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Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass

Advances in Science and Technology
 View Online

Green Chemistry Series

Editor-in-chief:
James H. Clark, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK
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Series editors:
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Andrzej Stankiewicz, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Peter Siedl, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Titles in the series:

1: The Future of Glycerol: New Uses of a Versatile Raw Material
2: Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry
3: Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals
4: Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies
5: Chemical Reactions and Processes under Flow Conditions
6: Radical Reactions in Aqueous Media
7: Aqueous Microwave Chemistry
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9: Transportation Biofuels: Novel Pathways for the Production of Ethanol,
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10: Alternatives to Conventional Food Processing
11: Green Trends in Insect Control
12: A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation
and Applications
13: Challenges in Green Analytical Chemistry
14: Advanced Oil Crop Biorefineries
15: Enantioselective Homogeneous Supported Catalysis
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Nanocomposites
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33: Heterogeneous Catalysis for Today's Challenges: Synthesis,
Characterization and Applications
34: Chemical Biotechnology and Bioengineering
35: Microwave-Assisted Polymerization
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36: Ionic Liquids in the Biorefinery Concept: Challenges and Perspectives

37: Starch-based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites
38: Sustainable Catalysis: With Non-endangered Metals, Part 1
39: Sustainable Catalysis: With Non-endangered Metals, Part 2
40: Sustainable Catalysis: Without Metals or Other Endangered Elements,
Part 1
41: Sustainable Catalysis: Without Metals or Other Endangered Elements,
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42: Green Photo-active Nanomaterials
43: Commercializing Biobased Products: Opportunities, Challenges,
Benefits, and Risks
44: Biomass Sugars for Non-Fuel Applications
45: White Biotechnology for Sustainable Chemistry
46: Green and Sustainable Medicinal Chemistry: Methods, Tools and
Strategies for the 21st Century Pharmaceutical Industry
47: Alternative Energy Sources for Green Chemistry
48: High Pressure Technologies in Biomass Conversion
49: Sustainable Solvents: Perspectives from Research, Business and
International Policy
50: Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Advances in Science and Technology

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Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass

Advances in Science and Technology
Published on 30 June 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781788010245-FP001

Edited by

Robert C. Brown
Iowa State University, USA
Email: [email protected]

Kaige Wang
RTI International, USA
Email: [email protected]
Published on 30 June 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781788010245-FP001 View Online

Green Chemistry Series No. 50

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Acknowledgements

George Kraus, series editor for the Green Chemistry Series at the Royal Society
of Chemistry (RSC), suggested the idea for this book to RCB early in 2015. After
convincing KW, who had recently accepted a new job at RTI International, to
serve as co-editor, we started in earnest to line up a distinguished group of pyrol-
ysis researchers to contribute chapters on topics that would synthesize recent
progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of fast pyrolysis. We
were fortunate in convincing Jacques Lédé, Joon Weon Choi, Xianglan Bai, David
Dayton, Shurong Wang, Kwang Ho Kim, Anja Oasmaa, Dietrich Meier, Wolter
Prins, Stuart Daw and Tristan Brown to accept our invitations to assume leader-
ship roles in preparing chapters along with their multiple co-authors.
We appreciate the patient assistance of Lindsay McGregor at the RSC in
preparing the book proposal and getting it approved within the RSC, and
Catriona Clarke’s help in assembling the chapters and checking on copyright
permissions, resolution of figures, and the other myriad details that escape
the notice of amateur book editors like ourselves.
RCB would like to acknowledge the staff at Iowa State University’s Bioeco­
nomy Institute, especially its deputy directors, Ryan Smith and Jill Euken, who
took on additional responsibilities as RCB juggled editing deadlines. He also
appreciates the love and patience of his wife Carolyn. KW would like to thank
David Dayton and Raghubir Gupta at RTI International for allowing him to
take on the role of co-editor in addition to his regular duties at RTI. KW would
like to especially thank his wife Guanqun and their soon-to-be-born son Xiaomai
for allowing KW to spend many weekends and evenings editing chapters. We
hope the knowledge and ideas contributed by the several authors of this book
contribute toward a cleaner and brighter future for the next generation.
Robert C. Brown, Iowa State University
Kaige Wang, RTI International

Green Chemistry Series No. 50

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Advances in Science and Technology
Edited by Robert C. Brown and Kaige Wang
© The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org

vii
Published on 30 June 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781788010245-FP009

Contents

Chapter 1 Prospects for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass  1

Kaige Wang and Robert C. Brown

1.1 I ntroduction  1
1.2 Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Technology  3
1.2.1 Basic Concepts  3
1.2.2 Fast Pyrolysis Feedstock  3
1.2.3 Types of Fast Pyrolysis Reactors  4
1.2.4 Bio-Oil from Fast Pyrolysis  6
1.3 Recent Advances in Fast Pyrolysis Research and
Development  6
1.3.1 Reaction Chemistry of Fast Pyrolysis  7
1.3.2 Computational Modeling of Fast Pyrolysis  8
1.3.3 Utilization of Bio-Oil  8
1.3.4 Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis  9
1.3.5 Economics of Fast Pyrolysis  10
References  10

