Armature Windings - DC Machine

Electrical Design (4EE101CC25)

Dr. Mahesh Patel

Department of Electrical Engineering
Armature Winding

• Two types of windings mostly employed for the armatures of

DC machines are known as Lap Winding and Wave Winding.

• The difference between the two is merely due to the different

arrangement of the end connections at the front or
commutator end of armature.

• The coils of rotor part or armature are arranged in many

options which influence the performance of DC machines.

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Various Terms (Armature Winding)

• Conductor: The active length of wire in which emf is induced

is called a conductor.
Or
The length of wire embedded in the slot is called a conductor.
• Overhang: The portion of the coil which just provides a
connection between the two active conductors and does not
take part in the energy conversion process is called overhang.

• Turn: The two conductors placed in different slots when

connected together forms a turn.

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Coil Pitch
• Coil: Two active conductors ‘ab’ and ‘cd’ along with overhang
constitute one coil.
The coil may be a single turn coil or multi turn coil.

• Coil Side: A coil consists of two coil sides placed in different slots
approximately a pole pitch apart.

• Coil Span or Coil Pitch: The distance between the two sides (top
and bottom) of a coil is called coil span.
• It is measured in terms of armature conductors
• If the coil span is equal to pole pitch, the winding is called full
pitch.
• If the coil span is less than the pole pitch, the winding is called
short pitched.

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• Coil-pitch/coil span
• Ys = integer(no of slots/no of poles)
• If no of slots/no of poles is integer, full pitch

• Example:
• If 36 slot and 4 poles, Ys=36/4=9
full pitch

• If 35 slot and 4 poles, Ys= int(35/4)

=int(8+3/4)=8
fractional pitch

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Pole Pitch (𝜏𝑝 ):

• The total number of armature conductors divided by the

number of poles
Or
• The periphery of armature divided by the number of poles
Or
• The distance between the two adjacent poles.
• Example:
• If there are 400 conductors and 4 poles, then pole pitch is
400/4= 100 conductor

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Back Pitch (𝑌𝑏 )

• Back Pitch (𝑌𝑏 ): It may be defined as the distance between

the top and bottom coil sides of a coil, measure from the back
of the armature and is denoted by 𝑌𝑏 .
• In other words, it is the number difference of the conductors
connected together at the back end of the armature.

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Front Pitch (𝒀𝒇 )

• Front Pitch (𝒀𝒇 ): It is defined as the distance between the two

coil sides connected to the same commutator segments.
• It is measured in terms of armature conductors or coil sides
and denoted by 𝑌𝑓 .

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Winding Pitch (Y)

• Winding Pitch: the distance between starting ends of two

nearby coils is called winding pitch. It is denoted by Y.
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑏 − 𝑌𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑏 + 𝑌𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

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Commutator Pitch (𝑌𝑐 )

• Commutator Pitch ( 𝑌𝑐 ): It is the distance (measured in

commutator bars or segments) between the segments to
which the two ends of a coil are connected

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Single-layer Winding

• It is that winding in which one conductor or one coil side is

placed in each armature slot as shown in Figure

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Double Layer

• In this type of winding,' there are two conductors or coil sides-

per slot arranged in two layers.
• Usually, one side of every coil lies in the upper half of one slot
and other side lies in the lower half of some other slot at a
distance of approximately one pitch away

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Single and Double Layer Winding

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Armature Windings

• The following rules apply to both

• 𝑌𝑓 and 𝑌𝑏 are approximately equal to pole pitch(to get full
pitch)
• 𝑌𝑓 and 𝑌𝑏 should be odd
• Number of commutator segment = no of slot =no of coils
=1/2 no of coil sides
• Winding must close up on itself.

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Simplex Lap Winding
• Back pitch (𝑌𝑏) and front pitch (𝑌𝑓 ) must be nearly equal to
pole pitch.
• 𝑌𝑏 and 𝑌𝑓 must be odd numbers. They should not be equal
but the difference between them should be equal to 2.
• Commutator pitch (𝑌𝑐 ) should be ±1.
• Winding pitch (Y) should be even number.

2𝐶
𝑌𝑏 = 𝑃
± 𝐾 and 𝑌𝑓 = 𝑌𝑏 ± 2
• Where,
C= number of coils,
P= number of poles
K= a number for making back pitch 𝑌𝑏 odd integer

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Example

• Calculate the front pitch, back pitch and winding pitch for a
simplex lap wound 16 slots, 4-pole DC armature. Make the
winding table and draw winding in developed from. Also draw
the sequence diagram to show the position of brushes.
Assume 2 conductors/slot.
• Number of slots = Number of coils = 16
• Number of commutator segments = 16
• Number of coil sides or conductors = 2*16 = 32
32
• Number of coil sides per slot = =2
16
2𝐶 32
• Number of coil sides per pole (Pole pitch) = 𝑃
= 4
=8

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• Assume progressive lap winding

2𝐶 2 × 16
𝑌𝑏 = +𝐾 = + 1 = 9 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃 4

