MATHEMATICS 9 – REVIEWER

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS In this example, the equation follows the form

𝑥 2 − 𝑘 = 0, but what about:
INTRODUCTION/REFRESHER
FIGURE 1b: 𝑥 2 + 49 = 0
You may remember the topics from Grade 8
𝑥 2 = −49
were all about Linear Equations (where the
highest degree is 1). √𝑥 2 = √−49
𝑥 = ±7𝑖
WHAT ARE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS?
In this example, the equation follows the form
Quadratic Equations are a polynomial equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑘 = 0, and the result is imaginary. Why?
in one variable expressed in the form
When the value inside the radical sign is
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, negative, it can be divided into the ff.:
√−𝑎 = √−1 • √𝑎
where a, b and c are real numbers such that
Let √𝑎 = ±𝑏
a ≠ 0. Also named as second-degree equation
√−𝑎 = √−1 • ±𝑏
because its highest exponent or degree is two.
The constant representation of √−1 = 𝑖.
ARE THESE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS? The letter I stands for imaginary, as there
are no integer values for such. Thus:
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5 = 0 Yes √−𝑎 = ±𝑏𝑖
2
2𝑓 − 3 = 0 Yes QUESTION: But how about when a≠1?
𝑧 3 − 14 = 0 No
𝑔2 + 14𝑔 = 0 Yes FIGURE 2: 2𝑥 2 − 8 = 0
What did you notice?
To find the value of x, make sure that a=1,
- Even if there are only two terms in the
how?
polynomial, if the highest degree is 2, the
equation is a quadratic. Divide all the terms of the equation by the
value of a
WAYS TO SOLVE QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS 2𝑥 2 = 8
2
There are many ways to solve quadratic 𝑥2 = 4
equations, the ff. are: √𝑥 2 = √4
▪ Extracting Square Roots 𝑥 = ±2
▪ Factoring Another way to extract square roots is to use
▪ Completing the square, and the:
▪ Quadratic Formula
QUOTIENT RULE
EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOTS
𝑥𝑚
SQUARE ROOT PROPERTY = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 > 𝑛
𝑥𝑛
If 𝑎𝑥 2 = 𝑘, and k is a non-negative integer,
then 𝑥 = ±√𝑘 HOW: 𝑣𝑥 2 ± 𝑤𝑥 = 0
Equations in the form of 𝑎𝑥 2 = 𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑘 =
0 for a=1 lack the constant term (bx), which 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑤𝑥
=±
means b = 0 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
𝑤
𝑥 = ± , 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ∈ ℤ, 𝑣 ≠ 0
EXAMPLES 𝑣
FIGURE 3: 3𝑥 2 ± 12𝑥 = 0
FIGURE 1a: 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0
3𝑥 2 ± 12𝑥 = 0
𝑥2 = 9
3𝑥 2 12𝑥
√𝑥 2 = √9 =
3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑥 = ±3 𝑥=4
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
FACTORING FIGURE 5: 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 7 = 0

Factoring is one of the easiest ways to find the 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 6 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12

roots of a quadratic equation. A transformed
standard equation to a factored equation is:
𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 14 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)
𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 = (𝑥 ± 𝑚)(𝑥 ± 𝑛), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 1 2 7 7
2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 7 = (𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − )
2 2 2
FIGURE 4a: 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 = (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 7)
𝑥 − 1 = 0 | 2𝑥 − 7 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
7
𝑥+1=0|𝑥+3=0 𝑥 = 1| 𝑥 =
2
𝑥 = −1 | 𝑥 = −3
Something to notice about the partial factors:
A tip to remember: 7
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − )
For any equation 2
𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 = (𝑥 ± 𝑚)(𝑥 ± 𝑛) The values of x can already be taken from the
Where a=1: partial factors; flip the sign and you’re done!
𝑏 = 𝑚 + 𝑛, 𝑐 = 𝑚𝑛,
𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑥 2 ± (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 ± 𝑚𝑛 COMPLETING THE SQUARE
Fun fact: The Punnett Square, usually used to
visualize genetic inheritance, can also visualize Completing the square means completing a
the process of factoring/multiplying two perfect square trinomial,
binomials. (𝑥 ± 𝑤)2 = 𝑥 2 ± 2𝑤𝑥 + 𝑤 2
FIGURE 4b: 𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 36 = 0 To complete the square means finding the
Using 𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑥 2 ± (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 ± 𝑚𝑛 value of w2, how?
Identify: 𝑚𝑛 = 36, 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 13 FIGURE 6a: 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0
For what values of m and n will the two
conditions be satisfied? How will you solve this?

