INSTRUCTIONS FOR JOURNAL WRITING

Writing on the right hand side page the following is an order : (Ruled page side)

Seriral number and date of performance (in the margin)

Aim of the experiment.

Description of the Apparatus and chemicals.

Principle –[

Theory

Procedure

Conclusion

Result

Precaution

Writing on the left hand side page the following is an order : ( Blank page side)

Neat diagram (if any)

observation

Observation table (if any)

Calculation (if any)

Graph paper or any other paper to be attached. (if any)

*** Project should be written separately on A4 size ruled paper.

INDEX
Sr. Name of Experiment Page Date of Date of Remarks
No no. Experiment Submission
1 Introduction to apparatus used in
Chemistry Laboratory
2 Working of Bunsen Burner
3 Basic Laboratory Techniques

Experiment 1: Introduction to apparatus used in Chemistry Laboratory

Materials required: Bunsen Burner, spark lighter

Procedure

 Connect the gas-inlet of the Bunsen burner to the gas tap through a rubber tube.
 Turn on the Bunsen burner and light it is using a spark lighter.
 Ensure the air holes at the bottom of the burner are completely opened.
 The gas will mix with more air and the flame will burn much hotter producing a blue flame
called the non-luminous flame.
 Close the air hole by rotating the air adjusting disc.
 Now the gas will only mix with ambient air and this reduced mixing produces an incomplete
reaction producing a cooler, but brighter, luminous yellow flame.
 air holes.
Precautions

 Remove all the flammable and combustible material from the lab bench or work area when
the Bunsen burner is to be used.
 Tie-back long hair, dangling jewelry, or loose clothing.

Experiment 3 - Basic Laboratory Techniques

Aim- To learn Basic Laboratory techniques in chemistry lab.

Apparatus- Glass rod, cork, glass tube, Bunsen burner, wash bottle.

Theory –

In a chemical laboratory, we carry out some simple operations like bending or cutting a glass tube,
boring a cork and studying the complex process of analyzing substances qualitatively and
quantitatively.

We are going to learn some basic laboratory techniques that are easy if we concentrate on
accuracy, cleanliness, and strict adherence to details when performing any techniques.

Before we go ahead, we'll have to know that most laboratory techniques require knowledge of how
to use the equipment. Let us study them in detail.
 a) Cutting a Glass Tube or Rod

Lab Procedure

 Place the glass tube on a bench or flat surface and without applying too much pressure, hold
it firmly.
 Using the triangular file make a single deep scratch on the glass tube by placing the file
perpendicular to the tube and pushing it down and across the tube. Do not saw! By placing
the triangular file perpendicular to the tube, you ensure that the scratch made is a straight
one.
 You've got a scratch on the glass tube and that is all it needs to break it. Now, place both
your thumbs directly behind the scratch and applying gentle pressure and using a quick
motion bend the tube towards you. It just breaks.
 You may find that the broken edges of the tube is not smooth and can cause bruises. This
can be made smooth by rotating the broken edges over a flame for 2 - 3 minutes and then
allowing it to cool.

Precautions

 Make a single deep scratch at the desired length with one stroke of file.
 To avoid injury, hold the glass tube with the help of a thick piece of cloth.
 Do not heat the end for long time. It may seal the end or make it narrow.

b) Bending a Glass Tube

Lab Procedure

 Hold both ends of the glass tube by hand and introduce it lengthwise into the luminous flame
of the burner.
 Don't keep it in a fixed position over the flame; instead roll the glass tubing with the fingers to
evenly heat it.
 You'll feel the area of the glass being heated becoming soft and delicate. When this
happens apply gentle pressure so that it bends by itself. When the desired angle is formed,
remove the tubing from the flame.
 Place the bent limb on the glazed tile and press it gently to make it coplanar. Then allow the
tubing to cool.
Precautions

 Select the tube of sufficient length to keep your hands safe from heat. Do not try to bend very
small glass tubes of length less than 20 cm.
 While heating, the glass tube should be rotated in order to ensure uniform heating.

c) Boring a cork

Lab Procedure

Softening the cork

A cork gets harder over time and trying to bore a cork that has hardened results in formation of
cracks. We need to wet the cork in water to soften it. Once the cork becomes flexible, press it in a
cork presser that is a mechanical device. Alternatively, we can wrap the wet cork in a piece of paper
and place it under our shoes and press it. We now have a softened cork.

Boring the cork

 Place the cork on a table or a flat surface with its narrow end facing up.
 To ensure we get a straight hole, mark the position of the borer on both the sides of the
cork.
 If the cork taken is a rubber one, we can apply some glycerine on the borer. The reason we
do this is glycerine acts as lubricant on the hard rubber cork.
 Now hold the cork tightly with the left hand and applying force, start the boring process using
a twisting motion. Make sure the borer remains vertical throughout.
 When half of the cork has been bored, take the borer out and reverse the cork. Start boring
from the reversed side till a hole is obtained.
 We can now remove the borer.
Fitting a glass tube in the bore

 We'll now fit the glass tube into the hole bored in the cork.
 Dip the end of the cork through which the tube is going to be inserted in water. Do the same
with the end of the tube to be used. This ensures easy insertion of the tube into the cork.
 Hold the cork in one hand and the tube in the other hand.
 Hold the tube close to the wet end and insert the tube into the bored hole of the cork using a
rotatory motion.

Precautions

 Select bores of diameter slightly smaller in size than that of the tube to be inserted in the
hole.
 Make a mark on both sides of the cork.