International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025, pp. 1991~2004

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i3.pp1991-2004  1991

Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for a microgrid

with hybrid energy storage: design, control, and
comparative analysis

Suganthi Neelagiri1, Pasumarthi Usha1, Siddalingappagouda Biradar2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Visveswaraya Technological University,
Bangalore, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based energy management controller for a
microgrid with a hybrid energy storage system. The microgrid integrates
Received Mar 5, 2025 intermittent renewable energy sources. To provide high quality, reliable and
Revised Jun 2, 2025 sustainable power, the microgrid depends on energy storage devices. The
Accepted Jul 23, 2025 proposed fuzzy logic-based energy management controller controls the
energy storage system’s power electronic converters by generating switching
pulses based on the generation availability, load requirement, SOCs of
Keywords: battery, and supercapacitor. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based energy
management system is planned in such a way that high power needs are
Battery satisfied by supercapacitors and high energy needs are satisfied by batteries.
Energy To highlight the key benefits of utilizing a fuzzy logic-controlled hybrid
Fuzzy energy storage system over PI -a controller-based cascaded dual loop energy
Microgrid management system, a comparative study is carried out. The results of the
Supercapacitor same is discussed elaborately in this paper. These studies were simulated
using the MATLAB/Simulink software package.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Suganthi Neelagiri
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Visveswaraya Technological University
Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore 560078, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the requirement for electric power has been growing steadily over the past several decades
with different growth rates across different regions. Since the early 1970’s, the electric utility industry has
consistently made efforts to integrate batteries into its operations [1] for large scale energy storage in a load
leveling mode. Later batteries have been included at transmission and distribution level [2]. With mounting
concerns regarding climate change and energy security led to increased adoption of distributed
generation [3], this in turn created the concept of microgrids. The microgrids have emerged in remote or off-
grid locations where access to national electricity grids was restricted or non-existent. Microgrids are
integrated with various types of renewable energy sources (RES), mainly solar PV systems and Wind
generators. The key challenges with solar and wind energy are their fluctuating and intermittent
characteristics. To address these challenges and to maintain the quality power, stable voltage and frequency
of microgrids in different operational modes, energy storage devices are integrated in microgrids [4]. Energy
storage (ES) devices can be divided into two primary categories: high energy capacity ES for extended
periods of discharge and high-power capacity ES for rapid discharge. Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES),

