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
- Phases of mitosis and meiosis
- Differences: prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Quick Notes:
- Mitochondria = ATP factory (site of aerobic respiration)
- RER = protein synthesis; SER = lipid synthesis
- Mitosis = 2 identical cells; Meiosis = 4 non-identical gametes
3. Plant Physiology
Key Questions:
- C3 vs C4 cycle
- Functions of auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid
- Water transport: cohesion-tension theory
- Photosynthesis pigments and light reactions
Quick Notes:
- Auxin: cell elongation, apical dominance
- Gibberellin: stem elongation, bolting
- ABA: stress hormone, closes stomata
- CAM plants = night-time CO2 fixation
4. Human Physiology
Key Questions:
- Enzymes of digestion & their action sites
- Hormonal control of menstruation
- Oxygen dissociation curve (Bohr effect)
- Nephron structure & urine formation
Quick Notes:
- Lipase breaks fats in small intestine
- ADH increases water reabsorption in nephron
- Hemoglobin binds 4 O2 molecules
- ECG: P-wave (atrial depol), QRS (ventricular depol)
CLASS 11 (Continued):
5. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Key Questions:
- Types and functions of animal tissues (esp. epithelial, muscular, nervous)
- Anatomy of earthworm, cockroach, and frog (identification based)
- Differences between dicot and monocot stems/roots
Quick Notes:
- Simple epithelium = absorption/secretion; Stratified = protection
- Cockroach: 3 segments, compound eyes, tracheal respiration
- Earthworm: hermaphrodite, nephridia = excretion
6. Biomolecules
Key Questions:
- Structure of proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
- Types of enzymes and their mechanism
- Importance of metabolism and metabolism pathways
Quick Notes:
- Protein = amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- Enzymes = biological catalysts, lower activation energy
- Competitive vs non-competitive inhibition
7. The Living World
Key Questions:
- Definition of species, taxonomy categories
- Scientific naming rules and hierarchy
- Concept of living - growth, metabolism, reproduction
Quick Notes:
- Taxonomy hierarchy: Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
- Binomial nomenclature by Linnaeus
- Living organisms show metabolism and self-replication
CLASS 12: Chapter-Wise Key Questions & Revision Notes
1. Reproduction in Organisms
Key Questions:
- Sexual vs asexual reproduction
- Structure of ovule, pollen development
- Contraceptive methods & IVF
Quick Notes:
- Ovule = integument + embryo sac
- In vitro fertilization = fertilization outside body
- Menstrual cycle: FSH, LH peaks lead to ovulation
2. Genetics and Evolution
Key Questions:
- Mendel's laws & exceptions
- Genetic code properties (triplet, universal)
- Evolution evidences: fossils, homologous organs
Quick Notes:
- 9:3:3:1 ratio in dihybrid cross
- Haemophilia: X-linked recessive disorder
- Mutation: sudden, heritable change in gene
3. Biotechnology
Key Questions:
- Plasmid, restriction enzymes, ligase role
- Steps of PCR
- Applications: GM crops, insulin production
Quick Notes:
- EcoRI cuts DNA at GAATTC
- PCR: denaturation - annealing - extension
- Bt cotton produces toxin against bollworm
4. Ecology
Key Questions:
- Food chain vs food web
- Pyramid of biomass vs energy
- Biodiversity conservation (in-situ, ex-situ)
Quick Notes:
- 10% energy transferred to next trophic level
- National parks = in-situ conservation
- Eutrophication = excessive nutrients -> algal bloom
5. Human Health and Disease
Key Questions:
- Types of immunity (innate, acquired)
- Diseases: AIDS, Cancer, Malaria - causes and treatment
- Vaccines, interferons, allergens
Quick Notes:
- Active immunity = long-lasting; Passive = short-term
- AIDS: HIV attacks T-helper cells (CD4+)
- Malaria: caused by Plasmodium via female Anopheles
6. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Key Questions:
- Inbreeding, outbreeding, and their effects
- Single-cell proteins (e.g., Spirulina)
- Biofortification and tissue culture
Quick Notes:
- Inbreeding depression: reduced fertility and productivity
- Biofortification = increasing nutritional value of crops
- Micropropagation = rapid multiplication of plants
7. Microbes in Human Welfare
Key Questions:
- Microbes in fermentation (e.g., Lactobacillus)
- Sewage treatment and biogas production
- Antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents
Quick Notes:
- Yeast in ethanol production; Methanogens in biogas plants
- Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming
- Activated sludge = rich in decomposer microbes
8. Environmental Issues
Key Questions:
- Pollution: air, water, noise - causes and effects
- Solid waste and ozone depletion
- Global warming and greenhouse gases
Quick Notes:
- CFCs cause ozone hole; Montreal Protocol = ozone protection
- Bioaccumulation and biomagnification: toxin concentration in food chain
- Noise pollution: 85 dB+ is harmful