Step 1: Move the constant to the other side

m n m+n mn −5 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
1 36 37 36
2 18 20 36 Step 2: Divide the value of b in 2, then find its
3 12 15 36 square
4 9 13 36
𝑏 6 𝑏
6 6 12 36 𝑏 = −6, =− , = −3
𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = 9 2 2 2
Step 3: Square the value of b/2
𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 36 = 𝑥 2 + (4 + 9)𝑥 + (4)(9)
𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 36 = 𝑥 2 + (4 + 9)𝑥 + (4)(9) 𝑏 2
(𝑥 + 𝑚)(𝑥 + 𝑛) = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 9) ( ) = (−3)2 = 9
2
𝑥+4=0|𝑥+9=0
𝑥 = −4 | 𝑥 = −9 Step 4a: Add to both sides

QUESTION: But how about when a≠1? −5 + 9 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9

4 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
Answer: A tip to easily factorize equations
where a≠1 is to multiply the value of a to c: Step 4b: If ever b2 is a fraction, convert the
whole number to a fraction (multiply by and
𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑎𝑐 copy the denominator)
𝑚 𝑛
𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑎𝑐 ⇒ (𝑥 ± )(𝑥 ± )
𝑎 𝑎 Step 4c: Simplify
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
Step 5: Find the square root of the trinomial 𝑏𝑥 𝑐
𝑥2 + =−
and square root both sides 𝑎 𝑎
2
2
𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 2
√4 = √(𝑥 − 3)2 𝑥 + +( ) =− +( )
±2 = 𝑥 − 3
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
2 2
𝑏𝑥 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
Step 6: Solve for both values
𝑥2 + + =− + 2
𝑎 4𝑎2 𝑎 4𝑎
2
𝑥 − 3 = 2 | 𝑥 − 3 = −2
𝑏 𝑐(4𝑎) 𝑏2
(𝑥 + ) = − +
𝑥 = 2 + 3 | 𝑥 = −2 + 3 2𝑎 𝑎(4𝑎) 4𝑎2
𝑥 =5|𝑥−1
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
√(𝑥 + ) =√
Step 7: You’re done! 2𝑎 4𝑎2
FIGURE 6b: 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑏 ±√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥+ =
Step 1: −3 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 2𝑎 2𝑎
2
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏 7 𝑥=
Step 2: 𝑏 = 7, 2
=2 2𝑎
FIGURE 7: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑏 2 7 2 49
Step 3: ( ) = ( ) =
2 2 4 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
Step 4a: −3 +
49
= 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 +
49 2𝑎
4 4 −(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(1)(3)
49−12 49
𝑥 =
Step 4b: = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2(1)
4 4
2 ± √4 − 12
37 49 𝑥 =
Step 4c: 4
= 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 4
2
2 ± √−8
𝑥 =
37 7 2 2
Step 5: √ 4 = √(𝑥 + 2)
2 ± 2𝑖√2
𝑥 = = 1 ± 𝑖√2
7 √37 −7±√37 2
Step 6: 𝑥 +2 = ± 2 ,𝑥 = 2
NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF
Note: If ever the term on the left side has a
radical sign, as much as possible simplify.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC FORMULA DISCRIMINANT

You all have heard or seen the quadratic The discriminant helps determine the nature of
formula, but for those who didn’t, it is: the roots of a quadratic equation. The formula
for the discriminant is the expression inside the
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 square root in the quadratic formula
𝑥= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0
2𝑎
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
The quadratic formula hosts many essential
formulas later, like the discriminant and the When D=0 ℝ, =
formulas of the vertex of a quadratic function. When D>0, D is a
ℚ, ≠
perfect square
The quadratic formula is the most effective way When D>0, D is not a
ℚ′ , ≠
to find the roots of x, yet it is a tedious process. perfect square
When D<0 𝕀
HOW TO DERIVE THE QUADRATIC ℝ - real numbers
FORMULA ℚ/’ – ir/rational
𝕀 - imaginary
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑏𝑥 𝑐
𝑥2 + +
𝑎 𝑎
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
FIGURE 8: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 F-(𝑥)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
O-(𝑥)(13) = 13𝑥
𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
I-(−7)(𝑥) = −7𝑥
𝐷 = (−2)2 − 4(1)(3)
L-(−7)(13) = −91
𝐷 = 4 − (12)
𝐷 = −8 = 𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 91
= 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 91
𝐷 − 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
TRANSFORMING AND SOLVING
RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
SUM AND PRODUCT OF THE
ROOTS OF QUADRATIC Rational Algebraic Equations include all
equations with whole number and fraction
EQUATIONS expressions.
SUM 4 𝑥
FIGURE 10b: 𝑥 + 2 = 3
The sum of the roots can be determined by:
Step 1: Multiply both sides by the
−𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 LCD/denominators of both terms
𝑆 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 =
2𝑎
−2𝑏 𝑏 4 𝑥
𝑆 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = =− (2)(𝑥) ( + ) = (3)(2)(𝑥)
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 2
PRODUCT Step 2: Simplify