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1992  ISSN: 2088-8694

compressed air energy storage (CAES), and electrochemical batteries fall under high capacity-energy storage
capacity devices. These energy storage systems (ESS) have been widely deployed, from small-scale
residential systems to different grid applications. Batteries are recognized as an important and efficient way
of stabilizing microgrids. They are attractive because they are cost-effective, compact, and easy to deploy.
Li et al. [5] presents an overview of the research work carried out with various types of batteries like
lead-carbon batteries [6], lithium iron phosphate batteries [7], all-vanadium redox flow batteries, used for
mitigating the wind power fluctuations [8], [9] and to suppress the effect of intermittence nature of renewable
energy sources. Most of these studies concentrated on utilizing a single ESS and it cannot meet the desired
operational requirements of a micro grid due to its limitations in energy, power density, dynamic response,
and life span. Microgrids are sensitive to load and generation changes, it requires an ESS capable of storing
and delivering significant energy and power. Batteries high energy density makes them popular for energy
storage, but they frequently are unable to keep up with microgrids' high-power requirements. These high-
power requirements can occur during sudden changes in load, variations in generation, or when starting
certain appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and motors. When these demands are met by the
battery, it experiences high current stress, which can shorten its lifespan [10]. Although batteries are
commonly used for energy storage, an ideal standalone microgrid must be capable of meeting both the high-
capacity power and energy demands of its loads. This work aims to harness the benefits of different energy
storage solutions. Supercapacitors are emerging as effective temporary energy storage devices due to their
high-power density; they can charge and discharge much quicker than batteries. Therefore, the main goal of
this study is to propose a hybrid energy storage system that combines batteries and supercapacitors in order to
maximize these devices advantages. A hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) generally consists of two
complementary storage devices, one with high energy density and the other with high power density. This
HESS combination is employed to meet long-duration energy needs, short duration power needs and to
manage and stabilize the transients and rapid load fluctuations. The different topologies of HESS, comparison
of topologies, and the control strategies of HESS are detailed in [11]. The energy management (EM) of
microgrids with HESS and solar PV has been discussed in [12]-[16]. The microgrids integrated with wind
turbines also need energy storage devices as the power output of wind turbines varies with changing wind
speeds, which can be unpredictable and fluctuate from minute to minute or even second to second. Energy
storage systems mitigate these fluctuations, providing a more stable and reliable power supply. The control
and operation of microgrids integrated with wind turbines and HESS are explained in [17].
The energy management control of HESS involves a comprehensive approach to manage multiple
storage technologies, optimizing performance, ensuring reliability, and integrating with non-conventional
energy sources. In literature, many computational intelligence techniques have been proposed for various
applications. Current research in this field is robust and ongoing. Numerous models have been suggested for
optimizing microgrids and managing energy, including heuristic techniques such as game theory,
evolutionary algorithms, and decision tree-based dynamic programming algorithms. Other methods include
model predictive control and mixed-integer linear programming. However, these approaches can often be
inefficient and time-consuming, and they do not guarantee a globally optimal solution. While linear and
dynamic programming techniques may yield the best results, they frequently involve complex and resource-
intensive processes. Further mathematical calculations are also required for techniques like model predictive
control (MPC) and mixed-integer linear programming, as they rely on classical methods [18]-[26].
Fuzzy logic (FL) control methods are gaining popularity because they do not require mathematical
modelling. Fuzzy controllers can effectively handle uncertainties, imprecision, and nonlinearities in the
system, making them particularly suitable for the variable nature of renewable energy sources and load
demand. Furthermore, fuzzy logic controllers ensure that energy storage devices are used efficiently, which
helps prolong the lifespan of batteries and other storage elements while reducing operating costs [27]. The
fuzzy controlled HESS can easily be scaled up to accommodate additional storage units or non-conventional
energy sources as the microgrid grows. By managing the charge and discharge cycles effectively, the fuzzy
controlled system helps in preventing issues like overcharging, deep discharging, and frequent cycling, thus
maintaining grid stability and storage longevity [28]. This approach is robust, customizable, and provides
reliable and efficient solutions. Fuzzy logic helps to quantify the system's fuzziness into a clear and
measurable metric [29], [30]. According to the existing literature, most microgrids combine solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems and batteries or wind generators with diesel generators and batteries. However,
there has been limited research on the integration of solar PV and wind generators with HESS in a microgrid
[31]. This study aims to address that gap by focusing on the integration of HESS within a microgrid that
utilizes solar PV and wind generators. Additionally, this paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based energy
management strategy for microgrids equipped with hybrid energy sources and ESS. Specifically, a FL based
controller for HESS has been proposed to manage energy and maintain power balance in a microgrid under
various scenarios. This control strategy provides improved DC link voltage regulation and enhances load

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025: 1991-2004
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1993

reliability during sudden load and generation variations. The presented control strategy is compared with the
classical PI controller-based approach. It also takes into account the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage
devices and ensures it remains at a safe level. This paper is arranged with introduction as: i) section 1, ii)
section 2 details system configuration and modelling, iii) section 3 explains control strategy, iv) section 4 is
results and analysis, and v) section 5 is conclusion.

2. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND MODELING

The planned DC microgrid integrates both PV and wind energy sources, utilizing a hybrid energy
storage system (HESS) that consists of batteries and supercapacitors. The PV system is connected to the
microgrid through a boost converter, which is implemented with a perturb-and-observe maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Additionally, a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind
turbine is linked to the DC bus via an AC-to-DC converter and a DC-DC converter. The supercapacitor and
battery are connected in parallel to the DC bus through bi-directional DC-DC converters. Control switching
pulses for the DC-DC converters of the battery and supercapacitor are generated by a fuzzy-based energy
management system (EMS). This system is demonstrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Proposed microgrid system with fuzzy based EMS

