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Springer Proceedings in Physics 206

Luciano Maiani · Said Abousahl

Wolfango Plastino Editors

International Cooperation
for Enhancing Nuclear
Safety, Security,
Safeguards and Non-
proliferation–60 Years
of IAEA and EURATOM
Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi
Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei
Lincei, Rome, Italy, October 9–10, 2017
Springer Proceedings in Physics

Volume 206
The series Springer Proceedings in Physics, founded in 1984, is devoted to timely
reports of state-of-the-art developments in physics and related sciences. Typically
based on material presented at conferences, workshops and similar scientific
meetings, volumes published in this series will constitute a comprehensive
up-to-date source of reference on a field or subfield of relevance in contemporary
physics. Proposals must include the following:
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– a link to the committees (local organization, international advisors etc.)
– scientific description of the meeting
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– an estimate of the planned proceedings book parameters (number of pages/
articles, requested number of bulk copies, submission deadline).

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361

Luciano Maiani Said Abousahl
•

Wolfango Plastino
Editors

International Cooperation
for Enhancing Nuclear
Safety, Security, Safeguards
and Non-proliferation–
60 Years of IAEA
and EURATOM
Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi
Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei,
Rome, Italy, October 9–10, 2017
Editors
Luciano Maiani Wolfango Plastino
Department of Physics Department of Mathematics and Physics
Sapienza University of Rome Roma Tre University
Rome Rome
Italy Italy

Said Abousahl
Directorate General Joint Research Centre
European Commission
Brussels
Belgium

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)

Springer Proceedings in Physics
ISBN 978-3-662-57365-5 ISBN 978-3-662-57366-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57366-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938635

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap-
tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to
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relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE

part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany
Keynote Speeches by
H. E. Yukiya Amano–IAEA Director General
H. E. Federica Mogherini–HR/VP European Commission
Preface

The XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference—International Cooperation for Enhancing

Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation—has been held in
Rome, Italy, 9th–10th October 2017, organised by the Accademia Nazionale dei
Lincei and the European Commission—Directorate-General Joint Research Centre,
under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation.
The Conference was opened by a letter of appreciation and support of the
President of the Italian Republic, Sergio Mattarella. The opening session has been
broadcasted by RAI News to international audience and by RAI Scuola to a wide
audience of high school classes.
Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards (the “3S”) and Non-proliferation play a
key role for the build-up and maintenance of the verification regime and the pro-
gress towards a nuclear-weapon-free world. The year 2017 marked two important
anniversaries: the 60 years of IAEA Atoms for Peace and the 60 years of the
EURATOM Treaty. The importance of these anniversaries has been underscored in
the keynote speeches by two very exceptional personalities:
H. E. Yukiya Amano, IAEA Director General, in 60 Years of IAEA: Atoms for
Peace and Development.
H. E. Federica Mogherini, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security
Policy—Vice-President of the European Commission, in 60 Years of Euratom
Treaty: Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, New Challenges and Opportunities.
We are very much honoured to present their talks at the very beginning of this
book.
Organised in four plenary sessions with 18 plenary speeches and two panels, the
XX Amaldi Conference has involved officials and scientists from international
organisations—European Commission, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Pugwash Conferences on
Sciences and World Affairs—and from fifteen countries—Canada, China, Finland,
France, Germany, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, UK
and USA.