The product of the roots can be determined by: 8 + 𝑥 2 = 6𝑥

2 Step 3: Move all terms to one side and
(−𝑏)2 ± (√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐)
𝑃 = (𝑟1 )(𝑟2 ) = rearrange according to degree/exponent
(2𝑎)2
2 2 number
𝑏 − 𝑏 + 4𝑎𝑐 4𝑎𝑐 𝑐
𝑃 = (𝑟1 )(𝑟2 ) = = 2=
4𝑎2 4𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
FIGURE 9: 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝑜𝑓 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 7 = 0 Step 4: Apply one of the methods of solving for
𝑏 9 the roots of the quadratic equation (Factoring).
𝑆=− = − (− ) Solve for the roots
𝑎 2
9 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑆=
2 𝑥−2=0|𝑥−4=0
𝑐 7
𝑃= = 𝑥 =2|𝑥 =4
𝑎 2
CHECKING
EQUATIONS TRANSFORMABLE
4 𝑥
TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS + = 3, 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 2
TRANSFORMING INTEGER 4 4
+ = 1 + 2 = 3, 𝑥 = 4 𝑖𝑠 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸
EQUATIONS 4 2

To transform quadratic equations, you can use 4 𝑥

+ = 3, 𝑥 = 2
the FOIL method 𝑥 2
F-irst 4 2
O-uter + = 2 + 1 = 3, 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸
2 2
I-nner
L-ast

FIGURE 10a: (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 13)

 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES Notes:
For quadratic inequalities that are not perfect
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES IN ONE squares:
VARIABLE
1) If all terms or ax2 and c are positive:
Quadratic inequalities make use of the a) When the equation is greater than/or
less/greater than/equal to symbols. equal to zero, all regions are true.
b) When the equation is less than/or equal
a>b a is greater than b to zero, all regions are false.
a<b a is less than b 2) If ax2 is positive, bx and c are negative or
a≥b a is greater than or If ax2/and bx are positive, c is negative:
equal to b
a) When the equation is greater than/or
a≤b a is less than or
equal to zero, the outer regions are true.
equal to b
b) When the equation is less than/or equal
Quick Tip: wherever the sign opens is the
to zero, the inner region is true.
greater of the two values
3) If ax2 is negative, bx and c are positive, or
SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES If ax2 and bx are negative, c is positive:
IN ONE VARIABLE a) When the equation is less than/or equal
to zero, the outer regions are true.
FIGURE 11: 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 ≥ 0 b) When the equation is greater than/or
Step 1: Set both sides equal equal to zero, the inner region is true.
4) If all terms are negative or ax2 and c are
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 negative:
a) When the equation is less than/or equal
Step 2: Solve like a regular quadratic equation
to zero, all regions are true.
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 b) When the equation is greater than/or
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 equal to zero, all regions are false.
𝑥+2=0|𝑥−3=0
𝑥 = −2 | 𝑥 = 3 To visualize in a chart:

