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Regarding Static

The document explains the 'static' keyword in Java, detailing its usage for static data members, methods, imports, initializer blocks, and nested classes. Static members are shared across all instances of a class and can be accessed without instantiation, while static methods cannot access non-static members directly. It also covers the purpose of static initializer blocks and the limitations of static nested classes in relation to outer class members.

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7 views2 pages

Regarding Static

The document explains the 'static' keyword in Java, detailing its usage for static data members, methods, imports, initializer blocks, and nested classes. Static members are shared across all instances of a class and can be accessed without instantiation, while static methods cannot access non-static members directly. It also covers the purpose of static initializer blocks and the limitations of static nested classes in relation to outer class members.

Uploaded by

rbkothari4776
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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static --- keyword in java

Usages
1. static data members --- Memory allocated only once at the class loading time ---
not saved on object heap --- but in special memory area -- method area (meta space)
. -- shared across all objects of the same class.
Initialized to their default values(eg --double --0.0,char -0, boolean -false,ref -
null)
How to refer ? -- className.memberName

eg -- class Emp {
public static int idCounter;
private String name;
private int empId;
...
}
If we hire 10 emps (i.e 10 emp objs created in the heap)
How many copies of
idCounter :
name :
empId :

2. static methods --- Can be accessed w/o instantiation.


(ClassName.methodName(....))
Can't access 'this' or 'super' from within static method.

Rules -- 1. Can static methods access other static members directly(w/o instance)
-- YES
2. Can static methods access other non-static members directly(w/o instance) --NO
3. Can non static methods access static members directly ? -- YES
eg : class A
{
private int i;
private static int j;
public static void show()
{

sop(i);
sop(j);
}
}

3. static import --- Can directly use static member/s from the specified class.
eg --
//can access directly , ALL static members of the System class
import static java.lang.System.*;
import static java.lang.Math.sqrt;
import java.util.Scanner;
main(...)
{
out.println(.....);
Scanner sc=new Scanner(in);
sqrt(12.34);
gc();
exit(0);

}
4. static initializer block
syntax --
static {
// block gets called only once at the class loading time , by JVM's classloader
// usage --1. to init all static data members
//& can add functionality -which HAS to be called precisely once.
Use case : singleton pattern , J2EE for loading hibernate/spring... frmwork.
}

They appear -- within class definition & can access only static members directly.
(w/o instance)
A class can have multiple static init blocks(legal BUT not recommended)

Regarding non-static initilizer blocks(instance initilizer block)


syntax
{
//will be called per instantiation --- before matching constructor
//Better alternative --- parameterized constructor.
}

5. static nested classes ---


In Java , you can create a statically nested class within outer class.

eg --
class Outer {
// static & non-static members
static class Nested
{
//can access ONLY static members of the outer class DIRECTLY(w/o inst)
}
}

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