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Practical Handbook of
Thematic Cartography
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Practical Handbook of
Thematic Cartography
Principles, Methods, and
Applications

Nicolas Lambert and Christine Zanin

DUNOD Editeur, S.A, Foreign Language Publishing agreement
Manuel de cartographie. Principes, methodes, applications
By Nicolas LAMBERT and Christine ZANIN
Cartography by Nicolas LAMBERT and Christine ZANIN
© Armand Colin, 2016, Paris
ARMAND COLIN is a trademark of DUNOD Editeur – 11, rue Paul Bert – 92240 MALAKOFF

First edition published 2020

by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write
and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.
copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
[email protected]

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,

and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978-0-367-26129-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-29196-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Palatino
by codeMantra
 Contents

Foreword ix
Authors xi

General Introduction 3

Part 1 Geographical Information

1 Geometrical Data 19
1.1 
Geographic Objects 19
1.2 Projections 22
1.2.1 Finding a Localization on the Surface of the Earth 22
1.2.2 From Ellipsoid to Flat Surface 24
1.3 Spatial Extent and Orientation 28
1.4 Cartographic Generalization 31
1.5 The Spatial Subdivisions 36

2 Statistical Data 41
2.1 Data Tables 41
2.2 Data Types 43
2.2.1 Statistical Data Expresses Either a Quality or a Quantity 43
2.3 Data Processing 44
2.3.1 Summarizing 45
2.3.1.1 Position Parameters 45
2.3.1.2 Dispersion Parameters 46
2.3.2 Analyzing 48
2.3.2.1 The Distribution Diagram 48
2.3.2.2 Comparing Central Values 49
2.3.3 Determining Class Intervals 49
2.3.3.1 Classification Methods 51
2.4 Can Data Be Trusted? 55

v
vi Contents

Part 2 Cartographical Language

3.1 
Color (Hue) 68
3.1.1 HSL Coding 68
3.1.2 RGB Coding 69
3.1.3 CMYK Coding 69
3.1.4 Choosing the Right Colorimetric Mode 69
3.1.5 Harmony and Perception of Colors 70
3.1.6 The Symbolic and Cultural Dimensions of Color 71
3.1.7 Colors Give Meaning to Maps 72
3.2 Texture/Structure (without Hierarchy) 74
3.3 Orientation 75
3.4 Shape 76

4.1 Size (Order) 80

4.2 The Value and Intensity of Color 81
4.3 Ordered Colors 83
4.4 Grain 86
4.5 Texture/Structure (Order) 86

5.1 
Size (Proportionality) 90
5.2 Varying Height and Volume 93
5.3 Other Approaches: “Bertin’s” Dots and Dot Density Maps 97

6.1 
Mapping Time 99
6.2 Mapping for Comparison 102
6.3 Mapping a Relationship 104
6.4 Mapping Typologies 106
6.5 Multivariate Mapping 109
6.5.1 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) Analysis 109
6.5.2 Factor Analyses 111

Conclusion: Combining Visual Variables 115

 Contents vii

Part 3 Beyond the Visual Variables

7.1 Regular Grid Maps 126

7.2 
Discontinuities 129
7.3 Smoothing 132
7.4 Cartograms (or Anamorphosis) 135
7.5 Flow Maps 139

8 Staging 143
8.1 “Dressing” the Geographical Image 144
8.1.1 Title 145
8.1.2 Legend 146
8.1.3 Scale 148
8.1.4 Sources 149
8.1.5 Dates 150
8.1.6 Orientation 150
8.1.7 Place Names 150
8.1.8 Insets 151
8.1.9 Supplemental Text 151
8.1.10 Any Other Relevant Elements 152
8.2 Layout and Staging 152
8.3 Designing a Poster or a Cartographic Composition 159

9.1 What Is GDP? 163

9.2 How Can GDP Be Mapped? 165
9.3 What Lessons Should Be Drawn? 176

General Conclusion 183

Annexes 187
Bibliography 201
Index 205
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
 Foreword

In the geospatial domains, we can witness that more spatial data than ever is
produced currently. We need to make more and more efforts to deal with all
those data in an efficient sense, mining the relevant information and link and
select the appropriate information for a particular scenario.
However, how can we unleash the big potential of spatial data in truly inter-
disciplinary approaches better? How can we make sure that spatial data is
applicable for governments, for decision-makers, for planners, and for citizens
in an easy-to-use and efficient manner, so that the human user benefits?
In this respect, maps and cartography play a key role. Maps are most efficient in
enabling human users to understand complex situations. Maps can be understood
as tools to order information by their spatial context. Maps can be seen as the
perfect interface between a human user and all those data, and thus they enable
human users to answer location-related questions, to support spatial behavior, to
enable spatial problem solving, or simply to be able to become aware of space.
Today maps can be created and used by any individual stocked with just mod-
est computing skills from virtually any location on Earth and for almost any
purpose. In this new mapmaking paradigm, users are often present at the loca-
tion of interest and produce maps that address needs that arise instantaneously.
Cartographic data may be digitally and wirelessly delivered in finalized form to
the device in the hands of the user or he may derive the requested visualization
from downloaded data in situ. Rapid advances in technologies have enabled this
revolution in mapmaking by the millions. One such prominent advance includes
the possibility to derive maps very quickly immediately after the data has been
acquired by accessing and disseminating maps through the Internet. Real-time
data handling and visualization are other significant developments as well as
location-based services, mobile cartography, and augmented reality.
While the above advances have enabled significant progress on the design
and implementation of new ways of map production over the past decade, many
cartographic principles remain unchanged, the most important one being that
maps are an abstraction of reality. Visualization of selected information means
that some features present in reality are depicted more prominently than oth-
ers, while many features might not even be depicted at all. Abstracting reality
makes a map powerful, as it helps humans to understand and interpret very
complex situations very efficiently.

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