2.1. Photovoltaic system

A photovoltaic (PV) array with a capacity of 2 KW has been considered. In this proposed microgrid,
the PV array consists of 8 modules connected in series. The equivalent model of the PV cell considered is
shown in Figure 2. The PV array is connected to the DC bus through a boost converter (BC), whose duty
cycle is adjusted to extract the maximum available power using the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm.
This algorithm illustrated in Figure 3 continuously modifies the converter's duty cycle to optimize the input
resistance, aligning it with the internal resistance of the PV array at the maximum power point (MPP), thus
ensuring that Rin equals Rmp. The converter's duty cycle ‘Dmp’ at MPP can be computed using (1).
Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for a microgrid with hybrid energy … (Suganthi Neelagiri)
1994  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑅𝑚𝑝
𝐷𝑚𝑝 = 1 − √( ) (1)
𝑅𝐿

Rmp = input resistance of PV array at MPP

RL = output resistance of boost converter
And the inductor value of the BC is calculated using (2).

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑣𝑚𝑃×𝐷𝑚𝜌)/ (𝛥𝐼̅𝑜𝑢𝑡 x 𝑓) (2)

Where,
Vmp = voltage at maximum power point
𝛥𝐼̅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = permissible change in current (10%)
f = switching frequency
PV module parameters are given in Table 1.

2.2. Wind energy system

Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbine is utilized in the proposed
system. The MATLAB model of PMSG wind turbine is utilized for simulation of the proposed system. The
PMSG wind turbine is popular because it has a greater efficiency and power factor, no gearbox system, not
required continuous maintenance, flexible active and reactive power regulation, and dissipation, among other
advantages. More than 65% of newly built wind turbines (in MW units) are based on this idea, with fixed-
speed wind turbines accounting for 18% of the market.
The mechanical power (𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ ) generated in the wind turbine is given by (3).

𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 1⁄2 ∗ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑅2 ∗ 𝑉 3 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∗ 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) (3)

Where,
ρair = air density (kg/m3) = 1.225 kg/m3
R = rotor radius (m)
Vwind = wind speed (m/s)

Table 1. PV module details

S.NO PV cell details Magnitude
1 Short circuit current 8.66 A
2 Maximum voltage 30.7 V
3 Voltage at open circuit condition 37.3 V
4 Maximum current 8.15 A
5 Temperature coefficient of Voc -0.36901
6 Maximum power 250.205 W
7 Temperature co-efficient of Isc 0.086998
Figure 2. PV cell

Figure 3. Flow chart of perturb and observe algorithm

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1995

The power efficiency factor, Cp, is influenced by the blade angle β and the tip speed ratio λ. Cp is a
function of λ and β, and the optimal value of Cp falls between 0.52 and 0.55. The power output versus wind
speed graph of the model used can be found in Figure 4. The specification of the chose wind turbine is given
in Table 2.

2.3. Hybrid energy storage system (HESS)

Hybrid energy storage system considered in the presented work is Li-ion batteries and
supercapacitors and the models available in MATLAB/Simulink have been utilized. Compared to
prominently used lead-acid batteries, Li-ion batteries have a high energy density, battery capacity, long life,
and 80-100% depth of charge. Additionally, they are not toxic to the environment since they use carbon as an
anode and lithium salt as a cathode. The utilized MATLAB battery model takes into account seven variables,
including temperature, state of charge (SOC), and current capacity. All these characteristics change as the
battery is charged and discharged. Figure 5 shows the subsystems of the Simulink battery model created by
MATLAB (2018). In this model, the battery is demonstrated as a current source control with internal
resistance. The battery gets periodically charged or drained depending on its charge level and amount of
electrical power generated. The voltage of the battery rises during charging, and the current rises during
discharging. The discharge characteristics of the battery provide the model constraints. The accumulating and
discharging characteristics are equal in measurement. The Simulink model of the battery is illustrated in
Figure 5. In this work the supercapacitor model illustrated in Figure 6 is utilized, which is available in
MATLAB. The supercapacitor is modelled as a regulated voltage source with internal resistance.
Specifications of HESS are given in Table 3.

