Explain the concept of seismic base shear for structures;
Apply the principles of earthquake engineering and code provisions from National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015) in computing for the seismic base
shear;
Solve the seismic base shear for sample problems derived from real-world structural
projects
Determine vertical distribution of the base shear as lateral loads acting on each level of
a structure
1. All structures is subjected to static forces, of varying degree based
on the structure's properties, design, location, as well as their
purpose.
2. In earthquake engineering, it is important to understand the
seismic considerations when it comes to the computation of the
total weight of each floor, computation of the Structural Period (T),
and solving the Base Shear (V) and the Lateral Seismic Force (Fx).
3. This topic intends to give a guide on how to come up with these
computations based on the provisions of the National Structural
Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015.
Section dedicated to Earthquake Loads
Section 208.1.1 : Purpose
To design seismic-resistant structures against major
structural damage that may lead to loss of life and property
Provisions are not intended to assure zero-damage to
structures nor maintain their functionality after a severe
earthquake
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
NSCP 2015
NSCP 2015
SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE
Section 208.4.8
Static Simplified
Static
Dynamic
The Static lateral force procedure of 208.5 may be used for the following structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in Seismic
Zone 2.
2. Regular Structures under 75 m in height with lateral force resistance provided by
systems listed in table 208-11, except where 208.4.8.3, Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than 5 stories or 20 m in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion
where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as
being regular, the average storey stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times
the average storey stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire
structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered
as a separate structure fixed at the base.
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (TABLE 103-1)
Note: Ip – Importance Factor for non structural
components
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
The structural period, also
known as the fundamental
period of vibration, refers
to the natural time it takes for
a structure to oscillate back
and forth when disturbed. It's
a crucial factor in
understanding how a building
will behave during an
earthquake or other dynamic
forces
Seismic base shear is a result of an
earthquake occurrence. The base of a
structure (in contact with the ground
level) is considered to receive the
effects of the ground motion during a
seismic event.
The base shear (V) is the total design
lateral force at the base of the structure.
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
There are several parameters to be determined or calculated before arriving to the
final calculation of the seismic base shear
These values depend on the following factors:
1. Size and other characteristics of the earthquake
2. Distance from the fault
3. Site geology
4. Building system
5. Building occupancy
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Section 208.6.1 defines the seismic dead load, W, of a structure as the total dead load and
applicable portions of other loads listed below:
1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25% of the floor live load shall
be applicable
2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of not less than 0.5kN/m2
shall be included.
3. Total weight of permanent equipment shall be included
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
SECTION 208.4 : BASIS FOR DESIGN
Section 208.4.1 : General
“The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall
be determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics,
occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance
with this section.”
Section 208.4.2 : Occupancy Categories
Section 208.4.3 : Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Section 208.4.4 : Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
Section 208.4.5 : Configuration Requirements
Section 208.4.6 : Structural Systems
SECTION 208.4 : BASIS FOR DESIGN
• Section 208.4.2 : Occupancy Categories
Table 103-1 : Occupancy Category
Table 208-1 : Seismic Importance Factors
• Section 208.4.3 : Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Table 208-2 : Soil Profile Types
• Section 208.4.4 : Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
Table 208-3 : Seismic Zone
Table 208-4 : Seismic Source Types
Table 208-5 and 208-6 : Near Source Factor
Table 208-7 and 208-8 : Seismic Coefficient
SECTION 208.4 : BASIS FOR DESIGN
• Section 208.4.5 : Configuration Requirements
Table 208-9 : Vertical Structural Irregularities
Table 208-10 : Horizontal Structural Irregularities
• Section 208.4.6 : Structural Systems
Table 208-11(A) : Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
Table 208-11(B) : Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
Table 208-11(C) : Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Masonry
Table 208-11(D) : Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Wood
• Section 208.4.8 : Selection of Lateral Force Procedure
1 • OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (Table 103-1) pg 1- 6
2 • IMPORTANCE FACTORS (Table 208-1) pg 2 - 185
3 • SOIL PROFILE TYPES (Table 208-2) pg 2 - 186
4 • SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS (Table 208-2) & SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE (Table 208-4) pg 2 - 188
5 • NEAR SOURCE FACTORS (Tables 208-4 and 5) pg 2 - 207
6 • SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Table 208-7) pg 2 -207
7 • RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (Table 208-11 A,B,C) pg 2 - 223
8 • STRUCTURE PERIOD (Section 205.2.2) pg 2 - 215
9 • CALCULATE TOTAL WEIGHT AND BASE SHEAR (Equations 208-8 to 208-11) pg 2-214
10 • VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCES
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (TABLE 103-1)
Note: Ip – Importance Factor for non structural
components
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Two sets of factors to cover
different types of structures:
Na = acceleration-based factor
SHORT PERIOD STRUCTURES
Nv = velocity-based factor
LONG PERIOD STRUCTURES
Applicable only to structures in
Seismic Zone 4
Factors represent higher ground
acceleration near the seismic
source.
