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The Twentieth
Century
World
AN INTERNATIONAL HI

FOURTH EDITION

WILLIAM R. KEYLO
The Twentieth-Century World
 7 1

The Twentieth-Century World

An International History

Fourth Edition

William R. Key lor

New York Oxford

Oxford University Press
2001
Oxford University Press
Oxford New York
Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta
Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul
Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai
Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw

and associated companies in

Berlin Ibadan

Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.

198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
http://www.oup.-uas.otg

Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,

without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Keylor, William R., 1944-
The twentieth-century world : an international history / William R. Keylor. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-19-513680-2 (cloth) — ISBN 0-19-513681-0 (pbk.)
1 .
History, Modern— 20th century. I. Title.

D421.K46 2001
909.82-^lc21 00-027718

987654321
Printed in the United States of
America
on acid-free paper
To Daniel and Justine
From a Loving Father
Preface to the Fourth Edition

Since the appearance of this book's third edition in 1996, I have been the privi-

leged beneficiary of intense intellectual interchanges with two groups of scholars

and advanced graduate students working on a wide range of topics in interna-

tional history. Paul Kennedy kindly invited me to attend the annual conferences
at Yale University sponsored by the International Security Studies Group enti-

tled "Recent Work in International History." While there I learned about the re-
search findings of advanced graduate students and junior faculty from several
universities. A year ago I conspired with a small coterie of confreres —Igor
Lukes, David Mayers, and Cathal Nolan — to establish an International History
Institute at Boston University. Erik Goldstein, who in the meantime had arrived
at the university to assume his duties as Chair of the Department of International
Relations, became an eager co-conspirator. In the first year of its existence the
fledging organization has sponsored a number of conferences, public lectures,
and presentations by faculty and graduate students of work-in-progress. While
revising The Twentieth- Century World for this fourth edition, I found myself fre-

quently consulting my extensive notes from these stimulating presentations and

provocative discussions in New Haven and Boston.
My students Chad Keller and Michael Peacock, with the support of Boston
University'sUndergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), per-
formed a number of valuable services that facilitated the completion of this
work. While was preparing this fourth edition of The Twentieth-Century World,
I

my at Oxford University Press, Nancy Lane, retired after a dis-

long-time editor
tinguished career in academic publishing. I am indebted to Nancy for her unfail-
ing support throughout the years. Gioia Stevens and then Lisa Grzan proved
worthy successors by shepherding the manuscript through its various stages with
skill, efficiency, and forbearance.
Preface to the Third Edition

Since the submission of the second edition of The Twentieth-Century World in

the summer of 1991, the world has witnessed the breakup of the Soviet Union,
the civil war in the former Yugoslavia, the advent of negotiations between Israel

and the Palestine Liberation Organization, and other extraordinary develop-

ments. The third edition accordingly contains a substantial amount of new narra-
tive and analysis that takes account of the radically altered state of international
relations in the middle of the 1990s. I have also rewritten portions of earlier
chapters to reflect the findings of recent scholarship and to devote more attention
to topics that had been slighted in the two previous editions. The Bibliographical
Essay has been both pruned and expanded. It has been said that the decade of the
1990s is a cartographer's dream. The cartographer for this book, Eliza McClen-
nen, rose to the challenge of recording all of the boundary changes in defunct po-
litical entities such as the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. She
also drew several additional maps covering earlier periods previously uncharted
in this text.

A number of friends and colleagues who have used this book in their classes
have kindly shared with me their (and their students') reactions to it and offered
useful suggestions for improvement that have been incorporated in the third edi-
tion. I would particularly like to express my gratitude to Lancelot Farrar, Carole
Fink, Diane Kunz, David Mayers, and Stephen A. Schuker. Clark Abt shared
with me knowledge about the arms control policies of the four nu-
his extensive
clear states of the former Soviet Union. I must also record my debt to the many
specialists in the political, economic, and military developments in the former
Soviet Union who presented the results of their research at a conference spon-
sored by my Boston University colleague Uri Ra'anan in November 1994.
Nancy Lane, my editor at Oxford University Press, has been as patient, sup-
portive, and helpful in the preparation of this edition as she had been in the pre-
vious two. Her assistant, Thomas LeBien, unfailingly responded to my numerous
queries and skillfully shepherded the manuscript through the editorial phase.
Catherine Clements, the copyeditor, rescued the text from more than one stylis-

tic, grammatical, or orthographical flaw.

x Preface

Finally, a word about words. When the People's Republic of China adopted
the Pinyin system of romanized spelling for transliterating the Chinese language
in 1979, scrupulous writers dutifully modified familiar proper names to reflect
the new Thus in this text Mao Tse-tung became Mao Zedong, Chou En-
policy.
laibecame Zhou Enlai, Peking became Beijing, Sinkiang became Xinjiang, and
so on. I have decided to resist the conversion to Pinyin in those few cases, such
as Chiang Kai-shek into Jiang Jieshi, where it seemed likely to hinder recogni-
tion by those accustomed to the old spelling.

Newton, Mass. W. R. K.
March 1995
Preface to the Second Edition

In the course of revising The Twentieth-Century World for this second edition, I

took the opportunity to correct a number of typographical mistakes, stylistic in-

felicities, and factual errors that had somehow crept into the first edition. I also
found it necessary to rewrite and expand the sections in Part Four dealing with
Latin America and the Far East in order to take into account new factual infor-
mation and scholarly interpretations; to include a new section on Africa's role in

international politics since decolonization, which had received insufficient treat-

ment in the first edition; and to add an epilogue extending the narrative to the
year 1991. The Bibliographical Essay has been lengthened to reflect the appear-
ance of new scholarship in the history of international relations since the publica-
tion of the first edition. Finally, I have added a glossary of nuclear weapons ter-

minology and expanded the glossary of international economics terminology.

The world of 1991 is a very different place from the world of 1984. The ex-
traordinary events that transpired between the first and second editions of this
book have constituted nothing less than the total transformation of the interna-
tional order. Anyone in 1984 who had predicted the following developments
would surely have been dismissed as mentally incompetent: The disintegration
of the Soviet East European empire and the emergence of multiparty political
systems and market-oriented economies in a large part of what used to be called
"the Communist world"; the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the transforma-
tion of NATO into a something resembling a political association more than a
from Afghanistan and
military alliance; the withdrawal of Soviet military forces
Vietnamese troops from Cambodia; the replacement of the Sandinista regime in
Nicaragua by the United States-backed right-wing opposition through a free
election; the rapidmovement toward full economic integration by the member
states of theEuropean community; the reunification of Germany; and the cre-
ation of a U.S. -dominated multinational military force (including such an un-
likely ally as Syria), which, with the support of the Soviet Union, attacked and
defeated Iraq in the name of the United Nations. And yet, all of these spectacular
and totally unanticipated developments occurred within the brief seven-year pe-
riod between the two editions of this book.
xii Preface

My friend and colleague James McCann earned my gratitude by agreeing to

read and provide helpful comments on the new chapter on Africa's role in inter-
national politics after independence. I should also like to take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to Nancy Lane, my editor at Oxford University Press, who
supervised the publication of both editions of this book with her customary wis-
dom, efficiency, and enthusiasm.

Newton, Mass. W. R. K.
June 1991
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