Table 2. PMSG wind system specification

Parameters Value
Maxpower, wind speed 1 KW, 12 m/s
Rotor radius 1m
Tip speed 8.1
Air density 1.3 Kg/m3

Table 3. HESS parameters

Parameters Value
Battery nominal voltage Voltage (V) 300 V
Battery rated capacity Ah 48 Ah
Super capacitor capacitance C 99.5 F
Super capacitor rated voltage Voltage (V) 300 V
DC-DC converter parameters Inductance, capacitance, L = 0.02 mH, C = 300 µF,
connected to battery frequency, voltage V0 = 50 V

Turbine Power Characteristics (Pitch angle beta = 0 deg)

Turbine output power (pu of nominal mechanical power)

14.4 m/s
1.2

1 13.2 m/s

0.8 Max. power at base wind speed (12 m/s) and beta = 0 deg
12 m/s

0.6
10.8 m/s

0.4 9.6 m/s

8.4 m/s
0.2
7.2 m/s
6 m/s
1.2 pu
0

-0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Turbine speed (pu of nominal generator speed)

Figure 4. Wind turbine power output response for various wind speed

Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for a microgrid with hybrid energy … (Suganthi Neelagiri)
1996  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 5. Simulink battery model (MATLAB)

Figure 6. Super capacitor model MATLAB (2018)

3. CONTROL APPROACH
The energy management control strategy is designed to maintain a constant DC link voltage of
400 V. The diagram in Figure 7 illustrates the fuzzy-based energy management control system. The fuzzy
controller takes the DC link current, battery state of charge (SOC), and supercapacitor SOC as inputs. Based
on these inputs, the fuzzy system generates a current control signal, which is then used to create reference
control signals for the battery and supercapacitor current controllers. The battery and supercapacitor current
controllers produce switching pulses for their respective DC-DC bidirectional converters based on the FL
algorithm. The fuzzy-based EMS utilizes the SOC of both the battery and supercapacitor, as well as the
available DC link current, to generate the control output. The primary goal of this algorithm is to maintain a
stable DC link voltage while avoiding a 100% depth of discharge of the energy storage devices and
maintaining state of charge of battery at 50% and improve the battery life span. The control strategy involves
obtaining the DC link reference current from a PI controller, which uses the deviation between the actual DC
link voltage and the reference DC link voltage as its input. This DC link current signifies the total current
requirement from the microgrid. The variable I dcref is the sum of the supercapacitor reference current and the
battery reference current, as expressed in (4).

𝐼𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑓 (4)

Where,
𝐼𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑓 = total DC link current reference
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓 = reference current for battery controller
𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑓 = reference current for super capacitor
The DC bus voltage is regulated to a constant value by representing the DC bus using (5).
𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑖𝑝𝑣 + 𝑖𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 − 𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (5)
𝑑𝑡

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025: 1991-2004
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1997

The DC link current input of the fuzzy system, specifically the Mamdani model, is defined by two
membership functions: positive and negative, as illustrated in Figure 8(a). The allowable range for variations
in the DC link current is from -5 to 5, also shown in Figure 8(a). Additionally, the state of charge (SOC) of
the battery (denoted as SOCbat) is another input for the fuzzy energy management (EM) system,
characterized by three membership functions: low, medium, and high. The SOC of the battery ranges from
0% to 100%. Similarly, the SOC of the supercapacitor is represented by the same three membership
functions: low, medium, and high. The SOC range considered for both the battery and the supercapacitor is
0% to 100%, as depicted in Figures 8(b) and 8(c).

Figure 7. Fuzzy based EMS control strategy

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 8. Input membership functions: (a) Idcref, (b) SOC battery, and (C) SOCsc

Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for a microgrid with hybrid energy … (Suganthi Neelagiri)
1998  ISSN: 2088-8694

The details are given in Table 4. Idcref is the total current requirement of the microgrid. I dcref will be
negative if generated power is greater than the load. It will be positive, when load demand is more than the
generated power. The fuzzy controller rules are designed based on the SOCs of ESS and I dcref to achieve the
load requirement. Any excess energy will be stored in the battery and supercapacitor based on their SOC
levels as per the fuzzy rules provided in Table 5, and the corresponding fuzzy surface is illustrated in
Figure 9. The fuzzy energy management control algorithm is detailed in Table 5.