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Two sets of factors to cover different
types of structures:
• Ca = acceleration-based factor
• SHORT PERIOD STRUCTURES
• Cv = velocity-based factor
• LONG PERIOD STRUCTURES
• Factors consider seismicity and soil
conditions
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
The measure of ductility and
overstrength of the system
A structure has an inherent non-
linear energy absorption capacity,
which allows for limited structural
damage without impairing ability to
carry vertical loads and to ensure
safety
Ratio of base shear in a linear
elastic system to the design base
shear where inelastic behavior is
permitted
Note:
Table 208-11A is for Concrete
Table 208-11B is for Steel
Table 208-11C is for Masonry System
Table 208-11D is for Wood
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Vertical load- carrying walls located along exterior
wall lines and at interior locations as necessary
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
A structural system with an essentially complete
space frame providing support for vertical loads.
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Moment-resisting frame is a rectilinear assemblage of beams
and columns, with the beams rigidly connected to the
columns. Resistance to lateral forces is provided primarily by
rigid frame action – that is, by the development of bending
moment and shear force in the frame members and joints.
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Dual system is a system in which the resistance against lateral
forces is formed through a series of shear walls or braced
frames, with a series of moment frames. The shear portion of
each series is determined based on their lateral stiffness and
their interactions in all stories. Usually for high rise building.
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Note:
hn – total building height, m
Ac – combined effective area of the shear
Structure Period walls in the first storey of the structure, m2
- In structural engineering, the "structure period" Ae – minimum cross sectional area in any
or "fundamental period" refers to the natural horizontal plane in the first storey of the
time it takes for a structure to oscillate back and shear wall, m2
forth when disturbed, like during an De – length of the shear wall in the first
earthquake. It's a crucial factor in determining storey in the direction parallel to the
how a building will behave under seismic loads. applied force, m
Note:
V – design base shear
Cv – velocity-based factor
I – Seismic Importance Factor
R – Response Modification Factor
T – Period
W – Total Seismic Deadload
Ca - acceleration-based factor
Z – Seismic Zone
Nv - velocity-based factor
NSCP 2015 – SECTION 208 (TABLES)
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY NEAR-SOURCE FACTOR
SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR SEISMIC COEFFICIENT
SOIL PROFILE TYPE EARTHQUAKE-FORCE-
RESISTING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR
STRUCTURE PERIOD
SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE
1 • OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (Table 103-1) pg 1- 6
2 • IMPORTANCE FACTORS (Table 208-1) pg 2 - 185
3 • SOIL PROFILE TYPES (Table 208-2) pg 2 - 186
4 • SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS (Table 208-2) & SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE (Table 208-4) pg 2 - 188
5 • NEAR SOURCE FACTORS (Tables 208-4 and 5) pg 2 - 207
6 • SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Table 208-7) pg 2 -207
7 • RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (Table 208-11 A,B,C) pg 2 - 223
8 • STRUCTURE PERIOD (Section 205.2.2) pg 2 - 215
9 • CALCULATE TOTAL WEIGHT AND BASE SHEAR (Equations 208-8 to 208-11) pg 2-214
10 • VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCES
1. List all the Seismic 2. Compute the total weight of each floor
Considerations:
Occupancy Category
3. Compute for the Structural Period (T)
Importance Factor
Soil Profile Type
4. Solve for the Base Shear (V)
Seismic Zone Factor
Seismic Source Type
5. Solve the Lateral Seismic Force (Fx)
Seismic Coefficient: Ca & Cv
Near Source Factor: Na & Nv
Structural Design
Response Modification Factor: R
Profile and Information of the
Structure Building Seismic
• 4 – Storey Residential Building Information
• City of Manila, NCR
• Distance to nearest fault
• Reinforced Concrete Building line: 5 km
• Structural System: Special-Moment
Resisting Frame System (SMRF) • Soil Profile Type: SD
• Storey Height, h =
[email protected] + 3@3m
= 13.5 m Requirement:
