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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN ALTRUISM, MORALITY,
AND SOCIAL SOLIDARITY

The Science
of Generosity
Causes, Manifestations,
and Consequences

Patricia Snell Herzog

Palgrave Studies in Altruism, Morality,
and Social Solidarity

Series Editors
Peter Callero
Department of Sociology
Western Oregon University
Salem, OR, USA

Matthew Lee
Department of Sociology
University of Akron
Harvard, OH, USA

Jane A. Piliavin
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Madison, WI, USA
The series, as its name implies, focuses on altruism, morality, and social
solidarity and their interrelationships. These phenomena were of major
concern in the founding and early years of sociology. Renewed interest in
their study has occurred in recent years, not only in sociology but also in
related disciplines such as psychology, economics, and philosophy.
An awareness of the interdependence of these phenomena is also devel-
oping, and this series will expand on this while linking the phenomena to
important topical issues and developing their implications for the public
discourse and public good. Early, foundational scholarship in this area was
grounded largely in the writings of sociologists Emile Durkheim, Jane
Addams, and Pitirim A. Sorokin, whose work provides a comprehensive
and powerful intellectual foundation for future theories and empirical
studies. Contributions to the series will build on the mentioned founda-
tional thinkers and will make use of a range of theoretical approaches,
including symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, rational choice theory,
personalism, Marxist theory, systems theory, and identity theory.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15784
 Patricia Snell Herzog

The Science of
Generosity
Causes, Manifestations, and Consequences
Patricia Snell Herzog
Indianapolis, IN, USA

Palgrave Studies in Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity

ISBN 978-3-030-26499-4    ISBN 978-3-030-26500-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26500-7

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 Acknowledgments and Preface

I am enormously grateful for the role of Christian Smith in helping to

form the research that led to this book. Chris and I had a fortuitous meet-
ing over coffee, as he was about to hop on an early morning plane back to
North Carolina, and as I had just moved back to South Bend, Indiana, to
be present for my younger sister’s last years of high school. Having just
completed by Master of Social Work degree, I was primed and ready to be
a nonprofit executive director, while waiting to eventually answer the call
to return to graduate school in sociology. I knew I needed to heed that
call, but I wanted to gain more real-world practitioner experience in the
interim. The year was 2006, and Chris had just been hired to direct the
newly reviving Center for the Study of Religion and Society in the
Department of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame. Chris had
arranged an unusual situation to remain primarily located in North
Carolina, as he concluded his research obligations at the University of
North Carolina and also migrated his family north. “I need someone to
run the center while I am away,” Chris told me over coffee. I asked myself:
“Help run a nonprofit entity, within my home discipline of sociology?” It
was a dream come true.
Together, Chris and I found ways to blend my interest in community,
nonprofits, and youth with his interests in religion and youth. Our first
collaborative project was on a book called Passing the Plate: Why American
Christians Don’t Give Away More, which he and Michael Emerson were
co-authoring. I began my integration into the congregational world by
traveling around the country conducting most of the in-depth qualitative
interviews that informed that book and co-authored the fourth chapter,