Table 4. Membership function table

Membership function SOCb-range battery SOCsc- range supercapacitor
Low 0-20% 0-20%
Medium 20-85% 20-85%
High 85-95% 85-95%

Table 5. Fuzzy control algorithm rules

Idcref (N-generation more, P-load demand more) SOCb SOCsc Iscref
N -generation more than load 0-20% 20-85% Zero (battery gets charged)
0-20% 85-95% Zero (battery gets charged)
20-85% 0-20% P (SC gets charged)
20-85% 20-85% Zero (battery and SC gets charged)
20-85% 85-95% Zero (battery gets charged)
85-95% 0-20% P (SC gets charged)
85-95% 20-85% P (SC gets charged)
85-95% 85-95% P (battery and SC gets charged)
P -load demand more than generation 0-20% 0-20% N (battery and SC discharges)
0-20% 20-85% N (SC discharges)
0-20% 85-95% N (SC discharges)
20-85% 0-20% Zero (battery discharges)
20-85% 85-95% N (battery and SC discharges)
85-95% 0-20% Zero (battery discharges)
85-95% 20-85% N (battery and SC discharges)

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Fuzzy surface: (a) SOCb and (b) SOCsc

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The proposed microgrid with PV and PMSG-wind energy systems is simulated in MATLAB. The
simulation of the proposed microgrid system is depicted in Figure 10 and simulation of fuzzy logic-based
energy management system is given in Figure 11. From Figure 11, it can be observed that DC link current,
SOCs of battery and SC is given as input to fuzzy logic controller.
The fuzzy logic controller generates current references based on the inputs and the fuzzy logic-based
energy management algorithm. These current references are provided to the current controllers of both the
battery and the supercapacitor. The reference currents are then compared to their actual currents, and the
difference is sent to the current controllers to produce the necessary switching pulses. The proposed FL based
EM controller is analyzed for four different scenarios as follows: i) generation variation, ii) real time
generation variation of PV and wind, iii) load variation, additionally iv) comparative analysis is carried out
between the proposed fuzzy based energy management system and PI -controller based cascaded dual loop
energy management system proposed in [31] for standalone mode and the detailed analysis of PI controller-
based EM s is given in [31].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025: 1991-2004
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1999
Gain=-1

Voltage Measurement
X
÷ X v
÷

Generator speed (pu)

X Tm
0
Pitch angle (deg) Tm (pu)
Pwind
PWM X
A
Current Measurement
m
Wind speed (m/s) N
12
B
ʅ
1e3 X C
÷
Voltage Measurement
Measurement
3.8*12/1.3 block

Isc AC-DC Converter

Current Measurement

NOT
Vsc
+

SOC_SC m
-

DC-DC Bidirectional Converter

Irradiance
(W/m2)3

IPV
1000
G L
28 Iload
T
PV Panel C1 PWM_DC
1Soltech 1STH-250-WH
8-module string
R2
1 Parallel strings

Boost converter

Discrete 1e-05s
Current
Measurement Ibat

L1 NOT
Vbat
Current Measurement
+
SOC_ X v
bat ÷
- Co
Load_Voltage1

DC-DC Bidirectional Converter

Figure 10. Simulation of the presented microgrid

Figure 11. Fuzzy-based EM controller (simulation)

4.1. Generation variation

4.1.1. Case 1: Load power less than generating power
To verify the system performance for generation variation, the load power of the proposed
microgrid is kept constant at 1,600 W. Wind power remains at 800 W while the PV generation power is
varied between 1,000 W and 500 W at t = 1 second, as shown in Figure 12. During the first one second, the
power generated from wind and PV is excess than the load power of 1,600 W. The extra power is stored in
the supercapacitor as per the fuzzy algorithm given in Table 5 as both battery and supercapacitor are in the
medium charge level. At t = 1 second, when the PV generation power is reduced to 500 W, the
supercapacitor delivers the transient power requirement of the load, followed by the battery as per the fuzzy
energy management system, as depicted in Figure 12. Throughout this process, the DC link voltage is
sustained at a fixed value of 400 V, as demonstrated in Figure 12 for the fuzzy logic-based EM control
system. The same scenario is simulated with dual-loop cascaded PI controller-based EM presented in [31].
However, in the case of the cascaded dual-loop PI controller-based EM system, this sudden change
in generation variation leads to load fluctuation for 50 ms, and the DC link voltage reduces to 385 V. It

Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for a microgrid with hybrid energy … (Suganthi Neelagiri)
2000  ISSN: 2088-8694

gradually restores to 400 V in the next 50 ms as shown in Figure 13. Therefore, from the analysis, it is
evident that fuzzy-based EM system offers fast DC link voltage regulation and load stability and reliability.

