technical

DRAWING
EQUIPMENT

By Ar. CHELLSEA SILANG

TECHNICAL
DRAWINGS
Technical drawing must be prepared in such a way that they are clear,
concise, and accurate. In order to produce such drawings equipment (i.e.
materials and instruments) are used.
 01 DRAWING PAPER

LIST OF 02 DRAWING PENCILS

DRAWING 03 DRAWING TAPE

MATERIALS 04 ERASER & ERASER SHIELD

05 RAPIDOGRAPH
DRAWING
PAPERS
Tracing Paper

Drawing papers are the materials on which

the drawings are made.

Depending on its application different types

of drawing papers are available.

White plain papers

Profile, Plane/ Profile and Cross-section
papers Profile and
Tracing paper Cross-section paper
WHITE PLAIN
PAPERS
Are general purpose for office uses and drawings.

They are manufactured according to ISO

(international Organization for Standardization)
standard paper sizes.

Standard drawing sheet sizes are in

three series, designated An, Bn, and Cn.

White Plain Paper

PROFILE, PLANE
AND CROSS -
SECTION PAPER
Are referred to as gridded papers.

The first two are used for road design and the
later one is used for drawing road cross sections,
rough design, sketching, preparing schedules,
plotting graphs, etc.

Cross-section Paper
TRACING
PAPER
Is a high-grade white transparent paper,
upon which copies or “tracings” are made
for the purpose of reproducing by
blueprinting or by other similar processes.

This paper must not be folded.

Tracing Paper
DRAWING
PENCILS

Mechanical Pencil Wooden Pencil

DRAFTING
TAPE
Commonly known as masking tape.

Before starting drawing, it is a common Magic Tape

practice to attach the drawing paper to the
drawing board in order to avoid unnecessary
errors due to misalignment.

Drafting tape is used for attaching the paper

to the drawing board.

Masking Tape
ERASER
SHIELD
In the process of making a drawing,
corrections and changes may be required. To
do so, erasers are used to clean unnecessary Eraser
line works.

An erasing shield restricts the erasing area so

that the correctly drawn lines will not be
disturbed during the erasing procedure.

It is made from a thin flat piece of metal with

variously sized cutouts.

The shield is used by placing it over the line

to be erased and erasing through the cutout.
Eraser Shield
RAPIDOGRAPH
Most commonly known as Technical Pen or
Techpen.

A type of drawing pen by which lines are drawn

on tracing papers.

It produces light-resistant, waterproof, precise

and consistent ink lines for any application.

Most rapidograph pens require different pen

sizes (line widths) for various projects, they are
manufactured in different sizes.

Note: Add a drop of oil before filling with ink

Rapidograph
 01 DRAWING BOARD

02 T-SQUARE

LIST OF
03
DRAWING
DRAWING TEMPLATES

INSTRUMENTS 04 PENCIL SHARPENERS

05 SCALES

06 TRIANGLES
 07 PROTRACTOR

LIST OF 08 FRENCH CURVE

DRAWING 09 DUSTING BRUSH

INSTRUMENTS 10 DIVIDER

11 COMPASS
DRAWING
BOARDS
Usually made of white pine, but are Drawing Tables Drafting Machine
sometimes made of other soft
woods.

Its working surface should be flat,

smooth and firm.

Its working edge of a drawing board

must be straight and should be
tested with a steel straight edge.

Portable Drawing Table Tracing Table

T- SQUARE
Another important drawing instrument.

Used to draw horizontal lines and used

to support or guide the setsquares.

However, there are T-squares that can

be used to draw inclined lines because
of their adjustable heads.

T-square
T- SQUARE

T-square (Wooden Blade)

T-square (Adjustable Head)

T-square (Plastic Blade)

DRAWING
TEMPLATE
A template is a thin and flat piece of plastic
containing various cutout shapes.

It is designed to increase the speed and

accuracy of the drafter.

Templates are available for drawing

geometric shapes, furniture, plumbing
fixtures, bolts, nuts, screw threads, electronic
symbols and many more.

A template should be used whenever

possible to increase the accuracy
and the speed.
Drawing Template
PENCIL
SHARPENER Manual Prism Sharpener

It is a drawing instruments used for

sharpening pencils and they may be
operated manually or by an electric motor
and therefore a mechanical pencil
sharpener is hand-powered.

Hand-cranked Planetary
Sharpener
 SCA LES
An item of drawing instrument that has been
carefully graduated (marked) and calibrated
(labeled) in convenient increments for the user.

Scales enable a user to make size reductions or

enlargements rapidly and accurately. Triangular Scale

DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION

SCALE 1:1 FULL SCALES

SCALE X:1 ENLARGEMENT SCALES

SCALE 1:X REDUCTION SCALES

Note: X is greater than 1 in both cases

MEASUREMENT ON DRAWING
SCALE =
Fan Scale
MEASUREMENT ON THE ACTUAL OBJECT
 TRI ANGLE
Sometimes called setsquares.

The capability of rapidly producing straight lines

on instrument drawings is provided by the 30-
60° and 45° triangles.
Adjustable Triangle
Whereas adjustable triangles have a movable
leg that is held in place with a thumbscrew and
a scale for measuring angles. These instruments
are useful for drawing such inclined lines as the
slope of a stair or the pitch of a roof.

Using the triangles as a pair, you can generate

parallel and perpendicular lines and produce
angles of a multiple of 15°.