Chapter 2 Primary Reactions of Cellulose Pyrolysis  12

J. Lédé

2.1 I ntroduction  12
2.2 Thermal Conditions of Cellulose Pyrolysis  13
2.2.1 Experimental and Conceptual Difficulties
in the Accurate Knowledges of T and T′  13
2.2.2 Unclear Frontiers Between SP and FP  14
2.2.3 Modeling of Solid Particle Pyrolysis  14
2.2.4 Summary and Foreword  15

Green Chemistry Series No. 50

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Advances in Science and Technology
Edited by Robert C. Brown and Kaige Wang
© The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org

ix
 View Online

x Contents
2.3 P rimary Cellulose Pyrolysis  15
2.3.1 Research Prior to the Mid-1960s  15
2.3.2 First Qualitative Evidence of the Formation
of Liquid Products During Cellulose Pyrolysis
Between the Mid-1960s and Mid-1970s  16
2.3.3 First Kinetic and Chemical Interpretations
Published on 30 June 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781788010245-FP009

Published Before the Mid-1980s  16

2.3.4 Developments from the Mid-1980s to
Mid-1990s  18
2.3.5 New Results, Controversies and Models
Published from the 1990s, Until the
Beginning of the 2000s  19
2.3.6 New Results Published After the Beginning
of the 2000s  23
2.4 Current Understanding of Cellulose Pyrolysis  28
2.5 Conclusions  30
Glossary  31
References  31

Chapter 3 Lignin Depolymerization/Deconstruction Reactions

During Fast Pyrolysis  37
J. Y. Kim and J. W. Choi

3.1 I ntroduction  37
3.2 Thermal Degradation Behavior of Various Lignins  41
3.3 Lignin Depolymerization/Deconstruction by
Analytical Pyrolysis  43
3.4 Continuous Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin  46
3.5 Chemical Properties of Lignin-Derived Oil  49
3.6 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Lignin  50
3.7 Conclusion  53
References  54

Chapter 4 Transport and Secondary Reactions of Depolymerized/

Deconstructed Species  57
Xianglan Bai and Yuan Xue

4.1 I ntroduction  57
4.2 Transport and Secondary Reactions of Cellulose
Pyrolysis Products  58
4.3 Transport and Secondary Reactions of Lignin
Pyrolysis Products  64
4.4 Interactions Among Cellulose- and Lignin-Derived
Pyrolysis Products  68
4.5 Transport of Products During Biomass Pyrolysis  70
4.6 Conclusion  74
References  74
 View Online

Contents xi
Chapter 5 Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis with Reactive Gases  78
David C. Dayton, Kaige Wang, Jonathan E. Peters and
Ofei D. Mante

5.1 I ntroduction  78
5.2 Model Compound Studies  80
Published on 30 June 2017 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781788010245-FP009

5.2.1 Deoxygenation Reaction Pathways  80

5.2.2 Catalyst Development  81
5.3 Biomass Pyrolysis in Reactive Gases  84
5.3.1 Batch Pyrolysis: Micro-Scale Py-GC-MS Studies  84
5.3.2 Continuous Biomass Feed: Laboratory-Scale
Reactor Studies  86
5.4 Discussion  89
5.5 Summary and Future Work  91
References  92

Chapter 6 Characterization and Separation of Bio-Oil  96

Shurong Wang, Junhao Chen, Fan Zhang and Yurong Wang

6.1 I ntroduction  96
6.2 Bio-Oil Properties  97
6.3 Characterization of the Bio-Oil  99
6.4 Characterization of Bio-Oil After Separation  104
6.4.1 Importance of Separation in the Bio-Oil
Characterization  104
6.4.2 Membrane Separation and Centrifugation  105
6.4.3 Extraction and Column Chromatography  105
6.4.4 Distillation  109
6.5 Characterization of Bio-Oil After Derivatization  111
6.5.1 Acetylation of Phenolic Compounds  111
6.5.2 Trimethylsilylation of Sugars  112
6.5.3 Other Derivatization Methods  112
6.6 Conclusion  112
Acknowledgements  113
References  113

Chapter 7 Role of Free Radicals in Fast Pyrolysis  117

Kwang Ho Kim, Seema Singh, Victoria Custodis and
Jeroen van Bokhoven

7.1 I ntroduction  117

7.2 Free Radicals in General Organic Chemistry  119
7.2.1 Stability of Free Radicals  119
7.2.2 Elementary Radical Reactions  119
7.2.3 Magnetic Properties of Radicals  120
7.3 Free Radicals in Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass  121
7.3.1 Free Radicals in Lignin Pyrolysis  121
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