4.1.2. Case 2: Real time PV and wind generation variation

To investigate the generation variation condition of the presented microgrid with HESS devices, real
solar irradiation and wind speed data were collected from the websites of the Global Wind Atlas and the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory and used as inputs to the modelled PV and wind energy systems of
the suggested microgrid. One whole day data is taken and converted into 24 sec data to do simulation study.
And the simulation of the same is given in Figure 14. From the Figure 14, it can be observed that PV
generation is varying throughout the day, and wind power generation fluctuates between 700 to 750 W.
For this generation variation proposed microgrid is simulated for load power of 2,000 W.
Additionally it can be noted from Figure 14 that, irrespective of the fluctuations in the PV and wind
generation, proposed MG with HESS maintains energy balance by preserving the DC link voltage at 400 V.
Extra energy required is delivered by SC and battery. This same scenario is simulated with dual-loop
cascaded PI controller-based EM and is illustrated in Figure 15. And in this case, when the generation
variation is introduced, the load and DC-bus voltage fluctuates for 30 ms, and then restores to the steady
condition, as depicted in Figure 15.

Figure 12. Generation variation (fuzzy) Figure 13. Simulation results for generation variation
(PI controller)

Figure 14. Real time generation variation (fuzzy) Figure 15. Real time generation variation
(PI-controller)

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025: 1991-2004
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2001

4.2. Load variation

4.2.1. Case 1: with generating power more than load power
To study the load variation, the PV generation is kept constant at 1,600 W and wind power at 800
W. The load is changed from 1,400 W to 2,000 W at t = 0.5 s, as shown in Figure 16. Initially, from 0 to 0.5
sec, the generation power combining wind and PV is 2,300, and the load power is 1,400. In this case, the
generation power is more than the load power, so the extra available power is utilized to charge the HESS. At
0.5 second, when the load power is increased from 1,400 W to 2,000 W, the sudden transient is supplied by
the supercapacitor, and then it is supplied from generating sources, as shown in Figure 16. In the case of FL-
based EM controller, the DC link voltage is also sustained at 400 V. The same scenario is simulated with PI
controller-based dual-loop cascaded EM, when an unexpected load change happens, the DC link voltage
fluctuation occurs for 50 ms. This happens even though it is managed by the supercapacitor and battery, and
then it restores to 400 V, as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 16. Load variation1 (fuzzy) Figure 17. Load variation1 (PI controller)

4.2.2. Case 2: Load variation-load power is more than the generation

Another load change scenario is analyzed, and the results are presented in Figure 18 for the EM
based on FL and in Figure 19 for the PI controller based dual-loop cascaded energy management systems.
The PV generation is maintained at 1,600 W, and the load power is increased from 1,500 W to 2,500 W at
0.5 seconds. In the case of the cascaded dual-loop PI controller-based EM system, it took approximately 45
milliseconds to achieve 2,500 W load power after the load change is introduced. Fuzzy-based systems once
again demonstrated good results in terms of DC link voltage and load reliability. It took 50 milliseconds to
restore the DC link voltage after the load change, as depicted in Figure 19.
To analyses the pattern of the system performance, further system is simulated for different cases.
The results are tabulated in the Table 6. From the analysis table it is observed that fuzzy based system
performs better compared to the PI controller, it quickly restores the DC link voltage with load reliability.