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PREFACE

into which I coined some of my first sociological terms: comfortable guilt,

on the part of American religious givers (explaining why they were com-
fortable not giving as much as they themselves thought that they should)
and “live the vision” versus “pay the bills,” describing different approaches
that pastors and priests took to talking about charitable giving within their
congregations. Chris and Michael invited my input on other chapters too.
That book established the foundation upon which we built many more
projects, including a planning grant with the John Templeton Foundation
in Spring 2007. In that planning grant, I had the opportunity to create a
database of all the scholars around the world who were interested in study-
ing topics related to generosity, forming the same keyword searching that
later informed this book.
We also collaborated with several established and emerging scholars to
write literature reviews that also contributed early learnings to this book.
Most notably, I learned a great deal in that planning grant from Pamala
Wiepking and René Bekkers (2007), who were both at the time in the
Department of Philanthropic Studies at the University of Amsterdam in
the Netherlands (Pamala has since joined the Indiana University Lilly
Family School of Philanthropy, where I am also now a faculty member; I
am thus incredibly fortunate to be in-house colleagues with Pamala these
days.). Back in the planning stages for the Science of Generosity Initiative,
Pamala and René wrote a literature review on individual motivations for
giving, which has since been published as a two-part series and been cited
hundreds of times. It is one of the most informative publications on the
topic. I also benefited in that planning grant from the expertise of Jessica
Collett, who was at the time a professor at the University of Notre Dame
(she is now faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles), and who
led graduate student Chris Morrissey in writing a second literature review
(2007) on the social psychology of generosity. Brandon Vaidyanathan and
I also began the first of many collaborations on that project, and Brandon
(2008) wrote a literature review on corporate philanthropy that informed
another layer of organizational generosity understanding. Fourth, Ryan
Lincoln, Chris Morrissey, and Peter Mundey (2008) also wrote a literature
review on religious giving. Brandon, Ryan, Chris, and Peter were all grad-
uate students at Notre Dame.
While Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Religion and
Society at the University of Notre Dame, I also had the opportunity to
work with and supervise many phenomenal graduate and undergraduate
students. I owe tremendous gratitude to these students for their concerted
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PREFACE vii

efforts in collecting data and providing early thoughts on insights gar-

nered from these data. Notably, I acknowledge the important contribu-
tions of graduate students Hillary Davidson, Carlos Tavares, Kari
Christoffersen, Brandon Vaidyanathan, Peter Mundey, Ryan Lincoln,
Christopher Morrissey, and Lisa Swartz. David Hartman was also an
important conversation partner. Additionally, I benefited tremendously
from the combined efforts of undergraduate students Nick Bloom, Katie
Spencer, Scott Mitchell, Robbee Wedow, Kaitlyn Conway, Molly Kiernan,
Jessica Technow, Marie Sanchez, Josh Cool, Chris Gonzales, Scott Hurley,
Molly Kring, Michelle Saucedo, Michael Thompson, Allison VanderBroeck,
Janice James, Jennifer Jesse, and Caitlin Smith. Their energy and enthusi-
asm fueled my own engagement.
With the learning from that planning grant, Chris and I then co-­
authored the grant for the Science of Generosity Initiative with Kraig
Beyerlein, Jessica Collett, and Stephen Vaisey. Kraig was at the time an
assistant professor in the School of Sociology at the University of Arizona,
my undergraduate alma matter, where at that time Mark Chaves was the
department head (Kraig is now Associate Professor in the Department of
Sociology at the University of Notre Dame and Director of the Center for
the Study of Religion). Steve was at the time an assistant professor in the
Department of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley (Steve
is now Professor of Sociology and the Director of Graduate Studies at
Duke University). Together, we were awarded in 2008 a $5 million grant
from the John Templeton Foundation to fund the Science of Generosity
Initiative, which is the basis of this book. In the spring of 2008, we began
forming the board of advisors for the project and constructed the request
for proposals, which we disseminated in the summer of 2008 to all the
scholars we had identified in the planning grant database. In the fall of
2008, we invited several established and emerging scholars to serve as
judges, first on the letters of inquiry and later on the full proposals. This
rigorous process resulted in a short list of potential projects to fund. In
2009, we hosted an in-person meeting of the board of advisors and project
staff to review all these proposals and select the first round of grant award-
ees. In 2010, we began our own data collection at the University of Notre
Dame, including a national survey with in-depth interviews. A second
round of dissertation proposals was invited and awarded in 2010, and
analyses ensued on all the funded projects, continuing into 2011. In
2012–2013, the 13 funded projects completed data collection and
­preliminary analysis, culminating in an in-person conference of all award-
ees in the fall of 2012.
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PREFACE