vii
viii Preface

In the spirit of Amaldi’s intuition, the Conference was proposed as a forum

where eminent scientists, diplomats and policy makers could compare national
perspectives and update international collaborations, while discussing how “Science
beyond Boundaries” may enhance nuclear non-proliferation policies.
Talks have illustrated the political, institutional and legal dimension of the
nuclear “3S”, of the Non-Proliferation Regulation Systems, of the Nuclear-Test-Ban
Treaty, and have addressed the current challenges by attempting to identify possible
solutions and future improvements.
The role of international cooperation and of the scientific community actions has
been considered, in connection with the effectiveness in the implementation of
international controls in critical areas, on technology foresight and the ongoing
evaluation of current capabilities.
The XX Amaldi Conference has been characterised by the preoccupations
materialised in the last two years, concerning the worsening of the international
relations and the possibility to make progress, or at least not to step back, on the
fronts of International Security and Arm Control and of the non-proliferation
process.
Under the name of “modernisation” of the armaments, a new arms race may
have restarted between the superpowers. Added to this, the reciprocal accusations
advanced in the USA and in Russia of violating the Intermediate Nuclear Force
Treaty (INF) and the uncertainties on the future of the New Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty (START), due to expire in February 2021.
During the last Amaldi Conference, in 2015, great hopes had been raised by the
Vienna talks for a non-proliferation agreement with Iran. Signed shortly after
between Iran, China, France, Germany, Russia, UK, USA and the European Union,
the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) has been tested in the following
two years but it has been contested, during the last year, by the new US
Administration.
The issue has emerged strongly in XX Amaldi Conference, first in the keynote
speeches where
• IAEA DG Amano has explicitly stated that Iran has indeed complied with the
obligations foreseen by JCPOA, and
• The High Representative Mogherini has clearly stated the intention of the
European Union to proceed supporting the agreement.
The position of Iran has been reported at the Conference by Dr. A. A. Salehi,
Vice-President and Head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, and the issue
has reappeared in the panel on The Future of Nuclear Disarmament and
Non-Proliferation, with several interventions from the floor.
The Conference has stressed that the global security is a fundamental target for
scientists, diplomats and policy makers, and in the context offered by the
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, participants have been able to compare different
experiences and discuss future strategies for an effective international cooperation,
along the lines advocated long ago by Edoardo Amaldi.
Preface ix

The editors convey their sincere appreciation to all officials of the International
Atomic Energy Agency, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Universities
and Research, Roma Tre University and Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI), for sup-
porting this Conference.
Special thanks go to all authors for their effort during the preparation of the
papers and to the President of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Prof. Alberto
Quadrio Curzio, to the Director General, Dr. Ada Baccari, to Dr. Marco Zeppa,
Dr. Pina Moliterno, Dr. Giovanni Anzidei and all Lincei staff, for their commitment
and efforts to promote the Conference.

Rome-Brussels Luciano Maiani

February 2018 Chair, XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference
Said Abousahl
Co-Chair, XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference
Wolfango Plastino
Scientific Secretary, XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference
Keynote Speeches

Yukiya Amano and Federica Mogherini

60 Years of IAEA: Atoms for Peace and Development

Yukiya Amano
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, United Nations
e-mail: [email protected]
Good morning, Ladies and Gentlemen.
I am very pleased to speak at this 20th Edoardo Amaldi Conference in the
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, the oldest scientific academy in the world.
Italy was a founding member of the IAEA in 1957 and works closely with us in
many areas of our work. Last month, at the IAEA General Conference in Vienna,
Italy presented us with a bust of Enrico Fermi, who is often seen as an architect
of the nuclear age.
As you know, Fermi was a collaborator of Edoardo Amaldi, after whom this
series of conferences is named.
The European Commission Joint Research Centre, our co-organizer today, is a
very important partner for the Agency. It provides significant financial and technical
support for our work.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In the past 60 years, the IAEA has helped to improve the health and prosperity of
millions of people by making nuclear science and technology available in health
care, food and agriculture, industry and other areas.
We also contributed to international peace and security by verifying that nuclear
material stays in peaceful uses.
Our work was given special recognition in 2005 with the Nobel Peace Prize,
which was awarded jointly to the Agency and to my distinguished predecessor
Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei.
We are probably best known in the public mind for our work to prevent the
spread of nuclear weapons, and especially—in recent years—for our activities
concerning the nuclear programmes of North Korea and Iran.

xi
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