Living With The Gods On Beliefs and Peoples First United States Edition. Edition Neil Macgregor. Complete Edition
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‘The first condition of human goodness is
something to love; the second, something to
reverence.’
GEORGE ELIOT
‘Religion is an attempt to find meaning in events,
not a theory that tries to explain the universe.’
JOHN GRAY
‘Religious beliefs are not universal truths, but
community truths, and they guide lives rather than
describe facts. They express what it means to
belong to a community and to owe allegiance to its
values.’
DON CUPITT
Sunrise at the Harischandra Ghat at Varanasi on the Ganges, with
bathers facing the rising sun (see this page)
THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF
Copyright © 2018 by the Trustees of the British Museum and the BBC
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a
division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York. Originally published in
Great Britain by Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books, London, in 2018.
www.aaknopf.com
Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin
Random House LLC.
By arrangement with the BBC and the British Museum
The BBC logo and Radio 4 logo are registered trademarks of the British
Broadcasting Corporation and are used under license. BBC logo © BBC,
2005.
LCCN: 2018030942 (hardcover); ISBN 9780525521464 (hardcover)
Ebook ISBN 9780525521471
Cover image: Nose and lips of Akhenaten, c. 1353–1336 BC. The
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Edward S. Harkness
Gift, 1926 (26.7.1395)
v5.4
ep
FOR PAUL KOBRAK,
companion through earth and air, fire and water
Contents
Cover
Epigraph
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Introduction: Believing and Belonging
Belief is back
After the end of the Second World War the Western world basked for
decades in a prosperity without precedent in history. The United States
offered most of its citizens – and its immigrants – what appeared to be
endlessly rising standards of living. In 1957, the Prime Minister, Harold
Macmillan, famously told the British public that they had ‘never had it so
good’. They agreed, and he comfortably won the next election. Across
Western Europe and North America, economic growth was the norm: peace
had on the whole led to plenty.
In the rest of the world, the Soviet Union and the United States were
locked in bitter conflict, sometimes military, always ideological, competing to
win new recruits for their preferred systems of Marxist state communism or
liberal democratic capitalism. As both are essentially economic propositions,
the debate increasingly and unsurprisingly centred not on their very different
notions of freedom and social justice, but on which system could provide the
greater material benefits for its society.
There is a striking example of this elision – equation – of ideals with their
material outcomes on the US dollar bill, or, more precisely, on two dollar
bills. Even though most of its population was Christian, the United States had
been founded on the explicit basis, enshrined in the Constitution, that the new
nation should not have an established religion. But in 1956, in an effort to
distinguish itself even more sharply from the atheist Soviet Union, Congress
resolved to make greater public use of the long-familiar motto ‘In God We
Trust’. In a gesture rich in unintended symbolism, it was decided that the
words should appear not on public buildings or on the flag, but on the national
currency. They have been printed on dollar bills ever since, and on the ten-
dollar bill they hover protectively over the US Treasury itself. The ironic
phrase the ‘Almighty Dollar’ had been circulating since the nineteenth
century, warning against the conflation of God and Mammon. Now, however,
one of the defining American beliefs was to be expressed on the most revered
manifestation of its success: its money.
On the face of it, it might seem that the new wording on the dollar bills was
an assertion of the supremacy of God in the US political system, a twentieth-
century American version of the letters DG – Dei Gratia, ‘By the Grace of
God’ – which accompany the portrait of the sovereign on British currency, or
the Qur’anic texts on the coinage of many Islamic states. In fact, it was almost
the reverse.
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