𝑌𝑓 = 𝑌𝑏 − 2 = 9 − 2 = 7 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑌 = 𝑌𝑏 − 𝑌𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑌 = 𝑌𝑏 − 𝑌𝑓 = 9 − 7 = 2 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑌𝐶 = 1

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Winding Table
Back Connection 𝑌𝑏 Front Connection 𝑌𝑓
1 + 𝑌𝑏 = 1 + 9 = 10 10 - 𝑌𝑓 = 10 – 7 = 3
3 + 9 = 12 12 – 7 = 5
5 + 9 = 14 14 – 7 = 7
7 + 9 = 16 16 – 7 = 9
9 + 9 = 18 18 – 7 = 11
11 + 9 = 20 20 – 7 = 13
13 + 9 = 22 22 – 7 = 15
15 + 9 = 24 24 – 7 = 17
17 + 9 = 26 26 – 7 = 19
19 + 9 = 28 28 – 7 = 21
21 + 9 = 30 30 – 7 = 23
23 + 9 = 32 32 – 7 = 25

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Winding Table

25 + 9 = 34 - 32 = 2 34 – 7 = 27
27 + 9 = 36 – 32 = 4 36 – 7 = 29
29 + 9 = 38 – 32 = 6 38 – 7 = 31
31 + 9 = 40 – 32 = 8 40 – 7 = 33 – 32 = 1

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Winding Table

1 10 3 12 5 14 7 16
9 18 11 20 13 22 15 24
17 26 19 28 21 30 23 32
25 2 27 4 29 6 31 8
1

Front Connection𝑌𝑓
Back Connection 𝑌𝑏

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 Winding Diagram
Back Connection

25 6 8
27 4
29 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 2
31

N S N S

31 2
29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 4
6
27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
- + - +
Front Connection
- +

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Sequence Diagram

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Winding Diagram

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Simplex Wave Winding
• Back pitch (𝑌𝑏) and front pitch (𝑌𝑓 ) must be nearly equal to pole
pitch.
• Back pitch (𝑌𝑏) and front pitch (𝑌𝑓 ) both have the same sign.
• 𝑌𝑏 and 𝑌𝑓 must be odd numbers. They may be equal differ by two.
• Winding pitch (Y) should be even number.
𝑌
• Commutator pitch (𝑌𝑐 ) should be Y𝑐 = and must be integer. The
𝑌𝑓 +𝑌𝑏 2
resultant pitch 𝑌 = 2

2𝐶±2 𝑌
𝑌= 𝑃 and 𝑌𝑐 =
2
2
• Where,
C= number of coils,
P= number of poles

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Example

• Calculate the front pitch, back pitch and winding pitch for a
simplex wave wound 13 slots, 4-pole DC armature with a 13
commutator segment. Make the winding table and draw
winding in developed from. Also draw the sequence diagram
to show the position of brushes.
• Number of slots = Number of coils = 13
• Number of commutator segments = 13
• Number of coil sides or conductors = 2*13 = 26
26
• Number of coil sides per slot = =2
13
2𝐶 26
• Number of coil sides per pole (Pole pitch) = 𝑃
= 4

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Example
2𝐶 26
• Number of coil sides per pole (Pole pitch) = =
𝑃 4
2𝐶±2
• Now winding pitch 𝑌 = 𝑝/2

2 × 13 ± 2
𝑌= = 14 or 12
4/2
• Assume progressive wave winding, 𝑌 = 14
• 𝑌 = 𝑌𝑏 + 𝑌𝑓 , 𝑌𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑓 must be equal or differ by 2.
• Taking 𝑌𝑏 = 𝑌𝑓 = 7
𝑌 14
• Then commutator pitch 𝑌𝑐 = 2 = 2
=7

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Winding Table
Back Connection 𝑌𝑏 Front Connection 𝑌𝑓
1 + 𝑌𝑏 = 1 + 7 = 8 8 + 𝑌𝑓 = 8 +7 =15
15 + 7 = 22 22 + 7 = 29 – 26 = 3
3 + 7 = 10 10 + 7 = 17
17 + 7 = 24 24 + 7 = 31 – 26 = 5
5 + 7 = 12 12 + 7 = 19
19 + 7 = 26 26 + 7 = 33 – 26 = 7
7 + 7 = 14 14 + 7 = 21
21 + 7 = 28 - 26 = 2 28 + 7 = 35 – 26 = 9
9 + 7 = 16 16 + 7 = 23
23 + 7 = 30 – 26 = 4 30 + 7 = 37 – 26 = 11
11 + 7 = 18 18 + 7 = 25
25 + 7 = 32 – 26 = 6 32 + 7 = 39 – 26 = 13
13 + 7 = 20 20 + 7 = 27 - 26 = 1
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Winding Table

1 8 15 22 3 10 17 20
5 12 19 26 7 14 21 2
9 16 23 4 11 18 25 6
13 20 1

Front Connection𝑌𝑓
Back Connection 𝑌𝑏

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 Winding Diagram
Back Connection

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

21 23 25 2 4 6

N S N S N

20 22 24 26 1 3 5 7
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4
- +
Front Connection - +

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Thank You

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