13/08/2025:
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)
An Overview of Its History, Objectives, Challenges, and Global Impact
Presented by:
Gabriel Kallu 1043988
Natalie Dass 1044838
Lesan Johnson 1053117
Daniel Evans 1045825
Reffeldo George 1043309
Empress Charles 1037734
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE UNFCCC
• International treaty adopted in 1992 to
combat climate change (Kuyper,
2018)
• Created to stabilize greenhouse gas
(GHG) concentrations in the
atmosphere (Persson, 2024)
• Provides a global framework for climate
negotiations and cooperation (Kuyper,
2018)
• Annual Conferences of the
Parties (COPs) assess progress and set
climate goals (Kuyper, 2018)
HISTORY
JUNE 1992
Fig. United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (Rio Earth Summit), 1992.
Fig. Group picture of the world leaders present at the summit.
1995–PRESENT
Fig. Infographic showing all the UNFCCC COPs from the foundation to 2050.
Objectives & Mechanisms
1. Main Goal
2. Principle 3. Core 4. Support 5. Additional
Stabilize GHG Mechanisms Mechanisms Initiatives
concentrations to Common but
prevent dangerous Differentiated COP Meetings –
- Climate finance -Carbon market
human Responsibility – Annual decision- & tech transfer mechanisms &
interference with All act, but making sessions - Support for Article -Renewable
the climate system developed nations NDCs – Countries’ NDC & market energy & clean
carry greater climate action plans mechanisms cooking training
responsibility due under Paris - Regional centers
Agreement of excellence & - Stakeholder
to historical
Subsidiary Bodies – collaboration engagement
emissions
SBI (workshops,
(implementation) & meetings,
SBSTA (science/tech webinars)
advice)
Challenges + Part of Progress
& Impact
MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY THE
UNFCCC
Fig. Comparison of adaptation financing needs, modelled costs and
international public adaptation finance flows in developing countries, UNEP
Adaptation Gap Report (2023)
PROGRESS & IMPACT: THE PARIS AGREEMENT
PROGRESS & IMPACT: THE PARIS AGREEMENT
PROGRESS & IMPACT: THE PARIS AGREEMENT
Progress, Impact & Future
Outlook
RECENT
ACHEIVEMENTS
Fig global energy demand growth, investment, and job creation (Fleck, 2023)
.
FUTURE
OUTLOOK
Scaling climate finance
& technology transfer Advancing carbon
Strengthening NDC targets market mechanisms
ahead of 2030 deadlines (Article 6)
Opportunity: Rapid clean Risk: Climate impacts
energy transition & nature- accelerating faster than
based solutions adaptation efforts
Conclusion
01 03
02 04
05
THANK YOU : )
REFERENCES
Adelman, S. (2016). Climate justice, loss and damage and compensation for small island developing states. Journal of
Human Rights and the Environment, 7(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2016.01.02
Dugbartey, N. a. N. (2025). Systemic financial risks in an era of geopolitical tensions, climate change, and
technological disruptions: Predictive analytics, stress testing and crisis response strategies. International Journal
of Science and Research Archive, 14(2), 1428–1448. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.2.0563
Fleck, A. (2023, November 13). Number of green energy jobs hits new record. Statista Daily
Data. https://www.statista.com/chart/31242/employees-in-the-renewable-energy-sector/
Garric, A. (2024, November 11). COP29: Financial aid for developing countries at heart of tense discussions. Le
Monde.fr. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2024/11/10/cop29-financial-aid-for-developing-
countries-at-heart-of-tense-discussions_6732331_114.html
Heitzig, J., Oechssler, J., Pröschel, C., Ragavan, N., & Lo, Y. L. (2023). Improving international climate policy via
mutually conditional binding commitments. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2307.14267
Kalaidjian, E., & Robinson, S. (2022). Reviewing the nature and pitfalls of multilateral adaptation finance for small
island developing states. Climate Risk Management, 36, 100432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100432
Kammer, A, & Pazarbasioglu, C. (2023). World needs more policy ambition, private funds, and innovation to meet
climate goals. IMF Blog. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/11/27/world-needs-more-policy-ambition-
private-funds-and-innovation-to-meet-climate-
goals#:~:text=The%20path%20to%20net%20zero,a%20fivefold%20increase%20from%202020
REFERENCES
Mantlana, K. B., Ndiitwani, M., & Ndhleve, S. (2024). A perspective on the significance of reporting climate change
adaptation information to the united nations framework convention on climate change. International
Environmental Agreements Politics Law and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-024-09640-2
Maslin, M. A., Lang, J., & Harvey, F. (2023). A short history of the successes and failures of the international climate
change negotiations. UCL Open Environment, 5. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000059
Mohan, P. S. (2023). Financing climate change mitigation and adaptation in Caribbean SIDS. PLOS Climate, 2(3),
e0000167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000167
Mulatu, K. A., Nyawira, S. S., Herold, M., Carter, S., & Verchot, L. (2023). Nationally determined contributions to the
2015 Paris Agreement goals: transparency in communications from developing country Parties. Climate
Policy, 24(2), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2285519
OECD. (2024). Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in 2013-2022. In Climate finance and
the USD 100 billion goal. https://doi.org/10.1787/19150727-en
Panwar, V., Noy, I., & Wilkinson, E. (2025). Calculating loss and damage from extreme weather events in Small Island
Developing States. Regional Environmental Change, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-025-02408-7
Pirca. (2021). Climate change in America
Samoa. eastweastcenter.org. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/climate-change-in-
american-samoa-pirca-2021-low-res.pdf
REFERENCES
Robinson, S., & Dornan, M. (2016). International financing for climate change adaptation in small island developing
states. Regional Environmental Change, 17(4), 1103–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1085-1
The Paris Agreement. (2025). Unfccc.int. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
United Nations Climate Change. (n.d.-a). Conference of the Parties
(COP). Unfccc.int. https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop
United Nations Climate Change. (n.d.-b). What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change? Unfccc.int. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-
on-climate-change
United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Adaptation gap report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. United
Nations Environment
Programme.https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/43796/adaptation_gap_report_2023.pdf?sequ
ence=1&isAllowed=y