Table 6. Consolidation of results: comparison between HESS

Scenario PV power Wind Load power PI controller EMS (voltage Fuzzy EMS (voltage
change power change deviation/restoration time) deviation restoration time)
Generation 1,000 W to 800 W 1,600 W 15 V / 50 ms 2 V / 2 ms
variation 500 W
100 W to 500 800 W 1,800 W 15 V / 30 ms 2 V / 2 ms
W
Load variation 1,600 W 800 W 1,400 W to 15 V / 50 ms 2 V / 2 ms
2,000 W
1,600 W 800 W 1,500 W to 15 V / 50 ms 2 V / 2 ms
2,500 W
Generation & load 1,000 W to 800 W 1,500 W to 15 V / 50 ms 2 V / 2 ms
variation 500 W 2,000 W
1,500 W to 800 W 1,500 W to 15 V / 50 ms 2 V / 2 ms
1000 W 2,000 W

Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for a microgrid with hybrid energy … (Suganthi Neelagiri)
2002  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 18. Load variation (fuzzy) Figure 19. Load variation (PI-controller)

5. CONCLUSION
Energy management system for a presented microgrid with a HESS designed using fuzzy logic. The
analysis focused on the system's performance under various load and generation circumstances. The investigation
shows that even in the occurrence of power and load mismatches, the DC link voltage maintained constant. The
comparative evaluation highlights the superior performance of the fuzzy logic-based energy management system
(EMS) over the conventional PI controller-based EMS in ensuring DC link voltage stability under dynamic
operating conditions. The fuzzy logic approach effectively minimizes voltage deviations to 2 V, whereas the PI
controller exhibits significantly higher fluctuations of 15 V, potentially affecting system reliability. Additionally,
the fuzzy-based EMS achieves rapid voltage restoration within 2 ms, demonstrating a 25-fold improvement over
the PI controller’s 50 ms recovery time. These results indicate that the fuzzy logic-based EMS is a more effective
and adaptive control approach for HESS in microgrids. By offering enhanced voltage stability, quicker response to
disturbances, and improved power quality, the fuzzy logic approach emerges as a more robust alternative to
traditional PI-based controllers, making it well-suited for modern energy management applications. While the
proposed fuzzy logic-based EMS has demonstrated significant improvements in voltage stability and dynamic
response, there is potential for further enhancement. Future research can focus on integrating artificial intelligence
(AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques to develop an adaptive and self-learning EMS capable of real-time
optimization based on historical and predictive data. Additionally, the implementation of hybrid control strategies
combining fuzzy logic with reinforcement learning or MPC can further improve system efficiency and resilience.
Experimental authentication using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations and real-time microgrid
implementations will also be essential to validate the effectiveness of the planned system in practical applications.

FUNDING INFORMATION
Authors state no funding involved.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Suganthi Neelagiri ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Pasumarthi Usha ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Siddalingappagouda ✓ ✓ ✓
Biradar
C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization
M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing - Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review & Editing

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025: 1991-2004
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2003

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

Authors state no conflict of interest.

DATA AVAILABILITY
Data availability is not applicable to this paper as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Suganthi Neelagiri received the bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering from Bharathiyar University in 2001, the master's degree in Electrical Power and
Energy System from Uttara Pradesh Technical University in 2013, and completed philosophy
of doctorate degree in Electrical Engineering from Visvesvaraya University in October 2024,
She is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. Her research areas include
microgrid, renewable energy systems, energy storage systems. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Pasumarthi Usha received the bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronics

from J.N.T.U, College of Engineering Kakinada in 1990, the master's degree in Power System
with emphasis in High Voltage from J.N.T.U, College of Engineering Kakinada in 1992, and
the Ph.D. in HVDC Power Transmission from Visvesvaraya Technical University in 2013,
respectively. She is currently working as a Professor at the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. Her research areas HVDC
power systems, microgrid, and power electronics. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Dr. Siddalingappagouda Biradar is currently working as an associate professor

in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar
Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore. He has completed 12 years of
Teaching Experience, previously, he was working at Don Bosco Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, 2011-2019. He earned his BE [Electronics & Communication Engg.] from
B.L.D.E. A’s Dr. P. G Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijaypura in 2007,
M.Tech. [DC&N] from KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi in 2011, and Ph.D. from
Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi in 2019, pursuing post-doctoral
fellowship in 5G and 6G Technologies from Srinivas University, 2022 respectively. He has
published more than 30 research articles in international conference proceedings and journals,
and was awarded with best paper. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2025: 1991-2004