30-60° Triangle 45° Triangle

PROTRACTOR
For measuring or setting off angles other
than those obtainable with the triangles, the
protractor is used.

A typical protractor used for measuring

angles

Protractor
FRENCH
CURVE
It is used to draw mechanical curves other
than circles or circular arcs,

Many different forms and sizes of French

curves are manufactured.

The curves are composed largely of

successive segments of the geometric
curves, as the ellipse, parabola, hyperbola,
involutes, etc.

The best curves are made of highly

transparent celluloid
French Curve
DUSTING
BRUSH
Dusting Brush
During erasing, particles coming from the
eraser will remain on the drawing paper.

These particles are removed or cleaned

using a dusting brush

Feather Duster
COMPASS
Depending on their application we can
divide them into two, bow compass and
beam compass respectively.

The beam compass type is used for

drawing circles and circular arcs larger
Bow Compass
than those made by the bow compass and
for transferring diameters those are too
great forthe regular dividers.

Beam Compass
DIVIDER
A divider is a drawing instrument used for
dividing distances into equal parts or for
laying off a series of equal spaces.

They are designed to be operated with one

hand and are used for making distances or
transferring measurements.

The two main purposes of a divider are:

To divide a line into equal parts by trial

and error.
To transfer a distance from one part of a
drawing to another.

Divider
PREPARATION
FOR DRAWING
Before starting the drawing you have to fulfill the following points:

Make sure that all the necessary drawing instruments are ready
and clean.
Position your drawing board to minimize effects of shadows.
Clean your drawing board.
FIXING DRAWING PAPER
TO THE BOARD
When attaching the drawing paper to the board follow the steps below:

a. Place a paper close to the left b. Place a T-square and move the paper until
edge of a table its lower edge lies close to the top edge of
a T-square
FIXING DRAWING PAPER
TO THE BOARD
When attaching the drawing paper to the board follow the steps below:

c. Align the top edge of the paper d. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.
with T-square blade.
FIXING DRAWING PAPER
TO THE BOARD
When attaching the drawing paper to the board follow the steps below:

e. Move T-square down to smooth f. Attach the remaining paper’s corners

the paper with tape
DRAWING
HORIZONTAL
LINES
Horizontal lines are always drawn
from left to right using the T-
square as shown in Figure
DRAWING
VERTICAL
LINES
The T-Square is used to guide or support the
set-squares when drawing vertical lines as
shown in Figure.

Here also, the head of the T-square should

be held firmly against the board to ensure
the verticality of the lines to be drawn.

Note that vertical lines drawn in the upward

direction along the vertical legs of the
triangles.
DRAWING
INCLINED
LINES
Lines inclined at any angle can be drawn
using a straight edge ruler after locating
any two points on the line using
protractor.

However, lines inclined at an angle equal

to (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, etc) can be drawn
using the T-square and set-squares as seen
in the illustration
DRAWING
CIRCLES AND ARCS
The compass is used to draw circles and arcs.

Before starting using a compass make sure that the compass is rigid enough not
to swing inward or outward while drawing a circle.

To draw a circle or an arc follow these steps:

Draw two perpendicular center lines of the circle.
Set off the required radius on one of the center lines.
Place the needle point at the intersection point of the center lines.
Adjust the compass to the required radius.
Lean or incline the compass forward slightly.
 USING FRENCH CURVE
When using the French curves to draw irregular curves, the following steps are recommended:

1. Plot all the points you wish to connect.

2. Sketch a very light line connecting all these points.

3. Place the French curve so that you align as many points as possible with the curvature of the
French curve in the direction the curvature of the curve to be drawn increases. At least four
points need to be align except for the end spaces.

4. Draw the line connecting these points except for the space at each end.

5. Reposition the French curve so that the first space aligned overlaps with the end space
drawn last. Continue this procedure until the curve is drawn.
USING FRENCH CURVE
CAUTIONS
IN THE USE OF INSTRUMENTS
To complete this discussion of instruments, here are a few points worth noting:

Never use the scale as a ruler for drawing lines.

Never draw horizontal lines with the lower edge of the T-square.
Never use the lower edge of the T-square as a horizontal base for the triangles.
Never cut paper with a knife and the edge of the T- square as a guide.
Never use the T-square as a hammer
Never put either end of a pencil into the mouth.
Never work with a dull pencil.
Never sharpen a pencil over the drawing board.
Never oil the joints of compasses.
CAUTIONS
IN THE USE OF INSTRUMENTS
To complete this discussion of instruments, here are a few points worth noting:

Never use the dividers as reamers, pincers, or picks.

Never hold the pen over the drawing while filling.
Never scrub a drawing all over with an eraser after finishing. It takes the life out of the
lines.
Never begin work without wiping off the table and instruments.
Never put instruments away without cleaning them. This applies with particular force to
pens.
Never work on a table cluttered with unneeded instruments or equipment.
Never fold a drawing or tracing paper.
KEEP DRAWINGS CLEAN
Cleanliness in drawing is essential and should become a habit. The student should learn the
factors involved.

First, the draftsman should keep his hands clean at all times.

Second, all drafting equipment, such as drawing board, T-square, triangles, and scale, should
be cleaned frequently.

Third, the largest contributing factors to dirty drawings is not dirt, but graphite from the
pencil; hence the draftsman should practice the following Do’s
KEEP DRAWINGS CLEAN
THE END