Short Course on High Voltage
Maintenance
Substation Components and
Understanding Schematic Diagram
Part 1
Electric Circuit Principle 2
Z1 80 V
Z1
Z2 Zeq Z2 100 V
100 V
Z3
Z3 40 V
?
Electric Circuit Principle 3
5A
5A 5A
Z1 Z2 Z3 Zeq
Z1 Z2
Understanding The System 4
Wye Connected System
a
ZZYY
Van ++
–- b
ZY
+
+
+
Vbn ––
- c
ZYY
Vcn +
+
-
–
n Load
Understanding The System 5
Delta Connected System
Van
+ a
+
–
–
Z∆
Vbn
+ b Z∆
n Z
+
–
–
Z∆
Vcn
+
+ c
–
–
Load
Understanding Grounding 6
❖ An intentional grounding to earth stabilizes the voltage under normal
operating conditions and maintains the voltage at one level relative to
earth or something that serves in place of the earth. It also limit the
voltage imposed by lightning, line surges (transients) or unintentional
contact with higher voltages; and to establish an effective path for
fault current.
❖Grounding is necessary to keep the metal enclosures, metal housings,
or non-current-carrying parts of the electrical equipment at earth
potential and to avoid hazardous voltages between the equipment and
earth
❖During maintenance or construction, deenergized, ungrounded
conductors are also temporarily grounded for personnel protection
against the energizing of circuit conductors. Therefore, grounding is
also a temporary protective measure involving connecting the
deenergized lines and equipment to earth through conductors
Understanding Grounding 7
Understanding Grounding 8
❖ A drawdown grounding conductor from a lightning protection system
to earth ground designed to provide a low impedance path for the
current from a lightning strike and/or dissipate the charge buildup that
precedes a lightning strike
❖This conductor typically goes from the air terminals to earth
❖Due to the very high currents at very high frequencies, the impedance
of the entire system is very critical. Normal wiring conductors are not
suitable for the down conductor. Typically, they are braided conductors
❖There might be certain instances where additional investigation about
the interconnection between the lightning and the grounding electrode
system is warranted
Grounds for Grounding 9
❖ However well a grounding system is designed, inevitably changes in
the power system, deterioration of materials, environmental changes,
and equipment failure will decrease the inherent safety of the original
system
❖It is important to perform regular inspections, maintenance, and
testing of any system to ensure its continued safety
❖ This is especially true of grounding systems because of their exposure
to the elements, unwanted human and animal damage, and to
electrical events such as lightning strikes, overloads, and short circuits
❖ This is to emphasize that safe design is not the end of the safety
process, but only the beginning
❖Equipment and installations must remain electrically safe throughout
their entire useful life, until their final de-energization and demolition
changes the nature of the hazards to other than electrical
Ground Potential Rise 10
❖ drying of the soil, increasing the ground resistance
❖ excessive voltage drops in the conductors and connectors due
to high currents
❖ fusing, melting, and connector failures
❖ arcing, burning, and open circuits
❖ altered current flow paths, further increasing voltage drops
❖ corroded or otherwise damaged conductors and connectors
❖ thinning of the protective surface layer of crushed stone or
gravel
❖ weeds and shrubs growing in surface layer
❖ mixing of the surface layer with soil and dust, decreasing its
resistivity
❖ failure of static wire, ground, or neutral wire connections from
transmission and distribution lines to the substation
❖ reduction in electrical safety causing increased step and touch
potentials.
Inspection, Testing and Maintenance 11
❖ A visual and physical inspection should be made to verify the integrity
of the grounding and bonding conductors and associated connections
The integrity of the grounding electrode system and substation grids
should be checked on a periodic basis
❖ Measure the voltage between the equipment-grounding conductor and
the grounded conductor at multiple locations throughout the system,
as applicable. The voltage should normally be less than 0.1 V to 0.5 V.
❖ The voltage from the chassis of equipment and an external ground
point should be measured. Differences should be less than 2 volts.
Transformer Terminal Markings
12
I. ADDITIVE POLARITY
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
X3 X1 X3 X1 X4 X1
X2 X2 X2 X3
ADDITIVE - X1 IS DIAGONALLY ACROSS FROM H1
Transformer Terminal Markings
13
II. SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
X1 X3 X1 X3 X1 X4
X2 X2 X3 X2
SUBTRACTIVE - X1 IS ON SAME SIDE AS H1
Understanding Polarity 14
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Four Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Four Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System from Mid Phase of Transformer
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Understanding Open Wye-Open Delta Transformer
2:1
Understanding Open Delta-Open Delta Transformer
2:1
Grounding System from Mid Phase of Transformer
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System: From Supply to Load
Three Phase, Three Wire System
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
What is Neutral Point?
Transformer Saturation 27
V1 I2
=
V2 I1
Dielectric Breakdown 28
Overvoltage and Under voltage Principle 29
V?
240 V
3 Phase
Overvoltage and Under voltage Principle 30
V?
240 V
3 Phase
Overvoltage and Under voltage Principle 31
V?
240 V
3 Phase
Overvoltage and Under voltage Principle 32
240 V
V?