Incidentally, in those few short years, I birthed my first-born in 2010

and my second-born in 2012. Thanks to the loving and compassionate
generosity of my mother, who traveled with me to Pittsburg in the fall of
2012, I was able to be part of that conference, attending talks in-between
nursing my three-month-old daughter, as we mom-academics do. My
husband and I also defended our dissertations within two weeks of each
other at the University of Notre Dame in the summer of 2011, and moved
our growing family to Houston, Texas to accept postdoctoral fellow posi-
tions at Rice University. It was in Houston that we birthed our second-­
born, shortly before the Science of Generosity conference. While a
postdoctoral fellow at Rice University, I had the pleasure of working more
directly with Michael Emerson (Michael was at the time a professor in the
Department of Sociology at Rice University, as well as Co-Director of the
Kinder Institute for Urban Research; he is now the Provost of North Park
University in Chicago, Illinois). At Rice, I also met one of my dearest
friends and fellow collaborators, Jared Peifer (Jared was at the time also a
postdoctoral fellow at Rice University; he is now Assistant Professor of
Management in the Zicklin School of Business at Baruch College in the
City University of New York). Elaine Howard Ecklund, at Rice, was also
formative in my thinking about generosity.
While at Rice, I had the opportunity to collaborate with several addi-
tional students on the Science of Generosity project, including under-
graduate students Zanaib Schipchandler, Xiannan Lu, Gabriel David,
Mark Trainer, Giacoma Frateschi, Angela Wu, and Richard Woo. In 2013,
with a nearly one-year-old and almost three-year-old in tow, my husband
and I went on the market together and accepted joint positions at the
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, myself in the Department of Sociology
and Criminal Justice as an assistant professor, and he in the Department of
Physics as a visiting assistant professor. In three short years, we launched
our professoriate careers while raising two young children. I nursed in
hotel bathrooms all over the country, with a stubborn tenacity to not
become one of the gendered-outflows from academia. I had read a study
early on in my academic career that gender-based pipeline leakage in aca-
demia is largely attributable to the coinciding of prime childbearing years
with launching of academic careers. The study identified women having
decreased participation in conferences as a key predictor of later more-­
advanced progression of male colleagues, who had been networking at
those conferences in a steady trajectory toward greater leadership roles
and thus were more likely to get elected to key positions in professional
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PREFACE ix

associations. This fueled my motivation, and I vowed not to become one

of those statistics. It was not easy, but I made it. Many of my mom friends
along the way did not. Many of my dad friends did not also, especially if
they had primary caretaking roles for their children. Interestingly, the tim-
ing of my academic-family balancing experiences conjoined with many of
the findings on the Science of Generosity project making their way into
print. As readers will see in the forthcoming pages, many of these studies
find connections between the maternal caring system, and parenting prac-
tices generally, and generosity. Some critics may point to this as an aspect
of paternalism in generosity efforts, to which I am sympathetic. However,
at the very least, we must include maternalism in the discussion, which I
think shifts the conversation in a different direction. I digress, but this is
an important aspect of the story.
At the University of Arkansas, I had the opportunity to collaborate with
my colleague from graduate school, Heather Price. Heather and I co-­
authored the book entitled American Generosity: Who Gives and Why
(Oxford University Press, 2016), which also informs this book. One of my
colleagues in the sociology department, Song Yang, and I also co-authored
a journal article on the social network dynamics of charitable giving. Then,
in 2016, I collaborated with my colleagues Casey Harris and Shauna
Morimoto, also with Jared Peifer from Rice, to co-author a new grant
proposal. This grant was for a project entitled the “Emerging Leaders
Study: Intervening in the Social Science of Life-Course Generosity.” The
grant was awarded by the Indiana University Lilly Family School of
Philanthropy, through a project led by Una Osili, entitled “The Science
and Imagination of Living Generously,” which was a re-grant through the
John Templeton Foundation. It was in this project that I first met and
began to benefit tremendously from Una, along with Sara Konrath, and
David King of the Lake Institute of Faith and Giving. David and I actually
first met when he walked into my presentation at the 2015 Society for the
Scientific Study of Religion, and he then helped fund this study as well.
Building upon the Science of Generosity, this new study investigated mal-
leability of generosity in early and later emerging adults, through an exper-
imental interaction with websites displaying different kinds of social
science data. In the process of collaborating on that project, I benefited
greatly from the conversations with David and Una, who were some of the
first shapers of my understanding of philanthropy, and its relationship to
generosity. To the extent that I describe that relationship well, it is due to
their generosity of knowledge.
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