• Building Dimension: 5 m x 12 m • Structure Period (T)
• Weight per Floor = 7.2 kPa • Base Shear (V)
• Lateral Seismic
Force (Fx) at the
roof
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
1 • OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (Table 103-1) pg 1- 6
2 • IMPORTANCE FACTORS (Table 208-1) pg 2 - 185
3 • SOIL PROFILE TYPES (Table 208-2) pg 2 - 186
4 • SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS (Table 208-2) & SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE (Table 208-4) pg 2 - 188
5 • NEAR SOURCE FACTORS (Tables 208-4 and 5) pg 2 - 207
6 • SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Table 208-7) pg 2 -207
7 • RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (Table 208-11 A,B,C) pg 2 - 223
8 • STRUCTURE PERIOD (Section 205.2.2) pg 2 - 215
9 • CALCULATE TOTAL WEIGHT AND BASE SHEAR (Equations 208-8 to 208-11) pg 2-214
10 • VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCES
1 • OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (Table 103 -1) – pg 1- 6 2 • IMPORTANCE FACTORS (Table 208-1)- pg 2 - 185
INFORMATION:
4 – Storey Residential
Building
1 • OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (Table 103-1) 2 • IMPORTANCE FACTORS (Table 208-1)
INFORMATION:
4 – Storey Residential
Building
3 • SOIL PROFILE TYPES (Table 208-2) – pg 2 - 186
INFORMATION: Soil Profile Type: SD
3 • SOIL PROFILE TYPES (Table 208-2)
INFORMATION: Soil Profile Type: SD
4 • SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS (Table 208-2) & SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE (Table 208-4) – pg 2 - 188
INFORMATION:
City of Manila, NCR
Distance to nearest fault line: 5 km
As predicted by PHIVOLCS, the WVF is capable of
producing a 7.2 magnitude earthquake equivalent to
life and property damage rated at Intensity VIII in the
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) for
Metro Manila and aforementioned provinces.
GIS-Based Preliminary Seismic Hazard Identification
and Assessment of National Bridges in the Greater
Manila Region Covered by the West Valley Fault
Int'l Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical
and Civil Engg. (IJRCMCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016) ISSN
2349-1442 EISSN 2349-1450
Section 208.4.4.1 : Seismic Zone
“The Philippine archipelago is divided
into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers
the provinces of Palawan (except
Busuanga), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi while the
rest of the country is under Zone 4.”
4 • SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS (Table 208-2) & SEISMIC SOURCE TYPE (Table 208-4)
INFORMATION:
City of Manila, NCR
Distance to nearest fault line: 5 km
As predicted by PHIVOLCS, the WVF is capable of
producing a 7.2 magnitude earthquake equivalent to
life and property damage rated at Intensity VIII in the
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) for
Metro Manila and aforementioned provinces.
GIS-Based Preliminary Seismic Hazard Identification
and Assessment of National Bridges in the Greater
Manila Region Covered by the West Valley Fault
Int'l Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical
and Civil Engg. (IJRCMCE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016) ISSN
2349-1442 EISSN 2349-1450
5 • NEAR SOURCE FACTORS (Tables 208-4 and 5) – pg 2 - 207 INFORMATION:
City of Manila, NCR
Distance to nearest fault line: 5 km
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
5 • NEAR SOURCE FACTORS (Tables 208-4 and 5) INFORMATION:
City of Manila, NCR
Distance to nearest fault line: 5 km
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
6 • SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Table 208-7) – pg 2 -207
6 • SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS (Table 208-7)
Ca = 0.44Na
Ca = 0.44 (1.20) = 0.528
Cv = 0.64Nv
Cv = 0.64 (1.60) = 1.024
The measure of ductility and
overstrength of the system
A structure has an inherent non-
linear energy absorption
capacity, which allows for
limited structural damage
without impairing ability to
carry vertical loads and to
ensure safety
Ratio of base shear in a linear
elastic system to the design
base shear where inelastic
behavior is permitted
7 •RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (Table 208-11 A) pg 2 - 223
Reinforced
Concrete Building
Designer must be cautious in selecting R
value. He/she should ensure that
structure can deform inelastically in a
controlled manner
R-values are based on historical
performance of structures during
earthquakes (result of the professional
judgment of the structural engineering
community).