3 Phase
Broken Delta
Voltage
Protective Device
1
0.5
33
Voltage in pu
0
-0.5
-1
0 5 10 15
Time in cycles
IF= 5 pu
Protective Device
34
CB
T
R
Fault Scenario 35
❖Line to Line Fault on the Grounded Wye (GY) side of a Delta/Wye
grounded Transformer
R1 R2
CTI
Energy Cannot be Destroyed 36
Stored electrical energy must be dissipated by discharging or
grounding after the main energy source has been isolated. Carefully
release all stored energy as part of the de-energizing process and be
mindful that many types of machinery contain more than one energy
source
Instrument Transformer 37
Current Transformer
❖ Provides a secondary current
accurately proportional to the
current flowing in its primary
Potential Transformer
❖ Used in system for stepping
down voltage to a safe value
for low rating meter and
relays
Instrument Transformer 38
CTs have heavy duty terminals
sized to conducted the rated line
current and there are always two
terminals
PTs can have one or two terminals
depending on their application:
one-bushing terminal is for line-
to-neutral measurement; two-
busing terminals are for line-to-
line measurement. The terminals
are light-duty because they only
have to conduct the excitation
current of the PT core which is just
milliamps
What you need to Know; PT and CT 39
This safety protocol
protects against
dangerously high
voltages and arcing
that could occur in
open or damaged
secondary circuits.
The secondary circuits of a CT have to be protected, typically by metal
conduit, and secondary of both CTs and VTs must be effectively grounded.
What is Ferroresonance? 40
Operating Condition in which Ferroresonance can
occur
PT connected in isolated Neutral
Transformer accidently energized
at one or two phase
Earthing through a Reactor
Induced Current in Conduit 41
Switchgear Assemblies 42
❖ Substations in an electrical system perform functions such as voltage
transformation, system protection and isolation, metering and
relaying, power quality, and circuit switching. They are comprised of
electrical power products, such as transformers, regulators, air
switches, circuit breakers, meters, relays, capacitors, and lightning
arrester
❖The recommended frequency of maintenance depends on the
environment in which the substation is operating and the criticality of
the circuit that it controls. Less frequent inspections are recommended
in areas of relatively clean atmosphere. Outdoor installation, exposed
to dirt and environmental contaminants, in areas with industrial
contamination requires 2 to 3 months
Switchgear Assemblies 43
❖ Insulators should be inspected for evidence of contaminated surfaces
or physical damage, such as cracked or broken segments.
Contaminated insulator surfaces should be cleaned and damaged
insulators replaced
❖ All exposed conductors should be visually inspected for evidence of
overheating at bolted joints. Extreme overheating can discolor copper
conductors, deteriorate the insulation, and may require additional
maintenance. When the substation is deenergized, these bolted
connections should be checked. Bolts should be loosened and
retorqued to proper values. There are infrared detectors that can be
used on energized systems to check for overheating by scanning from
a distance. Where aluminum-to-copper joints exist, they should be
inspected carefully for evidence of corrosion, overheating, or looseness
Switchgear Assemblies 44
❖ Air-disconnecting switches are operated infrequently in service and
usually are energized during routine substation maintenance.
Maintenance of the switch is limited to those areas that can be
approached safely
❖ Power-operated switches should be operated periodically to ensure
that the switches, their mechanism, and control features are
functioning properly
❖ All grounding connections should be inspected for tightness and
absence of corrosion. The substation, enclosure, and apparatus
grounds should be inspected and tested when possible
❖ Recommended frequency of maintenance depends on environmental
and operating conditions, along with the criticality of equipment
❖An annual inspection of the entire switchgear assembly, including
withdrawable elements during the first 3 years of service, is suggested
as a minimum
Usual Signs of Electrical Hazards 45
❖Tripped overcurrent protective devices (circuit breakers, fuses and
ground fault circuit interrupter)
❖Hot tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes
❖Dim and flickering lights
❖Sizzles and buzzes or unusual sounds from electrical equipment,
apparatus or circuits
❖Odour of hot insulation
❖Mild tingle from contact with case or equipment
❖Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
❖Burn marks or discoloration of the surface
Arc Flash 46
❖When an electric current passes through air between ungrounded
conductors or between ungrounded conductors and grounded
conductors, temperatures can reach 20,000°C
❖Exposure to these extreme temperatures burns the skin directly and
ignites clothing, which adds to the burn injury
❖Arc flashes can kill at a distance of 3 m
❖The tremendous temperatures of the arc cause the explosive expansion
of both the surrounding air and the metal in the arc path
Recognizing the Real Danger 47
❖The system shall mark electrical equipment with descriptive
markings, including voltage, current, power rating and other
necessary requirement parameters
❖ There shall be alerting technique such as safety sign, tags and
barricades and attendance to warn and protect worker
Types of Arc Flash 48
❖Arc in open air: this type of arc is mostly infrared radiation as opposed
to plasma and typically occurs on power lines in front of the worker
❖These gases can ignite clothing and cause skin burns as can the
infrared radiation
❖Arc in a box: This type is much more dangerous than an arc in open
air. With an arc in a box, all of the energy is concentrated in a focused
path
❖Arc plasma convective flow: a sustained arc flash event can be driven
by the magnetic forces on the plasma cloud, forcing it to travel to the
bus bar tips, in a direction away from the power source
Types of Arc Flash 49
❖High voltage skin surface tracking arc: a high voltage shock event can
sometimes lead to a tracking arc, where the current flows along the
surface or just above the skin instead of through the body
❖Traveling arc: an arc is initiated on uninsulated lines or busbar and
travels away from the source
Arc Flash 50
The Need for Power System Studies 51
Short Circuit Studies
Coordination Studies
Power Quality Studies
Load Flow Studies
Arc Flash Hazard Studies
Schematic Diagram 52
Bataan Power System 53
Marilao
San Jose Quezon
Malolos San Raphael
Hermosa EHV Mexico
Hydro
Hermosa
L3 L2 L1
3 x 1100 MW
Lamao BCCPP
Dinginin Mariveles
SMC1 SMC2 SMC3 SMC4 Limay-A Limay-B Petron
Luzon Expansion 54
Luzon Expansion 55
What is Hydrocarbon? 56
These Hydrocarbons dissolved
in Transformer oil is very
dangerous
Thank you