Step 3: Plot the points in a number line Outer Inner

𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 Zero
Region Region
+ + +
TRUE
+ - +
Step 4: Test a point in every region + + -
TRUE FALSE
+ - -
>/=
𝒙 ≤ −𝟐 −𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 𝒙≥𝟑 - + +
𝑥 = −2 𝑥=0 𝑥=3 FALSE TRUE
- - +
(−2)2 − (−2) − 6
(0)2 − 0 − 6 ≥ 0
(3)2 − 3 − 6 ≥ 0 - - -
≥0
9−9 ≥ 0 FALSE
4+2−6 ≥ 0 −6 ≥ 0 - + -
0≥0
0≥0
𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 𝐹𝐴𝐿𝑆𝐸 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸
Step 5: Draw the graph and write the values for Outer Inner
𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 Zero
x Region Region
+ + +
FALSE
+ - +
+ + -
FALSE TRUE
Set Notation: {𝑥|𝑥 ≤ −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3} + - -
</=
Interval Notation: (−∞, −2] ∪ [3, ∞) - + +
TRUE FALSE
- - +
- - -
TRUE
- + -
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
GRAPHING QUADRATIC 𝑦=
49 49
+ (− ) + 12
INEQUALITIES IN ONE VARIABLE 4 2
49 98 48
𝑦= − +
It is easy to graph x-axis quadratic inequalities 4 4 4
as long as you remember these short rules: −98 + 49 + 48 1
𝑦= =−
4 4
1) If the inequality has the “equal to” symbol,
7 1
the point where the x-values are is shaded 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 (ℎ, 𝑘) = − , −
in 2 4
2) If the inequality does not have the “equal Note: In graphing inequalities, a dashed line is
to” symbol, the point where the x-values are used for >/<, while a solid line is used for ≥/≤
is left hollow
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES IN TWO
VARIABLES REPRESENTING QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS
Quadratic inequalities in two variables are
written like: Quadratic functions are written in the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where a, b and c are real
𝑦 ≥ 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
numbers and a ≠ 0.
SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
TABLE OF VALUES
IN TWO VARIABLES
The table of values is a chart representation of
Solving quadratic inequalities in two variables whole number coordinates that the graph of the
is much like solving in one variable. Only this quadratic inequality passes through. This helps
time, we will be utilizing the table of values. us to draw/visualize the graph.
TO FIND THE VERTEX OF A QUADRATIC To determine if a table of values represents a
EQUATION/INEQUALITY: quadratic function, their second differences
FIGURE 12: 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 must be equal.

To find the vertex’s x-coordinate, substitute it X -2 -1 0 1 2

to this formula: Y 20 12 6 0 0

𝑏
𝑉ℎ = − 1ST DIFFERENCE -8 -6 -4 -2
2𝑎
Vh- vertex h
2ND DIFFERENCE 2 2 2
𝑏 7 7
𝑉ℎ = − =− =−
2𝑎 (2)(1) 2
VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC
To find the vertex’s Y-coordinate, you have 2
FUNCTION WHEN A=1
options:
The vertex form of a quadratic function is
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝐹1 : 𝑉𝑘 = written as:
4𝑎
Vk- vertex k 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘

The second way to solve vertex k is to Where h and k are the coordinates of the
substitute the value of h into the vertex.
equation/inequality. When a=1, to find the vertex form of the
equation:
7 2 7
𝑦 = (− ) + 7 (− ) + 12
2 2
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
FIGURE 13: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 FIGURE 15: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15

Step 1: Isolate the terms containing x. Step 1: Calculate for vertex h using 𝑉ℎ = − 2𝑎
𝑏

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥) + 12 8
𝑉ℎ = − = −2
Step 2: Complete the perfect square trinomial 2(2)
inside the parenthesis, subtract the same term Step 2: Substitute the value of h as x in the
to the outside. quadratic equation to find k (in short: f(h))
49 49
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + ) + 12 − 𝑓(ℎ) = 2(−2)2 + 8(−2) + 15
4 4 𝑓(ℎ) = 2(4) + (−16) + 15
Step 3: Factor the inside and simplify the 𝑓(ℎ) = 8 − 16 + 15
outside 𝑓(ℎ) = 7