7 • RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (Table 208-11 A)
Reinforced
Concrete Building
8 • STRUCTURE PERIOD pg 2 - 215
Height of structure
measured from the
base, m
AC = combined
effective area of the
shear walls in
the first storey of
the structure, m2
Ae = minimum cross-
sectional area in any
horizontal
plane in the first
storey of a shear wall,
m2
De = length of a shear
wall in the first storey
in the
8 • STRUCTURE PERIOD
Method B (𝑻 )
1. If Zone 4, 𝑇 ≤ 1.30𝑇
2. If Zone 2, 𝑇 ≤ 1.40𝑇
wi = that portion of W located at or assigned
to
level i
fi = lateral force at level i
δi = horizontal displacement at level i relative
to the
base due to applied lateral force fi in mm
Method B (𝑻 )
1. If Zone 4, 𝑇 ≤ 1.30𝑇
2. If Zone 2, 𝑇 ≤ 1.40𝑇
Since its is in Zone 4,
𝑇 = 1.30𝑇
𝑇 = 1.30 0.515
𝑇 = 0.670
Use T = 0.670 (Answer)
wi = that portion of W located at or assigned
to
level i
fi = lateral force at level i
δi = horizontal displacement at level i relative
to the
base due to applied lateral force fi in mm
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Lower
Bound
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
𝑪𝒗 𝑰 .
V= 𝑹𝑻
𝑾= . .
1728 = 310.706 𝑘𝑁
𝟐.𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰 𝟐.𝟓 𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟖 (𝟏)
Vmax = 𝑹
𝑾= 𝟖.𝟓
(1728) = 268.348 kN
Vmin = 0.11CaIW = 0.11 (0.44) (1) (1728) =
100.362 kN
𝟎.𝟖 𝒁 𝑵𝒗 𝑰 𝟎.𝟖 𝟎.𝟒𝟎 𝟏.𝟐 (𝟏)
Vmin = = 𝑾= (1728) =
𝑹 𝟖.𝟓
104.087 kN
Use V = 268.348 kN
Note: if T = 0.70 or less, Ft = 0 Note: For roof, add Ft to the
computed Fx
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Take the base shear in Example 1 and determine the vertical distribution of lateral loads for
each floor
Note: if T = 0.70 or less, Ft = 0
Or Fx = (V – Ft)( Vertical Distribution
Factor)
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Fx = (V – Ft)( Vertical Distribution
Factor)
Vertical
Height, h Weight,
Distributio
above w at
Level wxh n Factor Fx
shear height
(wxh)/Tota
base, m h,kN
l (wxh)
Roof 13.5 432 5832 0.375 kN
268.3
4th 10.5 432 4536 0.292 kN V = kN
5
3rd 7.5 432 3240 0.208 kN Ft = 0
2nd 4.5 432 1944 0.125 kN
GF 0
SUM 1728 15552
Fx = (V – Ft)( Vertical Distribution
Factor)
Vertical
Height, h Weight,
Distributio
above w at
Level wxh n Factor Fx
shear height
(wxh)/Tota
base, m h,kN
l (wxh)
Roof 13.5 432 5832 0.375 100.631 kN
268.3
4th 10.5 432 4536 0.292 78.268 kN V = kN
5
3rd 7.5 432 3240 0.208 55.906 kN Ft = 0
2nd 4.5 432 1944 0.125 33.5435 kN
GF 0
SUM 1728 15552 268.348
Take the base shear in Example 1 and determine the vertical distribution of lateral loads for
each floor
Note: if T = 0.70 or less, Ft = 0
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Earthquake design using code provisions is meant to safeguard structures from major
damage that could lead to loss of life and property
Seismic base shear is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
This considers the inelastic response of a building when subjected to earthquake load
Several factors influence the calculation of base shear, such as earthquake size, distance
from fault lines, site geology, building systems, and occupancy type.
CE305 – PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. (2016). National Structural Code
of the Philippines 2015 Volume 1: Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures (7th
ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
Bachmann, R., and Bonneville, D. (2000). The Seismic Provisions of the 1997 Uniform
Building Code. Earthquake Spectra, 16(1).
Di Julio Jr., R. (2001). Linear Static Seismic Lateral Force Procedure. In F. Naeim (Ed.) The
Seismic Design Handbook (pp. 247-274). Springer Science. NY.
Maneetes, H. (2008). Earthquake Design using 1997 Uniform Building Code.
Williams, A. (2000). Seismic Design of Buildings and Bridges. Engineering Press. Austin,
TX.
Worku, A. (2001). Comparison of Seismic Provisions of EBCS 8 and Current Major
Building Codes Pertinent to the Equivalent Static Force Analysis. Journal of EAEA, 18.