7 2 48 49 Step 3: Now that we know the values for h and

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + ) + − k, substitute it to the vertex form equation:
2 4 4
7 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)2 + 7
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + ) − 1/4
2
Step 4: Substitute the value of a into the
Step 4: You’re done!
equation:
VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 7
FUNCTION WHEN A≠1 Step 5: You’re done!
FIGURE 14: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 15
2
GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Step 1: Isolate the terms containing x. The graph of any quadratic function/equation is
𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥) + 15 a parabola. The opening of the parabola is
determined by the value of a, when a is larger,
Step 2: Divide the terms on the inside by the the opening is smaller and vice versa. When a
value of a on ax2, transfer the number outside. is negative, the graph opens downward.
𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) + 15 RELEVANT TERMINOLOGIES:
Step 3: Complete the perfect square trinomial Vertex – minimum/maximum point of the
inside the parenthesis, multiply the term by graph
the value of a before subtracting outside. Opening – how the graph opens
𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 15 − 2(4) Domain – set of all values of x
𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 15 − 8 Range – exclusive set of y-values where the
parabola opens
Step 4: Factor the inside and simplify the x-intercept – the value of x when y=0
outside y-intercept – the value of y when x=0
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 15 − 8 Axis of Symmetry – imaginary line that divides
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 7 the graph into two (determined by the x-
coordinate of the vertex)
Step 5: You’re done!
FINDING THE GRAPH OF A
TRANSFORMING QUADRATIC QUADRATIC FUNCTION
FUNCTIONS To find the graph of a quadratic function, we
must first ensure that the table of values
TRANSFORMING GENERAL TO
corresponds to an actual parabola. How? By
VERTEX FORM USING THE VERTEX OF looking at the second differences of the y-
THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION values.
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
FIGURE 15a: Find the graph of the table of X -1 0 1 2 3 4
values with the vertex given Y -3 -7 -9 -9 -7 -3

X -1 0 1 2 3
Y 0 -3 -4 -3 0 Step 1: Substitute three values into the general
form function

METHOD 1: USING THE VERTEX FORM EQUATION 1:

Step 1: Plug in the value of the vertex to the −7 = 𝑎(0)2 + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐

vertex form function −7 = 𝑐

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)2 − 4 EQUATION 2:

Step 2: To get the value of a, choose a point −3 = 𝑎(−1)2 + 𝑏(−1) + 𝑐

from the table of values to input to the function −3 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐

𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡: (3,0) EQUATION 3:

0 = 𝑎(3 − 1)2 − 4
−9 = 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 𝑐
0 = 𝑎(2)2 − 4
−9 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
0 = 4𝑎 − 4
Step 2: If there is a variable with a definite
Step 3: Transfer the constant to the other side,
value, substitute its value to the other
changing its sign.
equations
4𝑎 = 4
In this case, c=-7
Step 4: Simplify.
4𝑎 = 4 −9 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 7
=𝑎=1 −3 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 7
4
Step 5: For values of a≠1, substitute the value Step 3: Simplify
to the function. For a=1, remove the variable a −9 + 7 = −2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
(indicating that the multiplier is 1). −3 + 7 = 4 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 4 Step 4: To start the process of eliminating,
Step 6: You’re done! balance the two equations by multiplying

TO CONVERT TO GENERAL FORM: −2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

4=𝑎−𝑏
Step 7: Expand the term inside parenthesis
Step 5: Add both equations
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 4
𝑎−𝑏 =4
Step 8: If a≠1, multiply all values by a 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −2
Step 9: Remove the parenthesis and simplify. 2𝑎 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 4 Step 6: Isolate a by dividing both terms by its
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 coefficient

TEST (0, -3) 2𝑎 2

=
2 2
−3 = (0)2 − 2(0) − 3 𝑎=1
−3 = −3
Step 7: Substitute to an existing equation
Step 10: You’re done!
−9 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 7
FIGURE 15b: Find the graph of the table of −9 = (1) + 𝑏 − 7
values without the vertex −9 = 1 − 7 + 𝑏
 MATHEMATICS 9 - REVIEWER
−9 = −6 = 𝑏
−9 + 6 = 𝑏
𝑏 = −3

Step 8: Once all values have been obtained,

substitute back to general form
𝑎=1
𝑏 = −3
𝑐 = −7

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 7

TEST (1, -9)

−9 = (1)2 − 3(1) − 7
−9 = 1 − 3 − 7
−9 = −9

TO CONVERT TO VERTEX FORM:

Step 9: Isolate all values with x and complete

the square
9 9
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + ) − 7 −
4 4
Step 10: Factor the inside and simplify

3 2 37
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − ) −
2 4
Step 11: You’re done!

To find the equation of a quadratic function

using a graph, it’s best to select two points (if
possible, the zeros of the equation) and
substitute it to the function. This process will
be better executed on a piece of paper rather
than mentally, to ensure more accurate results.

CONCLUSION:
In topics like this, it’s best to be observant of
trends, as knowing of these can benefit you in
time challenges/constraints.

WORDS FROM THE AUTHOR:

To much more effectively learn about math and
these kinds of topics, it’s best to apply what
you’ve listened to. Working step-by-step will
help you to understand complex subjects like
this. Learning about the process equips you
with more knowledge than just reading.
“Believe you can and you’re halfway there.”
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